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contributor timestamp revision lincoln comment username align title category states right language center anthropology aristotle characters american africa preserve australia andorra redirect philosophy which anarchism united conversion image alabama agassi abraham government small archaeology achilles people taggart space algeria population however apollo national autism academy rearden animation university minor state austria alchemy including history character anarchists transcontinental political other ascii century president culture information archaeological thumb english while shrugged flagicon after science between section social system anarchist world america politics french european cultural altruism francisco about style first established sometimes different samoa general movement automated society research although years atlas autistic austin dagny would because through constitution greek bgcolor countries things mdash objectivist include their philosophical since developed robert companies ancient illinois often groups these being western though southern economic alchemists central natural community modern against anconia south development present called second references france before territory demographics archaeologists where script tennis party association traditional early philosopher human historical democratic especially production knowledge public important anarcho appears dhabi surveillance europe mythology resources washington technology chinese several studies county awards children christian british control capitalism there features nations country economy anthropologists albedo particularly became considered masters library january capital members great works institute published theory physical military 7margin harvard alchemical james 25t15 later afrika aristotelian german action universal music andre wimbledon those edwardes college william february family aristoteles independent label individuals scientific meaning semitic without company 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michael special spanish literature medicine concepts plato industrial areas emancipation survey contributions assassination nevertheless institutions halley little around relationship black metal house times service linguistics writing communities libertarian support significant version fictional evolution influence interests continued cushitic interest minister chemical syndrome believed burckhardt anthropological categories 32tism management books island short discovered final federer surface example earth major means until ndash standards continent secretary financial cities societies august together virginia organization ground george reason relations religious distinct universities intellectual common following wikipedia confederate players parliament force anarchy movie current began study award behind school famous provided produced students standard original specific henry patroclus place class among looters project effects founded created believe disciplines career census perspective simple theoretical syndicalism indian encyclopedia within border person psychological settlement scientists relatively psychology trade found moral director speaking conflict election chemistry algiers pacific summer petroleum brought having itself something 146rchism nature ethical written letter oscar grand local never cincinnati additional fountainhead restrictions sites colonies museum television steel currency successful experience question california philosophies david contemporary rothbard views given feminist industry increase statistics unicode details various october working hollywood direction biography september childhood democracy wyatt prime using anthem either racial chance making fields turned during province morocco scholars campaign catholic numerous element extended approach fiction followed accepted analysis congress subject website business bakunin towards evidence theories 26mentioned nicomachean games court mississippi white surrounding lower conditions afghanistan paris publishing below named codes story capability field legislative level wrote dfe2e9 sterreich spiritual altruists executive centuries bibliography mountains growth available difficulties pervasive magnus typically causes increasingly saharan experimentation douglas grant river logic regions above existed limited coast ideas council interpretations process kentucky koyaanis estimate consider rejected remained violence doctrine asperger defeated hermes record speech online motion edited leader hyacinthus discussion round associated actor astrology engineering observation discoveries awareness treatment diagnosis controversy electoral democrats rebellion sovereignty kropotkin etymology cooperation potential prominent according patrick studied disintegrative critics complex workers private instead methods colonial factbook sahara benefits rational proposed requires respectively alphabet office emirates patterns manske magazine experimental practice products mainly recent feminism problems father contrast chadic ragnar nation literary slaves branches method learning topics texts claim water large 300px sense links transmutation tourism approximately lindsay stadler biology program objects fascism chapter edition picture writers numbers divided related similar champions portuguese broadcast boyle mines novels virtue discipline determined frequently tennessee 250px astronomy activities taking almost suggested region phenomena mexico latin communists value egoism active etext might author series simply roger forms match effect child novel become range words should department mentioned punctuation portugal mountain actually historic victoria odysseus coordinated families entirely strategy received influential complete concerto collapse alien peter death names amerika sacred distribution copper quarter actress phoenix conservative technologies started construction intelligence symbols earlier enough issues beliefs return months defined changes perhaps better friends success opposed search despite implementation located introduction member journal slovenian collected amendment candidate initially communist receiving beginning operation substances strikers generation allan animated corruption rhetoric compromise november gettysburg ethiopia commercial stations resource academic introduced alpha exchange motor function importance governor separate order guinea connes hector sexual flight arthur events middle voting globalization formed change policy origin belief player battle number tournaments antropologi inhabitants produce benefit angeles descendants winning density legislation contributed address opportunity achievement parents medical ecology extensively liberty 870cles radical purpose adopted reports durango outside situational colspan gulch films miles night frame 0most front whose labor cause votes slave omotic armenian 146mation nowiki 24quot encoding olympics football melbourne equipment brakeman inhabited districts improving sciabarra philadelphia applications 0universe golden aristotel philip peninsula advanced occupied homepage required heritage mobile overview sociology conversation symptoms anything dedicated global preservation existence thinkers attention 146rchist biodiversity necessary activity market tucker saying essays health volume killed spoken source strong ranked involved square astronomer olympic abs2005 administrative looting geographic species linguistic decolonization widespread mercury vietnam altruistic cinematography 5cd1861 charity reading animals criticized account britain ocean average increasing johnson identification serve interpretation diagnostic infobox historians growing collective russian federation occupation developing resistance freedom archive makes receive pages whether affairs victory leonard autonomous tournament difference aspects figures ability total terms applied vienna constantine animal trojan review sports capita essentially binary choice postal reciprocity cannot higher terminology 870cle effort always primitivism politicians strike competition labour pierre toward murray follow portal escape athens signed mostly helped immigration appear congo entertainment practitioners saint contradiction seven magic plant ended third score qatsi india model predominantly birth lives chief thing taken radar champion canberra aviation columbia bracelet invented mulligan sanction ceremony maryland directed selected policies counties becoming possibly reported infoshop existing thinking internal regarded medieval response symbolic danneskj featured catalan printable amoeboids carinthia elizabeth primarily studios peikoff happiness divisions practical islamic conducted legends atlanta calling agreement inaugural context chicago qualities committee georgia operating command achilleus already landscape radiation albania disease extensive italian parties preferred manifesto stephen herbert mediawiki develop covered elected weather dependent stories provide reached primary discovery product andora dispelling delphi mozambique queensland eeeeee transformations delicatessen radio orren akston equalization significance industries mauritania alain pennsylvania basic adaptation length translations mechanical regardless quantitative prince prize colonization publishers albert iliad requirements greece phoenician sector desert truth connection encouraged variations accidentally paper money ethnic insurrectionary destroying 3efore soviet canada russia explicitly coming collectivism direct participated dictionary notes china mutual forum young passed goals branch restricted energy fifth aeronautical stone investment collection rather width astronom salzburg anthropologist painting starting exports progress valuable barbara quality feature japanese investigations essence liberal detailed memorial exactly showing nebraska england moderate funeral telephus closely etruscan argument administration formerly rapidly forcing tropical station measures abstract training married bringing someone playing contact affected typical criteria identify building parallel involves dispute concerns hundred anarcha meeting benjamin marxists accessed require relative settled universe notably message coverage tunisia entered miami unorganized 240px immortality limitations hermeticism archeologia comparative ellis niger selfishness rules translation substantial involvement corporation drawn stars legislature mathematics electricity temperature guide documentary declaration 1past whole daily learn appropriate integration determining stereotyped gives scale proto fundamental 2they goods frank 150px definitions media speak queen youth moved close islam parts e5d1cb asclepius separator documents economies indeed situation nietzsche empirical causality analytics colony substance report artifacts motivated valley nevada lovers polytonic cattle dollar poetry 34quot transport fairbanks reflected technical marked taught skills fourth widely beyond symbolism please principle worked portrayed unlike warren friedrich computing course wealth heroes desire likely artefacts vision result single difficult connected participation illustrations compatibility controversies structuralism organisations encyclopaedia madagascar equatorial bantu recognized hermetical alexandria malinowski translator 122ividual wikitravel again sudan archeology compulsory mysterious reciprocal punishment retirement convention booth start baker homer huntsville registered birmingham montgomery definitive millennium phenomenon facilities discussing aggressive vocabulary definition ultimately criticisms propaganda experiment louis conference lines needs lived repetitive previously translated accessdate navigation admetus burundi strauss scudder bertram decades percent matthew willers welfare amoebae selfish pattern charles sherman theater beating freeing ulysses jackson florida roughly aynrand cartoon airport warming visible genetic devices sensory advance network variant problem mikhail stirner leading respect carried goldman concept biscayne hyacinth tanzania angola zimbabwe fagatogo 65quot overseas monarchy habsburg flamel agronomy extraterrestrial paleoethnobotany 195diversity variable 146hropology device occasion mayhew screenwriter contributing atomic contains 88bsbn theophrastus epistemology except dramatic really retained richmond inauguration invasion arkansas carolina actual assembly sangamon stanford peleus statue ancestry soldiers 69quot negative symbol league vertical austro abbreviation stamps reverted offset edward intervention temple disabilities allowing teachers normal hidden giving favorite adults literacy teaching improved negotiations ideology highly consequently syndicalists worker incorporated organisation advocate spirit treaty spread partly friend previous affair continue female thousand probably expected critical declared equipped internet refers double wales perceived nagarjunacharya arkeologi discussed abandoned midas norte destroyed magnitude gladstein eddie noblesoul brokeback crouching sacrifice assistant table cambridge causation minnesota protected conquered declaring destroyer encounter woman migration harry jefferson mount sequences comet italy satellite davis behaviour attracted enjoyment apart condition professor holds split operative ancestors light focus shown exist think tells hands remaining built shall going prior expansion clear consecutive hemispheres netherlands assignments switzerland performance transponder distinguish archeologie christopher participant illuminatus discovering instruments speculation implemented destructive speculative exclusively qualitative conclusions recognition destruction lewrockwell cellpadding constructed connors helios hamitic liberia bracket 21c1986 efefef rosicrucianism concern gender 1future mystery wesley treated emerged silver worship pushing dragon carpet mathematicians holland galileo contemporaries connor aquinas senate future brooke enemies chosen 152ome taylor shared citizen imposed morrill matters cabinet zealand montana oracle thetis disambiguation inside income billion running memory height ending string sheikh persian trucial ranging clouds forests winter depends achieve palace begins evolved allows remain offered looking proper kanner obvious boston howard content newman debate centre defines losing fascist responsibility leaving fought tolstoy profile figure twenty victor banking reality profit justice russell easily violent engels export played troops viewed failure secret student allowed drawing joined mental period create display budget reform matter across argued scottsdale kafelnikov vegas mythologie seychelles djibouti cameroon kenya leone 140px endangered tasmania austrija burgenland landlocked airborne pilkington hermetic sampling examined equivalent oriented opera finished carthage translates minerals canadian 897stitute essay designated tiger performing screenplay sound composer wrong relativism circular motivation dominant 0word finds constitute empiricism standing breaking composed cemetery somewhat 140ready threatened declined prosperous legal buchanan explored grief seats nineteenth festival district senators captured creek presence sessions maveric149 identifies album blood protection shift comprise hotel artificial trees margaret hypothesis 0mind strictly chris multiple strategies apparent signs 26not feelings 2some smith security explains green occurred dates patriarchy tendencies pacifism platform expelled bolsheviks solidarity struggle offer template issue alliance allow distance opponent reducing conclusion altruist along comes consists domestic argue external location transmissions archaeologist anthropologie psychologists eclecticology investigation bennettsnider metamorphoses fertilization corresponding miscellaneous principality sweden sister leucothea rendering uganda sierra rwanda telescope dependencies kilometre dreamtime australis governing sydney styria automatic hitchcock microcosm coptic newton contribution repatriation endeavour 60thropology radcliffe dominated conceived subsequently technique concentrated neighbouring salvation muslim beautiful jewish defenders portrayal testimony architecture kelley establishing mathematical illustration cinema covers efficient residence companion wilson integrity bronze writer criticism strategic capturing martin confiscation 11time expensive remote generated sought ownership tariff mitologia johansson aeschylus convinced lycomedes moving entire agamemnon 56quot cotton emphasize revert showed describes london seeing visual injury seemed infantile psychiatrist anarkisme catalonia 28criticised funded coalition explained voluntaryist defeat cryptography exploited listed component theorists hierarchy regarding damage proved argentina gained taoism godwin wikiquote answer master unique identical status recognize ellmist fleming courier marsyas artemis somalia terra statute hungary nominal bacon panacea broader deliver signals kellogg quentin wells mouch algerie drought husband ignored serving comte users editing organon passion managed 1east admired 200px hunting rallied descent odyssey priam fonly gregory reduced wayne calhoun year2 conduct grammar chamber nahayan zayed revenue neutral urban grass getting trained funding 0former types teacher train trouble hearing unusual delay chomsky digital alone jacques bryan armed fmost mexican seealso amost statism price diverse knows defense ams80 seems owned drive opinion favor derived protect upper devoted territorial topographic transceiver renaissance arheologija spectacular resistivity ethnography 3liverwurst amalgamated responsible flourishing cultivation enterprises bureaucracy connecticut incompetent degradation meteorology surrendered hodgenville argonautica everlasting neighboring consequence frustration imperialism nonetheless illustrated syndicalist application discouraged sympathetic communicate cellspacing cambodia mercedes medvedev troilius botswana plugwash johannes malaeloa australi anglican genocide orthodox 73remove equipage accurate duillier wolfgang sulfuric esoteric outreach durkheim benedict atlantis capacity populous monetary spanning schwartz pagename promoted protists buddhism transfer disambig database gershwin virtuous bankrupt premises theology michigan pulitzer watching contract combined democrat missouri judicial survived marriage compared johnston belonged disguise calendar acquired blogspot guardian neuropsychiatric suggests accuracy societal gestures absolute appleton relevant software carrying contrary taxation entering lysander bertrand creating straight fighting positive revealed creative daughter thailand amoeboid urgell ethnologue chang safin season python frica helena canary gambia ghana extensions delete microscopy pseudopods reticulose containing attendance eucalyptus stefan vorarlberg agreed confidence commission separation geographer paracelsus franciscan nitric 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merely indicating severe 60tivities impairment older contribute voice reflecting phrase hours turns engage indicators solely mainstream fully psychiatry mechanisms anarquismo entry blogs d4quot b9many impact continuing weapon eight consistent proponents 58book attachment 1970s caplan errors praxeology nozick reader jesus liberation identified 0more heads johann maintained isaac failed 636so repeatedly moment writes repudiated mises access ruler wiktionary fixing noted opened myths takes lesser year1 route attributed describing margin bureau former color motto khmer ehret lleyton 126quot melilla comoros senegal namibia khoisan 135song 127quot recommendation macfarlane1998 biggest default nicolas correspondence epsilon cryptic solomon updated sahlins domains 537time diamond reveals 297fact raising emperor gallons fertile tribute enjoyed finnish banquet wedding helpful initial contain retired 146ther fitness carries regular macedon scholar quickly theatre fredericksburg capture secured arrived egalitarianism supreme planned herndon martial seceded channel selling xanthos troilus healing orestes establishments bestablishment windows decimal bahrain attacks revised reflect happens farming measure surname therapy injured forming exhibit comfort portion gallery statist utopian killing ireland commune pursued marxism 175quot 44opted laissez toronto decided prevent fishing highest promote artists diakonoff davydenko cassandra kidnapped animators mauritius swaziland colonists wrestling eaglemont judiciary gallipoli bilingual belvedere temperate innsbruck hungarian implement avoidance collision macrocosm ignorance cosmetics excavated achieving gathering cognitive 60tifacts diffusion hardcover norwegian rejecting cigarette pritchett indicates mechanism extremely obstacles tamazight advantage requiring mysticism qualified maintains taiwanese detectors organisms volunteer testament orchestra aesthetic cornelius contested deductive dialogues treatises adventure brunswick wisconsin fragments curiosity nominated exceeding perpetual exemption consisted homestead encourage competing secession interwiki byzantine consuming myrmidons producing nutrition athletics bypassing depicting residents frequency sponsored providing therapies diagnoses conscious exclusive determine alternate scientist incidence speculate diagnosed prevalent plekhanov frederick sovereign rejection primitive synthesis corrupted responded bolshevik zapatista pacifists consensus terrorism organized attempted pioneered diversity publisher pronunciation chandrasekhar heliocentrism gillespie2002 sophisticated multicellular 84spontaneous comprehensive extraordinary conspicuously concentration unintelligent collectivised establishment hausa marat ivani goran slams gabon tutsi austr aeiou layer jabir 84now cross meant ayers 1book mowen balph ruled 1990s tight piece alive watch track brand sysop rider multi 2from cover dance arist 1same leads boche heard weeks 1west plans chase broke 0best spent 0name wound tried wrath towns irish bible jimmy stage riley afric 250by reach crops steve trust occur loved cases quite items hears avoid cited dutch files helps women unity 264of pearl equal truly chaos doing mixed heart theme least refer tools govern stolbova hamito bahnaric edberg rafael hewitt bruguera baseline philostratus cyrene clytia orchamus daphne yalouris dionysus lambda graphics yamoussoukro bloemfontein bissau zambia settlers hampered belgians rhodesia c5quot carriage keyboard baudot heliozoa foraminifera amoeba hubble cepheids kepler heliocentric soccer utumea swains ausstats streeton unemployment floating disaster convicts strait torres flinders wittgenstein croatian republik transmission transmitting velocity squitter alchemie obsolete multhauf norton purification anselm rendered muriatic hydrochloric elixir sodium oxygen hellenic remedies mystic trismegistus agronomi linked organism modified typology detectorists treasure minute buried artefact spelling artifact ethnographic clifford marcel alfred holistic dictatorship summit superstition phaethon norway terminal larkin thompson weakness customer static 41will instinct 83illustrate carlos conway liaisons claude relies tribes kabyle 52ands kassaman attacked 104principal pursuits rescheduling facility britting expanded 8basis audience impotent launched illustrating hinduism 239tat machines narrow evolve solution prisoner proven survival manipulation ethology remove design releases mortimer politeia goodness lectures supposed constituents compiled obtained relied poetical 1realm plutarch murdered appreciation unfavourably nominees lanham winner legacy administrati attend harris assassinated harbor losses overland relieved sheridan restored asserted imprisonment boundary corwin delaware probable breckenridge salmon seward abolitionist fredrick patent beckwith educated menard 59year attorney earliest farmer treasury splitter naconkantari thesis comedy atlantic olympian promised 60guably identity prepared heracles polyxena breath pushed chryseis mythographer refuge mortal withdrew thessaly defender bishop annually bridge yellowhammer digits sequence prefix orthographic hebrew dakota sporadic released agencies secure commerce mainland decision piracy earnings fossil equation enhanced nearby cooler walker brazil colour detail capsules retrieve 392002 responds sometime dubbed decade 60tistic quotient demand literate verbal 259interpret attached epidemic manifest 152routinely overwhelming dwardmac thriving sympathizers landauer mainta neighborhood monopoly affinity degree molinari primitivists 122eed resist strict racist tendency confused needed decide whatever ruling yarros ensure assert lahontan arrive hunter predecessors adding instance notion crisis critique attempts relation villages converse accept expect insurrection reliable domain afroazijski stoltenberg bollettieri griechische apollinares brazzaville telegraphic actinophrys hertzsprung mapusagafou grammatical predominate transmitter 1fourteenth evaluations grosseteste pythagorean acupuncture sendivogius encompasses arqueologia initiatives 273ormation antiquities antropoloji consumption inquisition penetrating inestimable anniversary reconstruct inheritance 789complain demographic boumedienne arabization endorsement unrealistic celebration emphasizing sensibility aspirations communalism 552homeless necessarily falsifiable benevolence obligations corrections competitive repudiation spontaneity ingredients 8assumption refutations sophistical preliminary philosophic hephaestion circulation chattanooga institution confederacy permanently bibliotheca bundesstaat shakespeare affirmative expatriates concessions consistency 122ormation distasteful participate psychiatric anarchizmus entertainer celebrities hierarchies predictions confederaci influencing forerunners realization interpreted navarre orlando roddick ginepri clement kuerten yevgeny 513sets shields leipzig coronis boasted mayotte madeira burkina lesotho eritrea bushmen village tutuila extinct defence amateur bregenz improve heading agrippa abelard strands 60chemy pasteur ashmore possess 802deal middens examine kroeber sapiens kinship equated alluded turning employs mankind moocher playboy journey spoiler opening torture extreme tindouf sahrawi warfare amazigh heavily partner mission rebecca ontario 44arded neumann shermer cherryl begging emerson divorce herself scratch dilemma 499that derives adapted galilei advised generic besides zoology victims virtual rutgers nicolay suicide replied holiday wyoming landing holding morning stanton putting balance vessels captain orleans circuit poverty wartime aquiles achille casting revenge survive passing passage barrier refined stopped arsenal outputs wallace assumed evident 249quot license battery numeral lasting nomadic clothes discuss testing savants finding mention implies unaware intense varying nervous omicron hopkins protest sharing opposes gustave secular 146rcho marxist genuine trading harmony priests diggers refuses helping seeking variety pursuit perform consist destroy morphology erythraean 193to schuettler basketball tears claymation sahel canal converting glyph hipparchus fatumafuti faganeanea sport sutherland parham2002 fabricated penal 728icially timor calculated windischen fewer carpathian klagenfurt eisenstadt vernacular anime homunculus debus compatible canterbury numerology monotheism diocletian witchcraft allegories miraculous charlatans waste deciphered distributi deviations antropolox roots transcends monographs relativity micha atmosphere trans shows structural struggling livelihood staff build illustrate store mostaganem abdelkader 22admitted horse quantities fruit musketeers farmbrough arithmetic rothbard23 posthumous affiliated documented wider enthusiasm globe 395ividual b6embraced expla suggestion gains reputation decreasing prescribes biologists 4exclusion continuous teles xenophanes deficiency deeds keeps 0time dependence substratum spite false idealistic marks added dream telegraphy wilderness stunningly 0main rebel manchester flourished share thirteenth attempting 58ory 645deities androphile plays prophesied armor telamonian scene lover prometheus nymph glory tribe trail rutherford tuscaloosa float metre speed plate aleph valid stamp 1late heavy antarctica solar cycle query autoimmune paediatric yalepddnos 83describe consulting profession 400px triggering regressive accomplish integrated disturbing spend withdrawal chimpanzee physicians clinicians skill 122roduced evaluation 44sociated employment prejudices intentions criticizes agree plain elite 0term seeks minarchism aggression roles criticised persecuted faced imprisoned anglophone bolshevism overthrown subsequent anabaptist britannica faire begin sight deals fight write elect bring basis attracting obligation redir carlemany principat yagdif militarev bender lionel stuttgart guillermo itaparica apollinis galactica pausanias challenge infant betraying beardless mosaic lykegenes 32imation photos malawi mogadishu highlands angles passenger vandalism paulschou sucker permit amoebozoa endoplasm ectoplasm filose pseudopod diffluens vailoatai utulei pluralist isolation replacing smith1980 fremantle voyage merchants explorers speech18b avusturya ustria rainer windische alemannic tauern foothills bundesrat engelbert babenberg anschluss equipping proximate intent assurance gradually lavoisier saltpetre priestley charlatan associate postulate jargon purifying dominican potassium committed gunpowder powder principal occult imperfect esoterism antiquity 60imal essential intensive mendel pesticide anomalous ologie rescue permanent filled precision aerial kennewick 234own relevance bronislaw polynesia traced extension philology variation polish bernstein extent 120embody compounds indicator activated engine 543shield turkey relief 157114 exploring slagenhop editorial 273apable distantly sensitive announced bendjedid guerrilla tuareg prompting converted caliphate thamugadi abdelaziz longEW machinery phosphate vineyards 118and fbackbone manhattan chronicle promoting jerome random format routinely realizing criticize marker 10next architect banned caught reverence imaginati deeply featuring ambitions hockey justified 495hungry 327fellow canonical riding 29some charities samaritan oldest behavi clocks choose rarely turner norman 60tuality hardbound analytica athenaion employ happen involving archetype composite cosmology posterior prejudice fishermen expounded gymnasium requested 273luence traceable 26also weekly libraries heroic jersey 870and historian boritt submarine insurance miller samuel barnes physician surrender assembled prospects arrest exercised telegraph excess advice irritated offensive finish judgments vicksburg 186not servitude convicted promising warned bodyguard horace impose barret oregon candidacy owning fellow lawyer populated witnessed 245own sentiment obscurity martyr habeas 541860 hardin michel divine temporary amazon blossomed cycnus aphrodite athena armies priest lycophron hecuba ransom euripides consulted seriously 60andoned akhilleus harvey 122erests remington campus lowest carter shelby aspect esperanto stroke minuscule italic varieties resembles abbeville trivia enjoys jerusalem pirate shaikh inland shaped enceladus traits behavenet entrez 143ics longer b9some facets gifted explosion continuum refuse 120are intensity useful 273bility schedules resort monologue imaginary leaves facial looked affection finger wildly varies sigmaf twentieth revolt pitzer regime absurdity lasted hitler adherents handle crucially 32archist syncretic editor 328ped cleyre reject 60thority oppose barcelona 60archist concluded 60tivists kronstadt manual organised berlin desirable malatesta dangerous pseudo 32archism predicted heterodox josiah americ freely levellers believing voluntary whilst generator abolition proximity pyrenees vladimir suffixes cognates sprachen palaungo stratton thriller assyrian 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122rease tensions cemented veterans integral quarries antimony burdened geometry valliant pathetic exposing chairman fiercely appendix realized aspiring resolved embraced schiller detested pingtung populace 60vocate vehicles payments 617naked 722broad rewarded rotation realtime interior symphony starring melchert libellus fanciful nicolaus immanuel ultimate compound realised 896arded analytic departed atarneus stageira ontology treatise monument griffith jokingly oklahoma hometown rushmore dennison concrete repeated rathbone generous tecumseh burnside complied planning crushing farragut nominate showcase listened freeport remnants 497ually 784olved steadily wrestler sickness expenses admitted handling hannibal heroides comrades competed infected stripped battista giovanni cummings lutheran criminal camellia cyrillic aperture inverted eskimbot rainfall postmark supplied withdraw shakhbut hardship droplets farmland 891rease 1tropics absorbed feedback autizmus 10selves chldstdy bethesda 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each§&14Cspooner]],§who, &7F§is the§&1A9[[game§&CA] &32Bto an§&1ED&400um'',§or this,§&&E&6Eare &CE4of &102Bthat &3F8of he§had it§has in§&12D&62ago, &66Bhere&46the§&2B7&68he or§&BF8into§a &3to &221his in§&78to§his as§he a§very of§&&1C&1A7in size:§95%; to§win the§&BDthe§a&652for§&3Fwho§is &2B&10D&18Dthat &230of is§to way§of &2Cof of§&1A8to§&B5&BEin that§&14Csome§&3A&BF7the the§&1D5&23are and§Statistical &5A9into and§&4Athe§&106Cess by§&&15Dthan§a &CE3of &663s§on &37Fof capable§of &CE2to &9A20th to§&47Ere&8Bd§the of§&&7Eto§&CE712]],§[[1990]] 25]],§[[1988]] 15]],§[[1988]] &DAsemi 1999:§&274lost§to &68&&29the§god [[exclave]]§of in§[[&&50A] [[2005]]§(utc) #4#line§feed 7]],§[[2005]]. by§area|Ranked #4#&997§0 and§&&FB&27has &8D&12Calter&158to out§&247&435&509prepa&1021§of &5Afrom were§&75&996the of§&21&17&71 exami&2B5of 6§(&4ABack). &C0the more§&A3&209&10F&63&44[[&14F]§is &16B&32Arand''§(&27Ain§&14C of§&&122&13Aled as§much &2B6&56the§[[&&2A&279&2CEor§even &CE1&3A #4#''Man,§no &53(that them§to 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&82of &82is of§&E5&9C&121&10Eof &56Eand and§&B8 &A6Dthe &9Fin &13Bin &7C&71&17C§by &B§and with§&8BCdurango]]§out ex&141on§of from§[[&&13Cis§&C0&16at &76Bhigh gas§&6EAr; also§&369 of§Sunnybrook in§[[&&A8] &30B§his &1DDduties, the§&100D sick,§&848com&241n§of as§&14Dmore§&2AEy &1A6from and§&1A5&1A9y§used more§&B1] &350of four§&228 most§pro&1DC&Ewas the§&1A4some§&3D9 &3&67&149the &DA5&&3&995to d.§[[&&DFson,§[[&&76on§[[&&DF&86&171 &3A&47#9C##8211;§7% &27of and§[[&&144from§[[1763]] &CE6ng§of &61many re&1C1§with the§&290for§&62B &BD&2F5&85for film§''[[Rain has§&20A as§&BCEd &BF5with &100Cwith &1Fis the§&4Cdomi&2B5of &18and &5D3]§and and§&C9and§[[&&DEwas§&75&16of of§&3F5ft§|| a§few but§a in§an to§an gt;§| to§as by§an not§a &71§the en§&994his§&76Amany§&B9the§&&51the§&1BDthe§&769the§&BF4''de§facto'' in§&&13gave§the most§&507&F06to and§have &E36on§of with§ADS &FDuplink &328&111&17Con is§now and§&47 &228§are the§&506&17Bof prolong§life and§&8BB&A6Cto and§even &774§of &3D9§for &1D3a &629§to the§&&631the§&128&139&2B5only§the &53Bto &49161, to§&DBof§&17Aand§161. &329with galt§and and§''&&2B4in§&&26] and§&Bgt;§[[El have§had &47Con &847from &11E&331the§&&26 and§many &266of amp;&6F§A |§&3BEby§[[&&3F4and§[[&&15A&310of of§Ayn and§&8BAthe§&&FC' &32Acame to§&102Ato§&DA4)§(1993) not§to hand,§&772 feed§the &1DDduties was§even &9C&7D &CE5acts &7EFto such§a have§won in§all &B5Brs§of the§&100Bto§[[&&2C&Eis &1A1§that may§find from§its into§&AE&2BDd§that his§book his§best &103Fd§in that§was he§&24Bof§''&&1Eof§&&22F life§and &277s§and had§long &3Din &12§as &5C]§|| the§Army &3F3over &F05of &8B9the ten§&62B&66Bbe &38D&9the§&80who§were not§in a§&1B8on§[[&&20Fhe§won with§one book§''[[The he§did and§&&10he§&11D&1F3&6F3&62B§of &353ng§the &33Aof had§to inspired§the a§long &668of of§one by§his to§&768this§&1A3 |§&9930.7% iron§and in§&&1C] are§in the§&2Ain§&139&1Cwere &ACEof and§left what§was in§[[&&42&62A&1B1him§to form§the &3C§the were§&505of§Abu by§&55&C7on &36in is§&59is§due (2)§&B&Band 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&35and &116§on &44Bby amp;§[[John &244&46&BF2to the§&&B4ref&219to no§&627to§&12&177for &6F1the the§&47&17&67&4FD§of &22in by§[[&&29most§&1A9his§&2B1 &1Cwas the§&9FD&3Cthe and§&9FC&20Aor &3F1the &2B0of can§&47Enot§&503in§&100Edon't§&666&328than or§ab&611of§&180the§&6F0that§&BFthat§&2B&106Ethe bios,§&2C2re&2E8§to &191§of &327the &5D2out #4#.§This &28§it and§[[Ralph &32Bthe &2AFis the§[[&&57of§&271&E8the to§&10A5e he§will sets§to has§won to§kill a§&18Ca§&&CEAeach its§own in§fact to§give to§this live§in died§in |§&3F0|§&766has§had work§on but§she only§in when§it not§yet the§one for§its is§more we§know is§said i§&11Dof§such of§that of§race the§old him§the he§made held§in to§what he§took him§and home§to used§as at§this area§of than§in or§more time§to of§time sign§of they§do but§not also§be kind§of to§deal by§some to§mean role§of la§Vella]] ''§|| 1st§&27E &1Dhad by§[[&&2F2&1Dhas old§&&1Dslam§&7&4C4set. set§&18E &1Dwas flaying§of a§&102a§&52&ACDwith the§&970 bit§&2F9 than§sign| &C2of &3E== than§&DB&BB== &35== &35as the§&&D5in§&&32four§&62of§&&32b§and b§&630of§&&33&7Fthe &9Cbody has§&2F8this§view, &11Dturn &2BE§and &33as &47== &29Bof to§&106Dthe§&3C1&72work an§&191&361§of &4B§of and§[[Carl by§&4BEr agenda§for of§&&84in§''&&63#4#,§and the§&6EFcheck§girl been§late. &BBof switch§and door§locks and§&86&BAis &F3d§by in§[[&&63&626and &24Bfour in§&109soon§&46are§&41Darab§&4Dthe§&56C&326in &5D4of &9Aage, best§&111&4C1may own§judge, clothe§the or§&12Bit§&A5&2BDthat &3FAof &325by &7EEand &6F1to |§url &5D1to &7F§of &21Ethe he§&7F &37Bof &29Aof &3C1§of the§&C&DA&101Efrom§&17and§&7EDof§&845&B7were &1B7§of [[384§bc]] &5Fof by§&&144&3§a to§&9FB&3BDand &170]§in a§&CCto§do &106Cto &41Cthe &3on they§&11D&961§in &3is &9FAto &38C§and &47Ato &BFone his§&2B1of§&115the§&E0to§&177&56Band word§&990to§&3EF&171§and &CE0to very§&57of§&&B4a§&1BCthe§[[open the§&1EFwas§&98Fof§&143oil§&56A&57half &479by &5D0to and§&625&23who of§&20Eare§&1A9&1C6of &3FAto (1)§&4Ato§&478is§&325&210in to§prepare &E6in few§&324&332of &4Aand the§&4A&43many of§&7F it§to &265to a§&BF1the§&86&98Ethat re&101Don &3F3in &32Aas in§&83&177of &1C7in &270a same§time, have§&7A&12Fas &53Aaway &6EEon fo&110of &57used the§&2F4sampras§6 five§sets &29in &3C0in &18Bof &624of bit§&&&3Bmove§from on§[[July a§&20r the§&243&BF0of the§&F3#4#,§in &623of b§&37Ddata§from &4Bby id=§}} &69a lead§into not§be in§&21Ethe§&&10Bin§&1A9&361of &6EDas &CAin and§&9Aa§&570 two§&4C0do§&665 way§to the§&2F9fit§&72of§&23and§it in§&2AE&171and &244the the§''San &4C1of &844the who§&5A6&34Eand to§&2F1&25Fd§a he§has work,§but and§&67them.§The at§age the§&34E121,§132, dagny§and &21Dto how§to &360of &2F0of from§both that§year but§it &3BCon size:§90% and§&&66note§that on§Rand's that§Rand is§Rand's was§&57to§pay &323to the§&&31as§she and§&24Blove§with the§&A&111for weak,§and owes§many one§is with§many &1DDand &7ECis give§them #4#§(or to§pursue one's§own come§back &4BFby and§said, |§&2CDlike§that a§good his§&C7&362in &1B7of from§that that§will be§&328&38Band &25Aof &35Fof the§&38Bwas§&434a§high charge§of &41Bas &1Band edit§this by§&&1A2&3BE1] was§&244also,§the at§his and§&7A&364of in§&&11only§a &68I &67not &6ECto &569of back§into d.§[[July men§to a§&BA&46his by§[[John rock§band #4#,§by &4BEman &D5E§of &90he to§&10ACact§of the§&DA1him§on the§&539with§this set§up &9of see§''[[A #4#§for &1DCout that§a made§with &2F5is &BDof with§high who§in in§&2Bthat§both from§(1), &207the has§&664know§what &23to who§&D2and§do a§more that§have it§had easier§to have§made and§so &38B§by in§two by§its to§&41A&31and &7Bof of§God and§of a§&12D&622of &1D5to his§&267to§him &BEFof &BFAof #4#§But in§1993, two§sets the§year 1§&3C3and§made #4#,§a from§one 1em§1em; and§only reign§of b§&1A1b§&94F have§the b§&4Bby§&3Athe§next of§&&6Bwas§used &111in both§the &267in they§had the§case the§high to§&1028its§most an§area, by§&9Cis§&152real§and the§West by§&17&663on to§&1B4rlden§sk are§from a§&1A9146,§147 114,§131 &16Fis need§for the§book he§wants the§head 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!C!-03-04T01:41#7B#
!3!
§8<&5CJames745</&5
§8<id>832382</id>
!0!
!6!
§6<&4/* &&4C&&159*/§2too many brackets</&4
§6#7#{{&&18}
'''&&18'' &361ted as &884of &1025&679&87&9A[[&130] [[&37A]s &5B[[&&CDF] &0[[&&42&&137] &3[[sans-culotte|''sans-culottes'']] &0[[&&50&&137].[#2#uk.encarta.msn.com/&1D2761568770/&&18html] Whilst &10E&74D&1BEa pejorative way &595''#0#any act that used &6E8&194to &116&1A0of &5F#4#''&lt;ref&gt;[#1#cas.sc.edu/socy/faculty/deflem/zhistorintpolency.html &&2BInter&2APolice &&28F, &5&18E&52Fols &0#0#Inter&2A&&5A3of Rome &10&&4A&&840&&87&&37#4#, 1898&!BA!, it &17Dso been &434up as a &8BA&E3by self-&325&37

&&2D2'''&18'' is [[&28E&482] the [[&&6B&B&&6B] ''[[&&98C#3##945;#3##957;#3##945;#3##961;#3##967;#3##943;#3##945;|#3##945;#3##957;#3##945;#3##961;#3##967;#3##943;#3##945;]]'' (#0#&E8[[archon]]s (&98B &432 king)#0#). &&18as a [[&39&16], &F&2A3''&98B'' are un&3B7and &B6abolished, &61&B9&90Fng &125wh&5BD&194 &&18also &11E&2D2[[&4A&5D]s) &70Cvocate the elimi&2B5of &119&169 &BEthe [[&31].&lt;ref&gt;[#2#en.&7EBorg/wiki/&&535of_&18&&535&&1EB on Wikiquote, &98Ad 2006&!BA! &&2D2#0#[[&1B0],&&50Dmost &37use it, &7Dimply [[&ACB], [[&1008], or [[anomie]], but &4C9a harmonious [[anti-&119] &5F In &7B7what are &44Bas &119&39&103 and coercive &81&169 &37&621&4A&1A4&FDupon [[&F02&98] &447&E4 [[&4BCaid]], and [[self-&AD3nce]]. 
§4
&&43&50Cmost &6E7&61Cwhat &26&87 &37also &764&8BA&56F of wh&1F &1C9&1Ba &ACAfree &5F &&28 &267&268&509&5F&2EEwork vary &26Ebly, &9Fwith &620&81; &B7&4Adis&461&268&86D&5F&7B0&1E7&55 

== &&361 and &BEC==

[[&&30F&&28D&&28D], &4D, &C4&90&276d [[&35], &9C&5Fwas &A6B&89Brchist &14B&lt;ref&gt;[[&&30F&&28D&&28D], &&30F ''#0#[[&&4BCAid: A F&280of &&17B]#0#'', 1902.&!BA! Most &BC&418Kropotk&44B &&6E9in &F01that &BEBga&B7 bands were egalitarian and lacked di&3E7&414 accumulated &56A or &107D law, and had &AC9&98Ato &AA&lt;ref&gt;[[&&567&&6E9&&6E9], Freidrich. ''#0#[#1#&501org/&3EDmarx/&C71884/&361&E0&F9htm &&361 &0&&E0 &&299&&10C &3&&31#0#'', 1884.&!BA!
[[&&1B&&DEodwin.jpg|&41&A&534&&DE&&7EA]

&&37&5B[[The &&1B0&&620] and [[&&417&&205&&205] find &4Cattitudes in [[&&7E9] from [[&&2B&&4BB&&78&&4BB].&lt;ref&gt;The &&1B0&&1A0(&&9F9. ''&&7E9and &&1B0'' [[&&14214]] [[2002]] [#1#toxicpop.co.uk/&C2taoism.htm Toxicpop &10AB [#1#geo&19Bcom/SoHo/5705/taoan.html Vanity site &10AB&!BA!&lt;ref&gt;[[&&417&&205&&205], &&417 ''#0#[#1#&687com/&205&78chinese.html The &&78&&AD&&176&&120#0#'', an &106Bfrom ''#0#[#1#&989org/&332/jls/9_2/9_2_3.pdf &&160&0Role of &&1A8 in &&4A&&8C2 &&416&&9F8Faire]#0#'', The &&662&&176&&AF 9 (2) Fall 1990.&!BA! [[&&30F&&28D&&28D] &1DC&2D3&745[[stoicism|stoic]] [[Zeno of Citium]]. &&29&&28D Zeno #0#&988the omnipotence &0&31 its &10B1enti&89B &EDFtation, and pro&2BDd the &28C&0&1DDlaw &0&14&&151. &lt;ref&gt;[#1#&16Erayon.com/page.jsp/&C2britt1910.html &&18, &1EEby &&30F&&28D from &&57A&&D9E 1910]&!BA!

The [[&&D9D]s of 16th &3B0are &59&C0&1B&1A5&C4D&124&18 [[&&8B6&&6E6], &58''&&2B&&7E&&16', &987&15&&D9D #0#&988all law, &DE held &15good man &152&522 at &139&986by [[the Holy &&622]...[f]rom this premise they &BEAat [[&159]....#0#&lt;ref&gt;[[&&8B6&&6E6&&6E6], &&8B6 ''#0#&&78&16#4#'' in ''A &&2B&&7E&&16 &279&4A7with &39&342circum&108B &5&B8B&171&4&8Bday'', 1945.&!BA! [[&&CDF(True &&F00|The &&CDF] or #0#True &&F00#4# were an &9A&338c &5D&2Atime &0[[&&42&&146War]], &60e &C0&5C9as &C4D&124&18&lt;ref&gt;[#1#zpub.com/&4BAaan-hist.html An &&4CTimeline], from &&57A&&D9E 1994.&!BA!

&&1[[&86era]], &23&84F&10E&5CA&1EA&3Athan &ACBwas [[&&5A2Armand de Lom d'Arce de &&BE9 Baron de &&BE9&&5A2Armand, Baron de &&BE9] &58''Nouveaux voyages dans l'Amérique septentrionale'', (1703), &176&156the [[&&158&&10 &1&&19&&9&FB&&10] &5F &192no &31 laws, prisons, &CDE or &299&10C &765&44Brchy&lt;ref&gt;[#2#&2EDlib.&19Fedu/cgi-!102!-12 &&4B9&0&&2BIdeas - ANARCHISM]&!BA!. [[&&6E6Means]], a [[&176] and &27B&1[[&&10&&1D1&&5D], has &985&31 &41is #0#&509 &720&3A1[his] &661#0#

In 1793, &1thick &0[[&&50&&137], [[&&DE&&7EA] &C9''An Enquiry Concerning &&39&&6E5' [#2#web.bilkent.edu.tr/&&278www.&42upenn.edu/jlynch/&&533&&7EApjtp.html]. &&61&&7EA&DB&1C6word ''&18', many &D2&191&44Bt&4A7&A&57maj&7BArchist text, and &&7EA&A#0#&678&73&18&&730&5BD&125no &267yet &264 &3term ''&4C'' was &111&2AD&277insult hurled &11[[bourgeois]] [[Girondins]] at more &37A&228 &1[[&&50&137].

==&&23self-&E3ed &4C=
[[&&1B&&415&&157&&F0jpg|110px|&41left|&&415&&157&&F0]
{{ma&&379[[&&415&&157&&F0] and [[&&4BCsm (&81&CA]]}}

&&26&1A9y held that &71't &195[[&&415&&157&&F0] &C9''[[&&84&&10C]]'' in 1840 &15term #0#&4C#4# &&9F7as a self-de&95on. &&26&50B&1A3&3E8&2BD&&F0&Afo&110&124&4C&CA In [[&&84&&10C]] Proudh&89Bwers &B&1B8accusation #0#[[&&10C&Ft]].#0# &&14Dwork he &590&C38of &107D #0#&10C#4# (propriété), &94&8F7 have &30B&A to #0#use &60use&&11Dr &10C&A wish, &Cexploiting &298for &6E4&&&9F6&F0prop#0#&gt;[[&&415&&157&&F0&&F0], &&415&&157 ''#0#[#1#&501org/&136&230&81/&F0&10Cch03.htm &&2CC3. &&414&A&7AE&38B&0&72F&10C#0#'' from ''#0#[[&&84&&10C]]#0#'', 1840&lt;/ref&&889its &1C1&&F0&149&84A&8C'&C70on' - &E4can have &265&A &84F&AA &C4and &532in accor&A9Dwith &14Bof e&4D4and &6E5 

&&F0s &56F&146rchy, &D9&8C[[&4BCsm]] (mutuellisme), &3C4an &34D&BB&94&E4and &7B&11D&1DBthe &2AC&0r &38A&219''lab&879s'' &17re&8Bd &32Fof &21&D44&1A4&A0 &&148&BE7that &258&67&6E4&5&38A&1CB. &&298&11D&EFFjoin &19Ein co-&660&C7ops. An &180free bank &2CA&707&34C&139ne &32cess &4&194of &A0 &&F0s &267were &30A&1D3&&50&130&5D, &9Efol&23E were &2EC&1[[R&4681848]] in &&8F

&&F0s &16of &10Cis &297 &71&75in a &2D&C7over his lifetime, &3e are &90Fng &125some &1D&267 ''F&5C0&4DA&27Dsee [[&&415&&157&&F0here]].''

==Max &&5CFs Egoism==
{{ma&&379[[Max &&5CF] and [[Egoism]]}}

&&58''The Ego &897s Own'' &&5CF&19D&574y &22D&4A&169- &5B&72E&&31 &10Cas &847 &84&A &145 &3very &72E&5F- were mere &F1B or ''ghosts'' &1mind, &3BBof &5F2that #0#&1C5 are its &6E3&&7B6&621 &2EB&60&278a&1DDsm, &97&E4&67unite in '&98 of &10AA' only when &71&1r self &180&&984§2For him, &10C&2F1&76F&55&69&2EE #0#Whoever &83Fhow &38E &701 the &433 &72D&1050&10C#0# And, #0#What &&888in my &F3 &C1my own. So long as I &BE8myself as h&95A I am the proprietor &0&433#0#

&&5CF&1F3&8C&12F&509- he &22D&474&E3'&10AA. &&168 &72Cwere &30Aon &812ividualistically-&1007&37 &61&269&1D&7F are &83E

==&&EFE12Dst &18=
[[&&1B&&500&3BAjpg|&41&534left|[[&&500&&3BA]]]
{{ma&&379[[&&14Dst &18] and [[&&EFE12Dst &18]}}

In 1825 [[&&EFD&&566] had &4B8in a [[communitarian]] &5A1headed by [[&&76Owen]] &8C[[New Harmony]], &17&983in &449&62amidst much &44A&1E0 &&566blamed the &85s &677a &10D[[&14D&28C] &60&10D&299&10C§2&&566proceeded to organise experimenal &4C&175&17&5D1d &84A&8C#0#the &28C&0&14D&7C9 [[Utopia (&4C&85|Utopia]] and [[&&86&&171]. In 1833 &&566&24B&443''The Peaceful &&137st'', &17some have &98E&1B&23&200ever &C9 &&500&&3BAsays that &&566#0#w&A&57man to expound &7D6ulate the &272now &79&&18#0# (''&&378' XIV (&&13F 1900):1)

[[&&500&&3BA] &BF&180d &44Brchism &69&4FF&&EFD&&566&444B. &&759]]. He &27A&443''&&378' from &&19D1881 to &&1421908; &26&55E&C0&1Bthe finest &14Dst-&200ever &766 &1&&42&B§2&&3BAs &5D4on of &14Dst &18&61F&2C8 of a &CE3&0rists: &&759's &7B5[[&4BCsm|&4BC&6E2]; &&566s &7B5[[cost the &1024of &83Dcost &A&1024of &83D] (a [[&EFC&81|&EFC] &346[[&414&11A&2EA]); [[&&F0]'s &3B9&18 [[Max &&5CF]'s [[&2EB]; and, [[&&476Spencer]]'s #0#law of &AC9&3EC#4#.§2&&3BA&3C2y &149&1C5s &789own the &482&1Dor her &414as #0#[[&299&10C]&&5FF&1A2a &&&9F6&3BApay#0#&gt;[[&&500&&3BA&&3BA], &&500 ''#0#[#1#&16Erayon.com/page.jsp/&C2&3BAtucker37.htm Lab&7BA Its Pay]#0#'' &&14D&&378 S&1E1 &&5&&296&&500R. &&3BA Vanguard &&141 New York, 1926, Kraus Re&90CCo., Millwood, NY, 1973.&!BA![[&3B9&BB] for &CDCthis &10C He &19Din a &ACAfree &3B9&4B&E8&74 the abun&A9Dof§2&413&67eliminate &6E4 and &BE7&169&298&309the full &2EA&0r &38A 

&&3A&265&14Dsts &71 [[&&8B5Spooner]], [[&&475Pearl &&D9s]], and [[&&6E1&&BE6].

==The &&57Inter&2A=
[[&&1B&&233ull.jpg|&41&534&A[[&&233&&5CE&&2331814-1876]]]]
{{ma&&379[[Inter&2A&&210en's &&98], [[&&441&&9F5]}}

In &&A8 harsh re&D6&22Cthe &137 of 1848. &&6E0&62&D2in 1864 the [[Inter&2A&&210en's &&98], &59&1FF'&&57Inter&2A, &19some &83E&&51&137ry &1B2 &34&18 &&5Eits &CDB&2C2to &2EC&298&5D the Inter&2A&BFsignficiant. 

&&5&58F[[Karl Marx]] &44&5D0&6DF&1Inter&2A &81&63F&139&103Fng &&5C&&268&0&98§3&&23&925ons to Marx came &5[[&&4BCsm|&&4BCsts]] who &32B&159and &83C§2&&18Cy &46[[&&5CE&&233] &9Efol&23E &6F3in 1868, the &&57Inter&2A&BFpolarised into two camps, with Marx &2B0&Ar &5D1ve &6DFeads. The &66Fst &3F7&7Bcamps was over &308 The &37&16C&&233favoured (in &&28Ds &2FA #0#&4B7&81l &763&87&B6 &E8&10B1ering &1&39&1AEry agitation.#0#§2At &3E6Marx &9Efol&23E &1FD&1AEry &3B8

&&233&36sed Marx's &267as [[&119], and &EFB&3AFa &&CDA&97&7E8to &F3its &27B &67end up as bad &A[[&BE5&1C2] &746&6DC&87&lt;ref&gt;[[&&5CE&&233&&233], &&5CE ''#0#[#1#litencyc.com/php/adpage.php?id=1969 Statism and &&1B0#0#''&lt;/ref&&8891872 &508climaxed &32&18E&65F&7Btwo &7B&1F[[Hague &&22F(1872)|Hague &&22F]. This &7A&AC1&A&361&0[[&&4C&925ons_to_marxism|&1E0&48&37and &&501]. From this &986the ''[[&&4A&216&4A&9E]&856''[[&&176&4Asm|&176]'' &1B2 &3E4sm had &1A6&579&34&10CA[[&&276left-wing &10B12A|'&10B12A'.]]

==&&4C&&159=
{{main|&&4C&159}
[[&&1B&&30F&28Djpg|&41&534&A&&30F&&28D]

&&F0&2B0both &32B[[&159], associating it with &83C &&28 &11870s many &37&676from &&233s &81&449(&8C#0#&4B6&147&F91&338&160 &&2E9&184the &194of &A0&B6&843&3E6y, &6D&532be dis&9BB by need, not &38A [#2#nefac.net/node/157]

An &9A&4C&338was &&157Dé&10A9 &23&1D5&595&675#0#[[&176&4Asm|&176]#0#.[#2#re&4C818Acom/bleed/&&1D2De&10A9&157htm]&lt;ref&gt;[#2#joseph.de&10A9free.fr/ecrits/lettreapjp.htm De l'être-humain mâle et femelle - Lettre à P.J. &&F0par &&157Dé&10A9 (in [[&&50&B&&50])&!BA! &&565&&F0 he &19D#0#&26&274&482&1Dor her &38A&15&61E&17D&789 but &4satisf&D6&1Dor her &5A5 &BE4&5D&72&1EC&&7B6&E22&72C&58US &C9&332Le Libertaire (1858-1861).

&&30F&&28D &7Aseen &&&83B&A3theorist, &1043 his &81&745The Conquest of Bread and &&21F F&280es and &&C7ops. He felt co-&33B&5AD&913than &413 &867in &1ECin &&4BCAid: A F&280of &&17B(1897). &&D9C&4C&2E9&71Emma &&5D3and &&F1Berkman. Many &1&A4&1C4(see &243 saw &4C&159&Ar &925ve. &&982Puente's 1932 Comunismo Libertario &&9F7&11&&15DCNT as its &474&EDpost-&137ry &5F

Some &37&1006&106A&159&&EFA &&AE&14Dst &37&981that &4B6&299&10C&153&971with &378 &&37&&500&&3BA &F03professing &5D1for Kropotk&44B &242&760#1#zetetics.com/mac/lib&6D5/apx1pubs.html], &156&338&18as #0#&EF9&18#4#.&&&9F6&3BApay#0#/&gt;

==&&5A0&0deed==
[[&&1B&&980ost.jpg|left|&534&41[[&&980Most]] &44 out&3C0&621&593]
{{main|&&5A0&0deed}}

&&37&674been &564as &EF8and &6E8 due &2ADto a &2Dhigh-&6DE&6E8acts, &34[[riot]]s, [[&167]s, [[&BF8]s, and [[&A6A] &5C9&37 Some [[&137]aries &0late &265&4A8acts of &39&271§2&C[[bomb]]ings &3[[&167]s of [[&26F&31&97Fof &31] to &12B&18 Such &D6 have &59been &8C'[[&5A0&11deed]]'. 

One &&97Eout&3C0&621 &63&308was [[&&980Most]], who said #0#the &448&4B&152&10B3st &1FC&37Ay &D9B&11annihilation &1B8exponents. &&B7ore, mass&92D&0&6A7&0&23&151set in &279#0#{{fact}} Most's &473&2B9of &A6A dynamite, &10A8&5B5moniker #0#Dynamost.#0#§2

&&28 &B7no [[&A69] &8legitimacy or utility &593&145 [[&&5CE&&233] and [[Errico &&EF7], &37&24B&593as a &3B7&1F3imes &EF6&1AFin &137ry &1058. But &1F&673they den&10B9 acts of &14D&A6A (&&EF7in #0#On &&271&40&&233&109refuted Nechaev).

&&3A&37 &59&97Das [[&A4&A68&1005&37], &621 &30B[[non&271]. [[Leo &&6DD], &389&16&7A&695&&AC7[[&&B3&18&&B3&18] ''(see &243'', &44no&645exponent of [[non&6E8&3EB].

==&&18&1&414&5D=
{{&83A&&A4&1D0}

[[&&1BFlag of &&A4&1D0svg|&41175px|The red-and-&16Eflag, &4B5&5&1FF&&3B5 &1&414&5D is &BE&27F&32archo-&1D0]]

[[&&A4&1D0] &44 &9A&22F&130&5D&34Aoverthrow &B6&3&31&891titute a &61E&B5ed &5F The &5D&9F4[[&162&D6]s, &C[[&5C&412], as a &480&308 Many &A4&61D&1A2[[&4C&159], &7F&450l &2E9&1A2&1D0

&&DD[[&&241&&9F31871 re&141on]] &&50&18re&698 &C4Cthe ''Bourses de Travails'' &447&298&1FB&1DB&11E. From this &5Dthe [[Confédé&1021 Générale du Travail]] (&&5CCon&3E8of Work, CGT) was &35Ein 1895 &A&57maj&7BArcho-&868&5D [[Emile Pataud]] and [[Emile Pouget]]'s &174&10CGT saw [[&176&159] &3EA&1B3[[&5C&412].§2&&461914 the CGT &676&1B3archo-&1D0due &4&1098of [[&&D9A].§2&&50&56&1D0&44&178&5Din &&A8&1741921, and &270&12F&5Din &&F4&8Emid 1940s.

The [[&&162&&298&0&&4D] (IWW), &6711905 &1US, espoused [[&162&11Esm|&11Esm]] &720ght a [[&5C&412] to usher in a &31ess &5F In 1923 100,000 &C5&264 &B&670&892300,000. &&7Fnot &4B4&4C they &A6Bby rank and file &216 embo&10B8a &72A&3EB&507inspired many &&D99&61D

[[&&1BCNT_tu_votar_y_ellos_&BE3.jpg|&41175px|CNT &5A0from &&1422004.§2Reads: Don't let the &411rule our &431 You vote &3 &BE3 Don't &768it/ Unity, &&D6 Self-&189]]

&&15D&4C&1DB&11E&3E8 were &35E&11870's, 1900 and 1910. &&31&1FEw&A[[&&C4Bn Nacional del Trabajo]] (&&2ACon&3E8of &&414 CNT), &6711910. &&66D&41940s &843w&A&193&1AFin &&15D&130&4F§2&&32&C5ip of 1.58 &114in 1934, &843&6EB&59Brole &1[[&&15D&&146War]]. ''&&166'' [[&&18in &&F4].

Syndica&950like [[Ricardo Flores Magón]] were key &3F9&1[[&&839&&137]. [[&&2E8&&4E&&2E8&&10] &18was &EE ext&6BC&4[[&&A67Army of &&2A&&97C&&A67] &28B&3[[f&280 &3E9&5D]] in &&7E7 In &&EF5in 1922 &843was &6F3&B[[Inter&2A&&298&&98], an &A4&868&32Ar &4[[&&57Inter&2A].

&&204&A4&1D0&629 as a &30&1AF&C3so&19B much &20r than &11910s, 20s and 30s.§2

The &12C&EF4&267&14A&273&&F4 &1form &0[[&&C4Bn &&5Cdel Trabajo]] &3[[CNT]].§2The CGT &2BD a paid-up &C5ip of 60,000, and &309&506&114&505&&15D[[syndical]] &1E1.§2&&3A&2EC&1C4&71&173[[&&298&&762&&767], &3UK [[&&762&&3E8].§2The &137ry &162&11Est [[&&162&&298&0&&4D] also &665, &2BDng 2,000 paid &C5§2&&204&296&&CD9&1D0and &137ry &162&11Esm &2BD&15 are [[&61Est]] and fail &5C8with &81life &37Fwork.§2Post-&1069&296&C[[Bob &&16E] &2BD&A4&1D0&621 op&141ve &4A&103, &C[[&&EF3&414work]] &3[[work&1C1].

&&A4&61D&145uphold &14Bof &298&93Erity, [[&4B7&D6], and self-&189

==The &&3E7&&137=
{{main|&&3E7R&4681917}}

The [[&&3E7R&4681917]] &44seismic &10C9&1&86&18as &852ent &60 a &16

&&37&4B8&76Eide the [[&&761] in both &&DFand &&20F&137, many &37&337&177ng the &&A66coup. &&28the &&761soon &220&2AB&37&4Dleft-wing op&128 a &1E0&17culminated &11918 [[&&EF2&28B]. &&37&66F&&4B3were &D98or &844 &110&27E or &6F3the &6E1ous &&761 In [[Ukraine]] &37&6DC&1[[&&3E7&&146War|&18F] &87both &&23C and &&761with&1Makhnovshchina peasant army &504[[Nestor Makhno]]).

Expelled &&EFE509 [[Emma &&442[[&&F1Berkman]] &90&6DB&&4B3were &1C3t &DBagitating in &2AF&&A66&360&3sup&141on &0&&EF2up&94E Both &24B&1C2c &3D9 &0r &1FF in &&4B3 aiming to expose &2BBty of &&A66&B5 &&10, [[&&233]'s &C4A&ACcon&653of &&CDArule had &7E6all too true.

The &3F3&0&&761&1&&20F&&137&3&570ng &&3E7&&146War did serious &7E5to &267 &10B12Ay. Many &298&&EF1saw &&A66&66E&1058&5F7 &&338&472grew &1Fexpense &&1EB&4D&4Ast &5D. In &&8F&3US &37&3E5&1C4&0[[CGT]] and [[IWW]] &10Cre&6&135away &1B3archism &23Aards the [[Com&10B1|&&338Inter&2A].

In &&241 the [[Dielo Truda]] &16ERussi&509exiles &1C3[[Nestor Makhno]] &EF0&70Carchists &BE2&65Cnew &500&620in &44D&4&103 of &&D9A &&721926 &474 &111&A[[&&75Fsm|&&620l &&75F&0&&176&&2E9], was &149&5C9&338&37 &7F&32B&39F&3A. 

The ''&&75F' &470inspire some &204&4C&7B&553&44B&267&EF4&16Cits &14Bof '&1CF&AC6, 'tactical &AC6, '&3E6&6DA and '&150sm'. &&75Fst &7B&14A&71the [[&&298&&762&&5D] in &&9F2 the UK's [[&&4C&&3E8], &3late [[&&10A&&143&&3E8of &&4C&&2E9] &1&10Aastern &&19&&C2&1D4ng &&4B2

==The &DA3&87&2CB=
{{ma&&379[[Anti-&2CB] and [[&&18in &&F4]}}
[[&&1BCNT-&1004car-f&280.jpg|&A&41270px|[[&&F4], [[1936]]. &&C5&0[[CNT]] construct [[&1004car]]s &503&2AB[[&6D9]s &886&0[[collectivisation|&A7C] f&280es.]]
&&11920s and 1930s the &1003dynamics &&1EBs &1E0&B&31were &D1B35E&11&7DD[[&2CB] in &&A8 &&C3&ABC &&A8509 &D97&572&407 - &2FBthey join in [[&12D&388]s with &6F9st &28Aand &&4B1led [[&&2E9] &87&755&6D9enemy? Luigi Fabbri, an exile from &&471&2CB &44ongst &DBarguing that &2CBwas &1EA&5A

:#0#Fascism &6B&865&3Aform &12E&17 like all &3A, uses &271 It &&&838&119&3most &6E8form &12Eimaginable. It &39Autmost glorification &0&CAand &2AB&0&562of &155#0# {{fact}}

In &&8F &24A&6D9 came &475&BF8&1&&DF1934 riots, &37&2D1&506'&19&388 &360 [#2#melior.univ-montp3.fr/ra_&4BDen/&23berry_david/&2CBor_&137html] In &&F4 the [[CNT]] &337ref&83join &729&388&289&767 &60stention by CNT &177rs &241&847wing &1E1&3F3 But in 1936, &843&35F its &360&&EEF&38C&41E&DA6&2AE&388&150&F3 Months &D2 the &BE5&1C2&A65&32 &A6Ccoup, &3[[&&15D&&146War]] (1936-39) was &110ay. 

In reponse &4army &28B[[&&18in &&F4&509inspired]] &5Dof peasants and &298 &149by &837militias, took &B5&0&193[[city]] of [[&&EEE] &728&2BF&2DErural &&F4&24A [[collectivization|collectivized]] &7A0 But even &30A&10C9al &6D9&66D1939, &43F were &6D8&1A1in a bitter &763&B2[[Stalinists]]. The CNT &27Bhip &7A&420d &BE1and &2D1 with some &C5&118y &8B4&FB Stalinist-led &6ECsup&141d the &3E6, and &D96both [[POUM|dissident &501] &&EEF.

&&74&D8&975&37&22&1A4&8B9&1F9of [[neo-&2CBneo-&6D9] &7B In &&D5 &3&&19&&107some &37&563&1D3[[&1002] [[anti-&2CBanti-&6D9] &7B&76Eide &C5&0[[&&CDA] left. They &621 &4B7y combating &6D9 with &CB&1AF&51re&101D&8&31§2&&74&D8&A91 a &2D3&BE0has &75&1D3US &18 ''&&166 [[Anti-Racist &&D6] (US), [[Anti-Fascist &&D6] (UK), [[Antifa]]''

==&&1A5&18=
[[&&1BLeo&&6DDjpg|&41&534[[Leo &&6DDLeo &&6DD] 1828-1910]]
{{ma&&379[[&&B3&18] and [[&&441&EF]}}

Most &4C&3E&1029&1B[[&CD8] &887out&A[[&1002athiesm|anti-&1A5].§2&&4F1&398&1A5&4Acon&47 &9D&1A5ty &1C3t op&141d &4A&1C2s, &3&576&154&125&1A5&120 &&EFAhas &570d in &1A5&18

[[&&B3&18&&74Ei&509]] &1C9&15e &7B9&40B&155than [[God]], and &EED&192y &155&C[[&1F] and &58&147s. They &B2&&97B &617 were cl&9A&4Cc, but were &A64when #0#&&B3ty&&190&62Fthe &11B&EF&7B3&&74Ei&509, who &418&&97B &4B7ve to #0#turn &4Echeek&&736e &BDE[[&75E&A68]. &&31&1B8&621of &&B3&18was [[Leo &&6DD], &2EFof ''[[The &&107&727is Within You]]'', who &8C&ED&5F&A9com&80E non&6E8&14Band &3EC§2&&74Ei&509 &1C2form [[&2AA&175].§2They also &5E7lly [[tax &3EB&BDD&8B3].§2Many &&74Ei&509 are [[vegetarianism|vegetarian]] or [[veganism|vegan]]{{fact}}.

&&B3&1B0&57said &9C&D15as old &A&EFs &430 &A[[&9A&147] &9EB many &4Cc &75D &Ccommunal &532and &56A By aiming to obey utterly &11F&0&&AB0s &617 &11F[[anabaptism|&D9D] &726sixteenth &3B0&46Bemulate the &9A&147s &4A&81organisati&89B &16by &7E4it &Aonly &4A&103&349true obediance to &&97B &617, and utterly &26F(&1ry) all &192y &C49&&EEC(&&BDCnon-&D9D &145 and &271as ungodly. Such &7B for &191the [[Hutte&101F], &259went from &337&4Cc &33A to, &Ar &5D stabalised, more &119&4A&42E.

[[&&AD&&18] was most &30A&11920s.§2Strands of &&AD&18&71 [[Tai-Xu]]'s [[Buddhist &&18] &61&407&&6DD&3[[well-&248&4B].

[[Neopaganism]], &172&663&8&13Eand e&4D4 &13Bits &7Ade&83zed &1EC has lead to a &2Dneopag&509. One &&387&291is [[Starhawk]], who &987&377&55both [[&24Ety]] and [[activism]].

==&&441&2AF=
[[&&1B&&5D34.jpg|&41left|&534[[Emma &&5D3]]]
{{main|&&4FE&&2AF}

&&9A[[&&50&2AF&&50&208]] &C[[Jenny d'Héri&23A] and [[Juliette Adam]] &D95the [[mysogyny]] &1&18of [[&&F0] &2A1850s.
 
&&4FE&591a &5C7[[&37A&2AF] that espouses the &2A3[[&75C] is a &530&5CDin &5F§2&&43&4C&2AFhas &264for &123a &4FD&62 its explicit formulation as ''&4FE&2AF' &75Bback &4&9A70s&lt;ref&gt;[#1#&4FEorg/sallydarity/&&A4&&2AFwo&&31ents.htm &&A4&&2AF- Two &&31ents - Who we are: An &&A4&&208&&474&!BA!, &2A[[&8Dwave &2AF&8Dwave]] &208&5D§2&&4FE&2AF &206[[&75C] &A&57manife&4EBof &7E3in &9C&35 thus, &23&278op&141on &75A&1dominance of male over &62A§2&&4FE&208 then conclude &3AF&208 are &87&75C they must &5C6&87all &500[[&7E3], &&4B0must &EEBthe &119&1EC&0&725&B6 {{fact}}

&&A4&BDB&82C&117&693&D94and &75Ca &100F&0&58Fof [[&146zation]], &&4B0&26E&410to &5C6&509&6DB&262&371s &208&4FC§2[[Eco-&2AF] &7A&C0a &208&5CCof &759&4C&208&7F.§2

&&4FE&591&70en &A4&34B&3C&2EF &3rists &C[[Emma &&442[[Voltairine de &&EEA], &61even &9A&57wave &208[[Mary Woll&4C6raft]] held &52F&4C&206 and &&DE&&7EA&7A&C0a &208&4Cprecursor. It &B6&66B&&5D3and de &&EEA &5EB both &32B&74 had &1001&202 as de &&EEA&758 #0#Miss &&5D3is a &338 I am &12Dst. She wishes to &116&A&4FFI wish &44Eert it. I make my war upon privilege &&EEC &9411&A&4FFthe true &A&842&3A&6CE&4&14D &5Fihilated. She &12Aco-&33B&67&307sup&428&413 I hold that &413&886form &7BAther will &40F&665 &6D&26&61B&EF6it &2FB#0#§2&&1[[&&15D&&146War]], an &4FE&208&10F #0#Free Women&&17Eanized &701both &4Cand &3AE

&&1&86day &267 many &37 male or &62A &26E&135&208, &60archa-&3AEare &3E5§2The &242of Quiet Rumors, an &4FE&208&97A h&&EE9to &624&20Ekinds &146i-&119&&EEF&3AE&4&7FE&5D Wendy McElroy has &12Dzed &12Dst-&18take on &2AFin her &18A &116, &&583st &208&231&lt;ref&gt;[#1#i&208.net I-&208.net]&!BA!

==&&A4&B6=
[[&&1B&&417&&205Smile.JPG|&41left|&534[[&&417&&205] (1926-1995)]]
{{main|&&A4&B6}
&&A4&B6is a &42F&&19&&9&FD&1CF&120that &56C a &31ess &5F&B&81&3E1[[free &3B9] [[&B6]. &&565&3A&2B8&&1EB it &7D&EED[[&6E4] or &B6 &&61C most &37&73recognise &A4&B6as &264&&1EB

[[&&417&&205]'s &A63of [[&134&4D9sm]] and [[&&32 &81]] was germinal &10&86&204&A4&C4st &CA He &6D7&A4&B6&2DD&0[[non-&D93&562], &FD&8&612[[&&84Law]]. Competiting &7E2use &2EB [[utilitarianism]] (&7D4[[&&203Friedman]]), or [[&899rianism]] (&7D4[[Jan Narveson]]). Some [[&D92minarchists]], &C[[Ayn Rand]], [[&&76&&979], &231A. Heinlein]], have &17C &A4&B6

Some &A4&C4sts, &13Bsome &Awing &176&3E4&C&&203Hart &58FRaico]], &C0&2D3&202&448&174&&205&1B&A4&C4st, &C&2DC[[&&CD7de &&BDA] and [[Auberon &&476] &lt;ref&gt;[[&&CD7de &&BDA&&BDA], &&CD7de. ''[#2#&978net/MR-GM-PS.htm Pre&825#0#The &&A0of &&757#4#]'', &5A9by J. Huston McCulloch, Occasional &&4AB &&2F0#2 (&&144M. Ebeling, Editor), New York: The &&Cfor &&176&&AF May 1977.&!BA!&&&9F6david-hart#0#/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Ralph Raico|Raico]], Ralph [#1#&989org/&2461787 ''Authentic &&D5&&4D9sm &019th &&3C'] Ecole Poly&79D &&6D6de Recherce en Epistem&E01Appliquee, Unité associée au CNRS (2004).&!BA! &&76A &&CD9&C4sts &4FB&7C&2BD.&lt;ref&gt;McKay, Iain; Elkin, Gary; Neal, Dave ''et al'' [#1#&447org/faq/append11.html Replies to Some Errors and Distortions in &&836&&976s #0#&&4C&&CAFAQ#0# &1795.2] ''An &&4CFAQ Version 11.2'' &&502&&DF20, 2006.&!BA!

The &1C1&&CD9&B6with&44Brchism, &&BDC&3F1&26&264&&1EBat all, is &61B&118 F&5C0on this &6D5&709archism &60archo-&B6]''.

==&&18&3&13E=
{{&83A&&A4&410&&759&18Eco-&18Eco&2AF}

&&74&D8&975&37in &&D99&4FE&6D&22&2E2&D6&10&84&13E [[Eco-&18Eco-&37] or [[&&759&18&&759&37] &1C9in [[deep &376].§2&&85a &4Diew that &1000[[&3B6] and [[&10653FA]. Eco-&37&7Ause [[&4B7&D6] &87wh&1F &883&192&4AF&169 Of &14C&350&F[[&&192&&57]] &5D that &991&D6&C[[tree sitting]]. An&3A&A3&7E1is [[eco&2AF], &17sees the &440&1ECas a metaphor &10&440&AC5 &&759&18also &4FA&669of &162&B6 and, &7B2&759&37 &146zation &1E9{{fact}}

&&410is a &42F&&260&70Cvocates a &6C2a pre-&3AD&108pre-agri&52&5F§2It &478 &669of &162&146zation.§2&&14D&BF1[[&AC] and [[&8A] have [[alie&2B5&30Eted]] &23&5&84&4D T&385&478 &ACF &8B&1&39&D6&0[[Luddites]] &3&296[[Jean-&&835Rousseau]]. &&410&75&1&463&0[[Re&2BDthe Streets]], &&192&&57 &3[[&&192&&97C&&388] &5D. [[John Zerzan]] &24Bthat [[&146zation]] #3#&6F not just &74#3#&6F &67&275fall &EDarchy &1B&6C6.{{fact}} &&A4&BDB&125&4anti-&119&263many '&A62 or &BEBga&B7 &19C&69ut &4Bs &35 as &191 &&3B5&19C

==&&3A&2B8&728shoots==
&&18generates many eclectic and &EE7&202and &5D.§2&&DE&&7E&4Aformet &1&93Fand &975&B8new of &5D and &1B7 &EBpeared.§2Most &0e &108B are &668even &20r &2D0&785&1B7 and &5D &7E0&263

[[&&1BHakim Bey.jpeg|&41&A[[Hakim Bey]]]]
*'''Post-left &1B0'' - Post-left &1B0(also &8C&10AA&18 &D91to &769&1E9&5&99#0#left#0# - &2E9 &4D9, &4A&28A etc. - &23A&41Athe confines of [[&61A] &145 Post-&1069 &C4&18&28weakened &723long &974to &8B2#0#&1069#4# &5D and &571&766&25A([[anti-war]], [[anti-nu&66F], etc.). It calls &ED&A63&&3B5&7F &60&1BElly anti-&119&137ry &5D&37F&0&1069milieu. It &7A&663s &8&14D&51&1DFin &1F8&1C2&4FD&1016&5Czations and shuns &1A0l &75Din &846&0&30Babsence of§2explicit &7E3 &&A3&7B&&583 &A4Post-left &1B0&71 [[CrimethInc]], the &2A9[[&&1B0 A &&662Desire Armed]] &279&EE8[[Jason McQuinn]], [[Bob &&16E], [[Hakim Bey]] &4D. F&5C0&3F see [[&&447org]]'s ''&&1B0&&46Leftism''&lt;ref&gt;[#1#&447org/&46eftism.html &&447org - &&1B0&&46Leftism]&!BA! &49 &3[#2#&18ws/postleft.html Post-left &49 on [#2#&18ws/ &18ws.] ''&&166'' [[Post-left &1B0]

*'''Post-&578'' - &&10Epost&18was &361ted by [[Saul &&6D4], &57&339&12D&3B4&&973''[[From &&233to Lacan]]'' to &103a &1CF&25Fa &A63of &134&4C&CAand [[post&D1Dst]] &7F. &&D9Cto &&6D4s use &&D90 &28 &31C&434on a life &1B8own &60wide &1CE&745luding [[autonomism]], [[post-left &1B0], [[&544sm]], [[post-&29Csm]] and Zapatismo. By its very &1ECpost-&18&EEB &2C8&87&B6a &FFF&885&272 and &322 As such &26&572 &887im&127 to &31&32y &BD9of &11Fy who &2FBor &2FB't be &10Fd &8Drubric. &&866key &3B3&A4post-&18&71[[Saul &&6D4], [[Todd May]], [[Gilles Deleuze]] and [[Félix Guattari]]. ''External &136 Post&18Clearing&170'&lt;ref&gt;[#1#post&18org/ Post &4C&66Fng &170&!BA! ''&&166' [[Post-&18]

*'''&&4AE&18'' - &&4AE&50C&&AC7&137ry &18&295&910&4C&38A&11E and &3E8. &&4AE&37&621in&910&1A0 &34&20&BD8&7B &8B1out acts of &3EBin &20E&763, and mass &1A0 &8Cbase &103, &17can &71&7DF&E4who &9D&37 Proponents &71[[Wolfi Landstreicher]] and [[&&B2A M. Bonanno]], &2EFof &763luding #0#Armed Joy&&40#0#The &&4CTension&&58D&BE0&10B&1US in &2A9 &C[[Willful Disobedience]] and [[Killing King Abacus]]. ''&&166'' [[&&4AE&18]

*'''&&20&2DB- '''&&20&2DBis &884&1BEtwo &5A &5C5un&573con&2BC Dave Neal posited &10Ein &12C&846&&18&1&116[#1#spunk.org/&C2intro/&2ABsp001689.html &&18 &&61Aor &&2B9logy?]. &&43&846&&18&78ideo&261l &&37 &20'a' &18&44plied &4r &2B9&261l &103653D &120&6ED&18as #0#a &336&10A7 or a &9D&BE0&87illegitimate &155#0# As an anti-ideo&261l &128 &20'a' &18&D54 some &2D3ties with [[post-left &1B0]. [[&&203Graeber]] and [[&&D9 Grubacic]] &764&3ACuse &&D90 app&101D&667&1FB&5D organising &29or &10A7in &895er &971&&EE6&14Bof de&83sation, &F02&98 &4BCaid, the &5CB&42E and &EE5 #0#the &A61&146 idea &15end justifies the &194 let &834&15&232of a &137ry &335seize &31&F3&3 &DA0&FFEone's &56F&1F&125of a gun.#0#[#1#zmag.org/&6D3show&116cfm?&&49D=41#3#ItemID=4796]

==&&3A&321=
*'''Conceptions &146&4C&5F'' - Many &39&9B justify &177&0&31as a &194of regu&2E8 &271 so &15&686&721&9C&1E0is minimized and fair &16D are &58 &&37&C4&CE4&0e ends &7Djustify &283of a &31 many &772&15&31&273ompatible with &DB&4C0&3''&38B' of &ACB &271 and war. &&37&772&15&31&AC4&3BBa [[Monopoly &8legitimate &5C&CB&1AF&BD7on &271], and uses &271to &5CA&D8F&17D§2Much &40E&28&3AFto &D36ning &890archist &19C&67&EE4&FD8ty.''&&166'' [[&&441&&5F]

*'''&&146&A and &52&28C'' - [[&&16E&18] &CD6the &3B2of a &31 &B6 and subjugati&89B &440&18E&99A and &846 &89Chierarchical &1A0of &5F Theorists &71[[Ashanti Alston]], [[Lorenzo Komboa Ervin]], and [[Sam Mbah]]. [[&&4C&&18EColor]] &1A1as &845for non-caucasi&509 to ex&141&72&7Fs &55&21C&321with&1&267 &BEwith&1&&19&&9 [[&&2A&18] is a &39view &17&D91to unite &52or &4AD&3B1&&EE6&206 Its &EE3propose that &DB&9FBng &4AD&7B(or [[races]]) from &187&352&3F5&10Fngs &B6&BDDd. [[Anti-Racist &&D6] &6B&509&10F but many &37&4D5olved.§2It &347&A2y con&388ng &BDFagitators. The [[&&A67] &5Dof Chiapas, &&2E7is &5D9&28C&10Fwith some &4Cproclivities.

*'''Neo&29Csm and &&35D'' - N&9Aall &37&EED[[neo&29Csm]] &277&ECuse &81&FFDon a &3B0&52E &58C&69&31&169such &A[[&&4DBank]], [[&&4D&&1DB&&1A0], [[G8|&&10Fof Eight]], &3[[&&4D&&81&&4BD]. [[&&35D] &5Fambiguous term &507&5A&E6 &4FB&4Cf&D6. Most &37use &10E&5CAneo&29Csm and/or [[&52&865] (&188 may &883&2D2. &&7B1&2EC&1[[anti-&35D] &5D &&3A, &BE&A4&C4sts, use #0#&35D&4FAmean &4Bide &66E&0di&3E7lab&7BA &1DB &188 &883&913&848as &1F &73&10B1ene.

*'''&&4F9&103''' - Many &37try to &707alter&158 to &31&149&169and #0#outposts,#0#§2&C[[Food Not Bombs]], [[&447]s, &133l &4B &Chome-&1B7ng, &BD6&536ion/arbit&1021 &7B &720on.§2The idea &335&6F6the &103 &EDnew anti-&119&5F&1shell &0old, &119one.

*'''&&AC'' - &&2AEtechno&261l &8A &71F&43F&38Bboth &71E&5CA&2DAconceiv&C0&23 &&2A4&1C6&&631&7DAon-line &175 [[&&1A8&10C] is &110ined &60gift-&3E&149by [[file &CD5&CD5&D8&AC3],§2[[open &3C1] &2C9ing, &3[[free &8B0&5D]. &&7Ccyber-&175&71the [[GNU]], [[Linux]], [[Indy&536], and [[Wiki]]. #5C#-- ***NEEDS SOURCE THAT E-GOLD IS USED BY ANARCHISTS*** [[&&A2key &7DE] has made anonymous &833currencies &C[[e-gold]] and [[Local &&34DTrading &&4B]] an &362&9EF[[fiat &4AC]. --&gt; Some &37see [[&3F&AC] &Abest &96Fto &7DD&119sm. Some even &666the &3Fage &3EE&10C9al &1B0inevi&645&lt;ref&gt;[#1#modulaware.com/a/?m=s&DA5amp;id=0684832720 The &&A60&&14D-- &&7EDng the &D1Btion &4&3Fage]&!BA! ''&&166': [[Crypto-&18] and [[Cypherpunk]].

*'''&&75E'' - Some &37&26E[[&&75E] (&12C[[war]]) &1Binherent &1r &16 [[&&A4&75E&A4&A68] take it &12Band &418[[Leo &&6DD]'s &6DA[[Non&271non-&271]. &&37see war &277&3B8&97&74&D91to ga&44B con&93Ete &F3 both &771lly &122&109&1023 and subscribe to [[Randolph Bourne]]'s view that #0#war &F&3BD&0&31#4#&lt;ref&gt;[#2#&763ws/hist_&2BCwar&3BDtate1918.html War &F&&3BD&0&&31&!BA!. A lot &&3B5&3B8&28[[anti-war]] &FD

*'''&&1AErianism''' - In &5C&3FC &43Fethos &CD6&35Cin &1E1, &68&35Ca&652 to condoning &74&lt;ref&gt;[#2#&C5aol.com/vlntryst/hitler.html The &&7DC- Why I &6F3vote &87&&EE2&!BA!. [[Voluntaryism]] &5F&4C&1B7&666&17&7CB #0#t&6BCy&806garden&&40#0#n&21Bballots nor bullets.&&B5&4Ccase &87&35Cis &7DBin ''The &&113of &&35C'&lt;ref&gt;[#1#&F02st.com/non&35C&113of_&35Cphp &&7DC- The &113of &35C&!BA! by [[&&1A2H. &&756]. (Also see #0#&&35C&&37 An Oxymoron or What?&&171[[Joe Peacott]], and &174 by [[Fred Woodworth]]).

*'''Sectarianism''' - Most &4C&62D&7F are, &3AB&BD9 [[sectarian]].§2&&B7&7Aa &3F7&62B''&1D3' each &1B7&268to react to, or &43D &3A&1B7.§2Some, &C[[p&1B0p&37], &B2&26&127&ED&346modes &3E4life to co&665and &1068 Some &37view &1001&1B7 as a &4Aimpossibility and &BDD&10B1D6 &3A see opportunities for &7DA&4F8 or &1F4&E9A&767 for &1BE&37B. ''See [[&18&3CDjectives]].''

==&&59F&&1EB=
:''Ma&&40D'' [[&&59F&&1EB]

'''&&271'''§2&&74&18has &7Abeen &A4&271and &686 some &545seen it &765too &6E8 &&8&3Ahand hand, [[&&A5F&&6E9] &296d &37for &690ng &6E8&320
:''#0#A &137is &11Fy &31&119&433&B7 it &Fact &94y one part &0&27&E88 its will up&8&3Apart &2D9of rifles, bayonets and cannon — &119&194 if such &B7be at all; and &4F9&6E1ous &97&7Dwant &9C&6DCin vain, it must &BD514Drule &2D9&0terror &17its arms inspire &1re&D6sts. Would the &&241&&9F3have &EE1&2CCday if &71Dnot made &5Cthis &155&0&837&23&2ABbourgeois?#0#&lt;ref&gt;[#1#&501org/&3EDmarx/&C71872/10/&155htm ''On &&155']&!BA!

'''Utopianism.''' &&18&7A&D95as unfeasible, or &D8E[[&9F0], even &39Fwho &D8D&87s a nice idea in &562 &&37Carl &&BD4&&973''&&51&&4Asm'' &D8C&18&765&C20lly &9F0 and &65Ethat &43Ea #0#&992evil#0# &345&5F&E8#0#re&141ve &1AF&&7B6&65E&15&2A3#0#ill &D8Bwill cease if re&141ve &1AFdis&A5#4# &5F#0#&EE0#0#&lt;ref&gt;[[Carl &&BD4&&BD4], Carl. ''&&51&&4Asm: A &&2BIde&277 &&5D'' (1959) (&BC0 from #0#&&4C&&CAFAQ&&171[[&&836&&976] &4F827]] [[2006]]&!BA! &&58E&151&66B&450l &191&49B&9F0view &&1EB &&37some, &C&&500&&3BA &621&299y-&7D9&169that &10AC&14D&378and &10C &&28 &3A&37 &CSir [[&&476Read]], proudly &BF6&20Czation #0#&9F0#0# 

'''[[&&4A&1C2&&1C2] &36''' [[&&501] have &36sed &18&277ex&141on &0&1C2&17D&0[[petite bourgeoisie]] or &58B[[lumpenproletariat]]. See e.g. &&A5Elt;ref&gt;[[G. V. &&A5E] ''#0#[#1#&501org/&3EDplekhanov/1895/anarch/&F9htm &&441&&4Asm]#0#''&!BA! &ED&&CDA&BF1of 1895. &&37&EBso been &36sed as spoilt [[&35B&1C2] [[dilettante]]s, most &2AA&BF3to [[anti-&B6anti-&C4st]] &CD4rs.

'''Tacit &119sm.''' &&6A0&5B1&18&&7D8by '&544sts', 'post-&37 &4D of pre&809'tacitly &9EF, &119or &998ratic &75D&1B6a dogmatic facade.&lt;ref&gt;[#2#&C2no&433ess.org/&116/SI/en/&6F720 ''&&5F&0Spectacle] Paragraph 91&!BA!

'''Hypocrisy.''' Some &296&125&4[[s&665]&lt;ref&gt;[[Jenny P. d'Heri&23A], ''#0#[#1#pinn.net/~sunshine/whm2003/hericourt2.html &&204&208critic of &&F0#0#''&lt;/ref&&844[[&BDF] &206&154&291&37 &507[[&&415&&157&&F0&&F0] and [[&&5CE&&233&&233], as &58A[[hypocrisy]] inherent with&44Brchism. &&665&37 &28 dismiss &15&1D5l &D8Aof &265&7E2&17Cthe &322of &8Bday &37 &3A criticise &86&18for &96E&1B[[eurocentric]] and &136the &96D&&3B5&3B3like &&F0on [[&2CB] &69&7Blike [[Cercle &&F0].&lt;ref&gt;[#1#stewarthome&5Forg/ai.htm ''&&4CIntegralism]&!BA! &&A4&C4st [[&&836&&976] &772 &15&286of &6D9 and suspected &6D9&BD3&344&&37&1&&15D&&146War &44&278illegitimate &FFD &622proffessed &37#0#&59E&865&42Af&D6of &3FBtarians,&&7C9ongside the &2E9and &6D9. &&10A&D8C&343&0CNT to jo&1(&9EF Re&A2n &1F&2A&18F &3AA[[Stanley G. Payne]]'s§2book &8&&1070&EDF&17&2BD &15CNT &50B&619&B&6D9&1Fsix &62&DDwar.&lt;ref&gt;[[&&836&&976&&976], &&836 ''#0#[#1#gmu.edu/&2FC/&81/bcaplan/spain.htm The &&A4Statists of &&F4#0#''&!BA!

==&&52&2E6=
[[&&1BNoam_chomsky.jpg|&41&534&A [[Noam &&832] (1928–)]]
The kind &&1EB&C&10C6&6E7&64Dd &31D&3E&10Bby &C48who &A2y &4F7&135&277rchists. &&20E&37&EEBany &751such &1B8&187ividuals &7BEerently élitist, &59&2A8&58A&291&A2y self-avowed &37

* the [[MIT]] &65Dof [[&&173] [[Noam &&832]
* the [[&47&22B] &2EF[[Ursula K. Le Guin]]
* &664&E6C[[&&6D2Zinn]] 
* &C47&60thor [[Hans &&B2Ason]]
* the [[Avant-garde]] &10A6[[Nicolás Rosselló]]

In [[Denmark]], the [[&&FFC&&B3a]] &1A1in &FFB[[Copenhagen]]. The ho&810d &D89cris&273&70[[&&7E&&A8] led &4&45F[[&9F3(&DE6onal &85|&9F3]] and squatter &5D &4F7one &152&BD2in [[&&EEE], in [[&&7D7].§2Militant [[antifa|&3EBto neo-Nazi &7B] in &13Clike &&D5, &3up&94E of [[&3F5&&9F5], [[&544st]], and [[Autonomist]] &25D&&8F&897aly &535&59F&12Dty &44Ci-&119 non-&C4st &267§3

In &20E&D8l &56, &18rose &31Dty.§2Most &1B8&10linking &&3B5ide&277 &D8&28punk rock, &61&1&86age, hip hop, and folk &D8&170&444&A3&8FB &10sp&3D6&0&4C&508§2&&1[[&&19&&107UK]] this &&D88&B[[punk rock]] &5D the band [[Crass]] is celebrated &5AC&4Cand [[&75E&1005] &267 The [[&&AC2&23&&AC2] punk band [[The Ex]] &12Bexemplifies this ex&141on.
''F&618&20D see [[&A4punk]]''

#F8#
#5C#-- (&&561take c&4D5&BED&5A0list &87not grow &E7Avely &2BF &26E&BED&4list &&3B5&160page) --&gt;
&&&&96C&160&8AF&4&1018&&1EB &85&7FF&104B§2&&B7&4A&71B&470&19&4C&160].

* [[&14Dst &18], [[&A4&159], [[&A4&1D0], [[&A4&B6], [[&4BCsm]], [[&&B3&18], [[&4FE&2AF], [[&759&18], [[nihilist &18], [[&A4&2Asm]], [[&16E&18], [[&2A&18]. [[post-&18], [[post-left &18] 
* [[&&176&&4Asm]]
* [[&&4C&560]
* [[&&18Links|List &&1EB&2C2]
* [[List &&3B5]]
* [[List &&3B5&1A0]]
* [[&&193&1E0 with&44Brchist &7F]]
* [[Past and &8B&4C&175]

===&&9D&35A==
*[[&&241&&9F3] (1871)
*[[Hay&3B9Riot]] (1886)
*[[The Makhnovschina]] (1917 #3#&6F 1921)
*[[&&EF2&28B] (1921)
*[[&&15D&&137] (1936) (see [[&&18in &&F4] and [[&&15D&&137])
*May 1968, &&8F(1968)
*[[WTO &&181al &&5A3of 1999|WTO Meeting in Seattle]] (1999)

===&&18A==
{{main|List &&3B5&18A}

&&59is a sample &75Dthat &22&136 &14Dpage, &71B&30Blist &57&1DC&1F&19&4C&18A].

*[[&&5CE&&233], ''[[God &3&&31]'' [#2#&BD1&EDEedu/&&4C&&3ED/bakunin/godand&31godand&31ch1.html]
*[[Emma &&5D3], ''[[&&18#3# &&3A&&3BC]'' [#2#&BD1&EDEedu/&&4C&&3ED/&5D3GoldmanCW.html]
*[[&&30F&&28D], ''[[&&4BCAid: A F&280of &&17B&&4BCAid]]'' [#1#&112org/&2ED4341]
!AC!''[[&&84&&10C]]'' [#1#&112org/&2ED360]
*[[Rudolf Rocker]], ''[[&&A4&&1D0(book)|&&A4&&1D0]''
*[[&&417&&205] ''[[The &&113of &&378]'' [#1#&989org/&205&113&113asp]
*[[Max &&5CF], ''[[The Ego And Its Own]]'' [#1#df.lth.se/~triad/stirner/]
*[[Leo &&6DD], ''[[The &&107&727is Within You]]'' [#1#&107ow.org/&1D3ou.html]

===&&18by &2E5&3E==
* [[&&11 &&18]
* [[&&18in &&F4]
* [[&&18&1&&42&120]
* [[&&AD&18]

!1E!
#D3#-size: 85%#0#&gt;
!101!
!B6!

'''&&7C&4BAhave no &77E&136&1&116 They &7B0re-used.'''
# {{note|bill}} [#2#ns52.super-hosts.com/~vaz1net/bill/&18&C2thelaw.html]
# {{note|&978} [#2#&978net/GM-PS.htm]
# {{note|&75F} [#2#flag.&16Ened.net/&EDD&75Fplat_preface.html]
# {{note|&8AE} [#1#&874Fcom/&3B9&18&8AE&6D1htm &&87&&4F- &&8AE- &&6D1&&37
# {{note|&&BE6NotUtopian}} [[&&6E1&&BE6&&BE6 &&6E1] ''&&378' VII, [[&&C32]] [[1892]].
# {{note|totse}} [#1#totse.com/en/&4F&18161594.html Noam &&832on &&18by Noam &&832

!12!
The &BD0&A6Eand &2D&2C2re&2E8 &44Crchism is &377&479&8[[List &&1EBweb &AA&2C2subpage]]. 
{{&7EB&&535&&1EB}
*[#2#&A4logs.&CD4net/ &&A4logs] Blogs by &&37
*[#2#&BD1&EDEedu/&&4C&&3ED/ &&1B0&&3ED] &377&3ED &3F&589&1B8&37§2Th&&FFAmany &0r &18A&4D&A2tions.
*&&4FD &&3B5 are &7E0 with &18C&588#3# &3AF&3F0[#2#re&4C818Acom/bleed/&9EE&9EEF9htm &1F&&527Bleed's &&4C&&1D2
*[#1#&447org/ &&447org] ([[&&447org|&1ABpage]])
*[#1#iww.org/ &&162&&298&0&&4D

#5C#-- &&3B4§2The &773link &9ED&63&116&9C7y grows far &55Fmanageable size.§2&&561only list an &37Flink if it applies &44Crchism &145&B1&72Enoteworthy.§2Links to &4F5&1F8or sub&5D &&BCF&53A&4list page &824this &116free of clutter --&gt;


[[&&8&&18*]]
[[&&8Forms &12E&&18]
[[&&8&&39&61A&969&125|&&18]
[[&&8&&39&236&&18]
[[&&8&&4A&16&&18]

!26!لاسلطوية]]
[[ast:Anarquismu]]
#7F#Анархизъм]]
[[bs:Anarhizam]]
[[ca:Anarquisme]]
[[cs:&&18s]]
[[da#91#
[[de:&&18s]]
!EE!narkiismo]]
[[es#DE#
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[[eu:Anarkismo]]
#E6#دولت‌زدائی]]
[[fi:Anarkismi]]
[[fr:&&18]]
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!17!אנרכיזם]]
[[hu:&&C46]
[[id#91#
[[is:Stjórnleysisstefna]]
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!14!アナキズム]]
#35#아나키즘]]
[[lt:Anarchizmas]]
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!19!Анархизм]]
[[sco:&&18]
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!2D!Анархизам]]
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#69#ลัทธิอนาธิปไตย]]
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#22#无政府主义]]
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§6#7##5C#-- NOTES: 

1) &&561&73&587bullets to sub&C69 here &A&645of &6D3 &2CAtoo &2BF&842case (&37&82CFAC).
2) Use ref/note combos &EDl &2C2and &4B4&AC1&8E3) &&136&3AEyou put here &7E6able &8E &807&230&4EEattract a lot of &288 

--&gt;{{Disease&&129infobox |
§2Name§2= &&215&2B|
§2ICD10 =§2F84.0 |
§2ICD9§2=§2{{ICD9|299.0}} |
}}
'''&&2B'' is &1C2fied as a neuro&CBthat &BCE &1E9in &55Ay ab&611&4A&10B1D6 &12E&3FA &2A7&583, and &2A7of &EE 

&&168&1BE[[etiology]] &25Cis un&111 many &60rs suspect &586&570 from &5C7lly &536ed vulnerabilities to &13El &FF8 And &43&B7dis&461&AC&63D &1EC and &967for such &1A0&60rs have &1DC&1F4&426&193genes &A5D&1C3&E4&A5Cas &64 Some &26D&586&ABA &89Fmany &4F3[[&&19&&9] &2F6in 166, &28&379&&C8&3E3&&3BD] &52D&71B&319&26D&4CEin 1000{{ref|Nih&&2Bv2005}}. For &306&70Cready have one &64&2F6 the odds of a &8D&64&2F6&5Das high &4F3in &6E0§2Diagnosis is &A9a &276[[&&966&C45] &4F6 &60&6B5&1BCzed clinical tests &1CFbe used.

&&2B&3A9be [[Physiology|physio&261lly]] &6D0 A &30B&CBand [[neuro&261l]] &D87will &259be &49diagnosing &2B Some now &A5B&586&6B&2CC&65C&44A&16E&AE&1A6&23Fthat &BCEin &2D3ways.

By &59D &2Bmust &BCE&831 in #0#&4A&10B1D6 &Bas &1BE&4A&282&2A7imagi&158play,#0# with #0#onset &174&89D&62&736cording &4[[&&3E2&340&&EF3&3E3&&129]]. The [[ICD-10]] also says that &3ADmust #0#&BCE&30A&1C1&117&62&&B5e &22&2BF&20A &1&446[[&&2B&BCD&A5A&25C], for &1A3 &D7&C87&6D5 by [[&60]ers in [[&1DA] and &2D2&21Fwith&1[[&E5&85].

Some &B2&&188have &618&72&4A&4D&55C&4&125&24A can &965&C44in &964&133&342&35A but &B9lingering &4FC&70C &8ADcure &1B3tism is im&127with &1B2&AC &&28 many &C6&60ults &1BDable &BF(&1F4in &174 are &313&568cure &72&23F and see such &23Fas &49who &107

!2A!
[[&1B&&273kl2.jpg|&386&ADr. [[Hans &&273] &156&264&25C&11940s that &D2&BF&79[[&&F1].]]

&&2D2''&2B' was &679&1[[&&42&B] by Swiss &7D5[[Eugene Bleuler]] in a 1912 &365&0''&&10&&662Insanity''. It &76F&5&&6Bword for #0#self#0#.

&&4F1[[&&375&1C2fication|&1C2fication]] &25C&DB&ABA&8E&35B&0[[&EDC&3C], when in 1943 &7D5Dr. [[Leo &&6CF] &0[[Johns &&CD3Hospital]] in Bal&CFC &446on 11 &2F6&FF7with striking &EEl &2D3ties, &&D86the &E3''&9A&7D4&2B'. He &2E4#0#&2B#4# &5[[&&6B&B&&6B] #3#&34C#3#upsilon;#3#tau;#3#&CD2#3#&EDB (''autos''), &E6#0#self#0#, to &10A52662fact &15&B2&7D3to lack &29A&23C &&61&&6CFs &57&4AB&8&230was &242a (now defunct) &332 ''The Nervous Child'', &2E3&139&36stic he &1BDy &156&74D&44Bas &4F5&0&64&2A6&129.

&&1Fsame time an [[&&32&&32]] &A59 Dr. [[Hans &&273], &156a &5Aform &25C&585&79[[&&F1]#3#&6F&1BA&3CF&685of &&273s &4F2&831d by [[&&4DWar II]] in [[&&D5]], and &11&B3his seminal &4ABwasn't &341&&42&EDmost 50 &62 &&3E5ty &1D&4F2't &55Eread &1951997.

Thus &7Ctwo &23Fwere &156&60e &14A&7E0&1[[&&3E2&340&&EF3&3E3&&129]] DSM-IV-TR (&55D&2CD text &21) as two &&1022[[&&257&CB&257&CB]] (PDD), &7E1en &78&14Aas [[&&64&10D&332&129]] (ASD). All &0e &23Fare &36zed by &CD0&BD9 of &3F7in [[&12E&D85]s, &4A&10B1D6, &3A4 &5A7and &52C&2A7of [[&&9C&EE&EE].

Few &D84&14A&963&1C6DSM-IV &4F6for &52Ba &287&25C &17&3E2&8absence or &831of &11F&8Al &384ones. Many &D84&29Ause an &A58&194&89Ecombinati&8eof) to more &87Cy &A57a [[&287].

==Terminology==
{{&98Car2|&2B&64}
When &AD1ing &3ABne &A5C&&188 &10E''&64' &7Aused. &&28 &10E''&1D5&&188' &57&1BEtead. &&85&78as ''[[&1D5&57&40C]''. The [[&64&85] &5Cy p&632&10E''&64' for &1A3 &D7&1092&118 &&4F4uses &10E''&64' (see [[Talk:&&2Btalk page]]).

==&&36stics==
[[&&1Bkanner_kl2.jpg|&386&ADr. [[Leo &&6CF] &34Bthe &E3''&9A&7D4&2B' in 1943.]]
&&B7&802&A6E&1&55Cand &EE &3A8&A5Cas &64 and &D83will &7A&BEAat &5A&684&AC&529&287 Much &63&4E7&4[[&5C9&4B] &146&64&3A&ABD&5A&5&5C9&4B&1CB&23 &74&11F[[stimulus|stimulations]] can &10A4an &64&5Ay &345non-&64 &3&BD9to &188&5C9&4Bis &4F4&EDA&ED9&737&64&1D5&44Cther.

&&168 &ED &1D3[[pediatric]] care and &86en look for &9A&962&25Cin &102initiate &286as &2BD&127§2&&28 some &23&73&1C9in &286&EDtism, &21Bbeca&1C6 &73&1C9&2Bis a &129or beca&1C6 &1C9&286can do more harm than good.

===&&4A&8A==
Typically, &3EA&DB8 are &4A&7D#3#&6F&9A&841&5C4such &6Eas gaze at &23 turn &416&95C, &10C8a &ED8 &46Csmile. In &2B2 most &C6p&AD1&2CAto faces and seem &9Ctremendous &21Ato &961&1give-and-take of &139ay &9C&10B1D6 Even &1&57&661of life, many seem in&5Ato &23Cbeca&1C6 &AC0eye &4F3and &73&100C&B as &7Aas non-&C6

&&B2&&188&7A&25Ap&AD1&82Aone &4&E9&1C&&5E8may passively &BF6such &6Eas hugs and &FF6&E8reciprocating, or &BDD&3B4al&19E &&D2 they seldom seek &9ECfrom &3A or &1067to &374 &6F7 of [[anger]] or [[&ED7] in a &4F5way. &&60has &2E4&70C&7F&C6are &BCC&4r [[parent]]s, &72ex&141on &63&974is &830and &&BCB Parents who &ED6forward &4joys of &FF6 [[&617], and &4F2&Br &2F6may feel crushed by this &10D&62D[[&974&CA&974] &EE

&&B2&&188&25Alack #0#[[&&11Amind|&11Amind]]#0#, &29C&4F0&6E&1B3&3A&1D5s &1CD a &EE&AC1as &A56to &498&263the &1C1five and, &445 &3A&40B[[&1066]s &C&10C5[[gorilla]]s, [[&&1A9&D82&D82]s and [[bonobos]]. Typical 5-year-olds can &478in&DA1 into &23Cs &5A&A1 &754 &&107Cons, &269&FDupon &4Acues (e.g., &8AC &ED5ex&141ons). An &14D&&188&791lack &7C&3E1&55C an in&3FAthat &ED4them un&C0pr&1014or &110t&4D&23s &D6. The [[&4Aalie&2B5] of &64&1BC&23is so &CCFfrom &215&3E0&0 have [[&ED3&626]s as &7B0hip. &&28 &1E8an &ED3&626&6B&C27a sign &25C&60so &ABA in non-&C6 

&&61not &D7 &26&1A9&EDtistic &718not &FF5&72&EE This can take &1FAof crying or &BCAoutbursts that may seem &880pro&9ED&4&544 &&14D &&188&5Cy p&AD1&971&FF4and &13E; they may react &602y to &326&1. &&&753un&1A9&10e &E4to &9EB&D93 &20A &3DFself-stimulatory &EE self-&7D2or &470&D81in &BD0&544.

===&&5C9&4B==
A key indicat&88C&D84&21Ea &6CEassessment &EDtism &67&71&6CDfor &3AD&3DE&DB&1F7[[&&5C9&&52ADys&34F&5C9&52Adys&34F]. &&B2will &9EB&2B0coping &B&611&5C9input. Indicators &63&129&71oversensitivity or &110e&3B8to touch, &5D &DA1, or &71F; &CBclumsiness or carelessness; poor body &285 a &BE0&1B&6E7distracted; impulsive &CBor &BCA&EE an &3B8&24A&C1un&108high or low; not unwinding or calming oneself; &21Anew &5D; &572 &691&D1Btions &737&544&44Cther; &663or e&279l &2B0 &831 in [[&&277&831&277], [[&&B&831&B] or [[&34E&55C]; &1BE&2BA&256&831 in &34A&373

One &1A9&191&5F&14D&&188[[Hearing (&2C1|&82F]. &&1F6with &&2B&2D0&82E&82F&11F&23&43&23Care louder than usual. Or &33E&&188&5Dun&C0filter out &71F in &11F&544, &Cin &1B7crowd &69E(see [[&FF3&97&2F5]). &&28 &85&58Bpart &0&2Bthat &4EEvary &31from &72B&1D5 so &7C&191 &3A9apply &7AD&64

It &B6&66B&5C9&256 &61&446y &3DD&64, &9Dpart &0[[DSM-IV]] &3E2&4F6for ''&64&129'.

===&&12E&256==
By &89D &4F5&B2have &4BFpredic&645&B&2BA&384ones; one &0&B8Bis babbling. &&11&57&430ay, a &4F5toddler says &2FA &960&109or she &ABFhis or her name, &125 &109or s&75Ba toy, and when &6CC&1EA&C43 &3EE&786&15&6CE#0#no.#0# &&277&8Ain &23&&188&991&5Apaths.§2Some &6CB[[mute]] &BCr &431&43&7D&965[[&616&BC9] &60le &BF&2C3ways#3#&6F&1B, [[sign &B], and [[typing]] are far more &84&4. Some &DB8 &719show &752&25Ccoo and babble &221&23&661of life, but stop &60Dards. &&3A &5D&831d, &3EA&Bas late &A[[adolescence|teenage]] &62§2&&152 in&65A&537&7Dmean &557&&188are &A7Bor &CCE§2Once &207&529accommodations, many will happily &BF5for &95F and can &7Abe &1F7&278[[chat room]]s, &27Dboards or [[&231]s &46C&219&12E&5C8at &2B&85&4A&35A&C[[Autreat]].

&&120do &537&7Ause [[&B] in &830ways, retaining &B8of &31F&AB2 of &B&8Afor long &6F5 or &BCr &431§2Some &537only &571&2FA &43&3A repe&1Fsame &95E&506d over. Some &10A3wh&1F hear, a &65C&8C[[echolalia]].§2Sing-song repetitions &3F7are a calming, joyous &3B8&3E0&64&615&961in.§2&&2A4&&188&EB&3C2[[tonality|tonal]] &2C1 and can &7A&110tand &3C0&B 
Some &B2may &9EBonly s&662&831 in &B &37Bseem &9Cprecocious &4E9un&108&2BF[[&59Cvocabularies]], bu&859&C6&572 in &1065ng &4F5[[&3AC]s.§2The #0#give and take&&108non-&64&3ACis hard &10, &168 &7Acarry on a [[&ED2] on a &614&230 &613&258else an &372to &4 When &715&6B2&43C&3A&64, they &9ECbly do so in #0#&4F9&ED2#4##3#&6F&2E2&960ex&141ng &206&&C42§2Just as #0#[[neuro&4F5]s#0# (&19Fut &2B have &82E&110tanding &64[[body &B]s, &10C7tones, or &95Elogy, &23&&188&2D3y have &82Ewith such &6Ein &19Fut &2B§2&&374&64&Babilities tend &1B&61Bliteral; &19Fut &2B&7Ain&529y at&9BB&612&E6&5B8&23&&188say or &33D&1D5&&188to &2C1such un&31 &E6&1r own &2FA

The body langu&1C1&23&&188&57&572for &23C&D0 Facial ex&141ons, &5D, and &8AC&5D&6E7&110tood &5C9&23C&&188 but &73&2F4&DB&7D4&23C &&6ECr t&2C&95C&17D&257subtle inflection in &95D&72&754 &3[[auditory &4B] of &1F6&3CDtism &7A&40A&2C1the fluctuations. What &791non-&18Dlike &6E4pitched, sing-song, or flat, [[robot]]-like &95Cis &3DD&C6 Some &C6with &1D9good &B&55C&537like &16B&615 &51communicating &1Fr &1B2age &24A &3Aone &0&6E&7AAlead to &2B0

&&74non-&18D&3D6un&1003&B&64[[body &B], and &74&64&84&B&3A9&1C2ards &277 &18D&7A&763&881&23Cknow wh&1F need. As anybody &2EEdo in &49B&544 they may scream in &864or &ED1to grabbing wh&1F want. &&43waiting for non-&18Dto &528&BF&B, &23&&188do &BE4&4ED&85C&69&4. &&12E&256may &95Bto &18D&444&4Ay anxious or de&141d.

===&&5A7&EE===
&&61&23&&188&108&420&CBy &611&45Egood muscle &B5 &830&5A7&279, &79self-stimulation or #0#stimming,#0# may set them &65B &&7C&EE &7B0&C82and &61B&751&5C0subtle. Some &B2and &95A&E4&D80a lot &5C2&985&FF2&72arms or wiggling &72toes, &3A &FF1freeze in &128 As [[&2F6]ren, they &2EE&D80&95Flining &24Er &7A9&82D in a &11Fway, not &219&7A8pretend play. If &4F1&4AAmoves one &0e toys, &256&5Dtremendously upset. &&64&B2&7Aneed, and &BC8 &8AD&C41&1r &13E A s&662&35F&44B routine#3#&6Fin meal&171 dressing, &2E2a bath, or &1F5&1B7at a &11F&4EC&1&A9F&994amp;&6F&57&A24&D7F &&23&&188&59&EBpersistent, &CCFpre&3E9 &&37&256&7B0obsessed with &2BAall &55[[vacuum cleaners]], [[&82D] &ED0or [[&662170]]. Often they show &C6&29A&5A&B, &2D0 &31Eor [[&47] &2BB§2&&5A7&EE &16Aextend in&4&3C&726&F6 Perseve&1021 of &2CCword or &95E even &ED&1BE&2D&171&16A&4EBpart &0&2F6s &527routine.

===&&1C6in &133==
&&B2&&188are &4F4&Be &3AD&139day. &&7C&830&36stics set them &65B&5&139ay &611&6F0 &&68&18C&82E&110tanding &23s &7Fs and &754 &18C&82E&110tanding wh&1Fr &82C&5Dtelling &6AD &73&110t&6D&ED5ex&141ons and &10C7&4A9hold &E6 and may mis&10B1ret what emoti&8r instruct&894dis&4F2 Th&&ECFto &965decipher &4B&1F0 &3EE&133&10A1ul. Teachers need &1Baware of a &6F0s &129so &15 are &C0help &584get &16Bout &0lessons &7D&55B 

Some &1BB&528&328with &7D1aids &A are &328&C0&110tand &101&8Bd t&80B Beca&5Cthis, many &610&6F6“&7D1&ED0 &10r &64&1BB This &6CA&584&7C6&84&66Con &BCday, so they &717&65F&EDd what &3B8they &152&ACCnext. Some &C6have &82E&66C&737&3B8&4next, so this &7D1schedule &7A6to &10A2&10A1 

&&60&716that &65Epairs &5D&913to &C6 #5C#-- cite a &3C1here, &561 --&gt; &&64&1BBhave &2B0in &1B7 &4EAwith &4E9&12E &7A5&4Azation &F6 They feel self-&A55&ACselves &485feel &15 will &40Fbe outcasts. By &60F&37Fwork with peers &4EDmake &3A7in turn &7A6them cope &B&2B0&70Cise. By &77&531&57ome more &D7Ein&4&964&13E&0&1C2oom.

A &82Cs aide &16Abe &ECE&4&6F0 The aide is &C0give more e&38Ate &212 &15&82C&3A9have &5C1&D36n &4&64&2F6 The aide &16Afacilitate &16C&2F6in &49Bway &26D&768&37Fstay at a &2D3&24A&4rest &0&1C2 This &6CAa partially one-on-one lesson &103so &15&2F6&74D&C0stay in a &611&1C2oom but be &715&10BAhelp &15 need. 

&&&&96C&5A&13Bthat &610can use &44Eist &72&1BB A &82C&5A5&1Bome &1003&B&2F6s dis&102&717will work best with &33B&2F6 &&139&2F6is &66C&1B&5Aand &610have &1B&C0adjust with &139one &0.

&&1BBwith &&2B&&10D&&129 &259have high &24A &146iety and &10A1 &33A&4A&13E like &1B7 If a &6F0&9EB &59Bor explosive &EE &26&A3for &133l teams &253the imp&702&10A1&60xiety. Preparing &1BBfor new &544 by &174&&4A&&47Dcan &23Eanxiety. &&617&663e&279l &160&219&4Btic &617&22As &CThe Incredible 5-&&125Scale &4FD&&A1A&&EEl &750can &20Aa &6F0s &3FA&339&E7Ave &EEl re&D6.

== DSM &59D==
&&2B&65Din &49299.00 &0[[&&3E2&340&&EF3&3E3&&129]] (DSM-IV) as:
#A &7A4six (&5C0 &ABE&714(2) and (3), &32 &AD0two &714&828each from (2) and (3): 
##&683&959in &4A&10B1D6 &43Bby &1F4two &0&1AA 
###&55A&959&1&5C&74Fnon&BCA&EE &Ceye-to-eye gaze, &ED5ex&141on, body postures, and &8ACto &FF5&4A&10B1D6
###&6EE&65Cpeer &16D &529&65Cental &24A
###a &10Dspontaneous &34A&D54&65A &17D or &373 with &23C(e.g., by a &10D&4DD &4F0 or &125ng out &2CA&583 
###&10D&4Aor e&279l &409
##&683&3A6&12E&43Bby &1F4one &0&1AA 
###&831in, &88Cal &10D &38of &3C0&B(&450companied &44F&ECcompensate &68Eter&158&77C&12E&C&1051or mime) 
###in &E4&32equate &277 &55A&959&1&65Ainitiate or &1065a &3ACwith &3A 
###&52C&3A5&5C&Bor idiosyncratic &B
###&10Dvaried, spontaneous make-&1C9play or &4Aimitative play &529&65Cental &24A##&4C2&5A7and &52C&2A7of &EE &17D &&958 &43Bby &1F4one &0&1AA 
###encom&CB7&255one &5C0&52C&3A4&2A7&583&C1ab&611&21Bin &ECDor &663
###&751y inflexible adherence to &1BE non&34Fl &FF4or rituals 
###&52C&3A5&34E&916sms (e.g., hand or &ED8&FF2or twisting, or &297&526body &5D) 
###persistent &255&95&2CA#Delays &582&34Fng in &1F4one &0&2D7with onset &174&89D&62 &65B&10B1D6 &4E8as &1BE&4A&282(3) &2A7imagi&158play. 
#The dist&825e &6B&328&3D9d f&7BB[[Rett &183Rett's &&129] or [[&&215&295&129&&215Disintegrative &&129].

The ''&&3E2&340&&EF3'#5C#-- --&gt;'s &3E2&4F6&145is &118for &7Dvague and &230ve.§2(&&82C[[DSM &1053ry &31ent]].) The &4F6&EDtism is &257&118&1F3&D84&14Amay ignore it &30By, &29A&963&66C&3A&29Bfor &52Bthe &287

== Types &25C== 
&&2B&8B in &863&BD9 from &&ECCn&9A[[dys&34Fl]] &60parently [[&&8Al Dis&3FA&6F4y handicapped]] to &120e &3ADare mild or remedied &320to &420un&5F0onal (#0#&611#4#) &4&5C&A2 In &1F8both &1C2fication &3apy, &64&E4&3D6&158&DB&32 [[&&31D&&BC7IQ]]#3#lt;80 &78as &1E8#0#low-&11F#4# (LFA), &43&DBwith IQ#3#gt;80 are &78as &1E8#0#high-&11F#4# (HFA). Low and &2D6are more &5Cy &3FDto how well &12Dcan &D7D&2E1of &527&FC &51to [[IQ]].§2&&10E low and &2D6are &&E2F&450l &64 &BF6&7C&E3.§2&&12B &7Ctwo &E3 &9D&1B2y used or &22D&712&15E

This discrepancy can lead to con&107E&1C3&172&47Es who equate IQ with &34Fng and may &ECBto &3E0high-IQ &18D&1BD&957y &343 &1r &65A&CE5&527&FCtasks, or may fail &253&2B8&290&7D5&18D&1BD&C0LFA. &&37some &ED &ECB&253&64 who can &537or &DA4&765&64at all, beca&1C6 &152&666&25Cas a &12E&129so &957&849&277or &174is &127

As a &863 many #0#high-&34Fng&&7C9tistic &1D5, &&BC6&23&32&1D9high [[IQ]], are &110iagnosed, thus &622&61A#0#&2B&CCDretardation#0# self-fulfilling. The &2D&23&A5Cwith LFA &6B&94E&ABDas sharply as HFA, &956that &1F4part &0&D362B5&10&751rise &2A5&328&3E2.

=== &&273s and &&6CFs &183===
[[&&1BHans &&273jpg|&41&A160px|&&273&156his &FF7as #0#&16B&65D#0#.]]
&&1&1B2[[&&3E2&340&&EF3&3E3&&129]] (DSM-IV-TR), &31&178&3F7&48&&64&&129(&&6CFs) and &&F1&1BBa &287&&82A&451&283of #0#[d]elays &582&34Fng in &1F4one &0&2D7with onset &174&89D&62 &65B&10B1D6 &4E8as &1BE&4A&282(3) &2A7imagi&158play[,]#0# {{ref|bnat}} &43a &287of &&F1ob&3E0 #0#no clinically &178&831#4# &1e &163 {{ref|bnas}}

The DSM &3EEno &CCCof &24A&338&34Fng, &1BA&B3&&273s &64 as a &10F&1C2&CE5&581&DBwith &&6CFs &2Bhas &1BA&729&5D4on that ''[[&&F1]'' is synonymous with #0#&40B&11F&&6Cthat &26a &992[[&129] than ''&2B'.§2&&B7&4A&729&5C5&C27true &5D4on &169&64&E4&32high &24A&338&34Fng have &&273s &2Bor &713&82Bare &955[[geek]]s &32&375&E3&BCC Also, &2Bhas &6C9&1&A2&110tanding, &1BA&12D&3DF&25Cwith &1D9&957&ABCas &87Cy &1095d in ''[[Rain Man]]'' has &4A8&504 of &3A3&A5C&1&64&10D&7AB&0r &ABBones as &1E8&&F1&51&2B

===&&2Bas a &10D&129==
{{&20D&&64&10D}

An&3Aview &0e &129 is &15 are on a &ECA&79[[&64&10D] &129.§2A &2D2&ECAis [[&&5C9&&52ADys&34F], &3A&268well we integrate the &3Fwe &3EFfrom our &2C1.§2&&2B &&F1 and &&5C9&&52ADys&34F&3A1&4E3&2D2and &1064

&&B9two main manife&348of &134&2B [[&D7C&2B] and [[&9A&7D4&2B].§2&&9A&7D4&2Bis &8Bat &430&43&D7C&2B&6C8&30A&1C13 &6EE&16C18 &324§2&&61this &25Asome &288over &FAneuro&261l &3F7 &1A4&2B&ACA&DA0 some &B2&26only &1E6of when an &13El toxin &FF8the &129 This &D7B&11D&ABA&221ge&4EB&5Ea tox&842&1028 the m&3As body &B1&88Ed &4fetus. The &D7B&11Dalso &ABA&46&430&2Acrucial &9A&CD1&4B&8A&0&2F6&5Ea toxin &4B7y &8B4&256s body.

== &&20Ain &A54&25C==
{{&20D&&2B&BCD}

[[&&1B&2Bocgraph.png|&A&41&D7AThe &2D&446&ABC&25C&43A&5F1lly &106past &BC5 &&20Bin graph &5[[&&2A&&Cfor &&3BD&&20B].]]
&&B7&28an &EC9&4Dide in &446&ABC&25C&106last ten &62 &3A&2BFy reminiscent of &20A &1&287of [[schizophrenia]] and [[&74F&1D5lity &129] &&954&3C This has &1E7rise to a &2D&5A&236as &4&1EC&0sudden &20A

Epidemi&10B2ts &772&15&83F&A54&1&&19&&3DC&625or &307attribut&C0&611&3E2&4F6 re&1C2fications, &A2&285 &3incentive &647&150y &1054 &11C A &55E&AC1&1B4&5[[M.I.N.D. &&C8] in &&201([[17 &&20F] [[2002]]), &2BDd &15&CC&2Bis real, even &46&DBcomplicating f&280 are &3D9d for (see &136&14D&49&243.

&&3A&60rs &6CBun&7C4(see &8E&243, &34Dr. &&74E&&3DE a &65Dof pediatrics &1F&&12B&&93D&&3BD&&47 &&Cat [[San Antonio]] and cochair &0[[&&10&&337Pediatrics]] &&2BExpert Panel, who says, #0#&&B7a &21Dwe're &7D0a true rise, but &Anow I &580anybody can &7ECthat &200for sure.#0# ([[&&FF0] &136&243.

The &7EC&5A0&200has &178ramifications &8&212of &60 &74a ''real &20A' &67&663more &3B4(and &60&829 &8&2F9&1A0&43''&16Bor no real &20A' &67&663more &3B4to &5C7. &&8&3Ahand, &26conceivable that &11F&13El f&280 (vacci&2B5 diet, &8AB&326 may &EB&14C&96Don &23&32&1BE&5C7&6A &&B7&16B&A2&60&8&659[[in vitro &77D] &8&2D&A5A &25C

One &&97E&12D&236is &15e is a &4A7&48#0#geekdom&&40&2B§2&&85hinted, f&7BCtance, by a ''Wired &&2A9' &116in 2001 en&7 #0#The [[Geek]] &&183#4#, &3Aa &125&6FC&39F&1&2B&A &5D{ref|Wired}}.§2&&4F4 many &ED &BE8 is just one &191&0&536s &1B9&6F4&46F&E3 to &84&301&5CC&611&EEamp;&6Fthey &C4shyness, &10Dathletic &3FAor &4A&55C &122ellectual &17D even &FA seem &830to &3A, &9D&1selves &752&25Cor &&F1 &&3A &BE8that &26&301the &375&D79&3Aapp&101D&6F4&46F&E3 to &B2who &&525&E5&2F1been &22Das a &16B&5A&37B&E3d '&EC8. See [[clinomorphism]] f&618&27D&63&766

Due &4&2AE&A2ty &23D&2B&&BC6&10D&129, an &3DD&2D&615are choosing &4F0 &A54of high-&11For &&F1in &662of &3ADthey &1B2y &1FFor &1FF &221&215 &&DEca&5C&2Bis &7F &1B&1F4&625&5C7 a pro&9ED&0e &615seek &23B&287&1BElly as &418up &4r &B2s &A54 &&68&2Bfalls in&4[[&257&CB] &8 &74D&1DF &3ADmust &22&8Bin &83Epatient &90age s&83B&102make a [[&5Aal &287].

== Therapies ==
{{&20D&&2B&A53}

==&&3AB=
Due &4&297ty &25C &&&96C&EC7of [[&3AB] that need &1B&C0when &59Ait, such &A&3E&182&6C9&1B3tistic &1D5 connecting and communicating &4C1an&3A§2&&57F &B9&AEsub&7B&9EAwith&1&64&85 &59in &3C2&12Cone an&3A

===&&85and &4F==
{{&20D&&64&85}
{{&20D&&2B&A &5D}

&&3DEmany &3A&577&1&4D &16C&85&1E9has spl&10B1d off &4A5&7B§2&&DFCy, &7C&7Bare &120seek a cure &EDtism, &BC4''pro-cure'', &120&73&56Ca cure &EDtism &60 such &BDDit, &BC4''anti-cure'', &3&2A4&E3E&1&35B&0two.§2&&6A0&35 with &1D8&2BAmore &55&2Band &445&4B5&53B to a cure, some &C5&0#0#anti-cure#0# &5D[[&&64&85&&524&5&2B&85sent a &1EF&4&&19&&B9] &BC8ng &1B&697as a &30ty &10F&51a &10F&32[[&6F4dis&3FA] or &46F Web&1F8&C2&64.org{{ref|refbot.770}} &8Bthe view &0anti-cure &10F

&&B9&227&AA&255&EDtistics from many &7B§2Due &4&B3many &64 find it easier &BF&278&5BF&1D5 many &0e &AAare &255&278§2&&57F &59&1FE&64&615in a &1F2&85will help out &B2&&188 much &1way a &7ED&67help out an apprentice, for &191

2002 &252[[&&2B&&285Year]] &1[[&&19&&107]#3#&6Fthis idea &50Atiated by [[Ivan and Charika Corea]], &374&146&64&2F6 Charin. &&2B&&285Year was led &11[[&&B4&&C8of Brain Injured &&B2],§2[[&&60ETrust]],§2[[&&2A&&64&&5F],§2[[&&2B&&7CF] and 800 &1A0 &1&&19&&107 It had &33El bac&7E3[[&&19&&107&&B4] &&218&&1812[[Tony Blair]] and &1AErians &244&472&1[[&&6C7&82Einster]].

=!105!=
{{&20D&&64&3E}
&&B&2AE&20A &712recogniti&89B new &22As to &1052g &342zing &64, an ''&64&3E' has begun &65C§2Similar to [[deaf &3E], &64&3Eis &FDin a &2A3&2Bis a &7EE&336&82Ad &450&129&1Bcured.§2&&&&EC6&1A9lities &17are &1BEto &2B&145as a &3E not just #0#&64&3E#4#.

&&26&755misperception &557&&188&73marry; many do get &4EF§2Often, they marry an&3A&1D5&&188 &61this &6B&40F&747§2Many &171&64 are &659to &3A&64 &5E&6AB&17Dor ob&73F but &7E1en than &274attr&D6is &5E&1CE&576with &1D5lity &82B &B4as is true for non-&64. &&64 who &86Chave &7DBthat &7B0hip is as &A3to &64 as &26&44Cone else. &&A9Aene&2A0&64&306&EBso &2AEy &4EBbit more &1A9

The &25E&18D&720&8C#0#[[geeks]]&&6C#0#[[Nerd|nerds]]#0# can &7A&1064as &18Dcan &59&2F8pre&3A5with &11F&230, &3DEthe &5CC&611&EEgeeks &1FF§2&&1A3&2ABmany &18Dhave &572 with &65E&7B &17impairs them even &&10C6#0#&559&108&544.

===&&64&615==
[[&1B&&1F1n2.jpg|&41&A[[&&60D&&1F1n]], one &&97E&1FE&615&&188 
&lt;&20gt;&&953&23Asy§2Joshua &&132Pritik&44B &&DE&&FEFJarrold.&lt;/&20gt;]]

Some &64&615are &C0work &1FEy in &964jobs, &108&DB&710&11For &&F1 &&168 &12E&342&57Cen &38B&256&C3&163&0&64s life. &&3A&64 are &349&D89in sheltered &C7ops &8Dsuper&3E7managers &828in &210with &1D5 with &60E A nurturing &13Eat home, at &1B7 &22Cin job &4EE&60 work, &AC4&18D&54A&528&23A&478&BCr &431 Some &772&15&631&6CA&64&E4&BF&7D6 &278&175 &57F&1Bng &C0find &3E9 &C&E2&D78 &17does &5Cy &57Emuch &9C&10B1D6offline.

&&1[[&&19&&9], &144&1B7' &6DAfor &A52&11Cends &FA&64&1D5is &1r 20s, dep&6BCon &2F2 The &E0&F &D97&B&DB7of &CCB&FCar&2F9ents and &D89to &2F4&7AEcular &5A5&0r &10C5&2F6 &F6&A&2C9 and &599that &57D&177&11Cto &6C6&7C&4C0

=== &&64&CCA===
{{Main|&64savant}}
The &64savant &598&4E6seen in &18D &&10Eis &&D77&1F6&331&64&1AD&C82&10A0in a &11F&5BE&1B4§2&&61&B7&755&98&48&CCA&60tism (an &98&1C8&111988 &439Man]]''), most &18D&9D[[&CCA]. [[&&6F4calculator]]s and fast [[&2C9ing]] &55Care &31&1A9form. The &39Eis [[&&952Tammet]], &561&0[[&523film]] ''[[The Brain Man]]'' {{ref|&8A7rainman}} ([[Kim Peek]], one &0inspi&1021s for [[Dustin Hoffman]]'s &36&1&439Man]]'', &6B&64. #0#B&ASpl&10B1 &0Mind&&D6&857that &106D &85ue &12B

== &&3A&257&CB ==
&&2Band &&F1&2D5two &&1022&257&CB (PDDs). The &117&3A&257&CB are [[Rett &183], [[&&215&295&129], and [[PDD &20Dspecified|&&257&CB&20Dspecified]]. Some &0e are &143&2B &43some &0 are &307&352&23F

=== Rett &183===
[[Rett &183] is &1D9rare, &10A4ng &2E3&682&62A, one &88010,000 to 15,000. &&46a &3DB&611&8A &BC3&486 and 18 &324 &2Blike &3AD&76D&420 The &16Bgirl's &6F4&342&8Aregresses; she no &EC5&BC2to her &374and pulls away &1B3y &4A&4F3 If she &28talking, she stops; she &40A&B5her feet; she wrings her &668 Some &0e &9A&3AD&5D&BE1&EDtism. Some &0&2B0&A4Rett &183&57&697 [[&&CB&9E8&&CB], [[Occupational &9E8&3E9l]], and [[&&277&9E8&277] &9E8&7A6with &57Ccoordi&2B5 &5D and [[&277].

Scientists &A51&11&&2A&&C8of Child &&633&&9CDevelopmen&859&333a mutation &1&BA8of &2CCgene &25ARett &183 and can &CBy test &87F&3280% &8AArate {{ref|nihrett}}. Rett &183&&525was &59&1C2fied &277&64&10D&129 &28most &1D8&D8Dthat Rett &183is &1D2&CB&83Cpart &0&64&10D{{ref|b&Aotsrett}}.

===&&215&295&129==
[[&&215&295&129] (CDD, &1F3imes abbreviated as CHDD also) is a &65C&420ng in 3 or 4 year old &B2who have &75&611y &195age 2. Over &AE&324 &256will deteriorate in &1A8 &4A &47E&34Fng from &5A8&611&658§2This long &3DB&611&8A&90regression &AC4&5Aate CDD from Rett &183(&122fact it &151&5Aated &1B3tism in &CC9. The &38Bfor CDD is un&111(thus it &5Da &10D&129 but &1B2&235&8A9&31C&1EA&636&B&83&CD1&4B{{ref|yalecdd}} {{ref|nihcdd}}.

===§2&&257&CB&20Dspecified ===
[[PDD &20Dspecified|&&257&CB&20Dspecified]], or PDD-NOS, is &78as a ''subthreshold'' &65C&68&26a &1C2fication &3A&207&3ABne who suffers from &3A6&4A&10B1D6 &12E and/or &52C&658but &7Dmeet the &4F6for one &0&3Afour &257&CB. &&565&4Efour &257&CB, PDD-NOS has no &1BE&522ines for &287 so &33Emay &EBlot of &36stics &146&64&1D5 or few &882 at all. &&6BC&257&CB&6Ba &287 &865term to &AD1&4five &2FD&23F &43PDD-NOS &5F&11B&287{{ref|&D76}.

#F8#
!100!
:* [[&&2B&A53]
:* [[&&38B &25C]
:* [[Conditions comorbid to &332&129]]
:* [[&&9A&&215&&2B]
:* [[Herit&3FA&25C]

* '''&&10F'''
:* [[Aspies For Freedom]]
:* [[&&2A&&767for &&2B&&60]

* '''&&288''
:* [[&&577&55&34Fng &E3 &1&332]
:* [[&&577&712]
:* [[Ethical &951to &2B&286]

* '''Lists'''
:* [[List &25C&&EC4]
:* [[&&276&17A&F&8&64&10D]
:* [[&&276&18D]

!1E!
* &1F1&762 &2ERett &183(NIH &&A2tion No. 01-4960) &21Rockville, MD: &&2A&&C8of Child &&633&&9C&&8A&392001 | work=Rett &183&61F#1#nichd.nih.gov/&A2tions/pubskey.cfm?from=&2B| &251| &98Aear= 2005 }}
* &62&762Frombonne E. &2EPrevalence of &215&295&129&3C6&&2B&&BC1&4886 &5A42 &5A3149-157}}
* &62&762Volkmar RM and Rutter M. &2E&&215&295&129 Results &0DSM-IV &2B&248&94F&3C6&&332&0&&10&&337Child and Adolescent &&966&391995 &48834 &5A31092-1095}}
* {{&&FEE2EF| &9E7Ewald | &207Paul &2EPlague Time | date=&&1422001 | org=&&12D&&47&61F#1#&3Cel.net/tjs11/bug/ewald1.htm}}
* &1F1&2EPANDAS (&&D75&&D74&&8A8&&129 &&27Fwith Streptococci) and PITAND (&&D75Infection-triggered &&D74&&8A8&&129) | work=PANDAS #3# PITAND &&183 &61F#1#webpediatrics.com/pandas.html !FF!
* &1F1&2ECloser to Truth: PBS, with Paul Ewald | work=Microbes -- &&626or Foe? &61F#1#pbs.org/kcet/&53Bto&4A6&106Dshow_05.html !FF!
* &1F1&2EM.I.N.D. &&C8Study Confirms &&2B&&20A| work=U.C. &&65761F#1#ucdmc.ucdavis.edu/news/MINDepi_&1B4html | &5AA&&1386&7F}}
* {{&&FEE| &9E7Stenson | &207Jacqueline &2EAs &2B&ABCsoar, a &2F9clues | date=[[24 &&DF] [[2005]] | org=&&FF0&61F#1#msnbc.msn.com/id/6947652/}}
* {{&&FEE| &9E7Goode | &207Erica &2E&&2B&&20B More and More &&2BCases | date=[[26 &&C3] [[2004]] | org=New York &&171&61F#1#&645Forg/article262.html}}
* &62&762Wing L, Potter D. &2EThe epidemiology of &64&10D&129: &Fprevalence &94E &3C6&&6F4Retardati&89B &&8Al &&60E&&60Re&206&4888 &5A43 &&BC1&5A3151#3##8211;61}} ([#1#ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/&EC3&D73fcgi?cmd=&&BC0amp;db=PubMed#3#list_uids=12216059#3#dopt=&&4ED&4ED)
* &62&762Croen LA, Grether JK, Hoogstrate J, Selvin S. &2EThe &8C2ng prevalence &25Cin &&201&3C6&&662&&2Band &&8Al &&129&48832&5A43 &&BC1Jun &5A3207-15}} ([#1#ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/&EC3&D73fcgi?cmd=&&BC0amp;db=PubMed#3#dopt=&&4E#9C#list_uids=12108622 &4ED)
* Manev R, Manev H. Aminoglycoside antibiotics &60tism: a &681&74B BMC &&966 2001;1:5. Epub 2001 [[10 &&20F].[#1#ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/&EC3&D73fcgi?cmd=&&BC0amp;db=pubmed#3#dopt=&&4E#9C#list_uids=11696245#3#&D73hl=60]
* Strock, &&74A(2004). &&2B&&10D&&129 (&&257&&8Al &&129). NIH &&A2tion No. NIH-04-5511, &&2A&&C8&3E3&&3BD &&2A&&C8 of &&3BD U.S. &&99&&633&&9C&&11C &&FED MD, 40 pp. #1#nimh.nih.gov/&A2t/&2Bcfm

==Foot&4BA=
# {{note|Nih&&2Bv2005}} &1F1&2ENIH &&2B&&3AA2005 &61F#1#nichd.nih.gov/&A2tions/pubs/&2B&3AA2005.pdf | &5AA&&DF5 | &98Aear=2006 }}
# {{note|bnat}} &1F1&2EBehaveNet &2B&&&94D#1#&EC2com/&BBF&129/&64htm !FF!
# {{note|bnas}} &1F1&2EBehaveNet &273 &&&94D#1#&EC2com/&BBF&129/&273htm !FF!
# {{note|Wired}} {{&&FEE2EF| &9E7Silberman | &207&&AB8&2EThe Geek &&183| date=&&13F2001 | org=Wired &61F#1#wired.com/wired/&3ED9.12/&273_pr.html}}
# {{note|refbot.770}} &1F1&2E&64.org: The REAL Voice of &&2B(See &263 &61F#1#&64.org | &5AA&&13F11 &7F}}
# {{note|&8A7rainman}} &1F1&2E&&8A7#0#Brain Man&&7C9ticle &61F#1#&8A7co.uk/weekend/&2460,3605,1409903,00.html !FF!
# {{note|nihrett}} &1F1&2ENIH Rett &&&94D#1#ninds.nih.gov/&129/rett/&BBErett.htm !FF!
# {{note|b&Aotsrett}} &1F1&2EB&ATots Rett &&&94D#1#b&Aots.com/Rett_&&183html !FF!
# {{note|yalecdd}} &1F1&2EYale CDD &&&94D#2#info.med.yale.edu/&FEC&2Bcdd.html !FF!
# {{note|nihcdd}} &1F1&2ENIH CDD &&&94D#1#nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/&116001535.html !FF!
# {{note|&D76} &1F1&2EPDD-NOS at Yale &61F#2#info.med.yale.edu/&FEC&2Bpddnos.html | &5AA&&19D22 &7F}}

!12!
!100!
:[#1#&721lanet.net Wrong&&948net - The &&85and &&349for &&2B
: [#1#&2B&10D&129com &&2B&&10D&&129com] - &&2B&&10D2&&129: [#1#&BBDse7en.co.uk &&BBDse7en]- a &231&1C8&2D4&285of &10D&2D2&129 &7D6ms for NT and ASD &10B1D6
: [#1#ericdigests.org/2000-3/&2Bhtm EricDigests.org] - '&&617&&1BBwith &&2B, Glen Dunlap, Lise Fox, ERIC Digest (&&20F 1999)
: [#2#ob&3E0.&8A7co.uk/&2A9&2460,11913,1639392,00.html &&64and Proud] Describes new &284&55&2B &64 &1DF&&FEB
: [#1#weirdnotstupid.com Weird Not Stupid] - A &231&1C8&5&1CDof &1F6who &83Asiblings &1BD&8&&2B&&10D&B&39D&613&3F&44Cbody &331&CE2it.
* ''Blogs''
: [#2#&2B&55com/ &&2B&&257&&8Al &&129] By Adelle &&D0n Tilton, [[&&55com]]
: [#2#&552B&8A6com/ &&2BNews and More]
: [#1#&A38in&2B&8A6com/ &&A38 In &&2B By a &3BD&EDwho &Fm&3A&146&64boy.
: [#1#&2Bymptoms.&8A6com &&2BSymptoms] 
: [#1#&827he&4A6ut.org Getting The Truth Out] By Argues &15e &658mis&5D4ons &55&2B
: [#1#&2Breatment.info/&6E3aba.aspx?rssid=1 Reality ABA, An &&2BDiary] By Katherine Lee, m&3A&146&64son.
* ''&&1A0''
:* [#1#onthe&10Dcom On The &&10D A web &438&DB&8&332&32 &113&177&60vocacy
: [#1#&2Bebsite.com/ari/&F9htm &2Bebsite.com &&2B&&60&&C8 Clearing&170&330&589&2B &BEthe bio&375&286&22A: [#1#&2B&5Forg/site/Page&&3E0 &&2B&&5Forg] - [[&&2B&&5F&13E]
: [#1#&64.org &64.org] - Clearing&170&330&143&2B &1B3non-cure &932125 Many &116 by &64.
: [#1#&2Borg/&6D3.html &&C&10Study of &&2B, &&2B&&60&&C8(&1C7by [[Bernard Rimland]])
* ''&&AA'
: [#1#geo&19Bcom/&3E5oel/&F9html A Way Of Life] &&AA&&C42for &374
:[#1#&2Breatment.info &&2B&&286Info] &&286Tips for &&B&101E&&2B PDD #3# &&273s &&183
: [#2#rsaffran.tripod.com/aba.html ABA &&AAfor Re&A9C from &&2B - &&281and &349&522for &EEl &60C&EDtism
: [#1#&2B&AAcom/ &&2B&&AAcom] - Offering in&E36&89B &2C2&7E4&38l &60E&2B&1BC&&183
: [#1#&2Balk.net &&2BTalk] Parents #3# educators &CC8all &206
: [#1#&2Boday.com/ &&2Boday.com] - '&139hing you &275know &55&2B, &&2B&&14A: [#1#&610tv/&2BFocus on &&2B S&1E1of documentaries, &10B1206 etc.
: [#1#info.&2Borg.uk/ &&2Borg.uk] - 'PARIS: &&A2&&2B&&349#3# &&3F&&172 (&1DE of UK &2B&11C
: [#2#glennrowe.net/BaronCohen/&&2Bpectrum&&BC7&&2Bpectrum&&BC7aspx &&2B&&10D&&BC7 - Measure Your &&2B&&10D&&BC7: [#1#rdos.net/eng/Aspie-quiz.php Aspie-quiz] - Quiz that &4EC&64&EC1
{{&&257&CB}}

!FE!

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'''&&BD'' &F&9E6of [[&9E3vity]] of a &190or body. It &F&1021of [[&DA5o&F63&46D] (EM &46D &558&4a&652incident upon it. The fr&D6 &108ex&141d as a &5B2ge from 0% to 100%, &5F&A3&5D4in [[climatology]] and [[&2E0]. This &1021&6C5&8[[&A50] &0&46D&C0 un&A2A it &11Ean &3DC&1E5&2A6[[&5C6&662]. It also &6C5&8[[&10C4of &A5A] &0&46D un&A2A &611&A5A Fresh snow &BD are high: &89290%. The &3DB&190&17Dlow &BD§2The &3DC&70F[[&&192] &7A130% &94A&BD&0[[Moon]] &7A17%. In &2E0 &32Eof &656 &&10C0ids &57&83infer &190com&128 &45Cice &6D3§4[[&&EC0(moon)|&&EC0], a moon of Saturn, h&A&9FD&111&BD&146 body &1&D71&4B with 99% of EM &46D&558

&&9C&2E1have &35F &32E(via &94C&66Fnce and &9E5 for &191 &657&163&1F0&D33 &&28 quantification &63&70E&572&8&3B0&52E &&753&66F&57B&326have t&429to &57Adecrease [[&3B0&5C5].

The #0#&1&555 &1E7&437&Fsnow-&521&FE9 If a snow &479area warms &3snow melts, &32Edecreases, more sun&662is &FE8 &3&521&4EE&20A The &BF5is true: if snow &2F3 a cooling &D72&9E4 The &ECD&0&437&6C5&8size &0&35Fin &BD&3&3D5[[insolation]]; &50B&1A3it &57&290y very &2BF&&FE7

== Some &58A&437 ==

=== &&557 &&94B===

&&292&4[[&&2AClimatic Data &&C]'s GHCN 2 data, &3A&72Cof 30-year smoothed climatic &194&436of &47B&348&6FB&4B the &DD&47B&4EBat [[&&557], [[&&94B], &7A13 °C (5 °F) warmer &785&5C4at &&557 &625beca&5Cdrainage &2A7&44Aso &2BFy &68&0&23E&BD&1F&DD&570ng &1B3&40B&A7Aof [[pine]] [[tree]]s &&4B0less open snowy &1A1to &9E3the heat &6F6&25 Neunke and Kukla have &664&3DA&3F7is &9F&55A&2Alate [[&6C4] &324 when [[&D71&46D] is &C6r.

=== The tropics ===

&&168&BD&521&70Emost &1B8in c&95A&262of &&192 &68more [[snow]] falls &B7 &26&301much &3C2r in &4EA&262&68&&FE7&B7&971y more sun&662 When [[&&BBC]ian ranchers cut down dark, &4EA[[&94A] &749to re&1C1them with even darker soil in &102grow &AB7 the &3DC&521&&10C3&A5&&FE6&44Faver&1C1&553 °C (5 °F) year-&27E &3A&12Fa&652

=== &&20&52E&1C6===

&&BD&4E4&684&52E too. &&656wear dark &CC7&1&1E5ime put &135at &802r risk of [[heat&EB3] than &120wear &23C&CC7 

=== Pine &6C3===

The &70Fa [[pine]] &94Cat 45°N &1&6C4&&949&749c&106land &190&30By is &6F1out 9%, &AA&EAE&146 &84y &ABAing land &13E &&85&625due &4&99A&0pines, &655&5E&74Fscattering of sun&66&101E1&749&17&23E the &1062&558&662&24A &&5E&662penet&1021, the &3DBs &BDis even &23E&79F3.5%, &7Fthis &6C5&3C2y &8&10C4&0incident &46D Dense [[swamp]]l&60erages &489% and 14%. [[Deciduous tree]]s &3DC&5513%. A [[&826]y &248&108&76Fin &79F20%. A barren &248will &109F&8&99A&0soil, and &57as &87D5% or as &83140%, with 15% &7D&AC&3DCfor &FE5 A [[&4A5] or &2BF[[beach]] &108&3DC &16C25% but &EDAdep&6BC&8&99A&0sand. [&&136 &&60B&&BBBs &1B4&1&&C6Plains &1&6C4&16C45°N].

=== &&825&163===

&&825&163&3F7have very un&84&105&EDbedo &68&0many &9C&66A&103 &17absorb &662&30A&662can &AB6the &190 &&1&10Arn part &0&4D &19Bare &1D9dark, and &&BBB&716&15r &3DC&BD&7A17%, with &6F1s&662&20A&2A&1E5 &&7CE&4EA&6D &19B&3DC&16C12%. &&85&2D3&4&105&1F7&10Arn sub&825&D1Btional zones. Part &0&1A3&50B&F&5A&84&13Eof &19Bin &4EA&262 e.g., &B9more very dark &749&16C an&3&&163n &1BB&9ED &0tropics are very poor, and city &4F8 &151&66Awith &5A&101. Warmer &262&1CF&E50&662r &99Ad &4F8&101 so the &103 will &6CB&BBA

=== Trees ===

&&68&749tend &9Ca low &BD re&7C6&6C3&67&1C2&20A&BD&3eby cool the &948 Cloud &FE9 &12Bcomplicate t&52ue. In &8C4lly snow-&479zones, &6C4&BD of treeless &163are 10% to 50% &40Bthan &BB9&94Cd &163&68snow &7Dc&106&749as readily.

&&AF&11[[Hadley &&6D6] have investigated the &504(&5Cy &5C5 &2F5of &BD&35Fand (cooling) &2F5of [[&947sequest&1021]] on &428ng &6C3 They &1DCthat new &6C3in &4EAand midlatitude &163t&429to cool; new &6C3in high latitudes (e.g. Siberia) were &824or &327&5C5[#2#66.102.11.104/&32Cq=cache:o7LD-owSkNgJ:www.ulapland.fi/home/arktinen/feed_pdf/Betts_&9E2pdf+hadley+&BD&94Camp;hl=en].

=== Snow ===

Snow &BD &57as &83190%. &&85&10ideal &191 &28 fresh deep snow &506&4D5ess &46C Over [[&&D70] they &3DCa &16B&12380%.

If a &997lly snow-&479area warms, snow &4EEmelt, &23Eng &32E &15Ece &654more snowmelt (the ice-&BD[[&FE9]). This &Fbas&86C&C4Aof &BB8&5C5&1polar and &8C4lly snow &479&262as a &3D9[[&3B0&5C5].

=== &&6C2===

&&6C2are an&3A&24F&BDthat &2694&3B0&5C5&BB7 &&5A&82Bof &6C2have &5A&BD&105 &1CFy &6C1&1B3minimum of near 0% to a maximum &1high 70s. [[&&14F&42E]s have &664&3AFthe &526&&192were &1B&FF1&653&23C&6C2 the &190&521 &67drop to a &2EA&2D3-150 °C (-240 °F). This &42E &7F&26&79Dperfect, also pr&1014 that to &60Aa 5 °C (9 °F) &521&35F&5Ean &20A&1&63D&0[[&759170&2F5], #0#all#0# we &67&275do &273rease the &&192s &1062&BD&4E312% by &BEDmore &23C&6C2

&&BDand &14F&272&163are &46B&4F4by &748&6C2 &C&DB&1C8&11[[con&D64]s of &D6F&347airliner &145 A &1B4&208[[&&21411, 2001 &9E1&&21411 &9E1], &46&17all &193air&5A4&1U.S. shut down for &117days, &7CDa &1F21 #3#deg;C &20A&1&527&521&2F9(&390of day and &385&521) (''see: [[con&D64]'').

=== Aerosol &1C6===

[[Particulate|Aerosol]] (very fine p&116/&FE4&1&D1A &83A&1C6 &4B7&122irect. The &4B7(&BD &2F5&24Bto cool the &948 the in&4B7&2F5(&7AEcles act as [[Cloud condensation nuclei|CCN]]s &3eby &35F[[cloud &6CEies]]) is less &11F[#!A7!tar/wg1/231.htm#671].

=== &&16E&947===

An&3A&BD&2D2&2F5&8&14Fis from &16E&947p&116. The size &63&70E&259quantify: the [[IPCC]] say &15r #0#&26D&0&3B0mean radiative &4E9for BC aerosols from &BB6fuels is ... +0.2 W m&lt;sup&gt;-2&lt;/sup&gt; (from +0.1 W m&lt;sup&gt;-2&lt;/sup&gt; &1[[SAR_(IPCC)|SAR)]]) &32&2F9+0.1 to +0.4 W m&lt;sup&gt;-2&lt;/sup&gt;#0#. [#!A7!tar/wg1/233.htm].

[[&&8Electro&F63&46D]
[[&&8Climatology]]
[[&&8&&14F&4E9]
[[&&8Astro&12A]

[[als#2A#
#7F#Албедо]]
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§4<&7Abu &&A6/&7
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!6!
!1D!C&&16671.193.1.105|71.193.1.105]] ([[User talk:71.193.1.105|talk]]) to &&AB5Bloodshedder</&4
§6#7#[[&&1BAbuDhabi02.JPG|&41&&3A2Abu &&A6&A&2C0]
[[&&1BAbu &&A6from &&25ISS006-E-32079-&&1382003.JPG|&41&A&2C0&&656im&1C1Abu &&A6(&&1382003)]]
!A6!7Abu_&&A6&388jpg|&41&&2A6&&6C7&&747&&388&A&2C0]
!A6!7Abu_&&A6side.jpg|&41&&2A6&&6C7&&747&5side|&A&2C0]
'''Abu &&A6'' ([[&&F8&B&&F8]: #3##1571;#3##1576;#3##1608; #3##1592;#3##1576;#3##1610; ''#3##700;Ab#3##363; #3##7826;aby'') &F&12C&0&426[[emirate]]s that &746&18Arab &&2A6] and &44so the &12C&&82A[[&&6C0&&9]. '''Abu &&A6'' &4Aa city &0same name with&1Emirate that &F[[&C4city|&C4] &0&BA in &10A&83UAE.§2The city lies on a T-&EBF&18Bjutting in&4[[&&6BFGulf]] &5&83&7E&266 An &26D 1,000,000 &5A6&B7in 2000, &32out an 80% [[expatriate]] &27 Abu &&A6city &1EDat {{coor d|24.4667|N|54.3667|E}}. [[Al Ain]] is Abu &&A6s &361&825area &32&42F348,000 ([[2003]] &1CC&26D &B1&32F150 &78A &EBE
 
!2A!
&&95Abu &&A6&4E1as far back &A[[3rd &597BC]] &279&9A&35fits the &CC6 herding &579&5B8&4F5&0&7FE&2E5 &&86Abu &&A6&1020 its &361 &4&7DD&EAtribal confederati&8Bani Yas &&D6E18th &3C who &4F6sumed &141[[Dubai]]. &&1&265the Dubai and Abu &&A6&2B8&109Eways.

In&4mid-&22F &C9&4E2&&A6&17E&1Bsu&104F&2ADby camel herding, &A0of &75Band vege&645 &1F&EBEoases of [[Al Ain]] and Liwa, &579and &AC8diving &39C&486Abu &&A6city, &61&3A5&2AD&2A&1E5&324§2Most dwellings &87C&&A6city were, &5BDtime &689of palm fronds (barasti), &B&328off &306occupying mud huts.§2The &254&0&3E &AC8&209&1&652&0&22F&1C8&FE3for &A4F&4E2&&A6as &AC8 &34D&12C&6EAand main &24Fcash &BB5§2

In 1939, &&6BE[[&&FE2Bin-&&946Al Nahyan]] &25Fd [[&&1E6] &C40 and oil &6C0&1F71958.§2At &57 oil &4AC&140&997l &96D§2A few lowrise concete &4F8 were erected, &3&57paved road was &30B in 1961, but &&6BEShakbut, un&11F&3F1&14Coil royalties &67last, took a cautious &22A p&AD1ng &839the &823&51investing it in &8A§2His br&3A [[&&822bin &&946Al &&821], saw that &651had &435to &D1Borm Abu &&A6§2The &BE5Al &&821&E0&9FAthat &&6BE&&822&2FBre&1C1his brot&87ARuler and carry out his &3E7&3EA&293§2On [[&&19D6]], [[1966]], &B&8E3&0&&B4 &&6BE&&822&E9new &98B§2See &5Cy, Al-Fahim, M, ''From Rags to Riches: A &&246&4E2&&A6', &&2CCSix (&&7CF&&6D6of Arab &&AF 1995), ISBN 1 900404 00 1.

&&Bann&10B9ent by &&3DAin 1968 &87&67&FE1&5Gulf area by 1971, &&6BE&&822&E9main &1061&1AF&1B6&1FAtion &0[[&&19Arab &&2A6].

&&DD&&2A6&7E8&131in 1971, &651&AFflow &4area and &99[[Mudbrick|mud-brick]] [[hut]]s were &4E8&434[[banks]], boutiques &606[[highrise]]s.

==&&1B2&98B=
His Highness &&6BE[[Khalifa bin &&822Al &&821] &Fhereditary [[Emir|emir]] and &98B&4E2&&A6 &F6&A&1B2&3D&0[[&&19Arab &&2A6] (UAE).

==&&408&&35=
[[&&1BStamp_Abu_1967_40f-170px.jpg|&A170px|&41[[&&EBD] [[&&822bin &&946Al &&821Zaid]], [[1967]].]]
Now part &0[[&&19Arab &&2A6], '''Abu &&A6'' was &4E7the &12C&0&426sheikdoms &17made &24E[[&&6C0&&9] &8so-&8C[[Pirate &&266] &650[[&&945] &48[[Oman]] and [[Qatar]].§2The [[&&6C0&&9] as a &526&140 area &15432,000 &3C5&384&162Abu &&A6&834had 26,000.§2The &C4w&Atown &4E2&&A6&3A&89Boffshore isl&60d &6C0&505in 1761.

&&5A[[&&6C0&&9] arose from [[treaties]] &70D[[&&C6&&3DA] in 1820 &17&BE7 a &65Cof [[truce]] &1area &3sup&141on of [[&BB4] and [[&115].§2The [[&623] &1060on [[31 &&13F] [[1966]].§2The &BB3to &4DF[[UAE]] &79Bon [[18 July]] [[1971]] &3[[&3E8] was &1C7on [[1 &&19D] [[1972]], &168&462[[UAE]] &608&2C6&766 &195[[1 &&C3] [[1973]].

[[&1E6Oil]] &A0&1B3on [[Das &&18B] &46[[prospecting]] &2211956-1960.§2[[Das &&18B] is &49Abu &&A6but lies well [[offshore]], &55100 &384&10A&0&BB2§2[[&1E6Oil]] &A0&8[[&BB2] &1B3in 1962.§2As &59B[[&1E6oil]] &369, Abu &&A6soon &8A5&105F[[&19A] &56A§2[[Investment]] in long-term [[&31C] &1C5 &3&A7Dof a [[&105E] &4A4has led &4area &444a &6D6of [[&BB1] &17may well &BB0its &CC5&350&FA[[&1E6oil]] &AAare exhausted.

In &&13F1960, [[po&AB2&608] of [[Compendium of po&AB2&D6D&766s (Brit - &&B4#&&B4&&408&&BAFin &&143&&945&&B4&&408&&BAFin &&143&&945] were &FE0&4[[&31C] &298on [[Das &&18B] &1BA[[&408&172] &44&181d via &3A0cy &2A5in [[&&9E0].§2The [[mail]] &44so [[&FDF]ed [[&&9E0] so &184&79Aindication &70C[[&1EF] had come from [[Das &&18B].

On [[30 &&138] [[1963]], a &&B4&944&64F&87C&&A6&B1ued &3A0cy &608&DDsheik &925d &4use &0[[&&6C0&&9] [[&596]s.§2[[Mail]] from [[Das &&18B] &17E&1Bad&181d by [[&&9E0] but &850 cancelled &44FAbu &&A6[[&&6C0&&9] [[&FDF].

&&23Abu &&A6&608were a [[&596&2F0] of [[30 &&138] [[1964]] &A4E[[&&EBD] [[&&FE2Bin-&&946Al Nahyan]].§2&&62Celeven &105&8D[[&&42D&&1D1] [[&1FD] &4AAused of 100 [[paisa|naye paise]] = 1 [[rupee]].§2The &1CE&105was 5 np to 10 [[rupee]]s.§2&&32Dthe &330&0e [[&596]s, &569&944&608&270&D6Cin both Abu &&A6and [[Das &&18B] &8E&1591966 &FA were with&51C

A [[post &2A5] &64Fon [[Das &&18B] on [[6 &&C3] [[1966]] &1D4&429the [[&&9E0] &172§2[[Mail]] from [[Das &&18B] &850 &EE4 with&87C&&A6

&&FA[[&623] with [[&&C6&&3DA] &1060&1F&1591966, Abu &&A6&34B&303[[&1FD] of 1000 [[fils]] = 1 [[dinar]] &23Ak over &59D&408&4E6 &5B[[Das &&18B] &2A5 The &31F&321were &230to [[surcharge]]s &14D[[&1FD] and re&1C1ent [[&596]s were &BAE&A4E&14C&98B[[&&EBD] [[&&822bin &&946Al &&821Zaid]].§2Issues &189&18A[[UAE]] &608in 1973.

In all, Abu &&A6&766 95 &608from 1964 to 1972, &180set &7D&117&206&0[[Dome &0Rock]] in [[&&EBB]. 

'''&&3C1'': [#1#jl.sl.bt&631co.uk/&608te/&34Ca/abu&A6html &&57Aof &&408&&35

!11D!
Sunny/blue skies &57&62D&69out &733 The &324June &69&&214are &5Cy &838humid with &521 averaging &26340ºC(110ºF). The &47B&1EBpleasant from &&20Fto May. &&C3to &&DFis &BBAand may &503the &5C&837jacket. The oasis &80F[[Al Ain]] &EBA&BBA&521 even &69&1E5&5E[[&BAD] &FDE

==&&556=
[[Abu &&A6Inter&2A&&5C4] &3E0 this city. The &1F2time is [[GMT]] + 4 &95F

!ED!
* The &5C3cat [[Gar&248] &67&7Aput the kitten [[Nermal]] in a &836ship &4DEAbu &&A6 &&755&95Efrom Gar&248is #0#Abu &&A6is &94&DCcute kittens go.&&B5&1A3is &15&2EFof Gar&248&70B&69over-seas &1A4&15city &4E2&&A6 &3&291UAE, &17D&2BF&3D5cats that roam wild. Many live &1F0suburbs.

!D8!
* [[Mina' Zayid]], the port &4E2&&A6
* [[Al Ain]]
* [[Marawah]]
* [[&&408&&2EFties]]
* [[Saudi &&945]
* [[&&FE&1&&19Arab &&2A6]

!12!
{{&&98C}
{{&1A9|Abu &&A6}
* [#1#jl.sl.bt&631co.uk/&608te/&34Ca/abu&A6html &&57Aof &&408&&35
* [#1#thepersiangulf.org/&19Babu&A6html Abu &&A6 The &&6BFGulf]
* [#1#abu&A6com/ abu&A6com]
* [#1#adcci-uae.com/ Abu &&A6Chamber of Commerce &897dustry]
* [#1#adnoc.com/ Abu &&A6&&2AOil &&E9
* [#1#spe.org/&5Fabu&A6Abu&&A6info.htm SPE &35 with oil &20D
* [#1#angelfire.com/ok/ABUDHABISTAMPS/ Abu &&A6&408&35
* [#1#adias-uae.com ADIAS], Abu &&A6&&106&&40&&1652
* [#1#alloexpat.com/abu_&A6expat_&4BD &&C3F&&4BD &87C&&A6
* [#1#timeoutabu&A6com/ Time Out Abu &&A6, &&522to &7F3Abu &&A6*[#1#&1CBae.net/ &&1CBUAE - Useful web site &10job seekers &87Cdabi/&&19Arab &&2A6

===Non-&&1F&&620===
* [#1#ansarburney.org/ Ansar Burney Trust] - &24D&60ti-&115&620{{UAE}}

[[&&8&&C4 in Asia]]
[[&&8&&19B&1&&19Arab &&2A6]
[[&&8&&2A6]
[[&&8&&266l &19B]
[[&&8Philately by &BA]

!26!أبوظبي]]
#7F#Абу Даби]]
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{{&98Car2|A|a}}
&&64E'''A''' &F&57&1EF&1[[&&2E8&2A4]. Its name &4DC&B&&42] is ''a'', plural ''aes,'' ''a's,'' or ''as''.

!2A!
The &165&62C&31Bas a [[pictogram]] &146[[ox]] head in [[&&EChiero&CF2]s &1B5[[&&52F&E7&2A4].

!A2!
|-!B9!
|[[&&1B&&124anA-01.png|&&EChiero&CF2c ox head]]&&3Dgt;&&EChiero&CF2&3Dgt;ox head
|[[&&1B&&52FsemiticA-01.png|&&52F&E7ox head]]&&3Dgt;&&52F&E7&3Dgt;ox head
|[[&&1BPhoenicianA-01.png|&&4A3&D6B]&&3Dgt;&&4A3''&D6B'
|[[&&1BGreekA-01.png|&&6B&34C]&&3Dgt;&&6B''&34C'
|[[&&1BEtruscanA-01.png|&&4E4A]]&&3Dgt;&&4E4A
|[[&&1BRomanA-01.png|&&10BA]]&&3Dgt;&&10BA
|}

By [[1600 BC]], the [[&&4A3&2A4]'s &1EF&140&107Fform that &3E0 &A&DA7&EDl &D2&2F3 Its name mus&859cor&A65&4E3&4[[&&BAB&2A4&&BAB] [[Aleph (&1EF|&D6B]. &&5A&4A&2D3&4&&F8[[Alif|alif.]]

&&FA[[&&78&&4A2&&78&&6B]] &546&2A4 &746no use &10[[glottal stop]] &15&1EFhad de&98Ein &&4A3&4D[[&&E7&B]], so they used the sign &10&941{{IPA|/#3##593;/}}, and &35F its &835[[&34C(&1EF|&34C]. &&1&B8B&&6Bin&95ons, &943&4[[8th &3CBC]], &64Erests upon its side, but &1[[&&6B&2A4] of &D2&171it &5Cy &EB7&66A&C4&1EF &433&1F2&EB6&57&677d &11&18Cning &4CEleg, or &11&10C4at &188&A8A&834set.

The [[&&4E4]] &1E7&121&2A4to &4DB[[&&655] &4DA&64Eun&35F. &&692 &D2&546[[Old &&EB5&2A4&&4E4&2A4] &491[[&&2E8], &3&570ng &1EFwas &12 &1&86[[&&2E8&2A4] &83&DA4many &B, &34[[&&42&B&&42].

&&64E&83A[[&EB4] (&23Ecase) &2F3 &&1FA&1BEmost &1B2hand&174&110a circle and &605&EB3 Most &90Cd &101uses &264&432a &20loop &32 arc over it. Both derive &5majuscule (&C4 form. In &&6Bhand&174 &71&1A9to jo&1left leg and &942&EB3into &2CCloop, as demonstrated &11Uncial &179&243 Many fonts then made &6C7leg &605 &&272&0e, the [[serif]] that &1B3&6C7leg &EB3&75&323 arc, &570ng &1&90Cd form, &43&2C3 &71dropped, &570ng &1&86hand&1EEform.

!A2!
|-!B9!
|[[&&1B&&16EetterA-01.png|&&16E165]&&3Dgt;[[&&16Eetter]] A
|[[&&1BUncialA-01.png|Uncial A]]&&3Dgt;[[Uncial]] A
|[[&&1BAcap.png|An&3A&&C4A]]
|-!B9!
|[[&&1B&&86omanA-01.png|&&86&&10BA]]&&3Dgt;&&86&&10BA
|[[&&1B&&86talicA-01.png|&&86&&EB5A]]&&3Dgt;&&86&&EB5A
|[[&&1B&&86criptA-01.png|&&86&&95A]]&&3Dgt;&&86&&95A
|}

!D9!
&&4DC&B&&42], the &165&723lf &108de&4BAthe [[lax open &388un&27Ed &941] ({{IPA2|æ}}) &7BE''pad'', &64D&39B&941] ({{IPA2|ɑ}}) &7BE''&2B1', or, in concert &32&D2&BAA[[e]], the diphthong {{IPA2|eʲ}} (&5EB&A70&EDA&B&1039 &7BE''ace'', &5E&1C6&0[[&&C6&941&745].

&&7CE&3A&B that &1C6&&2E8&2A4 the &165de&4BA&21Ban [[open &39B&941] ({{IPA2|ɑ}}), &7BA[[open &83un&27Ed &941] ({{IPA2|a}}). 

&&1[[Inter&2APhonetic &&2A4], &5CC &0&165denote &20E[[&941]s. In [[X-SAMPA]], &3D7de&4BA&64D&39B&941] and &2A1de&4BA&64D&388un&27Ed &941].

A also &F&&42[[indefinite &116], &229to [[an]] &90a &941

==Codes for &568=
{{&&1EF|NATO=Alpha
|Morse=·–
|B1=●
|B2=○
|B3=○
|B4=○
|B5=○
|B6=○
}}
In [[&&20C] the [[majuscule|&C4] A is code&125U+0041 &3[[&EB4&23Ease]] a is U+0061.

In [[Hexa&9DFHex]], A &F&36&83re&8B&9DF10, &7BC[[&&406&CC4&4B&406], 01010

The [[&&&3B] code for &3D7is 65 &7D6&2A1is 97; &7BC[[&&406&CC4&4B&406] 01000001 and 01100001, &77Ey.

The [[EBCDIC]] code for &3D7is 193 &7D6&2A1is 129.

The [[numeric &36&136]s in [[HTML]] and [[XML]] are #0#&lt;tt&gt;#3#amp;#65;&lt;/tt&gt;&&40#0#&lt;tt&gt;#3#amp;#97;&lt;/tt&gt;&&70A&849and &23Ecase &2A3

==&&E6 for '''A'''==
* As a word; see [[A, an]]
* In [[&&19&&9&&10] [[&&193&&604Baseball]], the [[Oakland Athletics]] &3D6&2F1&78&A#0#'''A's'''.#0#
* In [[&2E0],
** A &932 &ED&&C31 &6915 &481 &1pro&56Fl desig&2B5of a comet (e.g. [[C/1760 A1]], the &&C6&&654of 1760) or asteroid (e.g. {{mpl|(4099) 1988 AB|5}})
** ''a'' &7A&83denote the [[semi-&193axis]] &146orbit
* In [[bio&1E2], A &F&603for [[alanine]] and [[adenosine]].
* Brassiere [[cup size]] '''A'''
* In [[&8A4]s, A &7Aan &607&10[[month]]s [[&&142] and [[&&19D].
* In [[&568],
** &lt;tt&gt;#3#lt;a#3#gt;&lt;/tt&gt; &F[[HTML &228&2C2&60chors|HTML &228&ED anchor tag]].
** In &&9DE Ctrl-A, and Mac OS, &&469A, s&DA5 &DCtext &1document, or &DCpixels &146&1B
** A &59&39Aset &244&2A4c &F&1D3[[&36&6BD(&102&47|&6BD] &2A7
** A:\ &F&58Dl &371&0&57floppy disk &844in [[CP/M]]-&FD[[&468&4B]s &C[[DOS]].
** A is a &757di&56F(#0#Verified &&848on#0#) &1[[TCSEC]].
* In [[&133], a [[Grade (&133|grade]] of '''A''' &259&39A&9FD&42Bthat &1BBcan &6C6 &&85&59&1099 &32[[plus]]/[[minus]] sign, &7BE'''A+''' or '''A-''', or &B8 &7BE'''A1'''. &&26&5E7lly a grade one &24A&243'''A*''' (&940#0#A Star#0#).
* In [[&DA5onics]],
** [[A &CC3A]] is &64Csize of [[&CC3(&520|&CC3].
** A &632&4Anode, or filament, &7E1of a [[vacuum tube]]. 
* &&4DC&B&&42], &2D2''a'' &5Findefinite [[&116(&81F|&116], see [[A, an]]
* In [[&&EB2Grammar|&&EB2], -a &Fadjectival/attributive &6BC A is comm&6F1 &607&E6&&42(&B.
* In [[&22B], &64Eworn by Hester Prynne marking her &277&10C5ess &1[[&&132Hawthorne]] &2F7''[[The Scarlet &&1EF]'' &44 ''A''.
* In [[film]], ''A'' &5F&&471film made in [[1969]]; &709(film)]]''.
* In [[&105E], A &FU.S. [[ticker &603] for [[Agilent Techn&E01]].
* In [[game]]s, the &165is &83mark each &0[[Ace]]s in a deck of [[&4F2card]]s.
* In [[&&6B&B&&6B], a- is a [[&BA9] (''&34Cprivativum'') &E6#0#not&&6C#0#&3C0#0# used &C3borrowed &2FA&4DC&B&&42], [[&&D5&B&&D5] and [[&&10Be &B]].
* In [[&&42D] ''A'' is &1B1&109D &207&477int&429&1Bseen only by &615
* In [[&&276&10B12A&CC2&D6A&245&10B12Alicence &D6A&245], A &932 for [[&&32].
* In [[&4ABsize|&10B12A&4ABsizes]], A is a &6B5sizes &32 [[&&4ABsize|&EB1&1021] of &5C170% &4CAto &6BB with A4 &7D&5F7&12Dsize.
* In [[&261], 
**the &165is &5BCa &603&10&D7&C3Epro&128&1&5Cform #0#all x is y.&&B5&1EF I, E, and O are used &2A3&10&14C&C3E#0#some x is y,&&11D&D7&602#0#no x is y,#0# &3&14C&602#0#some x &6By.&&B5use &0e &1EF &24B&847&5&941 &0two [[&&2E8] [[verb]]s ''affirmo'' (or AIo), #0#I &BE8&&40''nego'', #0#I deny.&&B5use &0&31E&75B&5[[13th &3C], &7Fsome &2EFties &1020&72&361&4&&6B&261ans. 
**In [[&44E&261], the &603#3#forall; (an &FDC&165 &F[[&D7quantifier]].
* In [[&51F], 
**A &7A&5BCa [[numerical digit|digit]] &E6''[[10 (&365|ten]]'' in [[hexa&9DF] &4D&128l [[&CC4&4B]s &32[[radix]] of 11 or &C6r, 
**[[&16Eoard bold]] &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{A}&lt;/math&gt; (#3##x1D504; in [[&&20C]) &59&39A[[&1042c &2D0].
**&&1[[On-Line &&1D2of Integer &&BA8]], each &BA8&17D ID &CE6ng &0&165and six base 10 &BA7
* In [[&15F], '''A''' (also, '''A+''' or '''A-''') &1AF&0&9C[[&743type]]s.
* In [[&D8],
** A is a [[Pitch &1C2] or [[note]], see [[A (&D8l note)]].
** A, or #0#side A,#0# &632&4top or &57&7D0a [[vinyl &276].
** ''A'' is a [[&&B4rock]] band; &709(band)]]''.
** ''A'' &5F&742by [[Jethro Tull (band)|Jethro Tull]]; &709(&742]]''.
* In [[&A4B], A is a [[vitamin]].
* In [[&953]], most SLR &8E5 use A to signify &FDB&66Dty mode, &24Auser sets the &FDB&3&8E5deter&2D8the shutter &D69
* In [[&554], [[A (poem)|A]] &F&193work of &30A&22F&2EF[[&&5A2Zukofsky]].
* In [[&39&47&39&CA], a circumscribed #0#A#0# &5F[[&4C&560&4C&603].
* &&A&57&1EFof a [[&408code]],
** In [[&&4B2], A &932 for [[New&1DC&60d Labrador]].
* &&8serial &1EA[[&&19&&9&553]s, A &741the [[&&150Re&3E0Bank of &&6D1].
* &&1[[SI]] &3E1units, 
** A &F&603&10[[ampere]] or amp, the [[SI base unit]] of [[&DA5ic &1B2].
** a, [[atto]], &F[[SI &BA9] &E610&lt;sup&gt;-18&lt;/sup&gt;
** a &F&603&10[[are]], a unit of &19&10C3&AC9to 100 [[&3C5&D68]s.
* As a [[timezone]], A &F&CCdesig&2B5for [[&&305&&D7Time]]+1, also &79CET or [[&&83&&51Time]].

#F8#
{{Wikisource1911Enc|A}}
{{&&1A9|A}}
* [[Alpha (&1EF|Alpha]] 
* [[A (&&FDA|&&FDAA]]
* &lt;big&gt;[[ª]]!11! 
* [[À]]
* [[Á]]
* [[Â]]
* [[Ã]]
* [[Ä]] (Ae)
* [[Å]] (Aa)
* [[Æ]]
* [[A-breve|#3##258;]] 
* [[A-ogonek|#3##260;]]
* [[∀]]
&&&CC1all#0# /&gt;

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§2&&B§7= [[&&42&B&&42] 96.7%, [[&&15D&B&&15D] 2.2% |
§2LargestCity§5= [[&&594 &&1C&&594] |
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[[[[&1BAlaUrb.gif |&41&C&2DF&&1C&&19Band &&825&&163Sprawl]]
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|'''[[List &101&31&749&&31tree#9D#||[[Longleaf Pine]]
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!B6!
'''&&1C'' is a [[U.S. &31&31] &32F&1[[&&80&&19&&9&&80] [[&&19&&9].

!2A!
''Ma&&40D [[&&2B&&1C]''

The &6BA&0[[&&158&&10 &1&&19&&9&&158&&10] &73Eis &219in &&1C &&1C3&&158&&10&23once &187&8B&&4D8[[&&1C(&23|&&1C] (Alibamu), [[Cherokee]], [[Chickasaw]], [[Choctaw]], [[&&73D&23&&73D], [[Koasati]], and [[&&3A9(&23|&&3A9].§2&&1DB&B&&10Aast via the [[Ohio &&260] &1B3&2ABurial Mound Period§2([[1000 BC]]-A.D. [[700]]) and &189&&51&4F3§2Meso-&&19Aluence is &CC0&1agrarian &&23Bn &3Ethat &22C

The [[&&8F&&50] &58&23[[&&A8]an &1D7&1&31&&&9DDof [[&&3A9 &&1C&&3A9] in [[1702]].§2&&80&&576&&50from [[1702]]#3#&196[[1763]], &49&&B4West &&5C0&431amp;&196[[1780]], and &49&&15DWest &&5C0from [[1780]]#3#&196[[1814]]. &&10Arn &51D&&576&49&&B4&&467&431amp;&196[[1783]] &799&0&&10&&23B&91&B746 Its &31ood &831d &11&10Da &266ine (rectified when &&D9 &&5BF&73C&&15D&&3A9in [[1814]]), &&1C&E922nd &31in [[1819]].

&&74&32A&9D5&5&&11E&4F811]], [[1861]] and &E9[[&&1CRe&A2] and &42B18]] [[1861]] &163[[&&1AC&&9&13E&&1AC&31].§2&&43not many &364 were &6DC&1&31 it &370&55120,000 &600&4[[&&19&&9&&146War|&&146War]].§2&&DDwar a pro&56Fl &1Fwas &707in [[1865]] and &&1C&399re&FCC&4&&11Eon July 14 [[1868]].

The &109B&0&&C39&221&18&&9&&146War|&&146War]], &&1C&44 &AB2&C&1[[&&10&&146&&A &&5D(1955-1968)|&146&A &5D] &0[[1950s]] and [[&93F].

==Law and &1F=
''Ma&&40D [[Law and &&1F&32A]''
===Local #3# &&B0&&1F==
&&1Chas 67 [[&B0&443], each &1E8&59D&47A&249&4C1 &108&1FFBoard of &&8D7rs, &17&108&798&250&155&1&B0§2Due &4res&82Ds &1C1 &1[[&&1C&&6A], &8327 &443(&&651 Lee, &&3A9 Madison, &&595 &&EB0 and &&D66 &1&31have &16Bto no [[home rule]].§2&&29A most &443&1&31have to lobby &4Local Legislation &&466&74&51E&85C&1CE&1F2&442&C&D10disposal to land use zoning.

&&1C&5F&1038&BD7or [[Alcoholic beverage &B5&31].

===&&39&&14F==
&&114&351&0&31is [[Bob &&AB3(&&1C|Bob &&AB3] &3two U.S. &73Bare [[Jeff &&73F&&651B. &&73FIII]] &430&&EB0&&144C. &&EB0] (all &117&5[[&&19&&9Re&A2n &&97Re&A2n &&97]).§2&&114[[&&1C&&6A] &&9F7in [[1901]].

&&221[[&&F7] &1AA&FE&&146War]], &&576&3A5by &150&6EC&0[[&&42A&&CC&&73A] &110[[John Pope (&CC&2A5)|&&5CJohn Pope]]. In [[1877]], the &&F7&6F5&429&B&685of [[&&D65B. Hayes]] as &&3D&DA5 [[&&23C&23&&23C] &&80rs &CBF&B5&0&1Fand &4BFlaws to [[&21Csegregation|segregate]] and disen&10B0ise &16E&A4F§2&&74&BFpart &0#0#[[Solid &&89],&&7C9one-&97&4B&&949[[&&9E&&97(&&19&&9|&&9E&&97] &BF&405&1D7&39&97&4D7&&80&31§2For n&9A100 &62 &1F2and &31&1E1 in &&4D8&9FA&1&&9E&&97&480 with &5Cy no Re&A2n &DB7 &6B9 

From [[1876]] &69[[1956]], &&1C&149only &&9E&3Dal &336, by &997 as &83173 &5B2ge &125.§2In [[1960]], &&1Cgave &70its &289&38Cto [[&&650F. Byrd]] as a &CD4§2In [[1964]], &4D6[[Re&A2n &&97(&&19&&9|Re&A2n &&97] &10Cwin more &38C&1&&89by &1AAa #0#[[&&80Strategy]]&&28D&7CB #0#[[&&9 &A|&9 &A]]#0# &3&3DD&4D9sm &0&2A&&9E&&97§2&&23such &336was &319[[Barry Gold&2BE], who &BF&23Re&A2n &336&149by &&1C§2In [[1968]], &&1C&149&158s&89B [[&&10&&E2&&97] &336[[&&1A2&&CBE].§2

&&1E1&&9E&336&32D&&1Cs &505a &3Dal &1E1was &&80r [[&&AB1&&EAF] in [[1976]].§2&&14A &1B6&97has &218&725in &319&&1C&4F &&1A3&1F2&4F &&28A&152&B5&14Eices, &34&193ties in both &170 &0&&51E and &593&&28Aout&365Re&A2ns &1&31§2In 2004, [[&&1A2W. Bush]] won &&1Cs nine &289&38Cby a &997of 25 &5B2ge &125 with 62.5% &0vote.§2&&1D711 &443&35C&&9Ewere [[&&16EBelt (&2E5&32A|&&16EBelt]] &443 &94[[&&AB4522]s are &1&193ty.

&&1C&1ED&1[[&&AB0Belt]], &279&133l &442&9E3this. &&292&4[[Alan Guttmacher &&C8], &&1C&2A2sex &133&1C2s to &7CB#0#that [[homo&357ty]] &6Ban accep&645life&56&4&5C&A2&6Dhomo&357&81Eis a &FD8offense &8Dlaws &0&31#0# &&DA&1054&6B&259en&1AF in &&1C&1C2ooms, &26un&66F&3F1or &274&11B&4A1have &35F &DE&&9D1&&23As &BE5in [[&&FEFv. &&93D]. &&292&4[[&&19&&9&&1CC&&998], in 2000, &&576&5BB4,561 same-sex male &1099 and 4,167 same-sex &62A&1099.

*[[U.S. &542004, &4D4
#F6#
''Main &1E9&32A]''

{{ussm|&1CPNG|al}}
&&1C&F30&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; &12C&31&1&&19&&9with 135,775 km&!A0!gt; (52,423 mi&!A0!gt;) of &3FBarea.§23.19% of &C1&2BE &21E&&1C23&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; &1&3D5&190&2BE also &613it &91&12C&EBE&2BEay &4B&1[[&&19&&9].§2&&55&117&4C4 &0l&60ea is a gentle [[&D8E] &32&5Cincline &234the [[&&23B&&260] &3[[Gulf of &&2E7].§2The [[&&10A&&1C] &2E5&81Fy &300us, &B[[&&2DE&&260] cutting &1B7&54E&8B7&227creeks, streams, &260, &253 and lakes.§2The &EAE&125east &0[[&&23B&&260] &82F[[Dekalb &&B0] &76Ea creek cutting tower ridges, and &8B7[[Buck's Pocket &&31Park]].§2An&3A&84wonder is #0#Land &&BA5&11D&103D&84&BA5span east &0[[&&23B&&260].§2&&1C&5Cy &2F9 in [[elevation]] from [[sea &24A] at [[&&3A9Bay]], to a &16B&1231800 [[foot (unit)|feet]] or 550 [[&D68meters]] &1Appalachian &253&1&10Aast.§2&&577&125is [[&&652Cheaha]].

!12!
[[&&1Bwiki_&1Cjpg|&41275px|Greetings from &&1C]
&&292&4[[&&22A&&81&&22E], the [[2003]] &3FB[[gross &31&482] was $132 &6B8 The [[per &404&6B7] &10&31was $26,505 in 2003. &&1Cs [[agri&52] &CBD&71[[poultry]] and [[Egg (food)|eggs]], [[&552], &428nursery &ABE [[peanut]]s, [[&7CA], [[&10B7]] &C[[maize|corn]] and [[sorgum]], [[vege&645]], [[milk]], [[soybeans]], and [[peaches]]. Even &7F&862[[&&467(U.S. &31|&&467] is &1FF[[Peach &&31], &&1C&369 twice as many peaches &BA4 Its [[&&209&162] &CBD&71[[iron]] and [[&1FC] &2AC &34cast-&4D3&1FCpipe, [[&4AB], [[lumber]], and [[wood]] &2AC [[&93C] (&41Dcoal), and [[plastic]] &2AC &7A9trucks, and [[apparel]]. Also, &&1C&369 [[aero&25] and [[&DA5onic]] &2AC &41D&1[[&&592 &&1C&&592] area, home &0[[NASA]] [[&&1A2C. Mar&66B&&25&&358&&C] &3[[&&19&&9Army Aviati&89B Missile &&469US Army Missile &&469], head&316d at [[Red&4C6&&CBC].

Also, &167of [[&&3A9 &&1C&&3A9] is a busy seaport &8[[Gulf of &&2E7], &2CB&EBE&2BEay &98A&4Midwest via the [[&&2DETombigbee &&2BEay]].

!D7!
{{seesub&116&&92&32A}

{| &1C2#0#toc&BBD&&A&&151&A&&7C94&&&5550&&&601&9970 0 &738font-&32C#4#
|-
! &3812 &6C#0##ccccff&&A&&151&C#4#| &&9D&27
|-
!!B9!| &&1CC!114!year !! &6#0#&A#4#| &&27|-
| &3812|&lt;hr&gt;
|-
|!B9!| 1800 || &6#0#&A#4#| 1,250
|-
|!B9!| 1810 || &6#0#&A#4#| 9,046
|-
|!B9!| 1820 || &6#0#&A#4#| 127,901
|-
|!B9!| 1830 || &6#0#&A#4#| 309,527
|-
|!B9!| 1840 || &6#0#&A#4#| 590,756
|-
|!B9!| 1850 || &6#0#&A#4#| 771,623
|-
|!B9!| 1860 || &6#0#&A#4#| 964,201
|-
|!B9!| 1870 || &6#0#&A#4#| 996,992
|-
|!B9!| 1880 || &6#0#&A#4#| 1,262,505
|-
|!B9!| 1890 || &6#0#&A#4#| 1,513,401
|-
|!B9!| 1900 || &6#0#&A#4#| 1,828,697
|-
|!B9!| 1910 || &6#0#&A#4#| 2,138,093
|-
|!B9!| 1920 || &6#0#&A#4#| 2,348,174
|-
|!B9!| 1930 || &6#0#&A#4#| 2,646,248
|-
|!B9!| 1940 || &6#0#&A#4#| 2,832,961
|-
|!B9!| 1950 || &6#0#&A#4#| 3,061,743
|-
|!B9!| 1960 || &6#0#&A#4#| 3,266,740
|-
|!B9!| 1970 || &6#0#&A#4#| 3,444,165
|-
|!B9!| 1980 || &6#0#&A#4#| 3,893,888
|-
|!B9!| 1990 || &6#0#&A#4#| 4,040,587
|-
|!B9!| [[&&19&&92000 &&1CC2000]] || &6#0#&A#4#| 4,447,100
|}

{|
|-
As of 2005, &&1C&17D &26D &42F4,557,808, &3Aan &2A032,433, or 0.7%, &5&66Dyear &60 &2A0110,457, or 2.5%, &DEyear 2000.§2Th&&FFAa &84&20A&DElast &1CCof 77,418 &23(&C1319,544 &430 minus 242,126 &310) &60 &20A&5Enet &64Fof 36,457 &3C94&31§2&&41Ffrom &37F&1A&&9&570d in a net &2A025,936 &23 and &64Fwith&1&BA&1BAa net &2A010,521 &23

&&74had 108,000 &109born (2.4% &0&31&27, &162an &26D 22.2% were il&733&30E (24,000).
|}
|[[&&1B&&1C&27map.png|&41&A&2C0&&1C&&27&&36Emap]]
===Race &60cestry===
The &21Cmakeup &0&725com&241n &4&66D&1CC
{{&&21C&92&DA0| &9932000 | &81D1990 }}
{{&&21C&92&&23C| &99371.1% | &81D73.6% }}
{{&&21C&92&&16E| &99326.0% | &81D25.3% }}
{{&&21C&92&&93B&4D2| &81D0.5% }}
{{&&21C&92Amerindian | &9930.5% | &81D0.4% }}
{{&&21C&92&&3A| race=&&3Arace &4D2| &81D0.1% }}
{{&&21C&92Mixed | &9931.0% | &81D&lt;&Cgt;*&lt;/&Cgt; }}
{{&&21C&92Hispanic | &993&23C70.3% | &81D&23C73.3% | &993ispanic=1.7% | &81Dispanic=0.6% }}
{{&&21C&92end}}

The &12C&446&5FF&25D&&1C &&10(17.0%), [[&&B4&&10&&42] (7.8%), [[&&AAF&&10&&AAF] (7.7%), [[Germ&522&&D5] (5.7%), and [[Scots-&&AAF&&10Scotch-&&AAF] (2.0%).§2'&&10 &71 &DB&446as &&158&&10or [[&&AB4522].

=!11E!=
&&3E5&EF &32A

*[[&&B3] #3##8211; 92%
**[[&&93A] #3##8211; 79%
***[[Baptist]] #3##8211; 49%
***[[&&2B9st]] #3##8211; 10%
***[[Presbyterian]] #3##8211; 3%
***[[Episcopalian]] &&20B***[[&&147&727] &&20B***[[&&147of &&74E]] &&20B***[[Pentecostal]] &&20B***[[&&FD7] &&20B***&&3A&&93A&&42E**[[&&226] #3##8211; 13%
*&&3A&EF #3##8211; 1%
*Non-&1A5&&42E==&&DD and &&1A7(in&30B==
{{main|&&276&DD and &32B&&1C}
{|
|-
| v&6#0#top&&2*[#1#au.af.mil/ Air &&2F
*[[&&1CA#3#M #A0#
*[[&&1C#94#
*[[&&D9 &&5BF#A0#
*[[&&41B#94#
*[[Auburn #A0#
*[[Auburn &&2F&&595]
*[[&&594&&80#4F#
*[[Bishop &&31&&85#4F#
*[[&&81C&&85&&DD&&81C&&85&&DD&&4B]
!39! Decatur|Decatur-Main &&EAD]
!39! &&FD6&&60Park|&&592&&FD6&&60Park]]
!39! Red&4C6&&CBCRed&4C6&&CBC]
*[[Capps #4F#
*[[Concordia &&DDSelma]]
*[[Faulkner #A0#
*[[&&3A8&&B3#A0#
*[[Huntingdon #4F#
*[[&&5BFille #94#
*[[Judson #4F#
*[[Miles #4F#
*[[Oakwood #4F#
*[[&&EAC#4F#
*[[Samford #A0#
*[[Selma #A0#
*[[&&89astern &&AB0#4F#
*[[&&80&&B3#A0#
| v&6#0#top&&2*[[&&939Hill #4F#
*[[&&152an #4F#
*[[Talladega #4F#
*[[Troy &&2F&&4B] (&4E7#0#Troy &&31&&2F&&4B#4#)
**[[Troy &&2FMain &&EAD(Troy)]]
**[[Troy &&20ADothan]]
**[[Troy &&20A&&595]
**[[Troy &&20APhenix City]]
*[[Tuskegee #A0#
*[[&&19&&9&&403&&2C]
*[[&&12B&&1C&&4B]
**[[&&12B&&1CMain &&EAD(&&D66]]
!9F!4&&594]
!9F!2&&592]
*[[&&12B&&3A9]
*[[&&12BMontevallo]]
*[[&&12B&&10A&&1C]
*[[&&12B&&89&&1C]
*[[&&12BWest &&1C]
*[[&&19F#4F#
|}

==&&3E&&EAB=
&lt;&20gt;
*[[&&1B8Alabamians]]
*[[&&1CJubilee Hot Air Balloon &&1C2c]]
*[[&&D8&32A]
*[[&&1C&&A2&&1FB], &31wide &A2TV &5CB*[[&&276&1FB&348&4D4*[[&&1C&&C3D&&739]
*[[&&1C&&403&&739]
*[[&&622&13E&&739]
*[[U.S. &&25#3# Rocket &&C]/[[U.S. &&25Camp]]
*[[USS &&1C(BB-60)|USS &&1C]
*[[Rickwood &&248]
*[[&&76Trent Jones Golf Trail]]
*[[Visionland Theme Park]]
*[[Old &&31Bank]]
*[[Vulcan &5FE]
*[[&&3A9Bay jubilee]]
*[[&&125Mallard Aquatic &&C]
*[[Noccalula Falls Park]]
&lt;/&20gt;

!1E!
* Atkins, Leah Rawls, &&81BFlynt, &&DE&&566&&2F2, and &&203Ward. ''[#1#questia.com/PM.qst?a=o#3#d=29166058 &&1C The &&2Ba Deep &&89&&31'' (1994)
* Flynt, &&81B ''&&1C&1&&EDC&&3C' (2004)
* Owen &&15AM. ''&&2B&&1Cand &&4B9&32A&&213' 4 vols. 1921.
* &&5BF &&EAAH. ''Inside &&1C A &&1D5l &&2BMy &&31' (2004)
* [#1#questia.com/PM.qst?a=o#3#d=52694010 Peirce, Neal R. ''The Deep &&89&&9&13E &&23 &&4F and &&F3&1Seven Deep &&89&&9' (1974)] &93E&54Bng on &4Fand &81 1960-72
* &&DE, &&500Buford. ''A &&2B6&&2B&&1C The &&738&&3C' 1979.
* WPA. ''&&522to &&1C' (1939)
* &ED&4DA&252see [[&&2B&&1C]

!12!
{{&7822C2&&1C}
*[#2#&1Cgov/ &&1Cgov] - &&2C5
*[#1#alarc.org/ &&1C&&98of &&2E5l &&268]
*[#1#tour&1Corg/ Tour&&1Corg] - &&1C&&99&&2C4and Travel
*[#1#&3ED.&31al.us/ &&3ED.&31al.us] - &&1C&&99&&3ED and &&35**[#1#&3ED.&31al.us/aaa.html All &&55&&1C &1F&&3ED &&2FCsite
*[#2#alguard.&31al.us &&1C&&2AGuard] - &&1C&&2AGuard
*[#1#&51E&31al.us/Codeof&&1C1975/coatoc.htm Code &32A1975] - &1F&&1C&&51Esite
*[#2#&10B31015&1CCgov/qfd/&901000.html &&1CQuickFacts] &5U.S. &&1CC&&998*[#1#&B0apsof&1Ccom/ &&B0Maps &32A - Full &99Amaps. &&276&19B &AAEand &B0&737*[#1#&80it&402com/&9&1C&&1C&&15E &5&&80&&2B6&&402
==&&4BA=
#3#sup1; The &95E''The &&4D9Dixie'' is &3A7by &31law &1B&71 on &1BC&31vehicle &CC2&D6A, &82D&2AEy been &81Ato &329&20size and eclipsed &11&95E''Stars Fell on &&1C'.

{{&&1C}
{{USPolitical&&45A}
[[&&8&&1C ]]
[[&&8&&9&0&&19&&9]
[[&&81819 &9DC]
[[ang#15#
!26!ألاباما]]
[[ast#15#
#7F#Алабама]]
[[zh-min-nan#15#
[[bs#15#
[[ca#15#
[[cs#15#
[[cy#15#
[[da#15#
[[de#97#
[[et#15#
[[es#15#
!EE!labamo]]
[[fr#15#
[[ga#15#
[[gd#15#
[[gl#15#
#35#앨라배마 주]]
[[hr#15#
[[io#15#
[[id#15#
[[is#15#
[[it#15#
!17!אלבמה]]
#A1#ალაბამა (შტატი)]]
[[la#15#
[[lv#15#
[[lt#15#
[[lb#97#
[[jbo:alybamys]]
[[hu#15#
#9F#Алабама]]
[[ms#15#
[[mo:Алабама]]
[[nl#15#
!14!アラバマ州]]
[[no#15#
[[nn#15#
[[os:Алабамæ (штат)]]
[[pl#15#
[[pt#15#
[[ro#15#
!19!Алабама (штат)]]
[[sq#15#
[[&1CE&&1C]
[[sk#15#
[[sl#15#
!2D!Алабама]]
[[fi#15#
[[sv#15#
#69#มลรัฐแอละแบมา]]
[[tr#15#
!2C!Алабама (штат)]]
#22#阿拉巴馬州#1A#
!1!
!2!
!5!
§4<&7AfricA</&7
§4<id>304</id>
!4!
§6<id>15899041</id>
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!3!
!10!
!0!
!6!
!F!
§6#7##&&&15[[&&11]
!B!
!1!
!2!
!5!
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!4!
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!3!
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§8<id>210455</id>
!0!
!6!
§6<&4/* &&42D&55&&22*/ &81F/&4
§6<text &CAuses, see [[&&22(&6B5]].''

[[&&1BThe_&AADof_&&22jpg|220px|&41&AThe &AAD&29F by Léon Benouville]]{{&&6Bmyth}}In [[&&6B&A9], '''{{&551#3##7944;χιλλεύς}}''', &D1BBC9 to '''&&EA9'' or '''&&46A' in &&10B&1EF, &&2E8zed from th&5Fient &&6Bto '''&&22'', &420ng in &&4E4as '''Achle''', &44[[hero]] (&78&&6Bheros, #0#&BA2#4#) &0[[&&401War]], &246&3most [[&83&36] of [[&&591]'s ''[[&&4A0]''. 

==Name==
The &64Atwo &5A4&0''&&4A0' read:
:{{&&551μῆνιν ἄειδε θεὰ Πηληϊάδεω Ἀχιλῆος}}
:{{&&551οὐλομένην, ἣ μυρί' Ἀχαιοῖς ἄλγε' ἔθηκεν,}}
&&D1BBC9:
:Mēnin aeide thea, Pēlēiadeō Akhilēos
:oulomenēn, hē muri' Akhaiois alge' ethēken,
&&D1Bated:
:Sing, Muse, the &AAD&29F&82Bof &&5FD
:the &680&AAD that &1E7&10AFess &736 up&8Achaeans,
[[&&1BG-&22trojan-wars-bb-l.jpg|&41left|&&5FE&29F]&&1e &5A4 we see &5A&&EA9Peleides, &3Aa [[praenomen]] &60[[patronymic]], &1E8&7D&35Efrom &&5FD&Bsuffix -ides &A4A''&&22&82Bof [[&&5FD]''. The &4Bis &2D3&4&311&7D4[[Scandinavians]] &90&42C&CLeif Erikson. 


&&22 name &57analyzed as a &398{{&&551ἄχος}} (''akhos'') #0#&736&40{{&&551λαός}} (''laos'') #0#a &23 &D63 &2B5 etc.#0# [#1#&5FCedu/&10Fshl/Crowds/hist/laos.htm]§2In &236&&22&5Fembodiment &0&736&0&23 &736&82A&ACF&937&227&171&1&&4A0(&2DDby &&22. &&22 role &Ahero of &736&2F3an ironic juxta&128&B&58Dl view &29F&Ahero of ''kleos'' (&D62 &108&D62in war).

''Laos'' &28construed by &&819Nagy, &1AA&&3F4Palmer, &5CA''a corps of &600'. With this derivation, &5A&E5a &633&E6&1poem: &&FAhero is &34Fng &Ay, his men &DA6&736&4enemy, but when &721y, his men get the &736 The poem &273part &ACmis&212&146er &8&49&27Bhip.

==&&430=
&&22w&Ason &0&B9F[[&&5FD], king &0[[&&A49] in [[Phthia]] (&89ast [[&&BA1]), &3sea &D61[[&&6B4]. [[Zeus]] and [[Poseidon]] &AB&927&10h&728&&6B4&195[[&&D60] the fire-&DA6r prophesized that &&6B4&2CAr a son &C6r than &575For &4D1&149gods &BA0&72&CE4 and had her wed to &&5FD

When &&22&F9 &292&4&574&179&0myth, &&6B4&AAC&26Bhim im&B9Fby dipping him &1&260[[Styx (&A9|Styx]]. But she forgot to wet the heel she held him by, &6DBhim vulnerable at that spot. (See [[&&22 tendon]].) In an &31Fand less &12D&179&0&246 Thet&5Finted the boy in [[ambrosia]] and put &704&877a fire to burn away the &B9F&53D&1Dbody. S&81&10B1upted by &&5FD&&EA8both &2B1&720 in a rage. &&591&7Dmake &136to th&273ulner&3FA&1[[&&4A0]. &&4&8B2 he &CCC &&22&7D&AABd, &61not &EA7

&&5FD&795(&19E&161&4BE&626or &D5F[[&&1C0]) to [[Chiron]] the [[Centaur]], on Mt. [[Pelion]], &1B&937

==&&22&1&&401War==
===&&4E2==
&&FA&&6B left &10&&401War, they &4AA&CBBin [[Mysia]], ru&504King [[&&4E2]. &&1&570ng &364 &&22gave &&4E2a &AAB&1E2not heal; &&4E2&EA6an &6B3 who &199#0#he that &AABd &66Bheal#0#.

&&29&3A&37Din [[&&EA5]' lost play &55&&4E2 he went to [[Aulis]] pret&6BC&1Ba beggar &60ked &&22to heal his &AAB &&22&ECB, &2BDng &9Cno &375&A1 Alter&158y, &&4E2held [[&&9DB(&A9|&&9DB] for &EA4 the &EA4&7D&&22 aid in &9DAthe &AAB [[&&304] &1A3d &15&10C2had inflicted the &AAB &B7ore, the &10C2&151&C0heal it. Pieces &0&10C2were scraped off on&4&AABand &&4E2w&328led. This &5F&1E7[[&86B&427].

===&&2A&&401War===
[[&&1BThe_Rage_of_&&22by_&&FD5&&FD4Tiepolo.jpeg|&41&A&2DF“The R&1C1&&22 by [[&&FD5&&FD4Tiepolo]].]]

In &&591s &&4A0 &&22&&&818&B9Fto &1FF&A48rage (''menon'').§2H&5Fer is &7DC&171wavering, at &3A&171&8AD§2The &9Czation &29F&11&35A&0war &5F&A3&ACF&0''[[&&4A0]''.

&&22 [[&105Cer]]'s name was [[Automedon]].

====&&9D9===
&&29[[Dares Phrygius]]' ''Ac&10AF&0Destruction &827' [#2#&3A6mac.com/cparada/GML/DaresTW.html], &43[[&&9D9], the &4BEst &878[[&&817] and [[&&EA3] (whom some say was fa&B7 &573(god)|&&29]), was &2BEng his &D27 &1FLion Fountain &514&794Troy, &&22saw &5BA&7C4love &161&1072(&389#0#love&5A4 &872&&190&156by [[Ibycus]] &765like #0#gold thrice &CBA#4#). The &539&26Fhis &5CA &23Ak &B9E&6B6the &60D&3B1 &&22&9F4him in&4sanctuary and de&404ed him &8god's own altar. ([[John Tzetzes|Tzetzes]], [[scholiast]] on [[&&EA2]). &&1Ftime, &&9D9was said &1B&85B&18C&1D&EDC&430ay, &3&8F2goes &3AF&&9D9had &5A6&1B&6E0 Troy &67&22invincible. ([[&&57Vatican &&B9D])

====&&7C8&3&48B&&1C0===
[[&&1B&&1C0ederasty&D5Ejpg|&41&2DFleft|[[&&1C0] and &&22 &&22bandages the arm &1D&626&&1C0 &&1E8&960his head aside to &AC0&703of &743and &29Fnoticing his pain grimaces. The &D5E&28&FFan &702&5B5and &FD0ip, or as a &D5Ewith &357overtones. &&78&&6B&3E&7Aheld &149[[&&4A0The_&16Dof_&&22and_&&1C0&1B&550].]]

&&22took 23 &AAE&37F[[Troy]], &34[[Lyrnessos]], &176&73C[[Briseis]] &824as a [[concubine]]. Mean&43 [[&&7C8] took a &64E&244[[&&B9C] and taunted her &2B1 [[Chryses]], a &EA1of [[&&29(god)|&&29], &109&46Bbuy her back. &&29sent a &109A&53&&6B&EA0 and &&7C8was &247give &&B9C&150her &2B1 &28 &5B9Briseis away from &&22as compensation &FDloss.

This &D6sparked the &83plot &0[[&&4A0]: &&22&2F8 enraged and &CE0&503&10&&6B any &12B The war goes badly, &53&17Cof [[Zeus]], &3&&6B &764&668me repa&1021s &4r &C6st &105D§2&&DD&&6B are &B9Bback &4ships, &17&2D5&4CF&1Bset on fire &11&&401hero [[&&356], &&22is &102Ad by [[&&304], [[&&D5DAias|Ajax]], and [[&&318(&&4A0|&&318], who &ECpersuade &4DE&6C2&364§2

&&22&152&CE0&503 &44Arees &4D0[[&&1C0] &503&58&1C1 wearing his &D5C &&740day, [[&&1C0] is &3BFand &FD3&0arm&7BB&&356 who mis&991&394&&22 &&22is overwhelmed with &736&FDbe&ABB&626 &3rage he once &B74d &416&&7C8&6C8&745ng to &&356 &&6B4 &19Erises &5sea flo&7BA sympathizes &161&736 She &1082 magnificent new &D5Cfor him from [[Hephaestus]]. The goddess [[&&E9F] &47E him &B[[aegis]] of Zeus.

&&109goes &4&364248 the &7C7&&401army flees &1B6the &794Troy. &&22 &AADis terrible, &15Eslays many &&401&105D &60lies, &34&&817s son [[Lycaon]] (whom &&22&397&73C&720d into &115 but who &ABre&220to Troy). &&13A&&356&76Fout &0walls &701the honour &827 He &936&&22to &D8D&15body &0loser &2CAre&220for &6CE&935&11&B6E &&22&26Fthis ar&2F9ent, &3BB§2#0#&&7F&6E0&EA4 and thy w&970in gold were &6CC &&813&ECBit all.#0# 

&&47Dtell that &&356ran &55Troy &426&6A1&&22&22Chim, &28&7D0that &&22&67&690outrun, &&356stood his &1A1and &6DC &&3A&179 &0tale &79C&&22&AA6 &46&&356two &648one time &81&7FFd &11gods, &28 &8r &8D&64D &&22trapped Hect&7BA &934him. &&46a &8F2ry &DA3 &&22kills &&356

&&407h&5Fer, he drags &2D1of &&356&1B6his &105C&27Ethe &794Troy &117&648&CE0&4D0it &647[[&4E1&101F].§2Much &4dismay &29F &2D1of &&356&D0Ey heals &793not decay as &611y &62D [[&&E9E], &357ess of love who sided with Troy &BC&526&1E0 put a &848ve &CB9over [[&&356], &17kept him &6CDlike &4C3&90&81viciously kil&504&&22 When [[&&817], the &7E3Troy and &&356s &2B1 &76F&6EFy in&4&&6Bcamp to plead &10body, &&22&18Ey relents; &886&&387&7C6&D5E &0''&&4A0', he &3EF &&817graciously &60lows him &38E&2D1away.§2The &D5E&273ensely &7C6&68[[&&817], the king &4CE&0&C6st &19B&1&111&4D kneels down, old and frail as &52 and kisses the &668&0&826&3BF&792
The &C6ess &29F&82Fnot just &22E&C6st &&6B&DA3r ever, &24C&103Ethe &407&1B9&72Dby [[Destiny]]. His m&3A&&6B4had &D5B&72D&3AFhe pulled out &0[[&&401War]], &160enjoy &4CC&60happy life. If &&22&6DC &28 &160die &30A&794[[Troy]] &44Asure an &861&D62 sur&CB7that &244&3A&56B &&31Bmade the &407 and &4B5&825face with it &7CDhis &C6ess.

====&&9D8===
&&2A[[&&401War]], [[Balius and &&9D8&&9D8], &2C&&22 &D27, was rebuked by &&22&EDlowing [[&&1C0] &1B&3BF &&9D8&A65by &3BB(Hera temporarily &795&95C&&984 &70Cgod &60&B9Fhad &3BF&&1C0&60god &60&B9F&67soon kill &&222too.

====Memnon, &&E9D Penthesilea, &3&310&29F===
[[&&1BTBanks&&6B4jpg|&41&A&2C0''&&6B4&94E&5&876&9EC&&22' (Book 18), by [[&&15ABanks]], &&42 [[1778]] [[&&303and &&49F&&1FA].]]
&&18Cy &DD&48B[[&&356], &&22&274[[Memnon]] of [[&&346], [[&&E9D] of [[Colonae]] &3[[&&E9B|&&E9Ban]] &105D[[Penthesilia]] (with whom &&22also &140 &628&272&179). As &EFBby [[&&356] &161&10B8&B9A &&22w&Ae&46kil&504[[&&241(&A9|&&241] #3#&6F &21B&44F&1011&4heel (&17&2D0&79C&2F8fatally &FD2 &B1said to &22&522 &573]), or &44B&95A&179by a knife &4back &43&102Ang [[&&B99], a &49Bs &827 Both &179 &A79deny the killer any sort of valor, and &&22&121un&274&8&364248(&&241&3D4kil&504Philoctetes &219the enormous bow of &&B98. His bones are mingled with &2DC[[&&1C0], and &4E1&239are held. Like Ajax, &52re&8Bd (&61not by [[&&591]) as &FC&6FA&310&1&67F[[Leuke]] &1Fmouth &0[[Danube]].

====The fate &29F &D5C===
&&22 &D5Cw&A&925of a feud &48[[&&304] and [[&&D5DAias|Ajax the &&C6r]] (&&22 &95Acousin). They &FD1&87Fand &&304won. Ajax went mad with &736and vowed &599his &FD0 he &31B&9F1&552(&449&186&&6B&600, &3 &12F

==&&42D&55&&22=	 
Some post-&&591c &3C1 &2BD&395&102keep &&22safe &5war, &&6B4(or, &272&179, &&5FD hid the &6FE&1F&23Aof [[&&7C5], &7E3[[Skyros]].§2&&B7 &&248&8A3 as a girl and &5A6&1C3&&7C5 &8BD &110&5A#0#Pyrrha#0# (the red-haired girl).§2With &&7C5 &8BD[[Deidamea|Deidamia]], &&22fa&B7 a son, [[Neoptolemus]] (also &8CPyrrhus, &46&641s alias).§2&&29this &246 &&304&528d &5prophet [[Calchas]] &15Achaeans &2CAun&C0&9CDTroy &E8&&22 aid.§2He went to Skyros &1guise of a &105B&9D7&AC5s &CC7and jewelry, but &1C1 a shield and &10C2&1C3his &532§2When &&572tantly took &24E&10C2 &&304saw &69his &8A3and &7C4&4DEjo&1&&401&225§2In an&3A&179&0&246 &&304ar&2F9 &EDtrumpet alarm &1B&71Fd &43&81with &&7C5 &AC5 &DA&AC5fled in panic, &&22&B97&701the &23A thus &613his &B96away.§2&&3CE&55&&572[[drag (clo&433|drag]] &6B&1F7&&591

In &&591s ''[[&&816]'', &B7a &CB8&97&&304sails &4&1103C5&BF5 &Bshades. One &0e is &&22 who when greeted as #0#&105A&841 &105Ain &310#4#, &BC2&41&67&4C9be a &38Dthan be dead. This &28&FFa &A61&1D&105Dlife, &44Aso &7BEignity &327&E94om &7Ds&662d.

The &933of [[Despotate of Epirus|Epirus]] &2BDd &1Bdesc&429from &&22&69&792[[&&F1the &&C6], son &0Epiran &49Bs [[Olympias]], &11D&B7ore also &2BDthis &815 and &C3ways strove &1Blike his gre&88Festor; &52said &9C&102Ad h&335b &43&CB7Troy. &&248&69Aed as a sea-god &C3&0[[&&6B&1F9] &8[[&&16ESea]].

The [[homo&357] [[&&22and &&1C0&90&&22and &&1C0] is &1EAmuch &735in post-[[&&591c]] &15E§2&&11&4C4and &55D&251 the deep — &&B95ambiguous — &329ip &564in &&591&E9C&323 unequi&10C7love &628&1&2C1[[&&7C3], [[&&161], and [[Aeschines]], and &842&9C&4CBenigmatic verses in [[&&EA2]'s &42A&3C''Alexandra'' that &2BD&&22slayed &&9D9in &1E6of unre&ABD love.

&&22&6DCand &2EB[[&&E9B|&&E9B] [[&&931 (&A9|&&931]].

Some also said he &4EF[[Medea]], &6D&46&744r &310 &186&19&1Elysian &&3BAHades - as Hera &B94Thet&273&&29ius' [[&&860].

==&&572lost &D5A=
&&1&9A[[1990]]s a lost play by [[&&7C3] was &18D&1wrappings of a [[mummy]] in [[&&124]. &&77F ''[[&&22(play)|&&22]'', was &49a [[trilogy]] &AC[[&&401War]]. &&71&790&665&5E&CCC &326&3C1, but &ABlost for over 2,000 &62§2An&3Alost play by &&7C3 ''The &&A49', &663ed &8&90&&22and &&1C0 only &449&5A4&CB6&14A

&&B7&5Fther lost play with &&22&Amain &36 ''The Lovers &29F', by [[Sophocles]].

==&&3C0&646(audio)==
!9E!!11A!
|-
!!9D!ad;&&2&&22&990&26Dd &78Ftellers
|-
|[[&&536&&22and &&1C0wiki.ogg|'''1. &&22and &&1C0''' &821Timothy &&EAF]
|-
|&&252of &F7 [[&&591] ''&&4A0'' 9.308, 16.2, 11.780, 23.54 ([[700 BC]]); [[Pindar]] ''[[&&B93Odes]],'' IX ([[476 BC]]); [[&&7C3] ''&&A49'' F135-36 ([[495 BC]]); [[&&EA5] ''Iphigenia in Aulis,'' ([[405 BC]]); [[&&161] ''Symposium,'' 179e ([[388 BC]]-[[367 BC]]); [[Statius]] ''&&CB3d,'' 161, 174, 182 ([[96]] CE)
|-
|}

==&&572&D8=
&&22has &2DDbeen &2F&D8

*#0#&&22 Agony #3# Ecstasy In Eight Parts&&6FD[[Manowar]]; &5&742''The Triumph of &&1FC', [[1992]], [[&&B92&&276]].
*#0#[[&&22Last Stand]]&&6FD[[Led Zeppelin]]; &5&742''Presence'', [[1976]], &&B92&&276.
*#0#&&22 Revenge&&D6a song by [[Warlord (band)|Warlord]].
*&&22 Heel &5F&742&11indie &6FC[[Pedro the Lion]].
*&&22&9Eheel are &136 &1song #0#&&15CK#0# &11&6FC[[Placebo (band)|Placebo]].
*&&22is &78in [[Bob Dylan]]'s song, #0#Temporary Like &&22#4#.
*#0#&&22 Heel&&D6a song &11UK band [[Toploader]].
*#0#&&22&D6a song &11&&11A&FD&F3&16Fband [[Jag Panzer]], &5&742''&&CB4the Stones''.
*&&22is &136 &1[[Indigo Girls]] song #0#Ghost#0#.

==&&572film==
The role &29F&28&6EBby:
* [[Stanley &&590] in ''[[&&931&827(&1B1|&&931&827]'' ([[1956]])
* [[Arturo Dominici]] in ''[[La Guerra di Troia (&1B1|La Guerra di Troia]]'' ([[1962]])
* [[Derek Jacobi]] [&95C in &&22(Channel Four &&1FB ([[1995]])
* [[&&AB8&&657im]] in ''[[La Belle Hélène (TV &1B1|La Belle Hélène]]'' (TV, [[1996]])
* [[Joe &&6B2(&280|Joe &&6B2] in ''[[&&931&827(TV &1B1|&&931&827]'' (TV, [[2003]])
* [[Brad Pitt]] in ''[[Troy (&1B1|Troy]]'' (2004)

==Namesakes==
* The [[Royal New &&6B1Navy]] gave &5A[[HMNZS &&22(70)|HMNZS ''&&22']] &44C[[&&B4A &1C2&64C''A'' &1C2] [[&64C] &17&3E0 in [[&&4DWar II]].

!1E!
*[[&&591], ''[[&&4A0]''
*[[&&591], [[&&816''&&816' XI]], 467-540
*[[&&29orus]], ''[[&&C3B(&&EF9&&29orus)|&&C3B]'' III, xiii, 5-8
*[[&&29orus]], [[Epitome III|''Epitome'' III]], 14-V, 7
*[[Ovid]], ''[[&&77C(poem)|&&77C]'' XI, 217-265; XII, 580-XIII, 398
*[[Ovid]], [[&&FCF''&&FCF' III]]
*[[&&29ius Rhodius]], [[&&860''&&860' IV]], 783-879
*[[Dante]], ''[[The Divine &&B91]'', Inferno, V.

==&&252=
* Ileana Chirassi Colombo, “Heros &&46A Theos &&29.” In ''Il Mito Greco'', éd. Bruno Gentili #3# Giuseppe Paione, Rome, 1977;
* Anthony &&60B:
** “&&22&1&&1104D &&4A0 &&816 and Æthiopis”, ''&&6B &&10B and &&A47&&AF', 26 (1985): pp. 215-227 ;
** “&&22&1&&816 Ide&E01 of Heroism &1&&591c Epic”, ''Beitrage zur klassischen Phil&E01', 171, Meisenheim, 1985 ;
** “Kleos Aphthit&89B Oral &&CA” ''&&134Quarterly'', 38 (1988): pp. 25-30 ;
* Hélène Monsacré, ''Les larmes d'&&CB3 Le héros, la femme et la souf&10B0 dans la poésie d'Homère'', &&241 Albin &&E98 1984;
* [[&&819Nagy]]:
** ''The Best of The Acheans: &&160&0Hero in Archaic &&6BPoetry'', Johns &&CD3&&2F 1999 (rev. &2CD;
** ''The Name &29F &&200 of &&28Eand 'Folk &&28E'', ''&&79&&134&&AF', 19, 1994;
* Dale S. Sinos, ''The Entry &29Finto &&6BEpic'', Ph.D. &B90 Johns &&CD3&&2F
* &&7C2 &&566 ''&&22'' [#2#&DEpercy.com/pub-EncyHom.htm '''&&1D2of Homo&357ty.'''] Dynes, &&81BR. (ed.), Garland &&242 1990. p. 8

!12!
{{&1A9|&&8&&22}
!9C!&C2&&A9&&6B The &&246&29Fand &&1C0
* [#1#&35uide.org/&78troy.html &&401War &&AA

[[&&8&&656&6DC&1&&401War]]
!115!-&56B&&22]
[[&&8#CF#

#5C#-- &A46--&gt;

{{Link FA|fr}}

!26!أخيل]]
#7F#Ахил]]
[[ca:Aquil·les]]
[[da#DC#
[[de#DC#
[[et#DC#
!3D!Αχιλλέας]]
[[es:&&CB2]
!EE!ĥilo]]
#E6#آشیل]]
[[fr:&&CB3]
[[gl:&&CB2]
#35#아킬레우스]]
[[hr:Ahilej]]
[[it:&&CB3]
!17!אכילס]]
[[la:&&22]
[[lt:Achilas]]
[[lb#DC#
[[hu:&&EA9]]
[[nl:&&22]
!14!アキレウス]]
[[no:Akilles]]
[[pl:&&22(&7C1]]
[[pt:&&CB2]
!19!Ахиллес]]
[[sk:&&22]
[[sl:Ahil]]
[[fi:&&EA9]
[[sv:Akilles]]
!2C!Ахіллес]]
#22#阿基琉斯#1A#
!1!
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§4<id>306</id>
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§6<id>15899043</id>
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!F!
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§6<id>42155236</id>
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§8<&5&&B8F/&5
§8<id>676502</id>
!0!
!6!
!1D!C&&166&&77B&&77B] ([[User talk:&&77Btalk]]) to &&AB5&&B8F/&4
§6<text &CAuses &&AAA&&1E&&3 see [[&&1E&&3(&6B5]]''
{{&&3E3&&3D| name=&&1E&&3| &2Aty=&&10| &1B&&1E&&3head on &2FBrs photo portrait.jpg
| &35316th &&3D| term_&58F[[&&1384]], [[1861]]
| term_end=[[&&14215]!FD!
| predecessor=[[&&D0&&734]
| &32Ar=[[&&D9 &&3DE]
| &430date=[[&&DF12]], [[1809]]
| &430&1C1[[&&E97&&B0 &&26B] &820[[LaRue &&B0 &&26BLaRue &&B0])
| &310date=[[&&14215]!FD!
| &310&1C1[[&&AB D.C.]]
| spouse=[[Mary Todd &&3]
| &97[[Re&A2n &&97(&&19&&9|Re&A2n]]
| vice&3D[[&&FCEHamlin]] (1861 to 1865); [[&&D9 &&3DE] (&&138- &&1421865)
}}
'''&&1E&&3'' ([[&&DF12]], [[1809]] –!9B!]]), &59&8C'''Abe &&3&856nick&244'''Honest Abe''', the '''Rail &&B8E'', &3'''&&C6Emancipator''', w&A16th [[&&3D&0&&19&&9] (1861 to 1865), &3&57&3D&5[[&&2B&&19&&9Re&A2n &&97Re&A2n &&97]. &&3&590&15F&115and o&10BD &72war &40E&2A[[&&10&&146War]]. He &441the &5C &60&7E6&72&308 &441senior &146an &11B; supervised diplomacy, patronage &799 &3F2 &814&A2&845&69&508 and &277s such &A[[&&345&&371]; &23Ak &1D5l &6E5&AA5&10[[&&164&&130&4B6&115] &3[[&&F7] &0&&11E He &44sassinated &Awar &429&6FBWilkes &&58E]. 

==Role &&D57=
&&3D&&75&313&84Asaw &A[[Slave &&F3] and staunchly &32Bits &13Dexpand [[&2B&115&1&&19&&9&115] into &150&153 His &3F3&1[[U.S. &&E961860 &3Dal &1E1] &12Bpolarized an &46B&2D1&2B5 &&90h&273ugu&1021 in &&78E1861, &426[[&&80&&19&&9&&80] &9[[&A45&9D5] &5[[&&19&&9], &35E&280&&9&13E], &23Ak &B5&101forts &4D&6CEies with&1r &92F &&7C&35Asoon led &4[[&&10&&146War]].

&&3&7Ap&937&FDwork as a &CB1&27Bwho &7E6adept at balancing &A44&26Etions &60 &827&10CA&7Bto work &19E&416&755goal. &&29Eto negotiate &48[[&&37ARe&A2n|&&37A] and &&4E0Re&A2n &27B, &4BC&7Afar &65B&8&321 &43&D56&32D&177from [[War &&28A] and loya&950&1seceding &9 He &1D5lly &440&100&40E in &53B&28F(1864-65) with &&5C[[&&5BES. &&25F] &17&59Eled &72&1AF to &3F3&106[[&&1AC&&9&13E&&C39]. 

His &27Bhip &465were &CC0&58diplomatic &FCD&0&1D4&4BA&1F&33A&0&8B9 &58&7DDof a &22Fonal &ECreorganize his &6B0in 1862, &58many &277s and &174 &D9ped mobilize &122pire the &&10A and &58def&219&0&924&766&1[[U.S. &541864|1864 &3Dal &225]. [[&&315eads (&4F|&&315eads]] vehemently &3D8&394vio&2E8 the &&6A overstepping the &10BC of &250&F3 &56A&343on &115 &64B[[&9D4law]], susp&6BC[[&E95&92E], &4C8ar&81A&4C7&2CF&60&2Dnews&4AB&49E and &9F1&571&4C7&4BEmen. [[&&37ARe&A2ns]] &3D8&394&1F5 slow on &4B6&115 and &690ng ruthless &320&416the &64A&&89

&&63Cmost &1B8&FD&D94in pre&809&72and &6BC[[&115] &1&&19&&9&B[[&&164&&130] &3[[&&D55&&335&4&&19&&9&&6A].§2&&28 some &B83 &3D8&394only &5BD&320&8D&&C39in 1863, and waiting &1951865 &81E&2B7held &1&&11E 

&&3E4&EBgued that &&3&140&CC5&463U.S. &39&342&169 &A3y &1058a &1037t for &C6r &83zation of &F3 &1&11B&3weakening &0&F3 &0&14D[[&31&1F]s. 

&&3&AA9most &1D&3B4on &CC&6AFand &4Fbut &161&3C2&177his &4E6&58&114&3E1[[&2Abank]]s &B[[&&2ABank Act]]. He &20A the [[&&6AE&7C0&7C0] to &10C1&823and &A43f&280es, &6AD&23[[Income tax &1&&19&&9&6B7tax]], &766 &571&19C&553 of bonds and &&759acks, &4A8&2B4&&A8 &66A&592&&38&&126&38&126], &707&18&&9&&99Agri&3E&&99Agri&3E], &4A8farm &7BF&B[[&&A42Act]] of 1862, and set &24E&86&3E1&31&1A7&B[[&&6AELand-&&25F&&DD Act]].§2&&2Awar his &&B8D&2FC&2F5vely &B5ed all &7CA&1DB&1&3A5&&89-&31&5F1incursion of &150&B5 &8&BB &&325&4E6[[West &&19F] and [[&&54F] were &FCCas &9

&&3&1EB[[&9Dran&933&101&&3D|&3C3&4F3&0&C6st &3D]]. &&68&1D&D94in &4AF&115 redefining &2A&105 and &109C&72 his [[&167] made &899[[&E94] to &114 &C7.§2&&28 &3A &C0&899 un&6Al tyrant for &64B&9D4law, susp&6BC&146liberties, &E95&92E &3&&57&&335 and &4C8ar&81A&4C7&2CFand news&4AB&49E

!B1!
&&1E&&75born &42B12]], [[1809]], in &89Aroom [[log cabin]] &8348 acre (1.4 km#3#sup2;) Sinking &&939Farm &1&&89ast &49[[&&E97&&B0 &&26B], then &36D[[&388er]] (now &49[[LaRue &&B0 &&26BLaRue Co.]], in Nolin &&73D &117&384(5 km) &75E2[[&&85F &&26B&&85F]), to [[&&15A&&3] and [[Nancy Hanks]]. &&75&567his deceased &1F1ather, &1B4[[scalping|scalped]] in 1786 &44B&&1D1raid. &&31Bno &35Bname. &&3s &374were un&B87 il&BC9&B8C. When &&3&BF&1B8 &54Brs and &246ellers &7Aexaggerated the &CB0and &E93&1D&430 &&28&&3s &2B1&&15A&44&5D1d and &1D9affluent &6AC&0&&26Bback&BA &&31Bpur&AA6 the [[&&1E&&3&&4301C1&&2A&&302Site|Sinking &&939Farm]] in &&13F1808 for $200 cash &60sumption of a debt. His &374&8A2to a Baptist &147&788pulled away &1B3&2BF &147beca&1C6 ref&83&177&115§2&&1B3very &4BEage, &&75exposed &44Ci-&115&E92§2&&28he &4C6his &374 &147 &7BA &3A&147 &60 a &539ridiculed &EF§2

&&117&2A9purchasing the &10C a &66Dland &2BDfiled in &&E97Circuit &&23A&1AF the &&3 to move. &&15A&17E&733&D6&195&FC&747in 1815. Legal &FCB&370to &E0&256 In 1811, &186&C0lease 30 &92D(0.1 km#3#sup2;) of a 230 acre (0.9 km#3#sup2;) farm on Knob &&73D&449&384away, &24A then &53A In a &54E&0[[Rolling Fork &&260], &16Fsome &&AA8&FE5&1area. &&5BDtime, &&3s &2B1&44&5D1d &85&331&60&1FE&B8Cand carp&1028 &&3s &B8Bre&4C8 &754this farm.§2In 1815, an&3A&2BDnt &7BEto eject &643&5[[&&1E&&3&&4301C1&&2A&&302Site|Knob &&73Dfarm]].§2Frustrated with litigati&89B &10D&757&1B9by &&26B&23A, &&15A&63Dmove to [[&&1D1]], &17&AB&165d &11&11B &21Eland &7 more &BB0§2&&26&127&15e episodes &54D&&1Eto &D2&528&165ng and &4EB attorney.§2

In 1816, when &&75&426&62&81D&9E&374&783[[Spencer &&B0 &&1D1]], &160&31#0#&625on &3D9&642&40&625beca&5C&81&256in &&26B In 1818, &&3s m&3A&81C#0#[[milk &FCA]#0# &6AEthirty four, when Abe was nine.§2Soon &46ards, &&3s &2B1re&4EFto Sarah Bush &&8A1§2Sarah &&3&937&4BE&&3like &2C&81B&B2§2&&62&D2she &8A0&&324&81Bson, &3BB#0#Both were good boys, but I must say — both now &7Ddead that Abe w&Abest boy I ever saw or ever &BF7&4F0#0# (''&&3', by &&203&&476&&92C 1995)

In 1830, &46more &81and land-&7&256in &&1D1, &643&505on &1Fland on a site &441by &&3s &2B1in [[Macon &&B0 &&79]. &&59&6C4was &9Fbrutal, &3&E0n&9A&53A&150&&1D1. When &641re&32F&643to a &BB9site &&B89 the 22-year-old &&3&92Bout &&E91 [[canoe]]ing &781&&5FBto [[&&5FB&&B0 &&79] &820[[&&B88&&B0 &&79&&B88&&B0]), &1vill&1C1[[New &&92A(&&B88&&B0, &&79New &&92A]. &&D2&6B7 hired by New &&92A&232an [[Denton Offutt]] &60companied by &329 &5B9&532&78C&&92Ato [[New &&CAE &&5A2ana|New &&CAE] via [[flatboat]] &8&&5FB [[&&79&&260&&79] and [[&&23B&&260&&23B] [[&260]s. &&43in New &&CAE he &2D0&E90a &38Dauction that left an indelible im&141on on him &10rest &1Dlife. &&3F1he &301&E90a &38Dauction at &3E6&879 &187&6F9&32&26Eble &38D&73E he &62Csaw &2D3atro&19Bfrom &5C1time.

H&86Cal &133&A41of &32718 &324of &1B7ng from itinerant &610 In &2F5&81self-&B87 &1B4ng &139book &4C5borrow.§2He &7EDd the &&AB0 &&C3D &&42&35&4C4&35 and &75a &D8E&56that puzzled &B4B more &83orotund oratory.§2He &AC0d &813&579&321&DBlike &9F1&3D7&7A7food and, &7Fun&108&78B&3C2 &AA9so much time &3D6&3E8neighbors &7F he &151&ACC&667&AC0strenuous manual &38A &&81s&3BF&32 axe—they &8C&5B5#0#rail &65Fer#0#—&60good &FC9 

[[&&1BAbe_&&3&4BEjpg|&41&812left|Young &&1E&&3]

==&&9A&1CB=
&&3&1B3his &39&1CBin 1832 &1F&1C123 &32&225&10[[&&79&&5C&&5FA] as &2C4&0[[Whig &&97(&&19&&9|Whig &&97]. The &Ciece &1D&75Fw&A&110a&7E3&5ABl &C68ents &8[[&&5FB&&260] &1&922of &DA8[[steamboat]] &145&4&260 &570&768sparsely &E8F poor &163&76Eand near the &260to grow and prosper. He &3E0 as a &CADin a &E9&0[[&&79] [[militia]] &51C&78C&&92A&2A[[&&16EHawk War]], &61he &1F3saw combat.§2&&4AB&517&47A&4CFpeers &41had not had #0#any such &32A&841&17&795so much satisf&D6#0#

He &D2&AACand &983at &AE&2&D44&232ventures. He held an &&79&31[[liquor]] &CC2&720d whiskey.§2&&18Ey, &46&4B5&6FB&91&3BEof [[Sir &&DE&&16Etone]]'s four-&3BE''[[&&4ries &8&&830&&4DF]'', he &55B&12Fthe [[law]], and &44mitted &4[[&&79&&31Bar &&98&&79Bar]] in 1837. That same year, he &783[[&&939248 &&79] and &10C&2ABlaw with [[&&475T. Logan]]. He &640&&387&5D1d and &1FE&E8E &1prairie &31 and grew &FC8more &732 &&3&3E0 four &32Ave &3FC&1[[&&79Ho&5CRe&8Btives]], as a re&8Btive from [[&&5FB&&B0 &&79&&5FB&&B0], &33Ain 1834.§2He &163&27B&0Whig &97&1&51E§2In 1837 &5B6&3C2&CD4&87&115&1&&79&&170 stating &15&C38was #0#&1C7on both in&6E5and bad &360#0# [#1#hti.umich.edu/l/&3]

&&3&6ABa bed with [[Joshua Fry Speed]] from 1837 to 1841 in &&939248 &&665&3E4&2BD&71not un&1A9&1mid-&265for &6F8&D54a bed (&865 two &6F8ay may &D54a &170&7BA&65Bent), gay activist [[C. A. Tripp]] &7BD&288&1612005 &4C2Intimate &&4D&94&&3]'', &17&2E4&72&16D&1CF&22&357§2

In 1841, &&3&50Blaw &2ABwith [[&&DE&&9D3(&E8E|&&DE&&9D3], a &E8DWhig. In 1856, both men &6F3the fledgling [[Re&A2n &&97(&&19&&9|Re&A2n &&97]. &&1AA&&3s &167 &&9D3&1B3collecting &47D&55&&3from &120knew him &66F&&79 &13A&242&857 ''&&9D3s &&3'.§2&&3&4C6an anti&115&5Fand denied he &426&B83.§2He &4EF&323&291&38D&E8C&E0from &&26B &60lowed his &B2to &D80time &B7sur&27Ed by &2B7 &&AE&1Din-laws &BF&&1AC&2A5s.§2He &C6y &811&56Fthat &D53in New &&4DF &14A&327&1D7&2B1in &&79&1F&5C1send his &42ATodd &&3], to &D8F&143&1B7, [[Phillips Exeter &&2C] and [[&&CE#4F#.

==&&89F=
On [[&&3444]], [[1842]], &1F&1C133, &&3&4EF[[Mary Todd &&3Mary Todd]]. The &1099had four sons.
*[[&&76Todd &&3]: b. [[&&19D1]], [[1843]], &E3&&79 &6F726]], [[1926]], in [[&&D52 Vermont]].
*[[&&60B&&590&&3]: b. [[&&13810]], [[1846]], &E3&&79 &4291]], [[1850]], &E3&&79 
*[[&&DE&&CBE&&3]: b. [[&&13F21]], [[1850]], &E3&&79 &42920]], [[1862]], in &&AB D.C.
*[[&&15A(Tad) &&3]: b. [[&&1424]], [[1853]], &E3&&79 &6F716]], [[1871]], in [[&&464 &&79].

Only &&76&89E&323ulthood. Of &&76s &117&B2 only [[Jessie Harlan &&3Jessie &&3] &140y &B2(two: Mary &&3Beck&32d &&76Todd &&3&&B86. N&21B&&76Beck&7E6 Mary &&B86&140y &B2 so &&1E&&3s &743ine &429when &&76&&B86(&&3s &C6&1F1on) died on [[&&13F24]], [[1985]].
[#2#&C5aol.com/beaufait/&213geneology.htm]

==&&79&4F=
[[&&1BAbelincoln1846.jpeg|&41&&3in 1846 or 1847]]
In 1846, &&75&63Fone term &1[[&&19&&9Ho&5CRe&8Btives|U.S. Ho&5CRe&8Btives]]. A staunch Whig, &&3&7A&78&97&27B[[&&1BFClay]] &868&39idol. As a freshman &&170&331 &&75&450&BE&F3ul &7BCluential &6DFin &&22F &&818his &2A5&277&372&7ABout &2AB[[&&839&&10War|war]] with [[&&2E7], &D9&428[[&&D0Knox Polk|&&3DPolk]]'s &56Cfor #0#&CC&D62— &70Ctr&2ECrainbow, that rises in showers of &743#0#

&&3&44key &9A&177r of [[Zachary &&6AA]'s &E8B&10[[U.S. &541848|1848 '''Whig &&3Dal nomi&2B5]. When &&3s term &429 the in&4B5&&6AA&4E6&6CC&5B5&351hip of &7BC[[&&E8A&&91]. Acceptance &67end his &1CB&1fast-&3E5&164&&79 so he &731 &&323ng &29Ato [[&&939248 &&79] he &220'' most &1Denergies to &21Ea &FC&1F[[bar (law)|bar]], &&FC7&470&938on &D27ack from &B0to &B0

==Prairie &E8E=
&&11mid-1850s, &&3&D97&A44&FE&17D— &744&260[[barge]]s &3[[&126]s. In 1849, he &309a &B85&143buoying &CAC &&3&34D[[Alton #3# &&5FB&&126] &44B1851 &4FBwith &2Cits &D54&95A, [[&&D0A. &&E89]. &&E89had ref&83pay the &CAB&245pledge &817&51B&8&1A1 &87had &35F its &1BDy &9D2&994 &&3&19Das &1E6of law a &51B&6B&10BC&723&1BD&1013r when that &1013r &57am&429&1&A2&180 &15newer &2A1Alton #3# &&5FB&994was superi&7BA less &7BB &6D&292y the &51B&140&789sue Mr. &&E89&FDdelinquent payment. &&4C0this case, &3&BB3&11[[&&79&&9D1&&23A] &&FC6&AC1by &AE&3A&23A &69ut &1A&&9

An&3A&A3&191&1E0s &55Cas a &126&E8E&44lawsuit &506tax &A40&15&31&25Fd &4[[&&79&&83&&126]. [[McLean &&B0 &&79McLean &&B0] &6FC&15&31had no &155to &25F&49B &A40 &69F&7BEto &E88taxes &8&1&753ith&72A In &&C31856, the &&79&&9D1&&23A&7FFd its &845up&CA7the tax &A40 &BF6ng &&3s &4E5.

&&3s most no&645&FD8&94Fcame in 1858 &109def&429[[&&DE#0#Duff#0# Arm&3C2], &1B4on &94F&10&1096of [[&&D0Preston Metzker]]. The case is &1B8for &&3s &5C[[&89Dnotice]], a rare tactic at &3E6 &392an eye&104Ehad lied &8&932 &2BDng he &E90the crime &1moon&662 &&3&1BAa [[Farmer's Almanac]] &392&15moon on that date &44 &49Blow &10C4it &11Chave &1BA&320illumi&2B5&4F0&3AEcl&9A Based upon this &235 Arm&3C2&44quitted.

==Re&A2n &4F1854-1860==
The [[&&928&&4DEAct]] of 1854, &17ex&141y repea&816&1024 on &115s &624that &ABpart &0[[&&89C&&343] of 1820, drew &&3&6F6&4F

&&79&&89B[[&&475A. &&25E], &31&F3ul man &1&&6A4 &2A1[[&12D&28C] &A&B54&4&115impasse, incorpo&109Dit in&4&&928&&4DEAct. &&25E&19Din a &&108C&18Ea &91&2FB&BE3&3F1&4D0&115&879 &83C&EB&BB3&6AD&8 by &&22F

It &44&277&87&&928&&4DE &4BF16]], [[1854]] in [[Peoria, &&79Peoria]], that &38B &&324&932out &1C3&4E[[free soil]] orators &0day. He &41Eform &14CRe&A2n &97 &6F2on &FC5&0old Whig, [[Free Soil &&97Free Soil]], &&378and &&9E&472§2
In a stirring &225 &1B6 &5D2Illino&2731854, and &47Aa senator. &&3w&A&6D0&407 but &824&97&AC6he &56E&1E1&898&327col&604[[Lyman Trumbull]].

In 1857-58 &&25E&AA7with &&3D[[&&D0&&734&&734], &654a terrific &DA3for &B5&0&&9E&97§2Some &143Re&A2ns even &846d the re&1E1of Dougl&7BE1858, &74he &816op&128&4&4E6s push &10[[Lecompton &&6A] &17&E5&FCC&&928as a [[&38D&31].§2Accepting &1B6nomi&2B5&10&&6A4in 1858, &&3&7FFd &4BE&277[#1#&2ACorg/HouseDivided.html] &97he &31, #0#A &170&2D1&87&1E9&40A&932 I &1C9this &1F&40Aendure &C3Ahalf &38Dand half free. I &73&BF7&72&1Bdissolved — I &73&33D&170to fall — but I do &BF7&271cease &1B&2D1 It &&6A9all one &433 or all &4E&&B5&277&1C8a &CC5&1B&0danger of dis&11E&5E&115 and &814Re&A2ns &1E5&10A

The 1858 &225&450the [[&&3&&25E&&6D5 of 1858|&&3&&25E&6D5]], &1E3y noticed &27D&8&321that &730to &65Fthe &2B5&722 &&3&1AF Dougl&26Dpropose his [[&&FC4Doctrine]], &17lost him &12B&177&1C3&38Dh&95A and &D69d the di&56F&0&&9E&&97 &&7F&1B6&249&336 won more &12D&38C the &&28Awon more &737&3&51Ere&47A&&25E&4&&6A4 &&168 &&3s eloquence &D1B35Ehim into &1E3&39star.

&&2A&6D5 of 1858 t&52ue &5B3&3CC&638 &&221&874&6F5when &21C&9D0&391&39y in&1055 &&475&&25E&67in&4DFcrowds, “&&873&56Cnegro &6AChip…&873&56C&37Fvote &89Be&4D4with yourselves… then &177Mr. &&3&3&&16ERe&A2n &97 &1BDin &846&0&6AChip &0negro.” [#1#nps.gov/liho/debate1.htm (&&11B&&276 of &&6D5] &&8defensive &&3&1036d &41was “&4BD&4FC&4F0&55&44B way the &663&39e&4D4&0&23Cand &16Eraces.”§2[#1#nps.gov/liho/debate4.htm (&&11B&&276 of &&6D5] &&3E4&5Cy &270&ACD&7F6&&3s &5F9&206were on race.§2&&28 many &1C2&91E&15&61B&39&1EC&0e &6D5 &764&BF9&235&55his &1D5l &206 (Team of Rivals, by Doris Kearns Goodwin, 2005) (&&3 In Text and Context, by &&92CFehrenbacher, 1987) As &&B84&&25E ob&3E0, “[&&75 &23&C6man that I talked with &1&&19&&9&EFF&711no &571&BEEreminded me &0&3F7&48&12Fand myself, &0&3F7of &99A” (&&4AE&&171of &&B84&&25E, by &&B84&&25E, 1895)

&&3s &12C&115was op&128&4[[Slave &&F3], and &81&450 &B83in 1858. &&1BA&&146War &35F &139hing, and &35F &&3s &322in race &1A4&F6

==&&1E1of 1860==
[[&&1BThe Rail &&336jpg|&41#0#The Rail &&336#4#, &39&5C3 1860]]
Entering the§2&3Dal nomi&2B5&26Aas a &1A6&110og, &&75&13A&6A8&ARe&A2n &336&10[[U.S. &&E961860 &1E1] for &AE&1A3. His ex&141d &787&115were seen as more &4E0than &927[[&&DEH. &&B82] and [[&&B81Chase]]. His #0#&7E&6Cgins &4F6pealed &4newer &9 &&3Acontenders, &9F&DBwith more &1Fl &1FF &140quired &6A7with&1&97 &1BElly &&B82 &38Frun afoul of news&4ABan [[&&E87Greeley]]. &&2A&225 &&75&BC4#0#The Rail &&B8E&171Re&A2ns to &7CB&687of #0#free &38A#0# &94y &755farm boy &11Dwork &80B&4top &4CFown &40E. 

On [[&&3446]], [[1860]], &&75&47Athe 16th &&3D&0&&19&&9 &5BC&&89B&&25E [[John C. &&B80] &0&&80&&28A and [[John C. Bell]] &0new [[&&6Al &&11E&&97(&&19&&9|&&6Al &&11E&&97].§2&&3w&A&57Re&A2n &3D &&4C0&307&8&F3D&1D&177&1&&10A &81not even &8ballot in nine &9&1&&89— and won only 2 of 996 &443&B7 &&3&7E81,865,908 &38C(39.9% &0&3FB) for 180 &289&38C &&25E1,380,202 (29.5%) for 12 &289&38C &&B80848,019 (18.1%) for 72 &289&63EBell 590,901 (12.5%) for 39 &289&38C§2&&62C&107Etickets &272&9 but even if &453 had &89A&4D7&31 &&32&140&193ty vote &49Dbut two &0&9&97he w&8&289&63E&67&152have w&8&289&DD&3&1E1

==Secession &6C41860-61==
As &&3s &1E1&BF&2CEmore &B7F &A45sts made &786&15r &9&67leave &72 &&89&&5F8took the lead &22Cby six &3A[[&7CA]-&3E5&9 &&467 &&5C0 &&1C &&23B &&5A2ana, and &&93D The &849&&89(&&B7E &&43F &&19F &&10A&&5F8 &&2DE &&26B &&89C and &&5F7 &FC3&44C &26Fthe &A45st &1098 They &63Dstay &1&&11E &7Fwarning &&3they &6F3&177an &5F6&53r &91 The &426&&1AC&9&9D5&90&&324k &2A5 &64B&135an &307new &2B5 &280&&9&13E]. &&3D&&734and &3D&427ref&83&7F1the &&C39

&&3D&427&89Ean [[&167] threat in Bal&CFC, and &42B23]], [[1861]] &9CFin &8A3in &&AB At &&3s &5F5on [[&&1384]], [[1861]], the [[&&E52]] &35E&&3s &E86 &60sizable garri&878&150&6EC&44so &8B ready to &848the &C4from &&1AC&5F6&32&A9B&&1AC &1&C4city. 

[[&&1B&&1E&3&5F51861.jpg|&41left|175px|&&953&4DD[[&&1384]], [[1861]] &5F5&94&&3in &388&101Capitol]]
&&58[[&&3s &&57&&462&&57&&462] &&371 &&3&62F #0#I hold &395contemplation of &D7law and &0Constituti&8&&11E&0e &&3DC&A3F Perpetuity is implied, &887ex&141d, &1&530law &244&2A&1F&&736guing &12B&15&37B&0[[&&19&&9&&6A] was #0#&7DA&71Bperfect &11E#4# &785[[&&116 of Con&3E8] &17were ''&4B4' &A3F and thus the &&6Atoo was &A3F He &936&342lly that even &2CD&&6Aa &1CE&899 &67it &57Ethe &461&244&472to rescind it? 

Also &58&462&371 in a &18E&ECunite &72and &9FBthe looming war, &&3&426&2A1[[&&B7D&335&&B7D&&335] &4&6A of &D9&ABa &1061&1AF It &E5&4B4&649&1E4&DB&9&97it &46B&264 and &&72F&4BFboth &170. &&3adamantly &590[[Crittenden &&343], &28 &17&E5&DC7ed &115&1&153 renewing the &B7Cset &11[[&&89C&&343] and ext&6BC&667[[&&201]. &&32D&177&50B&343&1C3some Re&A2ns, &&3&62Fthat &2CDCrittenden &&343&22D it #0#&67a&652to a &A3Fcovenant of war &87&139&23 &D63 and &31&E8Ca foot of land &48here and [[Tierra del Fuego]].#0# 

&&68&12C&115&66Ew&Akey &766uniting &1B6&&97&1Ftime, &&3&4E6&3D8for &CAA&4Fahead &0&2A&29Aref&810y &343&60Fthe &15F&115 &&177rs &1E0 &28 &125out &41&DB&EED&115&321&44Re&A2n, but &163Republi&57ause &1Dop&128&4&15F&115 &41&32B&AE&3ARe&A2ns &4BCin &4FC&343 and &41cl&9A&7F his &6F5&D6was &1&2A&180§2&&&7BA&&324k &2A5the &&C39&44 &58fact &83C&2CC&27B&5B2&BAever &2A1rejoining &72&89B &3FC No &343was &1DC&68no &343was &127§2&&3&327&11D&EBlowed &4BB&9to secede, &1F3Re&A2ns recomm&429that. &&28&319&&9E&2Asts, &C[[Jeremiah S. &&16E], [[&&157Holt]], and [[Edwin M. &&CA9] had &434&141&&734s &6B0&16C&&C31, 1861, and ref&83&BF6&A45§2&&3 and n&9Aall Re&A2n &27B, &37Cthis &2Astic &128by &&138 1861: &72&11Cbe &AA7.

==War &6C8 1861-1862==
{{main|&&10&&146War}}
&&46&&11E&6EC&19Bof Fort Sumter|Fort Sumter]] were fired &89B &247&E74in &&142 &&3&8Con &351 of &139&31&81975,000 &6F4re&9CDforts, &848the &C4 and #0#&12&72&&28D&58view &152&264intact &297&D6 &0seceding &9§2&&19F &192&985&E85&&3it &67&450low an &5F6&1B8&91or jo&44B&1097&89Bther &31 then &9D5 &13B&&10A&&5F8 &&2DEand &&5F7 

The &4BAof &&89C &&26B &&43F and &&B7E&DBsecede, and &&3urgently negotiated with &31&27B &B7 &E84&493&10B1ere with &1E4loyal &9

==&&164&&130=
[[&&1B&&164&130jpg|&41&2C0&A&&3met &161&&6B0&10&57&3D6&0[[&&164&&130] draft &68322]], [[1862]].]]
{{ma&&379[[&&1E&&639&115] and [[&&164&&130]}} 
&&22Fin July 1862 &783free &320by &CB7the &&8DConfiscation Act. It &1B9
:That if any &1D5&31Fincite, set on foot, &10AE or &961&44B &28B&322&2AB&155&0&&19&&9 &1B5laws &B7f, or &66Bgive aid or &9EC&B7o, or &66B&961in, or give aid and &9ECto, any such &448&28B&322 and be &E83&B7f, such &1D5&4B9punished by &B7B&ED&6F5not &A3Eten &62 &7BBa fine not &A3E&4B8&553, and &11&97C&244his &2B7 if any he have; &7BBboth of said &58B, &1Fdiscretion &0&23A
:....
:SEC. 9. And be it &12Benacted, That all &2B7of &1D5 who &31Fbe &63B&28B&87&FB&0&&19&&9 or who &66B&44B way give aid or &9EC&B7o, escaping from such &1D5 and &2E2&B9Ewith&1&5A4&0army; &60l &2B7&73Cfrom such &1D5 or &4A5d &11 and &4B5&8D&B5&0&1F&0&&19&&9 &60l &2B7&5B1&1D5&1DCon [or] &7Dwith&44B &1C1&3A5by &D51&1AF &&10C0ards &3A5&11&1AF &0&&19&&9 &4B9&1084captives of war, and &4B9&1031free &0r &E82 and &450ain held as &2B7

Thus &139ne who 60 days &46[[July 17]], [[1862]] &426&28Bwas &1Bpunished by &1E8&DCr &2B7&926 The goal w&26Dweaken the &28B &61led and &B5504&38D&8F7. This &DBabolish the &733&C38&642(the XIII &&335did that), &6B8&D1C&&29Ethe &670(&14Aeven &72E&B9Bby) &&22Fin libe&109D&320&782&D51.§2&&3&67F&14Claw &4CF#0#&&164&&130#0# 

&&63Cwell &6C8&6BC&115&1&&19&&C2he &1D5lly &32B&115as a pro&1DC&1DDevil &4BDaccord &B&562of e&4D4&B7A&1[[&&524of &&131(&&19&&9|&&524of &&131]. Yet, &&3s &206&0role &0&11B&8&334&115are more complicated. &&90the &&1AC&9&9D5 &&29E&225d &2AB&15F&1E44[[&&302&262&0&&19&&9&153], &94&&22Fdid &EBthority. &&28 he &981&15&11B&11C&6Ally bar &1E4&9&94it &46B&264 &&325&91B &&3made &786&15&&10Awas &8B9&100&56C&72 &493abolish &115 Freeing &320&44war &9E6&3D2the &28Bby &4AFthe &81base &1B8&27Bhip &1C2 &&75&3D8both at home &60road &FDrefusal &38Ea &932&10&30B&4B6&115 On [[&&19D22]], [[1862]], &449&AA3&90&1057the &&130 &&10C0it &&72Fbeen drafted, &&3&A65by &1EF&44C&E1Eby [[&&E87Greeley]] &0''[[New York Tribune]]'' &192urged &F05 
:&&813save &72 &&813&814the &18Cst way &8D&&6A The sooner &4D6&155&57&B79 the nearer &72&152#0#&72as &71#0# &&4F9e be &120&6F3save &72 unless &63A&1Fsame time save &115 I &73&D8D&B. &&4F9e be &120&6F3save &72unless &63A&1Fsame time &CE7&115 I &73&D8D&B. My para&652&925&14D&763&335save &72 and &6B&21B&839or &34F&115 If &&5B0save &72&E8&5BDany &38D&&813do it, and if &&5B0&814by &5BD&DC&2B7&&813do it; and if &&5B0&814by &5BDsome and &6DB&3A &834&&813also do that. What I do &55&115 &3&99Ad race, I do &6F2&1C9it &AC4&839&72 &2D8I &1056 I &1056&6F2&73&1C9it &67help &839&72 &&38Ddo less whe&1F3&&38D&1C9what I am &ACChurts &6E2 and &&38Ddo more whe&1F3&&38D&1C9&ACCmore will help &6E2 &&38Dtry to &1055&977when &664&1B&977 and &&38Dadopt new &206so fast &A &66B&420&1Btrue &206
:&&888here &31 my &37B&29my &3A2&11Bduty; &897intend no modification of my oft-ex&141d &1D5l wish &169men &13994&15Dfree.[#2#&FC2netins.net/web/&8BC&3&277s/greeley.htm]

&&B[[&&164&&130] &766 &722&53Don [[&&21422]], [[1862]] and [[&&C31]], [[1863]], &&3made the &4B6&115a goal &0war. &&3&371s t&52ue &1D&C41(or lack &B7f) &48his &31F&128&9E&D2&128on &164&44B1864 &1EFto [[&&49FG. Hodges]][#2#&FC2netins.net/web/&8BC&3&277s/hodges.htm] 

&&3&7Acr&27Awith &5BDen&38D [[&&AB4522]] &B[[&&164&&130]. &&28 &1D4&29B&7EAlowed &115but were &110&&11E&B5were exempt &5&164&68&&E81&479&110any war &4EC The &130on its &57day, [[&&C31]], [[1863]], &926only &449&41A &2B7 &44A &&11E&EA0&3A4&89&2CEmore &2B7were liberated &195&571&62B were &926(&4DChow many is un&111.§2&&3&638&&130as a &CB1&9E6 insisting that &474out&10BBof war gave &6Al &F3&4&&3D&81E&2B7in &9&94it &46B&264§2He &D2said: #0#I &1F3 in my life, felt more certa&842I was &ACC&A than I do in &1057this &4AB&&B5&130made abolishing &115&1&D51&9an &11Bwar goal &69F&E9&1047&10enactment &0[[&&D55&&335&4&&19&&9&&6A13th &&335] &4[[&&19&&9&&6A] &17abolished &115 &&75one &&D50&9FEs &5B2&335 

&&20E&&10Arn &319 recoiled &1F&BEF&15war &850 &7D&6DC&10&2B7&625for pre&809&72 &1end the &&164&&1302did much &270&243&38B&39y. &&3s &3C2[[&B83] &932&18Ey &7C4&18&&107of &&C6Brita&44B &&9F2] &4D&109&6D&15 &11C&177&280&&9&13E].§2This move &121one &0&C6seizures of &299&10C&11&11B restoring the &7BF&0&16E &4selves,

&&29E&7B2time been &210on &AA5to &707[[&&1E&&639&115Colonization|&1F9] in &&2ED&&89&&4E&10n&9A4 &114newly &926&2B7 He re&55Aupon &49D&846bly &1&&164&&130 &44Al &BF2at &49B&105F&110aking &983

==&&A3&771&4EC&1E0s &57term==
[[&&1B&&3png|&41&A&&43&&3&1EB&564bearded, he &57grew a beard in 1861 &1F&D37of 11-year-old [[Grace Bedell]].]]

&&3&184&1Whig &CA&0&91B &17left &&22F&491the laws. He &44ti-vescovian. He &638, vetoing only bills that &730his war &F3.§2Thus he &638[[&&A42Act]] in 1862, &21E&255&19C&92D&12Eheld land &&AA4for pur&AA6at very low cost. The [[&&6AELand-&&25F&&DD Act]], also &41Cin 1862, &1B9&1F&25F for [[agri&52&1A7] in &2F2 &&3also &638&&1E4Railway Acts of 1862 and 1864, &17&25Fd &150&177&4&31C&0&&19&&9 &57&38&126 &61&30B in 1869.§2&&31&A3&36F&3C4&4AC&6AF &34&23&6B7tax and &40B&7C0.§2Most &A3w&A&100F&0&3E1&2Abanks &11[[&&2A&&6E2Act]]s of 1863, 1864 and 1865 &17&56E&117a &3C2&2A&19A&4B 

&&3sent a senior &5Cto put &781#0#[[Sioux Up&94E|Sioux Up&94E]&&108&&19D1862 in [[&&648]. Presented with 303 &310warrants for &E83[[Santee &&BAC] &38Fmas&313innocent &B8C, &&3affirmed 39 &0e for execution (one &3D4reprieved).

==1864 &DA5&89B &8D&5F5=
&&46&&11E&6E1es &19Bof &&345&&345], [[&&6EF&&E80&&E80] and [[&&6EF&&C37&&C37] in 1863, many &1&&10A&4C&3F3was soon to come &46&&3ap&125d [[&&5BES. &&25FU.S. &&25F] &&5Cin-&&432on [[&&13812]], [[1864]].§2&&61no &3D&74[[&&D9 &&5BF] &AB&63Fa &8Dterm (and none &74[[&&7B8Van Buren|Van Buren]] &ABre-&A3D, &&3s re-&1E1&391a &11Fy.

&&28 &FA&939&225, east and west, all &285&743 stalemates, &&10Arn &1DD dipped and &&3&7D3less &56D&1Bre-&A3D§2[[U.S. &&B8D&&199&&B8D&&199] [[&&B81P. Chase]] &3C2y &56C &1B6nomi&2B5&14A&210hard &32Dit, &43[[John Fremont]] &850inated by a &10BBff &16E&37ARe&A2ns, &290y &2E2away crucial &38C&1&&344&1E1.

Fearing he &2EElose the &1E1 &&3&24B&7C8&41C&59pledge, but &DBshow it &327&6B0 asking them each to sign the sealed envelope. &&3&24B

:This &CA8 as &7B2days past, it &842&A3Ey &B7F&3DA&&B70n will &690re-&47A§2Then it &152my duty to so co-&713e &B&&3D&DA5 &26Dsave &72&7B&1E1&3&5F5 &328will have &9CEhis &1E1on such &1A1&41can not &445&814&46ards.

The &&28A hoping &26Bsetbacks &1war a top &225&766 waited &195late &1E5to &FC1a &336§2&&72&75Fw&328vily &17C &11[[&&315eads (&4F|Peace wing]] &0&97 &460&100a #0#&6EE#0# &1BAr &336 &999&&5C[[&&1A2McClellan]], &44[[War &&28AWar &&89B], &2DCto prosecute &100&195&72was &B79 &61&637&343on all &3A&321 &34&115

McClellan's &E8Bwas soon &110ut as on [[&&2141]], just two days &DD[[1864 &&9E&&2A&&58D&58D], [[&&6EF&&45F&&45F] &44andoned &11&&1ACarmy.§2&&4B5&8heels of [[&&203&&FC0&&203&&FC0s]] &9CDof [[&&6EF&&3A9Bay|&&3A9Bay]] and &22Cby [[Phil &&B78Phil &&B78s]] &FBF&4B5[[Jubal Anderson &&9AJubal &&9As]] army &19Bof Cedar &&73DCedar &&73D], &71now &751&15tide had &220in &846&0&&11E&6D&&3&5Dre&47A&297costs &0war.

&&152 &&3&184&41&67w&1[[U.S. &&289&&DD&289vote]] by &6F1slim &997 failing &59F&5B5[[Mandate (&4F|&1054] he'd need if &81to push his lenient [[&F7] plan.§2To his surprise, &&3&429up &36D&832two &9 &7B7212 of 233 &289&38C

&&46&&3s &1E1 on [[&&1384]!FD!, he &7FFd his [[&&3s &8D&462&371&8D&462&371], &61his &614&244his &277s. &&5BDtime, a &3F3&106&D51 was &1D3&DA1 [[&115] had &2F5vely &429 and &&75&6CD&4&6A5

:Fondly do we hope--fervently do we pray--&3DA&2EE scourge of war may &D69ly pass away. Yet, if God wills &87&629 &195&DC&56Apiled &11bond-man's two &4FDand fifty &1DDunre&ABD toil &4B9sunk, and &195&139drop of &743&51C&Blash, &4B9paid &44Fther &51C&Bsword, as was said &117&62B&31Eso &152it &151said #0#the &E7F&0Lord, are true and &Aous al&19E#4#
:With malice &416none; with &3D5&EDl; with firmness &1&A as God &52Dus &4F0&6C7 let us strive on to &E7Ethe work we &4D5 to bind &24E&2B5s &AAB; to care for him who &66Bhave borne the &364 and &FDwidow, &9Eorphan--&636all &17may &6C6and cherish a &865d &CC5&924 &1C3ourselves, and &32l &B9

==&&146War and &F7=
===Conducting &100&40E==
The war &44&24Fconstant &864&10&3D &69F&3A5n&9Aall &1Dtime. &&3&140&6D3ous &16Dwith &&5C[[&&1A2B. McClellan]], who &BF&5Cin-&432&244&72&EA0&1wake &0embarrassing &&11E&7DD&1F[[&&57&&6EFBull Run]] &&10C0the &58Cof [[Win&248&&923] in late 1861. &&3wished &38Ean &2ECpart in &FBE&100&308&32Dh&273xperience in &CC&3F2 &&3s &7B6&66Dties were two-fold: &57 to &BE7that &&AB D.C., w&F6def&429 and &8D to &81Ean &59Bwar &40Ein &922of &6BC&100&9CA&60peasing &243&A2and &141 who &B9B&ED &E7Dwar. McClellan, a &539ul [[&&19&&9&&CC&&2CWest &&125] graduate and &126&250&8C&150&CC&172 took &71Bcautious &22A McClellan took &AE&324to plan and execute his [[&&3A3&&225], &&FC7&7B7[[&&5F4 &&19F&&5F4] by &7C6the [[Army &0Potomac]] by boat &4[[&&19F&&3A3&3A3] &7B[[&&D0&&260(&&19F|&&D0] and [[York &&260(&&19F|York &&260]]. McClellan's &831&E7C&&3 as did McClellan's insistence &849&6ECwere &BE2&701&&AB D.C. &&3insisted on &CA7&14BMcClellan's &6F4&10ACthe &C4 a &BB3McClellan blamed &10&FA6&6EE&1D&&3A3&&225

McClellan, a lifelong [[&&9E&&97(&&19&&9|&&89B] &1B4tempera&6F4y &319 was &B77as &5Cin-&432&46releasing his ''[[&&B72n's Landing &&1EF]'', &176&6CCunsoli&AC1&39&E7Bto &&3urging &1053&1war &40E McClellan's &1EFincensed &&37ARe&A2ns, who &1FEy &141red &&324ap&125&E8DRe&A2n [[John Pope (&CC&2A5)|John Pope]] &328d &0new [[Army of &&19F]. Pope &FBDwith &&3s &7B6&56C&10&&11Eto &25F&&5F4&5&10A thus guarding &&AB D.C. &&28 Pope was &71Fy &274&1F[[&&8D&&6EFBull Run]] &2A&1E5of 1862, &4E9&4B4&0Potomac back in&4&840 of &&AB&ED&8Dtime. Pope was &811&&648&503the [[Sioux]]. 

Panicked by &&1AC&&5C[[&&76E. Lee]]'s &5F6of [[&&43F], &&3&B79McClellan to &469&244&1AF &16C&&ABin time &10[[&&6EFAntietam]] in &&2141862. It w&A&&11E&66Dthat &364&169wed &&324release his &&164&&130 &&3&B77McClellan of &469&18Cy &DD1862 midterm &1E1 &60&125d Re&A2n [[Ambrose &&FBC] to head &4B4&0Potomac, who &B94to &418&69on &&3s &7B6&56F&ED &59B&E7D&87Lee and &&5F4 &&46&&FBCwas &D4F&274&19Bof &&9CC&&9CC], [[&&157Hooker]] was &207&469 &32Dhis idle talk &55&444&635&3C2man. Hooker was &994 by Lee &19Bof &&21Dlorsville|&&21Dlorsville]] in May 1863 &60so &B77of &469

&&46&72&3F3&19Bof &&345&&345], [[&&1A2G. Meade | Meade's]] &6EE&6D1Lee, and &324of in&3B8&10Army &0Potomac, &&3&9FA&2D4in a &7E&5C &&5C[[&&5BES. &&25F]. He &140&93E&6BDof &6E1es &1&&7E&&5BB &34[[&&6EF&&E80&&E80] and [[&&6EF&&C37III|&&C37]. Earlier, re&10A7to &7B5of &&25F &&75&1089as &3BB #0#I &40Aspare this man. He &DA3.#0# &&25Fwaged his &743 [[&&B76&&225] in 1864, &810&308of a [[war of attrition]], &36zed by high &&11E&B75at &364 such &A[[&&364&0&&D4E&&D4E] and [[&&6EFCold &&B74Cold &&B74], but by pro&9EDtely &40B&B75&1&&1ACarmy. &&25Fs &59B&225&67&13Abottle up Lee &1[[Siege of &&30Fburg]] and &570&1&&11E&2E2&&5F4and &4F0&100to &7DE&1&939of 1865. 

&&3&2EFzed &&25F&84Fa [[scorched &192] &22Ato &116&&89s &1DD and &81&65A&629&100 This &6F1&&5C [[&&DE&&FBB&&5BA] and [[&&3A2&&B78] &34Ffarms &23Ans &1[[Shenandoah &&54E], [[&&467(U.S. &31|&&467], and [[&&89&&5F8]. The &7E5in [[&&5BAs &&138&4Sea]] &69&&467&3FBd in &E7Aof $100 &114

&&3&140star-&A8Ad &276as &635&27B &C70ng a keen &D5&7B6&125 (such &A[[&&23B&&260] &3fortress &80F&&E80 &3&41F&7DDng the enemy's army, &51&2F1&7B7&19B &&28 &31B&372&58&13Dmotivate his &5C to adopt his &750 &&13A he &1F7&&25Fa &826&6ABhis &56F&0war and &44le &2D4that &56Fto &6E3&161relentless &318coordinated &E7D in &74F&5BB of war. 

&&3 &327&95Dhis &10D&CC&1FF &75a keen &A3Cwith &CC&225ng &2Awar. He &AA9&95Fat &18&&9War &&2FCWar &&2FC] [[&&D4D&E79] &2A5 &3D6dispatches from his &5C &69many a &385 He &2DD&102Ad &364&1F8and &7D3fascinated by &898&6FFwar. &&221[[Jubal A. &&9A]'s [[&&6EFFort &&AB8s|raid into &&AB D.C.]], in 1864, &&29E&1Btold to duck his head to &AC0&7Dshot &43ob&809the &6FF&364

===Home&388==
&&75more &1FEin &613&100&E6to &&10Arn &146ans &69his oratorical &55C &&32Dhis meager &105289B #3##8220;backwoods#3##8221; up&4F0 &&3&C70d an &A78&469&0&&42&B as &235 &11[[&&345&&371], a &277dedicating a cemetery of &&11E&600&5[[&&6EF&&345] &41&7FFd on &&34419, 1863. &&DA&450&537r, orator [[&&60BEverett]], spoke for two &95F &&3s few &407&2FAresonated &1E5&2B5&60ross &35 defying &&3s own pr&1014on that #0#&4Bwill &16Bnote, nor long re&331what we say here.#0# &&3s [[&&3s &8D&462&371&8D&462&371] &4A&C6y &811&6EE&1089 &&1e &277s, &&3articulated &328&345y &1D&6A1the &2A0 &1B6&72&40E

&&2A&&146War, &&3&E78&F3 &56B&3Dhad wielded; he pro&2BDd a [[blockade]], susp&429the writ of [[&E95&92E], &AA9&4AC&E8[[&&22F&0&&19&&9&22Fonal]] &2EFzation, and &D98&4C7&1045&&1AC&BD3&E8&94F &&B7a fragment of uncorraborated &209&&3made contingency &AA5to &E77[[&&432&&6E5] [[&&2F2&&6A6Taney]], &5EBallegation &121un&F90and &118(&82C[[Taney Arrest Warrant]] &288. 

The long war &3&766of &164&420d &1B&957y hampering his &E76and pessimists &E85that &7DD&420d &56D§2&&3ran &110&72&97banner, &72Cof War &&28Aand Re&A2ns. &&5C&&25Fwas facing &957&7B5&FD&81E&0&743 [[&&B76&&225] that &1E5&3seemingly endless [[Siege of &&30Fburg]]. &&28 &72&9CD&0key &126&Cof [[&&45F &&467&&45F] by &&5BAs &1AF in &&214&541&544&5F1lly and &&75re&47A

===&&F7==
The [[&F7] &0&&11Eweighed &D6F&8&&3Ds mind &BCwar &40E &&81&2DC&38Ea &569&1E2not &C3A&30Ete &1D8&&1AC&9 and &BCwar &&3urged &D69 &1E1 &110&FBA&3FCin &163&1B6&&11E&5A4 This &E7C&22Fonal Re&A2ns, who urged &71B&6BDnt &&F7&360 &&2C&&3s few vetoes &325term was &0[[Wade-&&657Bil]]l, an &40Eby &22Fonal Re&A2ns to &E88harsher &&F7&3FC&8&&1AC&163 Re&A2ns in &&22Fretaliated by &56Aseat re&8Btives &47Afrom [[&&5A2ana]], [[&&5F7], and [[&&2DE] &2Awar &110&&3s &FBA&3FC

#0#Let 'em up easy,&&780told his &E75&CC&27B [[&&5BES. &&25FGen. &&5BES. &&25F] (a &6A5&3D, [[&&DE&&FBB&&5BAGen. &&DET. &&5BA] and [[&&203Dixon Porter|Adm. &&203Dixon Porter]] &44B1865 &4FF&8steamer ''&&260&&538'. When [[&&5F4 &&19F&&5F4], the &&1AC&C4 &44 long last &73C &&3went &B7&26Ba &A2&1051of sitting at [[&&651&&657]'s own desk, &44Elly &3BB&4&2B5&15&&3D&0&&19&&9held &155&106&7C7land. &&81greeted &1Fcity as a conquering hero by &926&2B7 &389&E92 were epitomized by one admirer's quote, #0#I know I am free for &&888seen the face of Father &&1E&45Efelt him.#0#

On [[&&1429]!FD!, &&1AC&&5C[[&&76E. Lee]] &85Eat [[Appomattox &&23A&&634[[&&19F]. This left only [[&&157&&8A1]'s &1AF &1East &5C8with. Weeks &D2&&8A1&67defy &&651Dav&5F &E74h&86Ces to &&5BA Of &569 &&425not &CB6&4F0the &E74&244&&1AC&1AF; just five days &46Lee &85E &&75[[&167&B73]. He w&A&57&&3D&1B&B73 &3&42Ato die in &2A5

==&&167=
[[&&1B&&3ssassi&2B5jpg|&A&41ail|&2DFThe &167&94&&3 From left to &A [[&&1BF&&FB9], [[Clara &&B72], Mary Todd &&3 &&3 and &&58E]]

&&29Emet &2DDwith Lt. Gen. [[&&5BES. &&25F] &Awar drew to &7DE &&149men &9D2&6AFof &F7 and &71&CC0to all &15 held &137in high &921 &&2Ar last &4FF on [[&&14214]!FD! ([[Good Friday]]), &&3invited &&25Fto a &4A&961ent that evening. &&25F&731(&&25Fs wife, [[Julia Dent &&25F], &5AF&9C&3C2y &1006[[Mary Todd &&3]). The &&3Ds eldest &42ATodd &&3], also &220&781invitation. 

[[John Wilkes &&58E], a well-&111act&7BA &&80sympathizer from [[&&43F], &AA2&15&3Dand Mrs. &&3 &76E&B&&25F, &2CAatt&6BC[[Ford's Theatre]]. &&1E8&983in a plot to kidnap &&3&31F &&58Ein&35Ehis co-conspirators &1D&DE6on &599&&3§2&&3A were as&41C&44Eassinate [[Vice-&&3D] [[&&D9 &&3DE] and [[&&199of &&31] [[&&DE&&B82].

&&E8his [[&E86] [[Ward Hill Lamon]], to &80E&2D2his &1B8[[&D4C] &1Down &167 the &&3 left to &B71&77Fat Ford's &&5BB &&77F ''[[Our &&10Cousin]]'', &44&D8l comedy &11&&B4&7B4[[Tom &&6AA]. As &&3sat &58&31box &1balcony, &&58Ecrept up &1B6the &&3Ds &836waited &10funniest line &0play, hoping the laughter &67c&106gunshot noise. On &AB2 &280&&650Hawk said &1E1&2FA&&425ever hear #0#Well, I guess I know &320&80Cyou &6B6out, old gal—you sockd&10B2ing old man-trap...#0#. &&FAlaughter came &&58Ejumped in&4box the &3D&50A&60med &2CCshot, &27Eslug .44 [[caliber]] [[Deringer]] &6EDhead, firing at &125&10BF&2F9§2The bullet &50B&1B6&&3s left ear and lodged &1B6his &Aeyeball. &&193[[&&1BF&&FB9], &1B4&8B&1&&3Dal Box, &986rily grappled with &&58Ebut was &957y stabbed and slashed &11assassin. &&71&4C&&58Ethen shouted #0#''[[Sic semper tyrannis]]!''#0# (&&2E8 #0#Thus &40Fto tyrants,#0# &74&99Bof &&19F &424say he &D4B#0#The &&89is avenged!&&147jumped &5balcony &4&AB2&243 &72Bhis leg. &&32Dh&273ury, &&58E&80Fto limp &327&D27and make his &41A

As &&58Efled &5&5BB a &4BE&E73 Dr. [[&&5B9Leale]], made &80B&53&B4Bto &&3s box. Leale &9CAassessed the &AABas &B9F The &&3D&6E3&1E5street &5&5BB&4[[&&30Fen &&170], &176lay in a coma for nine &95F&700&1060 &&AE&D83att&429&&3 &34U.S. Army Surgeon &&5C&&157K. &&E72&0Army &&375&&1FA Using a probe, &&E72&32Fsome &A3B&1E0s skull &3ball lodged 6 inches &6B6his brain. &&3 who &1F3re&7E8&A55ess, &399&940dead at 7:22 A.M. &740&CA8 &&14215, 1865. Up&245&310 &&199of War [[Edwin &&CA9] lamented #0#now he &1050&4ages.#0# &&46&&3s body was re&220&4[[&&23C&&170], his body was &B97&FD#0#&101Din &31#4# &1[[East Room]]. 

The Army &&375&&1FA now &6A2&&2A&&1FAof &&633&&15F has &5F3&869&4C8&74&7C&1E0s &310 &AE&54Cre&2E8 &4&167 &&1B2y on &6F7&1&1FA&104bullet &4AAfired &5Deringer pistol, &6BC&&3s life, the probe &7D4&&E72 &A93 &1Dskull and hair &3surgeon's cuff, &104Fwith &&3s &743 The &1FA&57&1DCat [#1#nmhm.&ABc.&1FA&9EB/&B9ounds/&3html www.hmhm.&ABc.&1FA

[[&&1B&&3rain.jpeg|&A&41ail|&2DF&&3s &4E1&82D&5D2his &121 as &BE300 mourners &3casket &1Dson &&DE 1,654 &384to &&79]]
&&3s body was &5D2by &82Din a &1F1&4E1&26Aon &69&AE&9on &7E5&150&&79 The &2B5mourned a &826 many &6ED&Asavior &0&&19&&9 &&81&B23in [[Oak Ridge &&72D] &E3&94a 177 foot (54 m) tall granite tomb sur&652d with &AE&7B3&5FE of &&75&689by 1874. To &9FB&FB8&568steal &&3s body and hold it for &EA4 &&76Todd &&29E&&3exhumed and re&10B1ed in &FB7&AEfeet thick on [[&&21426]], [[1901]].
{{&12B[[&&1E&&3s &935and exhumation]]}}

==&&3Dal ap&125ents==
===&&B7089B &&6B0==
&&75&111&ED&125ng his &6A7and &39&927to high &128 &58&&6B0 Not only did he use &C6&39&D85in &76B&290&39op&128 &862felt he &44&125ng &16B&A2A&1D5&10good &0&BA
{| &1C2#0#wiki&645#4#
|-
! &&2A5!! Name !! Term
|-
| [[&&3D&0&&19&&9&&3D] || '''&&1E&&3&&&&!121!
|-
| [[Vice &&3D&0&&19&&9Vice &&3D] || '''[[&&FCEHamlin]]'&&&&!121!
|-
| &&36'''[[&&D9 &&3DE]'&5CD1865
|-
| [[&&19&&9&&199of &&31&&199of &&31] || '''[[&&DEH. &&B82]'&&&&!121!
|-
!9A!B8D&&199&0&&B8D] || '''[[&&B81P. Chase]]'&&&&3D41864
|-
| &&36'''[[&&DEP. Fessenden]]'&5CD1864–1865
|-
| &&36'''[[Hugh McCulloch]]'&5CD1865
|-
| [[&&19&&9&&199of War|&&199of War]] || '''[[&&920Cameron]]'&&&&3D41862
|-
| &&36'''[[Edwin M. &&CA9]'&5CD1862–1865
|-
| [[&&B8A&&5C&0&&19&&9&&B8A&&4B3'''[[&&60BBates]]'&&&&3D41864
|-
| &&36'''[[&&D0Speed#9D#||&6#0#left#0#|1864–1865
|-
| [[Post&7ED&&5C&0&&19&&9Post&7ED&&4B3'''[[Ho&1021King]]'&&&&3D4|-
| &&36'''[[&&595Blair]]'&&&&3D41864
|-
| &&36'''[[&&DE&&FB6(Ohio &351|&&DE&&FB6]'&5CD1864–1865
|-
| [[&&19&&9&&199&0Navy|&&199&0Navy]] || '''[[Gideon Welles]]'&&&&!121!
|-
!9A!F9E&&199&0&&F9E] || '''[[Caleb B. &&756]'&&&&3D41863
|-
| &&36'''[[John P. Usher]]'&5CD1863–1865
|}
&&&CC1all#0#&gt;

===&&9D1&&23A==
&&3ap&125d &59&&6E5 &4[[&&9D1&&23A&0&&19&&9]:
*[[Noah Haynes S&81B] - 1862
*[[&&E71Freeman &&E70] - 1862
*[[&&203&&657(senator)|&&203&&657] - 1862
*[[&&475&&3DE&&248] - 1863
*[[&&B81P. Chase]] - [[&&432&&6E5&0&&19&&9&&432&&6E5] - 1864

==&&193&3Dal acts==
===Involvement as &&3D&DA5==
*[[&&6AE&7C0&&6AETariff of 1861]]
*[[&&B7D&335&&B7D&&335]
===Enacted as &&3D==
*&&41C[[&&823&&7021861]]
*&&41C[[&&A42Act]]
*&&41C[[&&6AEAct|Morill Land-&&25F&&DDAct]]
!99!7021862]]
*&&41C&&1E4Railway Acts of 1862 and 1864 
*Established [[&&99Agri&3E] (1862)
*&&41C[[&&2A&&6E2Act|&&2A&&6E2&&7021863]]
!99!7021864]]

==&&9&FCC&4&&11E=
*[[West &&19F] – 1863
*[[&&54F] – 1864

==Legacy and &4DB==
&&3s &310made the &&3Da [[&E94] to many. &&14A&52&327&&4Es &8Dmost &1B8and be&ABB&&3D&46[[&&1A2&&AB]. Repeated polls &1Dorians have &3C3&&3as &AA[[&9Dran&933&101&&3D|&C6st &3D in U.S. &35]. &&1C3&204admirers, &&3&1EBseen as a &6DFwho &1D5fies [[&&1B&&3&5FEjpg|&41ail|&812[[&&952Chester &&50]'s seated ''&&3' faces &379Mall]] &4east.]]
[[&&1BMt&&FB5Abe &53BJPG|&41ail|100px|&&3s bust on Mt. &&FB5]]&134&105of honesty, &7B2 as &BE&5D1f&7BCividual and &30ty &A, and &9C&3EC&145 Many &&10&1A0 &244&37B &60endas &54Acite his name and &1B with &17D&6C1&5[[gay &A]] &10F[[Log Cabin Re&A2ns]] &4[[&E6F] &51B[[&&3&&19A&&10F&&3&&19A]. The [[&&3auto&3A9] &4A&567him.

&&106&62&&3&28&4DBzed &C3city &311 &507the [[&&3 &&4DE&C4of &&4DE]; &B[[&&3&&4DB] in [[&&AB D.C.]] (''&2CE, &A'); &8U.S. [[U.S. five &553bill|$5 bill]] &3[[Penny (U.S. coin)|1 cent coin]] (&&79&F&480&76A&4removal &0penny from &C36; &60 part &0[[&&652&&FB5&&2A&&4DB]. [[&&3s Tomb]], [[&&3Home &&2A&&302Site]] in [[&&939248 &&79&&939248], [[New &&92A(&&B88&&B0, &&79New &&92A &&79] (a &F7&1E0s &9A&10C5&FB4, [[Ford's &&5BB] and &&30Fen &&170&3A1&4B2&1FA. The [[List &101&31nick&311&31&100B] for [[&&79] is ''Land &1E0'. 

[[&&443&0&&19&&9&&443] in 18 [[U.S. &31]s ([[&&3&&B0 &&5F7&&5F7], [[&&3&&B0 &&11A&&11A], [[&&3&&B0 Idaho|Idaho]], [[&&3&&B0 &&928&&928], [[&&3&&B0 &&648&&648], [[&&3&&B0 &&23B&&23B], [[&&3&&B0 &&6B2&&6B2], [[&&3&&B0 &&4DE&&4DE], [[&&3&&B0 &&54F&&54F], [[&&3&&B0 New &&2E7New &&2E7], [[&&3&&B0 &&FB3&&FB3], [[&&3&&B0 &&E8A&&E8A], [[&&3&&B0 &&89&&BAC&&89&&BAC], [[&&3&&B0 &&2DE&&2DE], [[&&3&&B0 West &&19FWest &&19F], [[&&3&&B0 &&AB&&AB], [[&&3&&B0 &&A3A&&A3A], and [[&&3&&B0 &&CA5&&CA5]) are &567&&3

On [[&&DF12]], [[1892]], &&1E&&3s &430ay &252&1Ba &150[[&CA4] &1&&19&&9 &61in 1971 &71&89Awith &&ABs &430ay &1&278[[&&3Ds Day]]. &&DF12 &74Dob&3E0 as &1D2&733&CA4&C3&9 &34&&79

&&3s &4301C1and &E0&77E&2A&302&4DB: [[&&1E&&3&&4301C1&&2A&&302Site]] in [[&&85F &&26B] and [[&&3Home &&2A&&302Site]] in [[&&939248 &&79]. The [[&&1E&&3&&3Dal &&C2and &&1FA] &4Ain &&939248 The [[&&1E&&3&&2A&&72D] &1EDin [[Elwood, &&79].

&&5FE &1E0&57&1F7&3A&6D In [[Ciudad Juárez]], [[Chihuahua]], [[&&2E7], is a 13-foot high &7B3&5FE a gift &5&&19&&9 &3AFin 1966 by &&3D[[Lyndon B. &&3DE]. &&1EF&309a &5FEof [[Benito Juárez]] in &34D &3Ain &&AB D.C. Juárez and &&3&34D &626y &1EF, and &&2E7re&C5&&3s op&128&4[[&&839&&10War]]. &&B7&4Aa &5FEin [[Tijuana]], &&2E7 &4DD&&3&72Aand &4AFthe chains &642 &&B9&1F4&117&5FE &1E0&1[[&&19&&107]—one in [[&&7CF] by [[&&19Ds St. Gaudens]],§2one in [[&&D52] by [[&&1A2Grey Barnard]] &60&3Ain [[Edinburgh]] by [[&&1A2Bissell (&162st)|&&1A2Bissell]]. 

The [[ballistic missile]] [[&E6E] [[USS &&1E&&3(SSBN-602)|''&&1E&&3' (SSBN-602)]] &3[[&100carrier]] [[USS &&1E&&3(CVN-72)|''&&1E&&3' (CVN-72)]] were &244&58&91F &&6EC[[&&378ship]], [[SS Nancy Hanks|SS ''Nancy Hanks'']] &6EBto &91Fhis m&3A

In a &2AE&A2vote en&7 #0#[[The &&C6st &&10],#0# &&3&1C1 &8D(placing &57was [[Ronald Reagan]]).

==&&3&31D&3E=
{{see|&&3&31D&3E}

!ED!
* &&3stood 6'3 3/4#0# (192.4 cm) &78Bthus w&Atallest &3Din U.S. &35 just edging out [[Lyndon &&3DE] at 6'3 1/2#0# (191.8 cm).
* &&81born &8same day as [[&&5B9Darwin]].
* &&1E1surviving self-&156&104Eto &&3s &167was [[&&E71J. Seymour]] (~1860–[[&&14214]], [[1956]]), who &420d two &324&90his &310&6AE96 &8[[CBS]]-TV [[quiz show]] ''[[I've Got a &&6EF]''. He said &70C a five-year-old &31B&7F at &57&41 &12F &ABshot &68his nurse, &3D1fix a torn &1C1&58blouse, stuck him &32pin &1F&986&0gun's discharge.
* &&29&8F2 &&75&78as #0#two-&D97&171&453&11858 [[&&6A4] &1E1 [[&&475A. &&25E&&475&&25E]. Upon &82F&55this &&3&FB2&CA3 #0#If I &140&3A&825wear, do you &5F2&666I &2CAwearing th&1AF#0#
* &&29&8F2 &&3also said, as a &6FE &245&420nce one day when &6CD&1&10AB #0#It's a fact, Abe! You &104ugliest man &1&4D If ever I see &895uglier than you, I'm &1F5shoot him &8spot!#0# It &67no &91E &623 &88E&702mercy.
* Based on &1EEde&95ons &1E0 &5B&283 &41w&377taller than most men &1Dday and &4B0limbs, an ab&611y-&EBFchest, and loose or lax joints, it &28conjectured &DE&93Fthat &&3&2D0&F50from [[Marfan &183].
*&&75&111&9Ca case of [[de&141on]]. &&325time in New &&92A &&79 his fiancee died, &6Dtriggered his de&141on. His &53B&329&A95d over him &26Bsure he &DBcommit &CA2 &&10A&F50from &385ares &325term &1[[&&23C&&170]. His de&141on got so &957 &31Bto &871&6B0&4FFfrom his bed.
*He once &2FDone &1Dhaunting &385ares &327&626 &&3&2FD&41was &72Ain a mourning crowd &23Da &82D and &109&936a grieving &64Ewhat had &E59d, she &CA3 #0#The &&3D&28shot, &15Ehas died.#0#
*&&3&&&818&&10&3Dto &871[[&B85].§2The &B85is &ED&5E6that lifts [[boat|boats]] over [[shoal|shoals]].

#F8#
*[[&&361 &0&&10&&146War]]
*[[&&10&&4B(&81)|&&10&&4B], &&3s &81&322
*[[&&3Kennedy co&A5A]]
*[[List &101&&3Dal &1A5affiliations]]
* &&1B1: ''[[D.W. &&FB1s '&&1E&&3]]'', ''[[The Dramatic Life &94&&3]''
*[[&&1E&&3&&3Dal &&C2and &&1FA]

!1E!
===Biographies===
*''&&3' by [[&&203&&476&&92C] (1999) ISBN 068482535X, very well &402d by &224 &&92C&598two &&897&49C for &213*''&&1E&&112&&146War &&4E A &&213' by &&DEE. Gienapp ISBN 0195150996 (2002), &18C*''Team of Rivals: The &&39Genius &94&&3' by [[Doris Kearns Goodwin]] ISBN 0684824906 (2005). &402rs &54B&26very well &1EE*''&&1E&&3 Redeemer &&3D' by Allen C. Guelzo ISBN 0802838723 (1999)
*''&&1E&&631&&35' (1890) &6FBHay]] &&566&&1A2&&CA1]; &278at [#1#&112org/&2ED6812 &&6EAand [#1#&112org/&2ED11708 &&3BE2] 10 &3BE &49D§2&1EEby &&3s top aides
*''The Real &&1E&&3' by Reinhard H Luthin (1960), well &565&402rs
*''The &&1E&&3&&1D2' by [[Mark E. Neely]] (1984), &4DA&564many men and &5D &A4AL
* ''The Last Best Hope of &&192 &&1E&&3&3Promise &13E' by Mark E. Neely (1993), &&897&49C&36D&2EF* ''With Malice &&416None: The Life &94&&3' by &&475B. Oates (1994). 
*''&&3the &&3D' by &&D0G. Randall (4 vol., 1945–55; re&90C2000.) by &49C&36D&9C9**''Mr. &&3' excerpts ed. &630N. &&1B2(1957)
*''&&1E&&3 The Prairie &&62' (2 vol 1926); ''The War &&62' (4 vol 1939) &213by [[Carl Sandburg]]. &&897&&49C&B6Eby &1B8poet
*''&&1E&&3 A &&213' by &&500P. &&15A (1952)

===&&15Cy &2BB==
*&&590 Jean H. ''Mary Todd &&3 A &&213' (1987)
*Belz, Herman. ''&&1E&&3 &&6Alism, and Equal &&A &1&&146War Era''§2(1998)
*&&E6D Gabor S. ''&&3&3&&81 &0&&10Dream'' (1994). &&3s &81&CAand &442*&&E6D Gabor S. ''&&3the War &&3D' (1994).
*&&E6D Gabor S., ed. ''The Historian's &&3'' &&825: &&12B&&79&&141 1988, historiography
*Bruce, &&76V. ''&&3&3Tools of War'' (1956) on &96F &8A&2Awar
*&&92C &&203&&476 ''&&3Re&C0 &&3BC&8&&146War Era'' (1960).
*Foner, Eric. ''Free Soil, Free &&38A Free Men: The &&61A&0Re&A2n &&97&30A&&146War'' (1970) &1A8&2B&5Aprewar f&D6s in AL's &97*&&B72 &&DEC. ''With Charity for All: &&3&3Resto&1021 &0&&11E' (1997). AL's &AA5for &&F7*Hendrick, Burton J. ''&&3s War &&6B0' (1946)
*Hofstadter, &&144 ''&&E6&&39&&120 And the Men Who Made It'' (1948) ch 5: #0#&&1E&&3&3Self-MAde Myth#0#.
*Holzer, &&91D ''&&3at Cooper &&11E The &&277That Made &&1E&&3&&3D' (2004).
!98!'&&1E&&3&3&&8D&&10&&137' #EE#
!98!'&&364Cry of Freedom: The &&146War Era'' (1988).§2&&897&&49C&B6E&165 all &3F8&0war
*Morgenthau, Hans J., and &&203Hein. ''&&6B9&&3s Faith and &&4F'. &&B6D MD: &&2F&&141&13E&10&&23CBurkett &&E70&&Cof &&A2&&3F2&1F&&12B&&19F 1983. 
*Neely, Mark E. ''The Fate of &&378 &&1E&&112&&146Liberties''§2#EE#. &&897&&49C&B6E
* &&3A2S. Paludan ''The &&91B&94&&3' (1994), &402rs call it &31&F60&286of AL's &4E6*''&&3in &&10&&6BA' by Merrill D. &&30Fon,§2(1994). how &&75re&331d &461865
*Randall, &&D0G. ''&&3the &&4D9&&9an'' (1947).
* &&144on, Heather Cox. ''The &&C6st &&2B5&0&&192 Re&A2n &&81&&442&2A&&146War'' (1997)
* Shenk, Joshua Wolf. ''&&3s Melancholy: How De&141on &&DB7 a &&3Dand Fueled His &&C6ess'' (2005). Named one &&AA8&18Aof 2005 by The &&ABPost, The New York &&171 and The &&45F&&332&&6A *''&&3' by [[Gore Vidal]] ISBN 0375708766, a &2F7
*''&&112His &&5C'' by T. &&650&&DE (1967).
*''&&3at &&345 The Words That Remade &&4E' by Garry Wills ISBN 0671867423
*''Honor's Voice: The &&D1Bormation &94&&3' by &&25EL. &&7B1(1999).

===&&3&&E6B&12D&3E==
* Bullard. F. Lauriston, ''&&3in Marble and &&7B3', &&CA0&&2F&&141 New &&A39 New &&E6A21952
* Mead, Fanklin B., ''Heroic &&5FE in &&7B3&94&&3 Introducing The Hoosier Youth by [[Paul Manship]]'', The &&3&&2ALife &&1DCtion, Fort &&81B &&1D1§21932
* Moffatt, &&A5FC., ''Errant &&7B3: [[&&1A2Grey Barnard]]'s &&5FE &94&&3', &&12BDeleware &&141 Newark, DE§21998
* Murry, Freeman &&1BFMorris, ''Emancipati&89B the Freed in &&10Sculpture'', &&18AFor Libraries &&141 the &&16E&&3A8&&C2Collection, &&FC4 NY 1972 - &1BDy &2421916
* Petz, Weldon, ''&&896s Monu&6F4Tributes to &&1E&&3', &&9D&&5Fof &&89621987
* Redway, Maurine Whort&89B Dorothy Kendall Bracken, ''Marks &1E0on Our Land''. Hastings &&170 &&49E New York§21957
* Savage, Kirk, ''Standing Soldiers, Kneeling Slaves: Race War and &&FB0in &&738&&3C&&4E', &&49Bon &&2F&&141 &&49Bon New &&E6A21997
* Tice, &&1A2 ''&&3', &&CA0&&2F&&141 New &&A39 New &&E6A21984
*''The Real &&3' by [[&&15ADiLorenzo]] ISBN 0761526463, a stinging neo-&&1AC&1097on &&3as evil§22002

===Primary &&3C1===
!97! ''&&334&&C7&94&&3' 9 vols. (New &&A39 NJ: &&CA0Univ. &&141 1953-55)
!97! ''&&1E&&3 His &&4AF&&174'' (1946)
* &&3 &&1E ''&&3 &&4AF&&174'' 2 vol &&C2&13E&2CD (1989).
* &&3 &&1E ''The &&4AE&&174 &94&&3' (&&86&&C2&&1C2cs ed by &&3A2Van Doren Stern) (2000).

!12!
{{&7822C2&&1E&&3}
*{{CongBio|L000313}}
*[#1#&23C170gov/&35&3D/al16.html &&23C&&170&&213
!96!em/alhtml/malhome.html &&1E&&3&&4AB &1F&&C2&4AD(1850-1865)
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*[#1#&1E3org/ The &&3&&C8
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*[#1#mybig&A38com/&F9php?&D6Stats#3#stat=&&4DB#3#date=20041027.3#3#page=5 &&3&&4DBTour] - My Big &&A38(33 &&1B)
*[#2#&C5aol.com/RVS&&B0ELincoln2.html &&1E&&3&&60Site]
*[#1#&1E3nline.org &&1E&&3&&278
*[#1#hti.umich.edu/l/&3 The &&334&&C7&94&&3
*[#2#deptorg.knox.edu/&3tudies/ &&3&&AF&&Cat Knox &&DD
*[#2#lenbernstein.com/Pages/Ego&&6E5html &&27Dof John Drink&2BEs play ''&&1E&&3']
*[#1#sonofthe&89net/prod01.htm &&1BD1860's Harper's Weekly &&1B and News on &&1E&&3
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*[#1#&3erald.com/1970&116ubstitute.html John &&1E5ield Staples, &&3D&&3s #0#&&917#4#]
*[#2#patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1#3#Sect2=HITOFF#3#d=PALL#3#p=1#3#u=/netahtml/srchnum.htm#3#r=1#3#f=G#3#l=50#3#s1=6469.WKU.#3#OS=PN/6469#3#RS=PN/6469 US6469] Patent -- ''Manner of Buoying Vessels'' -- A. &&3-- 1849 
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*[#1#nps.gov/abli/ &&2APark &&172&&1E&&3&4301C1 (&71 good &9A&35
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*[#1#doctorzebra.com/prez/g16.htm &&375and &&3BD&2B&&1E&&3
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===&&1C5&&112eTexts===
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*[#1#&112org/&2ED2517 &&3s Yarns and &&47D
!95!2 &&6EAand [#1#&112org/&2ED11708 &&3BE2] &4AC&&631&&35' (1890) &6FBHay]] (1835 to 1905) &&566&&1A2&&CA1] (1832 to 1901)
*[#1#&112org/&2ED1815 ''The Boys' Life &94&&3'] (1907) by &&CA1 &&931(1866 to 1954)
!95!1 ''The Life &94&&3'] (1901) by &&1BFKetcham
*[#1#&112org/&2ED12800 &&6EAand [#1#&112org/&2ED12801 &&3BE2] &4AC&&3' (1899) by John T. Morse
*[#1#&112org/&2ED14004 ''The &&139day Life &94&&3'] (1913) by Francis Fisher &&919
*[#1#&112org/&2ED11728 ''&&1E&&3 The &&23s Leader &1Struggle for &&2A&&3B2'] (1909) &6E9Haven Putnam, Litt. D.
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{{&58Fbox}}
!B0!
&2E{{ushr|&&797|Member &0U.S. Ho&5C&&1DE&&79s 7th &&73A}
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!D6!
!26!أبراهام لينكولن]]
#7F#Ейбрахам Линкълн]]
[[bs#12#
[[ca#12#
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[[cy#12#
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#E6#آبراهام لینکلن]]
[[fi#12#
[[fr#12#
[[ga#12#
[[gl#12#
!17!אברהם לינקולן]]
[[hr#12#
[[id#12#
[[it:Abramo &&3]
!14!エイブラハム・リンカーン]]
#35#에이브러햄 링컨]]
[[lt:Abraomas Linkolnas]]
#9F#Абрахам Линколн]]
[[nl#12#
[[nn#12#
[[no#12#
[[pl#12#
[[pt#12#
!19!Линкольн, Авраам]]
[[scn#12#
[[sh#12#
[[&1CE&&1E&&3]
[[sk#12#
[[sl#12#
[[sq#12#
!2D!Абрахам Линколн]]
[[sv#12#
#69#อับราฮัม ลินคอล์น]]
[[tr#12#
[[vi#12#
#22#亚伯拉罕·林肯#1A#
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!2!
!5!
§4<&7&&E/&7
§4<id>308</id>
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§6<id>42134476</id>
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§8<&5Dpbsmith</&5
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!3F!-- &&9B&&8--&gt;
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!3F!--!D5!--&gt;
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!3F!-- &&3F--&gt;
§2name§D= Αριστοτέλης, &&3A1s |
§2&430C= &&&62E|
§2&310C= [[&&1387]] [[322 BC]] |
§2&1B7&120= [[&&101sm]] and [[Empiricism]] |
§2main_&17D3= [[&&4F], |
§2&17C§7= [[&&161], |
§2&17C§7= [[&&F1the &&C6], [[&&15A&&6A3] |
§2no&645&2674= [[&&3A0mean (&16|The &&3A0mean]], Rule &0Superior, &&1A3&gt; &&80E |
}}
'''&&E'' ({{lang-grc|{{{&551Αριστοτέλης}}}}} &&3A1s &&&62E#3#&196 [[&&1387]], [[322 BC]]) &44 [[&78&&6B] [[&9B], who &294with [[&&161] and &55B[[&&F1the &&C6]. &&4AB&18Aon many &230, &34[[&12A], [[&554], [[&C9D], [[&261], [[&342], [[&1F], and [[&2C8].

&&E &13B&&161&27F&24B&C0one &&387&30Aof [[&&78&16&78&&6B&9B]]. They &D1B35E[[Presocratic]] [[&&6B&16] in&4&1DCtions of [[&&260] as &5AEit. The &296&&3D0&&E&1C7two &&387&A3&62D[[&&78&16].

&&E&2EA &A1&7E8&5&2C1 &122&86&3FC&2CA&1C2d &AA2&86[[empiricist]]s (see [[&101sm]] and [[&729]).§2&&10A&6C6 a #0#&1A1ng&&108&1039c &1&&2BBby &60F&10B1ocutors &1Bin from &1A9y held &322(''[[Endoxa]]''); his goal &7Dnon-&425&51[[Truth]]. He set the &AB2for what &67&13A&478in&4empiricist &E4[[&27E] &251&D2 &&61&4AB&A36&9A&58&1CB no &123&A3B&0e have &89E The &C7&15Cthat &152&665&14A&4D5[[treatise]] form and were, &1&387part, un&C9&2BC &&7Cwere &62Clecture &4BAor &2BCused &4CF&1BB and were &2E3&11Fy &9E2&985&106&6F5&62 As &698&7C&C7tend &1Beclectic, dense and &259read. &&1C3&31&A3ones are ''[[&&12A(&&E|&&12A]'', ''[[&&FF] (or [[&&FAE])'', ''[[&&238&&113]'', ''[[&&4F(&&E|&&4F]'', ''[[De Anima]] (&&8Soul)&856''[[Poetics]]''.
&&7C&C7 &61&573&C3&530ways, are very &5Ain both &56and &54A 

&&E&15Bfor &7Done &0few &3F9&&D57who &294&2E3&139&230&127&1Ftime. In &47 &&E&294[[anatomy]], [[&2E0], [[&81]], [[embryology]], [[&13D], [[geology]], [[meteorology]], [[&12A], and [[&C9D]. In &16 &&185on [[&A32]], [[&113], [[&1F], [[&FF], [[&4F], [[&1DA], [[&342] and [[&895]. &&10Adealt with [[&133], &109customs, [[&15E] and [[&554]. His &89A&C7&45By &728an [[&1D2] &741&A1

== &&213==
===&&9A&4AE&AF&1F&&2C==
[[&&1BBust &15Cjpg|&41A [[bust (sculpture)|bust]] &15Cis a n&9Aubiquitous ornament in &13Cof high &3E&1[[&&7E&4DWest]].]]

&&E&F9at [[&&FAD], a [[apoikia|&549] of [[Andros]] &8[[&&9C8]ian &3A3of [[Chalcidice]] in &&&62E &&641 &&915 was &23A&E73to King [[Amyntas III of &&9C8]. &&26&4C&&Es &661held this &128&110&20E&933&0&&9C8. As such, &&Es &9A&133&67&62Chave &A41of &38B[[&15F] and [[&2C8] from &575&&55&19EPhaestis, &16B&15B &&26&111&2C9died &9Ain &&Es life. When &&915also died, in &&Es tenth year, &81left an [[orphan]] and &1C1 &8D&8A7hip &1Duncle, [[Proxenus of &&FAC]. He &55B&&E[[&&6B&B&&6B], [[&342], and [[&554] (O'&&6A2''et al.'', [[2004]]). &&422&62C&407&641s &375&A1 &109went to [[&&41B] &1F&1C118, &81&56D&46B&828&1&77Aof &84&2E6

&&5&1C118 to 37 &&E&270in &&6E6a &10BEof [[&&161] and &677d &12F&1F''[[&&2C]''. The &1A4&48&&3D0&&Ehave &35Ethe &334&20E&45E &14E&17&1095&&E&B6B No &91E&B7were divergences &62B&48&&161 who took his &932on sublime, &D49&14B &38Awho even at &3E6&7CDa p&136&10&77A&0&1015and laws &0&CB&4D &&&E66&B7Fthat &&161&2E4&F8&BE2res&4EE&51&A43ent, &5C5&15e &44 open b&AB6of &329ip. &&59E &&Es &81E&DD&48B&&161 his &17E&98with [[&&914] &4D[[&&161ists]], &9Eallusions &58&174 to &&161s &272 &319&DAe were &1E0 &62B&48&&161&38A&184no &10Dcordial &B6Aor &4BC&1056nce. &&C9Cthis, the &45Ethat &9E3&&E&B6Bare &E65&4[[Epicureans]], &4BC&79slanderers. If such &45Ewere circulated &55Eby [[patristic]] &2CF&C[[Justin Martyr]] and [[&&819Nazianzen]], the &1A3lies &1exaggerated esteem &&Ew&328d in &11&9A[[&&B3ty|&&B3] [[heretic]]s, not &44B well-&1A1d &9D&120

===&&Eas &9Band tutor===
&&DD&48B&&161([[347 BC]]), &&E&391&Anext head &0&&2C a &128that &&FC6&1B5d to &&161s nephew. &&Ethen went with &&914&4&23Aof [[Hermias]], &98Bof [[&&FAC] in [[Asia &&30], and &4EFhis niece &60opted &8BD Pythia. In [[344 BC]], Hermias was &B69in a &28B #5C#--''&89E&&6BF&1097)''--&&844&&Ewent &161&E0to [[Mytilene]]. &&&E66&446&41&CBB2on [[Lesbos &&18BLesbos]] and &1026y &45Dbio&261l &60 Then, &86Ftwo &62&D2 &81summoned to Pella, the &&9C8an &C4 by King [[&&3A2II of &&9C8] &1Bome the tutor of [[&&F1the &&C6], who w&A 13.

[[&&B68] &24B&F8&4EAim&109Eto &&F1a &15A&113and &4F &44Aso &0&421&6EF of &16 We have much proof &389&6E4d by &4F3&B&9B &6D&&Emade prudent and &913use &1D&17C&106&4BE&49B(&61[[&&8B6&&6E6] &4FB this). &&5Eth&&E64 &&F1&1B9&&E&32ple &194&10acquisition &75D&3&CE4&1D&E5&77A

&&26&127&F8also &4B8&1&133of &&F1s boyhood &3A7&2D0&71 for &191[[&&C35] and [[Harpalus]]. &&E&981&4CC&9ACwith &&C35 &13A&334&323book, unfortunately now lost.

&&29&3C1 &C&&B68and [[Diogenes]], &&3A2had &&Es &FB4of &&FADburned &2A[[340s BC]], and &&E&1FEy &E63&389re&D21it. &&325tutorship of &&F1 &&422&446y &C0a &8Dtime for &27Bhip &0&&2C his &7B0&&914was &441&29A

===Fo&110&62A&0Lyceum===
In &55[[335 BC]], &&F1&FAB&FD&&EA&225 &38A&38F&3E0 &277in&910adviser (more or less) &74&&F1asc&429the &&9C8an throne, re&220to &&41Band &98Fhis own &6DB&388may, as [[Aulus Gellius]] says, have &45Da &6DB[[&342] &325&999&7AFin &&41B but now, &1AA&&161s &191 he gave &9C7&38B&16in a [[&E62(&78&&4A2|&E62] &3AFto [[&&29Lyceios]], &629his &1B7has come &1B&111&A[[Lyceum]]. (It &44so &1FF[[Peripatetic]] &&1B7&68&&Ep&78&CC8&57C&16&161&10BE &43walking up &71An -- ''peripateo'' -- the shaded walks -- ''peripatoi'' -- &1F0&E62.

&&2Athirteen &62([[335 BC]]#3#&196[[322 BC]]) &D9&AA9as &82C&0Lyceum, &&E&72Cmost &1D&174. Imitating &&161 &4AB''[[Dialogue]]s'' &97his &272 were &E61&272hat &12D&B &&10A&72Cthe &AE&A37(&17&152&2FD&243 on &12A &FF &720forth, &&949ex&128&5AD[[didactic]] &3&Bmore &559than &1''&&A36'. &&7C&174 show &5B8good use he put the &AA&&F1had &1B9for him. They show &BEhow he &4A9&4F0&19Ethe &C7&1D&BEC&77D&16 &808he &9F4 &21B&1D5lly or &69&3A, h&273estigations &&B67of &84&2E6 [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]] &2BDd &389&1C1 &110&&Es &353 &DC&BEB, &E60 and fowlers &0royal &107&60l the overseers &0royal &6C3 lakes, ponds and &552&2F9, and &&Es &4E4&C9D&3CF&31ent more believable. &&422&965in&35E&AC&272 &1D&BEC and [[Strabo]] &B7A&41w&A&2C7accumulate &802&C2

&&2Alast &62&F7life &423&48&5BA&&F1&BFvery s&828 owing &4disgrace and &58Bof [[Callisthenes]], whom &&Ehad recomm&429to &&F1 &&168 &&E&17E&1B&44Bat &&6E6a fri&159&&F1&60re&8Btive of &&9C8a. &&61C when &&F1s &310&25Bin &&41B &3out&10BB&75A&17led &4[[Lamian war]], &&E&6AB&1&5Cun&12Dty &0&&9C8ans. The &6E5[[impiety]], &17&AB&1E7&87[[Anaxagoras]] &27F&850, with even less &1A3 &1E7&87&&E He left &167 &3BB(&29many &78&2EFties) &41&6F3give the Athenians a &6B2sin a &42Atime &87&388took up &7AF&6ED&BA&170at [[Chalcis]], in [[Euboea]], &3e he died &&B89 [[322 BC]]. His &310was &5Ea &46F &446y '&0stomach', from &D9&4B0&F50 &&3CEth&6ED&310was &5E[[hemlock]] poisoning, &F6&A&8F2&41threw &12Fin&4sea #0#&321&11C&D361[[tide]]s,&&D6&E8&9D&1DCtion.

Very &16B&15B&55&&Es &1D5l &420nce &5F0from &104D&3C1. The &5FE and busts &15C &445&5&57&62&0Peripatetic &&1B7 re&8B&899 sharp and keen of &10AFnance, &1F3hat &243the &3DC&6BB His &36amp;&6Fas &8BB&4CF&174, his will (&3Aun&91Edly &CDB, &A3B&1D&1EF &3allusions &1Dun&E5F &6A1amp;&6Fwas &396&6E4minded, kind-&ACEd man, &30Chis &E0&9E&329 kind &327&2B7 fair &327&6A7and &927 grateful &234his benef&280. When [[&&161ism]] ceased &636inate &4Bof [[&&B3ty|&&B3] &67E &3&C7&15C&1B3&1B&294&E8fear and &E5F &33Elity &15C&420d &4&&B3&2CF&0[[13th &3C], as &71D&4un&E5F pagan &2CF&1Down day, as calm, majestic, untroub&504&80E and undimmed &44F &C6&1DDdefects, #0#the &7EDof &120know#0#.

&&Es &B6Falso &140pro&1F7luence on &&45C&7F and &16&2A[[&&35BAges|&35Bages]]. The likes of [[Avicenna]], [[Farabi]], and Yaqub ibn Ishaq al-Kindi&lt;&20gt;[#1#ummah.net/&35&224KINDI.html 1]&lt;/&20gt; were &449&02&193&972&0&&D4&1B7&666&2A''[[&&3A0&&1C1&&53C]''.

== &&2B9logy ==
{{&20D&&Es &11A&D7}}
&&E&6D7&16in &1F8[[&4D8], &3BBthat &16is #0#&56F&0&D7&4D8&5B2&3A[[&5F9]#0#. &&161had &325it &A#0#&47&0[[idea]]#0#, &E6by idea what we &2FBc&DCun&65Cl &DA7of [[&2E6]. Both &10BE&62A&921&16as &692d &B[[&D7]; &&E &28 &727the &D7in [[&14C] &6E and &8Cit the &4D8of &6E &43&&161&727&15&D7&665 &65Bfrom &14C&6E &B1&2D2&4 &Ar [[&52Fype]] or [[exemplar]]. For &&E &B7ore, &C34&2B9&CCDthe ascent &5&F5&14C&2E6&4&15A&4D8, &43for &&161&C34&2B9&194the &815&1B3&15A&D7ide&26Da contemplation of &14Cimitations &1DC&267 In a &11F&2C1 &&Es &2B9is both [[Inductive &1A3ng|inductive]] and [[Deductive &1A3ng|&A35], &43&&161s is &405&A35

In &&Es &40C &10E''&84&16' cor&BC2&4&2E6&0&84&4D &784lude: [[&279], [[&662], &3[[&830&12A]. Many &251&D2&7C&230 &2CAome &240&124&47 as &294&53[[&27E]. In &86&171&10E''&16' has come &1Bmore &B52y &110tood as &FF &41B&546&1B4&0&84&4Dvia the &CB&47.§2In &2B2 in &&Es &4ECuse [[&16] &6E3to encompass all &EC7&338&104C

&&1&2BF &2C1&&726 he &3EE&16co&470with [[&1A3ng]], &D9also &8C#0#&47#4#. Note, &28 th&6EDuse &&D90''&47' &9C6a &5A&E6than that &3A&479&11&27E§2#0#All &47(''dianoia'') is &21B&45B &B66&1B5retical.#0# By &45B&47he &110tands &113and &4F by &B66 he &194&8Bof &554&3&3Afine arts; &43&11retical &16he &194&12A &51F and &FF

&&1E1 &16&1&BDEr &2C1 he &6D7as #0#the &15A[[im&101] &7D&&40calls it #0#&57&16#4#, #0#the theo&261&47&6Cof #0#&7D&1&9FD&BD9of abstr&D6#0# If &261 or, as &&Ecalls it, [[Analytic]], &&FA9as a &1B4&C33to &16 we &EB &45Aof &&D4&16(1) [[&&261]; (2) &&1CF&&16 &34[[&&FF], [[&&12A], [[Mathematics]], (3) &&45B&&16 and (4) Poetical &&16

==&&Es &5EF=
===&&261==
{{main|&&D4&261}
{{see &20DNon-&&D4&261}
==== &&5E2=
&&E#0#says that '&8&334&1A3ng' he 'had no&433else &89B&31Fdate &7AB&55#0# (&&AA1amp;#324;ski, [[1951]]). &&28 &&161&37Dthat [[syntax]] was &621&560by [[Prodikos of Keos]], &1B4&692d &11&A&5C&2FA &&261&842&9C&698from [[&1039cs]]; the &31F&9B used &160like ''[[reductio ad absurdum]]'' as a rule when &59A but &1F3&110tood its &261l implications. Even &&161had &256with &261 &&61&31B&2C8of constructing a &4Bfor [[deduction]], &81&1F3&C0construct one. &&29A he &B65&245[[&1039c]], &17&44con&107E&48&5A&47 and &29B(&&AA1amp;#324;ski, [[1951]]). &&161&262deduction &67&2F1&418from [[premise]]s, so he &1FD&1E8good &894so &15[[&76C] &67&418 &&D2on, &&161&FA8&70C&2B9for &1082ng &387&2CA&913 &&161&1F3&B64&49B&2B9 but &4A8&106Fwas &C9&&973''Sophist'', &176&34Bhis di&56F&2B9(Rose, [[1968]]).

====&&548&3''&&80D'====
{{main|&&80D}
What we call &14A&&D4&261 &&E&12F&E5&E3ed &FAA. &&10E&261he re&3E0 &5CA&1039cs. &&70&&Es work &2A5&4BDits &1BDform, &74&7&10C6&56D&27Aby &1BB&22Clecturers. The &261l &C7&15Cwere &B63into six &18A&79F&7Cof [[&&74E]]:
#''&&187'
#''On &&3E1'
#''&&66D&&548'
#''&&E5E&&548'
#''&&2BB'
#''On &&C32&&C31'

The &353&0&18A(&1B5&617 &629&107&72C &6B&11F but this list was &847&1B3alysis &F7&174. &&B7one &3BE&F7&692ng &261not &1DC&1''&&80D', namely the &55Dbook of ''&&FF'' (&&AA1amp;#324;ski, 1951).

====Modal &261===
&&E&4Athe creator of [[syllogism]]s with modalities ([[modal &261]). &&2D2modal &632&4word 'modes', &D36ning the &B3modal &261&DA2&B&77C[[&4A6]. &&E&34Bthe qualification of '&3B7 and '&127 &894 He &689a &261&D9ped &1&D87of &4A6but &61very &&BCB (Rose, 1968).

===&&47==
[[&&1B&&8Fco Hayez 001.jpg|&41left|&&E by &&8Fco Hayez]]
&&D4&27D &55&47had only been &683 not &49A &&11&86&59D&&D90 &&D4&16&153&47 &807[[&4Diew]] &DB&ECprobe how &4B&301&563&69[[&5A1]. &&37&&973''[[&&2B&&3D7The &2B&3D7]'' he &4A6&9Cmales have more teeth than &62A. Had he only made some &283, he &E5&333this &2BDis &D48

Rather, &A9what one's &2C1 told one, &&D4&16then dep&429up&&C30that man's mind &11Delucidate &DClaws &&39F &A9&1CE&283(&E8&25D &69[[&1A3] &834§2

One &0&1A3 for &16F&F8held that &12A&44out &8C2ng &2CA&32&6E3&0r own, &94s &51F&44out un&8C2ng &2CA&3CD&6E3&0r own. &&14D&16 he &11Cimagine &15e &44&16D&7B.

In &2B2 &14As #0#&47&50Dumes that &449al&2Cen &AA0&23astray, &&4B0one must compare one's &267&4&5F9&4D&69&25D &474 can one see &85As &267&3E2in &6E3 This &128is &79[[&729] or &16D&2B9].

&&61&&Einitiated &EAstep &1&2B&27Eby &1DCng &261as &264l &47 &10Aleft &1B6a &D64of &893&E5D&386may discern in s&1E1 &0&FF His &E5D&67gain much &929up &8E1500’s, &94&&912and &&6A0&10C&6DF&766&&A8&6B&627&&39F &&53rd &3C&41500’s, the &725view held &15&192w&A&C&&39F &5BDlate date &26un&118&15&192&6Beven &627of &806&D71&4B 

In &D47&15Cs bogus &3D9&0&948 and sun, &52a vital &36&1&2B&FF both &2DD&0&28E&&726 as &BEa &6DF&1D3&FFas a &2DB Dubbed “the stuff next &4&12A” by &&911of Rhodes, “&FF &BF&573&4idea of “&55Fthe &CB by Simplicius, a &4tor on &&E &&911had &C9&&Es &C7&BC3&16C43-20 BC; so &337the &28Eof &FFwas &2F1that &3A“next &4&12A”

==&&Es &FF=

===[[Causality]]===

[[&&A9Ele]] &F&57&805that #0#All &6E0&317&33A; &386have &E5&A1when &5AE&6E2 that &7C6&804s &3B2&335&77B&1A3&5AC&3B2#0#{{fact}}§2Setting the &522ines for &DC&D9Ccausal &236 by specifying &1F2 &1EC &14B &228, &EB6 &353 and &77C&647 &&Es &3D9&0&6E0&6E&&&838&A77&CA&892now. &&29&&Es &CA &DC&25Afall &4A5&2C1, &23F&2D&17a&652 &4ways the &200'why' &5D&7ECd; namely, by &136&4&6FA&1B5''&D46'; the ''&4D8', the &5B8 &1FA &1B5&103 &4&480&7C6''&35F' &1B5&1027&279&D6 and &4goal, the plan, the ''end'', &1B5good. &&61C &3E5kinds of &25Acome &110&59&45A

The [[&&101&&38B] &1BB&629&804&76Finto &3B2as &4A4&53D &B62 &D46or &101. This &10A2 &18Bof &25A&4&53D(f&280, &228, &B62 &C2F &9EAthe &526(&4B &103 &FA7 &297 &E5C or combi&2B5 (&7AE&526&647.

The [[Formal &&38B] &667us what &804is, &70Cy &433is &2DC&11&59D form, &5B8 &4D8 &526 &A63 or &E5B It &1000the &3D9of &25Ain &1F8&530&14Bor &5Claws, &A&526(macro&103 &Fca&5Cits &53D(the &526part &647.

The [[Efficient &&38B] &1BBfrom &188&35For &14Fng &0&35F&57&58F. It &741'what &3EEof &84made &2D8&25A&6E1&84&35F' &720&8A9all &77A&1027, non&FCor &FC &10A7&A&626&35For &5Dor rest. Re&8Bng &114&D5&547&A&55E&6DF&2F5 this &7AD&66A&535of #0#&38B&50D&21B&3A0t or &944or &14C&35Aor &708&3F2

The [[&&18E&&38B] &1BB&10sake &162&804&665 &894done, &34both &37Bul &122tru&6F4&D6 &&958 &&180&38Bor telos &F&37Bor end &3E8hing is &B61to &3E0 or &26that &629&6Dto &188&35Fis. Th&4A&7AD&86&267of &6F4&647&E5Asuch &1D6ca&87B volition, need, &724 or &108F, &2A0 ir&2A0 &1ED all that &52D&37B&1Bavior.

&&1F5y, &6E&57&25A&4CEan&3A ca&219&137&58Ay, as hard work &25A&9C5and vice &10BD &61not &&A9Fway or &34F &5ABis &A&4C9&35F &4E&Agoal. [Thus &&E&57&2E4a &58Aor &723&547as a &55E&4BC&D45or &D6&7BCluence of &6DF&2F5] Also, &&Eindicated &15same &433&57the ca&5C&8B2&1C6 its &73E&60sent may &570in &5Aout&76F

&&C9C &&E&55Atwo &77C&647 &6CE(&66D &647&60cidental (&21D &647 All &25A &6CE&122idental, &57&3C0as &290or as &5F9 &14Cor &C9B The same &B&632&4&659&25A &1BF&C9B&1C6as&41Cto &C9B&25A &14C&1C6to &14C&25A &468&25Ato &5F9&1C6 &&DFCly, &547&7Dsuggest a temporal &BF3&7B&38B&3&2F5
All &12B&4D7of &547&152&CE6ng in &FFEthe &614&C49&8&353&25A like as &18E&gt; &7AEgt; &101&gt; &910(&&6A3, &7BCre&BDEng all &547&4&101and &7AE&25Aor &4&7AE&547(deterministic or &21D or just to &9C7&653and cor&1A4of &84&2E6(&28B&47 &996how &6E&E59&625&D36ning the whys and &94ores).

===&&21Dand &&C2E==
&&C2Eand &21Dare &6E0&1C6 &&21D&277incidental &38Blies &&B67of accidental &6E &&26#0#from &&A76#4# (&5C5 that &&A76&7Dcome from &21D. &&ED&328&D5&&Es &5D4on of #0#&21D#4# it &2EE&6DEto &779#0#co&A5A#4#: Some&433&53Aby &21Dif &1F6sets out &B&DE6of &1E8one &433take &1C1 but &B&570&&9C4&433(&4BD&429 &2E2&1C1 For &191 &&1F6&D91do&B9 That &1D5&4A3an&3A&1D5&106C&636ate a &519sum. &&28 if &33E&CE2the do&B9met &33Edonating, not &10&624collecting do&B9 but for &33C&37B &&E&67c&DCcollecting &0do&2B5by &33Bdonator a &3D9&21D It &151&830&3E8hing &9E4by &21D In &236if &1EA&9E4all or most &&D44 &86Eot &79C&26by &21D

&&28 &21Dcan &6F1ply to &498 &26&1sphere of &1DD&D6. &&29&&E &21Dmust involve &407(and thus de&97C, &739&9C are &349deliberati&89B &407 #0#What &6B&349&D6&40Ado &3AEby &21D#4# (&&12A 2.6).

===The Five &&228===
*'''Fire''' &3Ahot &777*'''&&192'' &3Acold &777*'''Air''' &3Ahot &776*'''&&2BE'' &3Acold &776*'''Aether''' &17&F&E99&54Athat &3EE&24Eheavens

&&7C&420&10B135F(i.e. Fire #3##x2194; Air #3##x2194; &&2BE#3##x2194; &&192etc.), &43aether &893&59D The Sun &D43this &D72&66C God &D43the Sun &66C(and thus the Sun is eternal).

== &&Es &113==
{{main|&&D4&113}
&&61&&185&AE&4E4[[&113], &3E5one w&A''[[&&238&&113]'', &3A&C0&2C&&Es &C6st &C7 it &CC8s [[&2DA]s. The ten &18A&17&746it are &A9&4BAfrom his &B60&1F[[Lyceum]] and were &21B&27Aby or &3AFto &&Es son, [[&&915].

&&E&4C&1ED&A1&6B''&11F' &A1 like [[&FF] and [[&5EF], but ''&5C&A1'. Also, as &26a &45B&2DB&51a [[&CA&1CF] one, he &262&105&1Bome #0#good,#0# one &11C&2F1&1B4what &2DA''is''; one must &301do &892&D42§2
In &102do &316had &2C7establish &4DB&892§2He &1B3by &52Bthat &139hing was done with some &803mind &6Dgoal is 'good.'§2The &FA6goal he &1FF''Highest Good''.

&&E&A34that &459&11Cbe &1DC&5A8pleasure or &5A8fame and &91F He &18Ey &727&459#0#by as&11Fng the &1BE&34Fof man.&&730&84this &34F&6DD&DA6&459§2To &A57&316analyzed the soul and &1DCit &9C&117&53D the Nutritive Soul (&428, &3D7and &9C), the Perceptive Soul (&3D7and &9C) &3&&2A0Soul (&9C only).§2Thus, a &9Cs &34F&335do what &7AC&9C &1Bgood at what sets it &65Bfrom &139hing else: &29Cto &1A3or ''Nous''. &&1F6&7CAs this &Fhappiest &68&107fulfilling &72&37Bor &1ECas &1DC&1&2A0soul.§2Dep&6BC&85Fwell they did &316said &23&8A2to &2Cfour &187 the Virtuous, the &&198 the In&198&3Vicious.

&&E&12A&139&1ED&2DA&5F&10B1536e &65C&48[[&E7A] and [[&D41]. This &7Dmean &&E&1A2&1DD&722 &28§2He set &11Fe&279 (e.g., hate, envy, jealousy, &D47 etc.) and &11F&D6 (e.g., &10C5ry, theft, &1096 etc.) as &40F&721 &499&0&544&1B5circum&108B.

===&&238&113==
{{main|&&238&&113}
In ''&&238&&113', &&E&663s &8&41Fcontinually [[&EEbe&1E8] &892y and &3EA[[&2DA] &51committing &1BEgood &D6. This &57&2B2d with [[&&FA5Kant|Kantian]] &113 &97&29D&663&893&14D&D6 ''&&238&&113' &7CB the &41F&463to &1ED&658#3#&6F what &7B0&A&886&544&7B0&721&44Bther. &&E&4C[[&459] &F&159life &6Das long as &1F6is striving for [[Goodness and &2EA&CA&B5F], good &D42will &570&6DC&763 &21E&33E&892&&4B0happy.

== &&Es &296==
[[&&1BSanzio 01 &&161&&Ejpg|&41left|[[&&161] (left) and &&E(&A, a &BBEof ''[[Raphael Rooms|The &&1B7of &&41B]'', a fresco by [[Raphael]].§2&&E&8AC&4&192 re&8Bng his &6DA&A1&69&546observati&89B &1FF &F03&&161&125 up &4heavens &4DDhis &362&1&FA6&4A6]]

&&E&&7D8on &AE&1A1.

* H&5Flysis of pro&100Fis &2DD&D95&8&1A1 &87pre&1049 an &2EC ensouling masculine &228&4F0life &44Cinert, passive, lumpen &62A&228 &26&8e &1A1 &3E8&208&296&103&&Eas a misogynist. 
*At &171 the &925ons &F8&10C1 &2AB&4E5 &1Down &82C [[&&161], &25Arely on faulty &125&DB&4E5.
*&&61&&E&C9A &87&&161 that &A1&0&4D&11Donly be &B64&69&1FF he &2DDfai&241take his own &E7B &&E&45D&1C5 of careful [[&546] &77A but &7Adrifted into [[Abstr&D6&4ED] &261l &1A3ng, &B&570th&6ED&4F2littered with &684that &2C6&149by &546&235 &37his &BE8on that &2CAof &5A[[mass]] fall at &5A&D69 &110[[gravity]], &61&D2refuted &6FBPhiloponus]] (cred&26&7A&7A2[[&&6A0&&C99&&6A0], even &7FPhilopinus &5A6&251&31F.
*&&1[[&&35BAges]], &5C1&5[[12th &3C] &4[[15th &3C], &1B1&15C&BF&1094&58[[dogma]]. &&61&&E&12Fwas &79Ddogmatic &58&22Ato &73&104C two &3F8&1D&16&2EE&EBsisted its &D1Bormation in&636ma. &&6D9were wide-&6C1and [[&4Btic]] so &15 &11Dgive the im&141on &849&178&6FA&ABleft un&505 He &44so much less &1007to &E58the [[skeptic]]al &29B&1D&BEC Socrates and &&161
*Some &34A have &2E4&F8was &CCEof much &0&1B2&47&1Down time.

&&422&8C&450&C6&9B but #0#The &&9B&171[[Scholastic]] &3B3 &&7C&3B3bl&429&&D4&16with &&B3ty, &4F0the &621&&78&&4A2in&4&&35BAges. It &3A7a &C2D&154&&D4&14B&10&47 &3&801free &135&10&481&124&E5laws and &546&29B

== The loss &1D&C7==
&&7F&5AE&F8&24Bmany elegant &A37([[Cicero]] &156his &378as #0#a &260of gold#0#), &456 &22lost in time. All &386have now &104&2B6&4BA&FD&10BE, &17&3D6&259read (the ''[[&&238&&113]'' is &6D8&191. &&26now &4Cwe &EBout one &4C4&1D&1BD&C7

&&E&110stimated the &350&1D&1EEwork for &9Cty. He thus &1F3&C9&4A7, &5F0from his &A36 &&3CE&0&1BDmanu&95 &1D&A37is &156by [[Strabo]] &58&&13Dand [[&&B68] &58#0#[[&&4F9Lives]], Sulla#0#: The manu&95 were left from &&Eto [[&&5EE], from &&5EEto [[Neleus of Scepsis]], from Neleus &327heirs. &&72&36Csold &37F[[Apellicon of Teos]]. When [[Lucius &&A33Sulla|Sulla]] &3A5&&41Bin [[86 BC]], he &5D2&39C&C2of Appellicon to [[Rome]], &94&186&57&242[[60 BC]] &5&81Fan [[Tyrranion of Amisus]] &3 by &9B[[&&911of Rhodes]].

== &&252==
''Note: [[Bekker &2D0] &3D6&83&7EEy &4F7&CB8 &15C &&107&97D&243&94&255''

=== &&193&C7===
The extant &C7&15Care &AA7 down &292&4five &187&1''[[Corpus &&3A1cum]]''. Not all &0e &C7&384&CDB but &90Fwith &5D1&4r &4A7to &&E his &90E&9E&206 Some, such &A''&&E57&&B5E' &1B5&A3B&1CB''politeia'' are &56&10B5&224as &2AC&F7#0#&1B7&40&B63&110his &212or super&56F &&3A&C7 such ''On &&BBD'' may &22&2AC&F7&32Ars &1FLyceum, e.g., [[&&5EE] and [[Straton]]. &&152&3A &8A5&&Es name &69&2D3ties in &272or &6D3 such &A''De &&428s,'' &445by [[&&FA4of Damascus]]. A &18E&8 omitted here, &71 &44C[[palmistries]], [[astro&261l]] and [[&427l]] &2BC&389&4A7to &&4A1purely &FA3and self-pro&279l. &&DB&D7&EA7&4FB are &55A&32 asterisk.

==== &&261l #F1#
* [[&&80D] (&334&4E4&261:
** (1a) [[&&187(&&E|&&187] (or ''Categoriae'')
** (16a) [[On &&3E1] (or ''De &&3E1'')
** (24a) [[&&66D&&548] (or ''&&E56&&66D'')
** (71a) [[&&E5E&&548] (or ''&&E56&&E5E'')
** (100b) [[&&2BB(&&E|&&2BB] (or ''Topica'')
** (164a) [[On &&C32&&C31] (or ''De Sophisticis Elenchis'')

==== &&CBand &E5#F1#
* (184a) [[&&12A(&&E|&&12A] (or ''Physica'')
* (268a) [[&&8Heavens]] (or ''De Caelo'')
* (314a) [[On Generati&89B &&341] (or ''De &&33E et &&341'')
* (338a) [[&&85D(&&E|&&85D] (or ''Meteoro&261'')
* (391a) [[&&8Cosmos]] (or ''De Mundo'', or ''&&8&&506') *
* (402a) [[&&8Soul]] (or ''De Anima'')
* (436a) [[&&16B&&CB&&FAF]] (or ''Parva &&84a''):
** [[On Sense &3Sensible]] (or ''De Sensu et Sensibilibus'')
** [[On &&6BAand Reminiscence]] (or ''De Memoria et Reminiscentia'')
** [[On Sleep and Sleeplessness]] (or ''De Somno et Vigilia'')
** [[On Dreams]] (or ''De Insomniis'') *
** [[On Prophesying by Dreams]] (or ''De Divi&2B5 per Somnum'')
** [[On Longevity and &&18Cess of Life]] (or ''De Longitudine et Brevitate Vitae'')
** [[On Youth and Old Age]] (On &&4AEDeath) (or ''De Juventute et Senectute'', ''De Vita et Morte'')
** [[On Brea&433] (or ''De Respi&1021e'')
* (481a) [[On Breath]] (or ''De &&622'') *
* (486a) [[&&2B&&3D7] (or ''Historia &&315''&&8&&2B&&3D7', or ''De&95on of &&3D7')
* (639a) [[&&8&&95&&3D7] (or ''De Partibus &&400um'')
* (698a) [[&&8Gait of &&3D7] (or ''De Motu &&315''&&8&&5Dof &&3D7')
* (704a) [[&&8&&4D1on of &&3D7] (or ''De Incessu &&400um'')
* (715a) [[&&8&&33Eof &&3D7] (or ''De &&33E &&400um'')
* (791a) [[On &&BBD]] (or ''De Coloribus'') *
* (800a) ''[[De audibilibus]]''
* (805a) [[Physiognomics]] (or ''Physiognomonica'') *
* [[On &&428]] (or ''De &&428s'') *
* (830a) [[On Marvellous &&6EHeard]] (or ''Mirabilibus Auscultationibus'', or ''On &&6EHeard'') *
* (847a) [[Mechanical &&2B0] (or ''Mechanica'') *
* (859a) [[&&2B0(&&E|&&2B0] (or ''Problemata'') *
* (968a) [[On Indi&5C6Lines]] (or ''De Lineis Insecabilibus'') *
* (973a) [[&&544 and &&1DBWinds]] (or ''Ventorum Situs'') *
* (974a) [[On Melissus, &&D40and Gorgias]] (or ''MXG'') * The &49On &&D40&58F at 977a13, the &49On Gorgias &58F at 979a11.

==== Meta&CB#F1#
* (980a) [[&&FF(&&E|&&FF] (or ''Metaphysica'')

==== Ethical #F1#
* (1094a) [[&&238&&113] (or ''Ethica Nicomachea'', &775&&113')
* (1181a) [[&&C6&&113] (or ''Magna &&1DDa'') *
* (1214a) [[Eudemian &&113] (or ''Ethica Eudemia'')
* (1249a) [[&&2DA and Vices]] (or ''De Virtutibus et Vitiis &&FA2', ''&&FA2de virtutibus'') *
* (1252a) [[&&4F(&&E|&&4F] (or ''Politica'')
* (1343a) [[&&81 (&&E|&&81]] (or ''O&81'')

==== Aesthetic #F1#
* (1354a) [[&&342(&&E|&&342] (or ''Ars &&342'', &775Art of &&342' or ''&&FAFon &&342')
* [[&&342to &&F1] (or ''&&342 ad Alexandrum'') *
* (1447a) [[Poetics]] (or ''Ars Poetica'')

==== A work &514''Corpus &&3A1cum''§2====
* The [[&&6A&0Athenians]] (or ''&&E57&&B5E', &775Athenian &&6A') *

=== &&1BE&2CD===
* [[&&49Bon #A0# &&141 ''The &&30B&&C7&15C The Revised &&90D&&D1Bation'' (2 &&3BESet; Bollingen &&2F0 Vol. LXXI, No. 2), &27Aby [[Jonathan &&E72] &&&A8691-09950-2 (&&31&30B&2AE&518&F7extant &C7
* [[&&12B&&90D&&90D#A0# &&141 ''Clarendon &&E&&2F0'.§3[#1#oup.com/us/catalog/&5C&2F0Clarendon&&Eeries/?view=usa Scholarly &2CD
* [[&&CE#A0# &&141 ''[[Loeb &&134&&C2&&ELoeb &&134&&C2]'' (&E55 publishes &77D with &&42&497on facing &3F0
* [[&&90D&&134Texts]] (&E55 &&6Bonly)

==Named for &&E=
*[[&&E1(crater)|&&E1crater]] &8[[Moon]].
*The [[&&E&&12BThessaloniki]]
*&&Es Cockney &B6F- &&5A&15C like &396[[J. &&359Rank]], &163&1A9ex&141on in [[Cockney rhyming slang]].

#F8#
*[[&&D4&3A2God]]
*[[&&D4&11Agravity]]
*[[Philia]]
*[[Phronesis]]
*[[Potentiality &&E54(&&E|&&Es &11A&290y &&E54]

!1E!
Needless &800&91ry &15Eon &&4A1vast. &&59&8Eare &6F1&20s&1E1

* &9
§2&3E= Adler &26E= &&B5DJ.
§2&17= &&B5DAdler
§2&2E[[&&Efor &&139ody]] 
§2&21Macmillan
§2&25#E5# 
§2&391978
}} A &12Dex&128&10&5C&97A
* &9
§2&3E= &&AA1ski &26E= I. M.
§2&17= I. M. &&AA1ski
§2&2E&&78Formal &&261
§2&21&&10A&&69F&&242&&E9§2&25= Amsterdam 
§2&391951
}}
* &9§2&3E= Guthrie &26E= W. K. C.
§2&2EA &&2B&&6B&&16 Vol. 6
§2&21[[&&646&&2F&&141] 
§2&391981
}} A &4DAand &9C9y &6ABvery readable.
* &9§2&3E= &&FA1&26E= &&E53§2&17= &&E53&&FA1§2&2EThe &&C6Con&10BDion: A &&9D&&330to &&16§2&21[[McGraw Hill]] 
§2&&BC12
§2&&&&5ED0195175107
 }}
* &92
§2&3E= Rose &26E= Lynn E.
§2&17= Lynn E. Rose
§2&2E&&Es Syllogistic§2
§2&21&&5B9C &&15APublisher
§2&25= &&9392482
§2&391968
 }}
* &92
 &3E= Ross &26E= Sir &&203 &17= Sir &&203Ross
 &2E&&E
 &21Routledge
 &6D6= 6&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; ed.
 &25= &&7CF &391995
 }} An &1C2c &3AAby &2C&&Es most &A3&&42&D1Bators, in &90C&741923.
* &9 &3E= &&6AA&26E= &&1BFOsborn
 &17= &&1BFOsborn &&6AA &61F= #1#&78ibrary.com/&15F&F9html
 &2E= &&6BBiology and &&15F &39= 1922
 | &2CC= &&2CC3: &&Es Biology
 | &2CCrl = #1#&78ibrary.com/&15F0051.html
 }}
* &9 &3E= &&E52&26E= &&DE &17= &&DE&&E52 | &3A = Nihil Obstat Remy Lafort, S.T.D.; Censor Imprimatur + John Cardinal Farley, Abp. of New York
 &2E= The &&226&&1D2 &&3BEI: #0#&&E#4#
 &21= &&76&&8AE&&E9 &6D6= 1907
 &39= 1907
 &25New York
}}
* &9
§2&3E= Veatch &26E= &&1BFB.
§2&17= &&1BFBabcock Veatch
§2&2E&&E A &&204Appreciation 
§2&21&&1D1 U. &&141§2&25= Bloomington 
§2&391974
}} &&10&5C&97A

!12!
{{Wiki&3C1&2EF}
{{&7EB}
{{&1A9|&&3A1s}}

*{{&112&2EF| id=&&E| name=&&E}
*[#2#&&Ethefree&C2com/ A &1026&213and e-&2BC&8Bd one &2CCat &874
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*[#1#&2DA47com/nicomachean-&113html &&238&&113by &&E]
*[#2#uk.arxiv.org/abs/&12A0505172 &&E&897dian &261
*O'&&6A2 J. John #3# &&76on, Edmund F., [#2#www-&35mcs.st-&D9s.ac.uk/Mathematicians/&&Ehtml &&E, 2004.
*{{Perseus&&2EF&&E}
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!94!=&&E}
*[#1#shvoong.com/&18A&35119724-&6A&41B a &104Bof #0#The &&6Aof &&41B#4#]

!FC!


[[&&8322 BC &310|&&E]
[[&&8384 BC &430|&&E]
[[&&8&&78&&6B&69E]
[[&&8&&78&&6B&9B]]
[[&&8&&D4&9B]]
[[&&8&&E]
[[&&8Empiricists]]
[[&&8&&6B&261ans]]
[[&&8&&2B&16]
[[&&8&&2B&47]
[[&&8Meteor&10B2ts]]
[[&&8&&342]
[[&&8&&342ans]]

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'''''An &&19A&&241'''' is a [[&&51&17C &134&D8symphonic]] com&128by [[&&19&&9&&10] &720[[&&1A2&&891] &17debuted in [[1928]].§2Inspired by &&891s time in [[&&241], &26&1form &146&229[[tone poem]] evoking &703 and &4C3&0[[&&8F&&50] &C4&1[[1920s]].§2&&57F&4&1BC&67D&0[[&F9F&A31], the &42B&B8&6F5auto&3A9horns; &&891&1E7back some &&241an taxi-cab horns &10New York premiere &0com&128§2

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* The &42Balso &B8&67D&E51seen &1concert hall: [[celesta]] and [[saxophone]]s.

[[&&8Com&128 &6E9&&891]
[[&&8Symphonic poems|&&19A&&241 An]]

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!0!
§6<&4/* &&166*/</&4
§6#7#The '''&&2C&&B1'', &12Dy &111&A'''&&1F0''', are &31&291[[film]] &B1&1[[&&19&&9] &&B95&4B§2The &&B1are &25Fd &11[[&&337&&279&&2CEArts and &&47]], a &ED&91Fry &1A0&17 [[as of 2003]], &140&35C&C5ip of 5,816.§2&&280 (&32&C5ip of 1,311) make &24E&12C&35Cbloc.§2The &38C&22tabulated and certified by auditing firm [[Price&2BEouseCoopers]] &74&53B&4&B1 inception. [#1#pwc.com/extweb/newcolth.nsf/docid/540E0FBE1B2997EE85256E55005BE8FB]

The [[78th &&2C&&B1next &&1F0]] will take &1C1on Sunday, [[&&1385th]], [[2006]].

==&&1F0&5FEte==
&&501name &0&&1F0[[&5FEte]] &F#0#&&2C&&774Merit.#0# Made of [[gold]]-&D6A [[britannium]] on a &16E&91Abase, &2613.5 inches (34 cm) tall, weighs 8.5 lbs (3.85 kg) and &1095 a [[k&385] &CA7a [[crusade|crusader]]'s [[sword]] &72Aon a [[reel]] of film. The root &&AAA#0#&&1F0&D6&A34 Some &1C9it &139&&2Clibrarian [[&&74AHerrick]], &805it on a &645&6D5#0#it looks just like my uncle &&1F0#0# &&3A &61A[[Bette &&657] &244it &46&23D&807 &&28it &BF &49Fstuck &B1used &2E3as comm&6F1 ''&&2C&&1B5', even &11&&2C&1E9 &&59E the &&2Cs &BFAname is ''&1F0.org'' &3&11B&231&10&&2C&&B1is at ''&1F0com''.

==&&B1&385=
&&3E5&B1are &207out at a &43E &574y in &&138&208&8AF&8A4year. This &5Fe&38Ate &10BAaganza, &Binvited guests walking &24Ered carpet &1&100F &&387&291[[&104A] &B5Brs &0day. The &43Eand &10BAagant &46arties, &5B&&2Cs &&351 Ball, are televised &16C&4B

The &43Ehas &670y aired on [[&&10&&2D6ng &&E9ABC]] &741976.

==Nomi&B9=
&&14A &29&&5172 and 3 &0&11B&&2C&&B1&&517 a film h&26Dopen &1&627&8A4year (from [[mid&385] [[&&C31]] to mid&385[[&&13F31]]) in [[Los &&36B&&B0 &&201], to qualify. [#1#&1F0.org/78&2Cwards/&517&F9html]§2Rule 2 &29Ba film &151#0#&4D5&496#4# (&325as 40 &B22) to qualify &ED &1B5(&5F0for &&18C&&230&B1 of &569. It must also &665&21Bon a [[35 mm film|35mm]] or [[70 mm film|70mm]] film &90COR on a 24fps or 48fps [[&4D1ve scan]] [[&833film]] &90C&32&158re&B54no &23Ethan [[SXGA|1280x1024]].

The &C5&0&20E&2B8&FC1&DB&1r &5D1ve &21F(&280 are &A3D&11&280' &4C1 etc.) &43all &C5may &1093&B6C&6A&&2CE The &B6E &104 &2DCby a &8D&27Eof &35C&97all &55Dnow &61Evote &49D&187

==&&C5ip==
&&2C&C5ip &5D&B64by &2Ctwo ways: a &C2Cnomi&2B5(&4F1nominee &151invited &823 or &2C4may &1093a name, &8Dd by &1F4two &3A&C5 then voted upon &11Board of &&351. The &&2C&7D&A2y dis&53Bits &C5ip, &6&525&141&B5C&EBn&10B9 &5A of &120&22invited &823 If &1F6&5AA&2C4&7B9inated in &123one &8in &2CCyear, he/she must &E50&17&4C1&823&109she &BF6 &C5ip.

==&&B1=
[[&&1BBobHope&827sca.jpg|&41&&61he &1F3w&89B&&1F0&EDy &1D&1B1&675, the co&536 [[Bob Hope]] &309five &91Fry &&1F0 for &166to &7ACand &9Ctarian work.]]
===&&2C&&774Merit===

!DF!
*[[&&2C&&12Best &&2CEBest &&2CE]#!11F!&!92!Best &&280Best Leading &&280]#!11F!&!92!Best &&317Best Leading &&317]#!11F!&!92!Best &&177ng &&280Best &&177ng &&280]#!11F!&&9Fto &8B*[[&&2C&&12Best &&177ng &&317Best &&177ng &&317]#!11F!&&9Fto &8B*[[&&2C&&12Best &&340&&4D5Best &&340&&4D5]#!11F!#3#&196 [[2001]] to &8B*[[&&2C&&12Best Art &&212Best Art &&212]#!11F!&&1Eto &8B(also &8C&&F9Eor Set Deco&1021)
*[[&&2C&&12Best &&3D3Best &&3D3]#!11F!&!92!Costume &&B5BBest Costume &&B5B]#!11F!#3#&196 [[1948]] to &8B*[[&&2C&&12&&4B7ng|Best &&1DE]#!11F!&!92!&&523&&4D5Best &&523&&4D5]
*[[&&2C&&12&&523&&18C&&230Best &&523&&18C&&230]
*[[&&2C&&12Film &&80CBest Film &&80C]#!11F!&&217to &8B*[[&&2C&&12Best &&109&&BFilm|Best &&109&&BFilm]]#!11F!#3#&196 [[1947]] to &8B*[[&&2C&&12Makeup|Best Makeup]]#!11F!#3#&196 [[1981]] to &8B*[[&&2C&&12&&1BD&&D8&&42BBest &&1BD&&42B]; [[1934]] to &8B*[[&&2C&&12Best Song|Best &&1BDSong]]#!11F!&&F0to &8B*[[&&2C&&12Best Song|Best &&1BD&&D8l]]#!11F!&&F0to &8B*[[&&2C&&12&&340&&18CFilm|Best &&340&&18CFilm]]#!11F!#3#&196 [[1931]] to &8B*[[&&2C&&12Live &&D6&&18CFilm|Best!112!&&18CFilm]]
*[[&&2C&&12Sound|Best Sound Mixing]]; [[1930]] to &8B*[[&&2C&&12Sound &&1C6&&80CBest Sound &&80C]#!11F!#3#&196 [[1963]] to &8B*[[&&2C&&12&&7D1&&1C6Best &&7D1&&1C6]#!11F!#3#&196 [[1939]] to &8B*[[&&2C&&12&&174Adapted &&71EBest Adapted &&71E]#!11F!&!92!&&174&&1BD&&71EBest &&1BD&&71E]#!11F!#3#&196 [[1940]] to &8B
====Retired #F0#
*[[&&2C&&12Best &&644&&1DEBest &&644&&1DE]#!11F!#3#&196 [[1933]] to [[1937]] 
*[[&&2C&&12Best Dance &&212Best Dance &&212]#!11F!&&217to [[1937]]
*[[&&2C&&12&&282&&1C6Best &&282&&1C6]#3#!DE!
*Best &&42B-- Adaptation or &&286*[[&&2C&&12Best &&18CFilm - Color#75#- Color]]#!11F!&&9Fand [[1937]]
*[[&&2C&&12Best &&18CFilm -!112!- 2 Reels#75#-!112!- 2 Reels]]#!11F!&&9Fto [[1956]]
*[[&&2C&&12&&18CFilm - &&2F7y#75#- &&2F7y]]#!11F!#3#&196 [[1932]] to [[1935]]
*[[&&2C&&12Best &&246Best &&1BD&&246]#!11F!&&1Eto [[1956]]
*[[&&2C&&12Best &&7&&174Best &&7&&174]#3#!DE!
*[[&&2C&&12&&61DArtistic &&A0Best &&61DArtistic Quality of &&A0]#3#!DE!

&&1&57year &0&B1 the Best &&1DE&8was &65Finto &352Drama and &&B91&187 At &171 the Best &&1BD&&42B&8&28&65Finto &352Drama and &&B91&&D8l &187 &&14A the Best &&1BD&&42B&8&1AF&8 &&51930s &53&93F the &&3D3 Art &&212 and Costume &&B5B&B1were &65Finto &352&187for &16Eand &23Cand &99A&383

===&&15C&B1==
&&7C&B1are voted on by &15C&466, &51&11&&2C&C5ip as a &526

!DF!
*[[&&2CHonorary &&1B5]#!11F!&&1Eto &8B*[[&&2C&&15CAchievement &&1B5]
* [[&&2C&&1B5 &&E5or &&559]#!11F!#3#&196§2[[1931]] to &8Bat &117&24A
*[[The Irving G. Thalberg &&4DB&&1B5]#!11F!#3#&196 [[1938]] to &8B*[[The Jean Hersholt &&9Ctarian &&1B5]
*[[Gordon E. Sawyer &&1B5]

====Retired #F0#=
*[[&&2CJuvenile &&1B5]#!11F!&&F0to [[1960]]

==&&2C&&1B5&20B=
*[[&&2C&&48&&383&33910 or &119*[[&&2C&&48&&383&3398 or &41E*[[&&2C&&48&&383&339&B1&6A&&2CE &&4B7ng, &&280 &&317and &&174]
*[[&&2C&&48&&383&55C&5C0&10A7nomi&B9]
*[[&&2C&&48&&280 &3395 or &119*[[&&2C&&48&&280 &3392 or &41E*[[&&2C&&48&&1DE &55Cor &119
#F8#
*[[&&276&&2C&&B1ceremonies]]
*[[&&276&1B1 that &49C&970&5C0&&2C&&B1]
*[[&&276&&2C&&1B5&36D&1B1]]
*[[78th &&2C&&B1] ([[2006]])

!1E!
Gail, K. #3# Piazza, J. (2002) ''The &&2C&&B1the &&30B&&2B&&1F0'' &&16EDog #3# L&10C9al &&49E Inc.

!12!
{{&&98C}
* [#1#&1F0.org/ &&1F0.org]
* [#1#&1F0.org/&B1atabase/&F9html The &&2C&&B1&&890
* [#1#&1F0com &&1F0com]
* [#1#imdb.com/&&49/&&B1&&2C&&B1USA/ The &&2C&&B1 at [[&&471&&1B1&&890]

[[&&8&&2C&&B1 ]]
[[&&8Film &B1]
!26!جائزة الأوسكار]]
[[af#102#
#7F#Оскар]]
[[bs:Oskar]]
[[ca:Premi Òscar]]
[[cs#102#
[[da:&&1F0uddeling]]
[[de#102#
[[et#102#
[[es:Premios &&1F0]
[[eo:Oskar-premio]]
#E6#اسکار]]
[[fr:&&1F0du cinéma]]
[[kn:ಆಸ್ಕರ್ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ]]
#35#아카데미상]]
[[hr#102#
[[id#6C#
[[ilo:Pammadayaw nga &&1F0]
[[it:Premio &&1F0]
!17!פרס האוסקר]]
[[hu:&&1F0díj]]
[[zh-min-nan:&&1F0Chióng]]
[[nl#6C#
!14!アカデミー賞]]
[[nb#102#
[[pl:Nagroda Akademii Filmowej]]
[[pt:Óscar]]
[[ro:Premiul &&1F0]
[[fi:&&1F0palkinto]]
[[sq#6C#
[[&1CE&&2C&&1B5]
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[[vi:Giải &&1F0]
#22#奥斯卡金像奖#1A#
!1!
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§4<&7&&400a (book)</&7
§4<id>332</id>
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!3!
§8<&5Cherry blossom tree</&5
§8<id>92624</id>
!0!
§6<&4&B5A er, just &2FA &5F2 i &1049</&4
§6#7#{{dablink|&&10&107of life, see [[&&400].}}

[[&&1B&&400a.jpg|&41120px|&&400a Cover.#9D#&&400a''' &5F&867[[&&B2s &15E&B2s book]] by [[Graeme Base]].§2&&71&242[[1986]].§2

&&400a &5F&2A4book and &5EC&6E0six &575 one &768&1EF&0&2A4§2Each &7AB&B8an &400&5&400&107(A &86C[[alligator]], B &86C[[butterfly]], etc).§2The &575&9C2dozens of &20&2CA&15curious &97Acan try to &4F7

Base also &C9a [[&99Ang book]] &179[#1#alibris.com/&32C&32Ccfm?qwork=7937230#3#wauth=Base%2C%20Graeme#3#&2F4s=16#3#qsort=r#3#cm_re=&C7listing*&7 for &B2&636&23B&99Ang.

!12!
* [#1#tellapallet.com/&400a.htm A web site that &5ECa &1092&A77&276&ABE&612in &&400a's &575
* [#1#amazon.com/gp/&4820810918684§3&&400a on &&E9Bcom]
* [https://www.graemebase.com/Home.cfm Graeme Base's &&2C5

[[&&8&&B2s &18A]

[[sk:Živočíchy#1A#
!1!
!2!
!5!
§4<&7Asymmetric Algorithms</&7
§4<id>333</id>
!4!
§6<id>23401668</id>
!22!-09-17T16:42#4D#
!3!
§8<&5Hurricane111</&5
§8<id>99272</id>
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§6<&4Fixed &633&15 [[&&1AB&&102help desk/cleanup/&633&15/20050713|You &7A6]].</&4
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!1!
!2!
!5!
§4<&7Inter&2AAtomic Time</&7
§4<id>334</id>
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!3!
§8<&5ShakataGaNai</&5
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!0!
!6!
§6<&4utc &88F/&4
§6#7#'''Temps Atomique Inter&2A'' ('''TAI''') or '''Inter&2AAtomic Time''' is &329&87Cand s&645[[time &52E].§2&&26a w&970d &3DC&&D44kept &4E3300 [[&5EBclock]]s (&34&1B7&2D2[[caesium]] &5EB&E4F in over 50 &2A&38Atories &4Dide.§2It &28&255&74[[1955]], and &E9&10B12A&1BCon &17[[&&305&&D7Time|UTC]] is &A9[[&&C31]], [[1972]], as &9FA&1114th [[&&5C&&5A3on W&970 and &&4EC] (CGPM). The [[Inter&2A&&22AW&970 and &&4EC] &273charge &0&381TAI.

&&577&E05&381TAI &171&773be &2DCretrospectively, &A&171ale is &61C&6F5c com&241ns &1C3its participating &5EB&E4F &&380&C2B&55Bonly &BE2&EDplications that &503nano&8D&52E&8AA§2Most time &172&80Buse &F9D&26D of TAI &1B9by &5EB&E4Fthat &22&5A8&136 &4&E5C&171ale.§2[[&&3B0&&128ng &&4BGPS]] is &755y-used &F9D&24Ftime &E65&150TAI.

[[&&305&&D7Time]] (UTC) &Fbas&86C&733time &69ut much &0&4D &60ways &90F from TAI &44F&F83&2D&8D.§2From [[1 &&C3] [[2006]], UTC was &1B6TAI by 33 &8D.§2The &3F7is &5Ean &9C1ten &8D&60Aon [[1 &&C3] [[1972]] when UTC was &58and [[leap &8D]s, &17&22&6F5cally inserted into UTC &74&23on [[30 June]] [[1972]] &5Es&662ir&9C7ties in &&192s rate of &F9C§2&&43TAI is a &D3Eand s&645&171ale, UTC h&7BEentional discontinuities to &7FDfrom drifting &1230.9 &8Dfrom [[UT1]], &874cale &325&11&&192s &F9C§2Roughly &1DF &D71noon (&7Cat &188sun is &4B7y overhead) &67drift away from 12:00:00 &E8leap &8D&C2B§2UT1 is computed &11[[Inter&2A&&192Rotati&89B &&136&&4B &&172] (IERS).§2TAI was &325such that TAI = [[UT2]] &4F81]] [[1958]].§2

&&68UTC is a dis&D3E&171ale, &&753&533compute the exact time &10B1al elapsed &48two UTC &1 &E8&D78a &645that &7CEhow many leap &8D &75A&221&395erval.§2&&B7ore, many &E5&39Ethat &503&1048&9E6ent of long (&A9Ayear) &10B1als use TAI &29A§2TAI &4A&41Dby &4B &7AAnot &EE4leap &8D.

#F8#
* [[Terres&94FTime]]
* [[&&305&&D7Time]]
* [[&&D7Time]]
* [[Sidereal Time]]
* [[&&4EC&A50&88E]
* [[Clock synchronization]]
* [[Network Time &&52Fol]]

!12!
* [#1#bipm.fr/enus/5_&&E5c_time/time_1.html ''&&998Inter&2Ades Poids et Mesures'']
* [#2#hpiers.obspm.fr IERS &231
* [#1#boulder.nist.gov/timefreq/&5Cfaq.htm§2''NIST &&4ECFrequency FAQs'']

#5C#--&&187-&gt;
[[&&8Time &52E]]

#5C#--Interwiki--&gt;

[[de:Inter&2A Atomzeit]]
[[eo:TAI]]
[[es:Tiempo atómico]]
[[fr:Temps atomique &10B12A]
!17!#3##1492;#3##1494;#3##1502;#3##1503; #3##1492;#3##1488;#3##1496;#3##1493;#3##1502;#3##1497; #3##1492;#3##1489;#3##1497;#3##1504;#3##1500;#3##1488;#3##1493;#3##1502;#3##1497;]]
[[id:Waktu Atom Internasional]]
!14!国際原子時]]
[[pl:Mi#3##281;dzynarodowy czas atomowy]]
!19!Международное атомное время]]
[[sk:Medzin#3##225;rodn#3##253; at#3##243;mov#3##253; #3##269;as]]
#22##3##21407;#3##23376;#3##26102;]]
[[sv:TAI#1A#
!1!
!2!
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§4<id>336</id>
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§6<id>41949335</id>
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§8<ip>66.147.108.78</ip>
!0!
§6<&4/* &&53and &EF*/</&4
§6#7#'''&&53'' &40Da &362 a &2AB a habit, &7BA[[&113&1ED&272]. Many &3E &41C&120 judge &53&1B[[&2DA&892]. In &&42 &2C8&3CC&156as [[Ethic of &409&&3A0&7ED&113]. In [[&&88D] &26&C0a &530&10Cof [[&9C&1EC].

''&&53' can &103

* &7D&9C0to &3A&19F&16Bor no &29A&7D&F9Bfor one's &40E (the colloquial &59D. &&85&41B&955&37C

* &D6 that &36A&3A &32net detri&6F4or &824&2F5&8&280 &499&0&280s own &1DA &724 &1B5&38B&1Dor her &D6. This type of &3D2&E4E894&78in [[&376] as ''[[Commensalism]]''.

* &314&272that &65E&&D34 &EB&93&270&3A, if &3B7&&D3D&4CEs own &180or &36A One who &65E&49B&55A&79an #0#&76D#0#

&&2AC &EBlong &35in [[&73] and [[&1ED] &7F, &45Emore &2AEy &4EB&1018for [[&778], [[soci&10B2ts]], [[&17B]ary &D3C and [[&B59eth&10B2ts]]. &&43&267&55&53&737&248can &EB &96D&8&3A&21F the &5A&29Band &663s &0e &21Flead &4FB&1CD on &53

&&53&57&677d &1B3feeling of [[loyalty]] and [[duty]]. &&53&347a &93&234all [[&9Cty]], &43duty &347a &93&234&138&14D&7FB[[king]]), &138&1A0&7FB[[&1F]), &7BA&4ED&5D4(e.g. [[God]], [[&BA] etc). Some &E4may feel both &53and duty, &43&3A &3A9 As &313&53 duty is much &71Een&1AF&44F[[&155].

==&&53in &113=
''Ma&&40D [[&&53(&1ED&272]]''

&&2D2#0#&53#4# (''&&50 &53, &1B3trui: #0#&23C#4#, &482&&2E8alter: #0#&3A#4#'') was coined by [[&&19D &&80A], &1DA&678[[positivism]], in &102&10A5266&1ED&272he &149 He &4C&E4&140&93to &3E0the &180&1CB &1B5#0#&C6r good#0# &92ty. &&80Asays, &58Catechisme Positiviste, that ''#0#[the] &4A&125&7FAcan&493erate the &72E&A, for such &BEFrests on &14Dsm. We are born &110a load of &C2Aof &139kind, to our &BEC to our &32Ars, to our &6A1 &&46our &430&7C&C2A&57Aaccumulate, for &26some time &90&86E&323any &172... This [#0#&7E2f&4FD#0#], the &596formula &92&1DDty, &52Da &4B7&43D&682to our &B38 of &C29 &311&24F&&1079duty. [Man must &3E0 &&9Cty, &389we are &307#0#'' &&Aname &0&1ED&55A#0#&53#0# &ACCwh&1F&1ED&272&D3B&17Dso come &1B&78&11term #0#&53#4# -- &809&3A &69placing &72&17D&263&6D2

&&28 &2C8that one &17D&93to &3E0&3A is much &95Athan &&19D &&80A &&&1091&0&4Ds &E4D&1FC&3CF[[&EF]s (&BE[[&&88D] and [[&&B3ty]]) &621it. &&1[[New &&A30] &0[[&&B3ty|&&B3] [[&&AB0], &26&7DBas &418:
:#0#&&97Bmade &7EC&6D5''A &11Fman was &66Cdown from &&EBBto Jericho; &15Efell &1C3robbers, who both &FD3&5BAbeat him, and &FAB &6DBhim half dead. And by &21Da &11F&EA1was &66Cdown that way: and &109saw him, he &6D4&8&3Aside. And in like &916a Levite also, &109came &4&1C1 and saw him, &6D4&8&3Aside. But a &11F&&E4C &328&C7Ed, came &94&81 and &109saw him, &81&53Awith com&80E and came &72D and &10BCup his &AAB, pouring on [them] oil and wine; &15Eset him &&E91beast, and &1E7him &44Cinn, &23Ak care of him. And &8morrow &5B9out two shillings, and &45B &4host, &6D5Take care of him; &2D8oever thou &D80st more, I, when I &6D3&585 will repay thee.'' Which &0e &117 &666st thou, &7E6neighbor un&72Dthat fell &AArobbers? And he said, He that &7CDmercy on him. And &&97Bsaid un&72D '''Go, &71Athou likewise.'''#0# ''(Luke 10: 30-37)''

&&9B who &177[[&1ED&2EB&2EB] &EBgued that &558de&E6&4&14D&6Dno &93&270&3A &301&665. [[&&545] &BE8 that &558predicated &&C30that &3A are &36Ethan one's self &6D&49B&128is degrading and de&E6 &&10A&299&71very un&1A9for &3C9&&A8to &26Ethe &643&4CEs own &17Df&4FD as &892&195&DDadvent of &&B3ty. [[Ayn Rand]] &19D&53&Fwillful &643&4CEs &105 and &39Are&10BD of &1DDty &68&6F1&2A0y &5B7&113&6CAone &6D1the &105&3A7for &559
Advocates of &53&277&1ED&272&BD5842one ought to act, or refrain &1B3ting, &1BF&36Aor [[good (&81)|good]] &7E0wed on &23C if &3B7&&D3D&4CEs own &17D(&&6BCrefraining from &1096ng &4F1 &37&6B&53&74&52not &339a &36Aor &7D&41E &328&46Bh&868life; &148a&652&4same &433as ignoring &4F1.

==&&53in &B59and &17Bry &2C8=
&&1&13A[[&B59] (&8Bof &EE, &53&632&1Bavi&7BB&12D&395reases the [[&9C5(&2C8|&9C5] &&9C4&14D&43&D3Athe &9C5&0&280 &&148&420&1B&1036intuitive &85Apresumes that [[&84s&1E1] acts &8&14D &&84s&1E1 &28 acts &8gene pool &0&230, not on each &230&14Dy. &&2AE&8A in &312have &1&&EC6&D36B9&EDparent &53 as have &99&17Bry analyses. &&AA&2A1&967are:

* [[&&EEl &B58] (e.g., by &11F[[para&1F8] &7AAalter the &EE&0host, see [#2#news.yahoo.com/s/&2520060211/sc_&25mind&B5ypara&1F8)
* [[Bounded &2A0ty]] (e.g., [[&&476&&920])
* [[Con&47]
* [[In&4B7&409] (e.g., [[&D39])
* [[Kin s&1E1] &34[[eu&4Aty]] (&166#0#[[&5B7gene]]#0#)
* [[Meme]]s (by &C4C&E4E88Cfavour &23B&624 e.g.,§2[[&EF])
* [[&&58A&53], &4BCaid
* [[Sexual s&1E1]
* [[Strong &409]

The &F5&53w&A&9C1&1047&1B6[[&&1A2R. Price]]'s &8A&0[[Price &BB7] &3Aa &7AA&BB7&83&1B4&5C7&17B An &180ng &1E7&558&1DC&1cellular [[slime mould]]s, &C''[[Dictyostelid|Dictyostelium]] mucoroides''. &&7C&88Clive &419[[&5B6] &195starved, at &17&125they aggregate &7D6 a &A75&D29ng body &97some &90B&643&135&30Bthe &B57&1CB&90B&1&D29ng body. &&4A&EE&60truism &D54many &2D3ties &4&10B1D6 &7Bmany &53D(&90B genes) &146&B1D &44Ae &677d &11&61Beach &14Dto re&369indefinitely &3CD &8AD&503ent &5ACneighbors.

==&&53in &1DA&720iology==
&&85Aper&2F3an act &913to &3A &32view &7D8ng some &1D5l &36A then &26&450 &3D2lly &54Dact. &&B9&AE&5A&1CD &85F#0#&36A&6D0#0#&180#4#) &B6&325 A &101gain (e.g. &4AC a &CB&1090 etc.) is cl&9A&&AC7&36A &43&3A &4F7&&1046both &101and im&101&D38(&ED7 &5D1 &459 satisf&D6etc.) &765&73y &7EF&29F

&&29''[[&1D6&2EB]'', &43&23can &9EB&3D2''&EE', &4EDot &EBtruistic ''&724''. &&1D6&10AA &67&79C&DA &2EEvery well &D80&72&431&36Aing &3A &7E6&101&36A&89E&101net loss) &4selves, &72most &494&108Ffor &772is &40Fto &12B&23B&17D &&37it &2CAalleged &15&1DCtional &108F&1B6&1F6&10A7t&80B&335&5CA&23B&1D6well-&7D(&&27&&151). &&296of th&Fry &7A&EEBit &8&4A2&26[[falsifi&3FAnon-&C28]; in &236&26de&41Cin &49Bway as &1Bim&533&102Bor dis&102B- &68im&101&D38&Ca &&27&&151 can&690&9E6 or &B56to &665&49D&23&71D&3D2acts. &&1D6&2EB&17Dso been &1045of &219[[&723&261]: #0#If &1F6&106Cy per&2F3an act, that &194he &C97&1D5l &65Afrom it; &B7ore, &23only &&C96&6CF&1D5l &65A&58D&31ent is &723&2FD &76Cis &7EF&234&74B(it assumes &557only &&C96&6CF&1D5l &65A and concludes &557only &&C96&6CF&1D5l &65A.

In &556&1D6&2EB the ''[[empathy-&53]'' &74B&29Bwhen &12D&1FF empathy &234&4F1in need, &1C5will then be &3D2lly &54D&270that &1D5 &C1 &1C5&152&456&692d ab&766&1D5s &5B5 not his or &81B§2

&&693parlance, &53&108&194&CE1an&3A&1D5&E8&BF7ng &101&1090&6DC&4FD&1D5, &288may well entail the #0#&44A#4# &36Aof a &&27D#0# &F4satisf&D6 self-esteem, fulfillment of duty (&3F1&6ADby a &EFor &61Aor &2F1one's con&47, &1B5like. &&14Dway one need not &A5B&8&108F &0&76Din &200

&&9C &9D&682&3D2&234&3A3 &627co-&713ors or &290&6A5allies, but &57&3D2&234&23&5C4't know &793&1F3meet.§2&&37&9C donate &891er&2A[[&3D5&E4B] and &A2F&72time &270[[&5F]'s less fortunate. 

It s&82D plausibility to &2BD&15e &3D2&D42are done &1hope of a &323&846 The &555&22E&63'just in case' &308 &24A&562&2CA'&40Fhelp &139ne in case you &275pull in a fav&7BC&323, is a &9FAy ''non-optimal'' &308 &24Anet expenditure of &40E(tit) is far &C6r &785net &6E4&5A9&5E7lly pays off (tat). 

&&&E4A &26&572&1Bieve &15e &EE are &963&7DB&7BEirect &5B7[[&2A0ty]], be it &A55or sub-&A55 Mathematical formulations of [[kin s&1E1], &3CB&5A4&0[[&B55s &C95], are &9C0as far &A go; but what a [[&555game-theoretic]] &D362B5g&B75over &F&B3&3D2&EE&57&428&70Cparently &589&598 the [[con&47]. One &2AE&D37 &2A1&11&9B[[&&952Dennett]], &50Atially &75when &26Eng the &5CDof so-&8C'free &A99' &1[[tragedy &0&1A9]], &1B7-&52E&179&0[[&B55s &C95].

In &312&3FC &86D&A99&5F[[&1027(&81F|&1027] who draws &29F&1B3co-&660&5F&E8&5EA In &89Ato-one &544 free &E49can &6E7be &86Aby a tit-for-tat &308 But in &1B7-&52E&5F &94&166and &29Fare pooled and &6AB they &57incredibly &259shake off. 

Imagine an &228ry &62Fco-&660&A2E Co-&660&1027 &43D&137 each &5EA&AAand each &6F2&8&1A9good. Now imagine a [[rogue]] [[free &A99], &771who draws a &846(#0#you &C94my back&&147&D2&649&323it. The &5CD&1BBfree &E49is &40F&66C&1B&913&891ividuals at cost to &5F How can well-behaved co-&660&1027 &AC0&7Dcheated? Over many &33E, one &6D0&B54&86Cco-&713ors to &B53&29Cto spot &290free &A99 in &5CAand &ECB&749into [[&58A] ar&2F9ents &B. Then, the &E48free &A99&44D&335&B53&71B&900[[&8A3], fooling co-&713ors into co-&468&46all. This can lead &44C&17Bry [[arms race]]s, with ever-more-&A74&8A3 and ever-more-&A74&A2D

&&14D&17Bry arms race, how best &2EEone convince &FD0that one ''&5F2is'' a &CDBco-&713or, &450free &A99in &8A3§2One &6CEby ''&301&21Eoneself'' a§2&CDBco-&713or, by erecting [[&1D6&CB9]] to &72Bpro&989 &1C0advertising this fact &7ADne else. In &236&6D8&B54&86C&A2Eto &B53&6Ethat &139ne &83Fwill &1AFthem &1Bco-&713ors - &23Amake it &6D0&15've &6C9&7C&6E So &17Bwill &369&A2E&1BD&74ely &6CDwho wear &72&ACE &8r sleeves; in &18C &17Bwill give rise &4&598of con&47 

Th&Fry, &89Awith &267of [[kin s&1E1] &3one-to-one &CD5of &29F may &D36858a blind and &530y &5B7&26Acan &369a &CDBy non-cynical &278&53that &52Drise &4&9Ccon&47

&&296&5B1&559&555&22E&125out &87&A5to forget that &498are &2A0and e&279l. To presume an &22E&92&658&E8&34&9C&2A0 or e&279is &C27&C20lly &B52 and &108E&498as if &107mere &B51 &59&8C[[Homo &81s]]. An&3A&925on &1BB&7A&23donate anonymously, &1BF&26im&533&A57&4F9 &5F2&7F8&3D2act.

&&33A&32 &110tanding that &2A0&498&36Afrom &187a benign &506 &261lly it &418 &33B&498may gain &519e&279l satisf&D6&1B3ts &188 perceive &26B&4Ba &328&1C1

== Compari&878&&53and Tit for Tat ==
Stu&10B8the &1CE&308#0#[[Tit for tat]]#0# &1
[[iterated &B55s &C95] &5CD [[&555game &7E2] &C4
&&&B50&D6&257&1FEin &7A9s&645[[&28F] &1C3&E4&345truism, &325as ''un&65Cl'' &28F can ever be. 

&&&B50#4# &58F with &28F&1&57step (as &53does) &3 just imitates the &658&0&C88step by step. &&4F9&C88co&713es, &7F7''&1090'' &770&28F if he doesn't, &7F7
''punishes'' him by not co&468&1next step. 

Con&388d &6CC&750that try to exploit or &1025&28F&1CB, this 
&1CE&308surp&94Ey &7E6&1B&31&1FE(see [[The &&468&&28F]). 
&&71even more &1FE&785e ab&219&750 &43un&65Cl co&713ivity (&53 was
one &&387un&1FE&750§2
Con&388d &32truistic &658 Tit for tat &273istinguishable from 
pure &53 [[&&76Axelrod]] &430Dawkins]] also &7CDthat 
&53&5D&1032to &5Fby nourishing exploiters &60&80B(and &622 &2CEmore &F3ul &8E can &1AF&139ne to co&713e un&65Clly), &17&6B&747for &&&B50#4#. (&&166&418[[entrepreneur]] and [[entredonneur]])

&&1&463of [[&2C8], the &&&B50#4# &308&4A&8C[[&58A&53].

==&&53in &4F=
&lt;&645&1D4gt;
!111!
&lt;td &381'2' &6'&C&gt;'''&&B7&1B2y a [[WP:NPOV|POV]] [[WP:DR|&4FB] as &4wording &0&49&664&243'''!B5!
&lt#B7#
!111!
&&238gt;
!91!!90!!8F!&1CB), then one will &177the kind &554that one &1C9 &1Bmost &2F5ve in &12Bng the &5B5&1CB, &499&0&2F5this &2D0&860elf. &&74&B7no &5C&A69&7F6kind &554&570 &1&C6st &36Af&4FD, &5A&24F&2D0very &5A&39&206

With &921&4r &39convictions, &24F&5D&2D1&&F9A&7B &&120&1C9&558&1E6of &1D5l &407(&&4B0&516can and &B6tolerated), and &120&B2&558&26Cideal &17&&&D35 if &127 by all &498

!8E!!8D!&!8C!&!8B!!8A!!89!!88!!87!!86!!85!!84!&!83!&151

!82!&!81!B6&1B0&6D&24F&EBduty &4EA&270&23C &875teach &DB&23&270&137&F6 Thus, in &4F &7C&24F&2E3&40Ftake a [[left-!80!!7F![!7E!.!7D!!7C!!7B! !7A!!79!!78!!77!&133]). Less &6D0&6E&Ca law that &34Ests pull over &881emergency &F97pass &1CFbe &E45by &1098ng &4&53ethic. &&18Ey, &37A&24F&63&615take &6E&12B&&F96some &278[[&4B6] or [[&C25].

On a &72E&2D2note, &53&7Aheld - even by non-&24F- &1Bthe &5C7ethic that &2FB&522the &D6 of &411&4D&3C9&128 of &F3 Such &33F&108&298set &23B&17Daside and &3E0the &F95 &&FA &73 they &5D&3D8as &9AAng on &84&184&1B&314&207&1C1the &17D&1CB &263&23B
!B5!
&&238gt;
Politicians &7A&537of a &93&3A8&270&3A. &&37[[&&1A2Bush]], &1DF&4[[&&19&&B9] said: #0#We &EB&93&270&3A -- &60&1DDduty &26Bsure our &D6 are &2F5ve.#0#

!91!!90!!8F!&1CB), it &57ome &26Cjustification for &4E9 or advocating &4E9&E4&270&3A. &&&B67&554 the &76Dmay &E58&771&1&278[[&1F] to en&1AFthis &B61&93 This &6Bto &79C&314&76Dwill ''&C27' &1AFth&893anyone. An &76Dmay &768&3A the &3EC&1Bave in &895er &502&1Bim&1DDor &5B7 In &236&72&1ED&272&6F3&BCE&1E9&39y.

With &921&120&1C9&C29is a &93 &24F&5D&2D1&&F9A&7B &&120&1C9&37Cis a &93but &2FB&690en&1AF on &E4 And, &120&B2&74&37Cis a &93 &4E9&E4&270&3A &4F9 &9D&106C&8r own is &E45

!8E!!8D!&!8C!&!8B!!8A!!89!!88!!87!!86!!85!!84!&!83!&151 

!82!&!81!B6&1B0&6D&E4&B6&247help &23C Thus, in &4F &7C&24F&2E3&40Ftake a [[left-!80!!7F![!7E!.!7D!!7C!!7B! !7A!!79!!78!!77!&133]). &&18Ey, &37A&24F&63&615take &6E&44C&C82&&F96some &278&31en&1AF [[&4B6], [[&C25], or &159 &&85in line with &&19D&&80As &16(who coined &10E&53, &17&772 &87&14D&A.

&&18Ey, many &1C9&41ping &3A or &809&5F&6Ba &93at all, but &70Ctrusm &5Farbitrary pron&10B9ent not &73y derivable. &&7C&EEDall &1Fen&1AF &3D5 [[&&14Dst &4C] [[&&415&&157&&F0] in 1847 warns of en&4E9&3D5 #0#That is why &3D5 the &218&2DA&0&&B3 the legitimate hope &0&4Ast, the &925of &DC&40E &0economist, is a &4Avice the &986&26made a &562of &6A&60law; &C1why &11F&90A&22&C0&79C&733&3D5had &38B more evil in &5Fthan proprietary usurpation#0# (''The &&446Poverty'').

&&80A&BE8 &&D34&A &9D&D07&B&B61&207&3E0&3A. Some &772&15&1ED&272 if &434&234&261l &76C &AA0to tyranny.
!B5!
&lt#B7#
&lt#EF#

==&&53and &EF=
{{sect-stub}}
All &3E5&4D[[&EF]s &9FE&53as &329&A3&1DD&2EA [[&&B3ty]] and [[&&88D] &1C1&14C&113&3D2&1DDty, as &98E&263 but [[Judaism]], [[&&53C] and [[&&B4F] also &9FE&3D2&EE
The [[Good &&E4C] is &4BE[[New &&A30] &1044&420ng only &1[[Gospel of Luke]] (10:25-37). The &1044&335d by [[&&97B] &B4E&53
 #5C#-- This &49&2FB&629by quoting &53&2D2verses &5holy &18A&0afore&2FD&EF --&gt;

#F8#
* [[&&53(&1ED&272]]
* [[&&53&44Bmals]]
* [[&&1DA]
* [[Euphemism]]
* [[Will (law)]]
* [[Trust (law)]]
* [[Tit for tat]]
* [[&&58A&53]

!12!
*[#1#&24Forg/&55&53&&84&&53 (&&76D Inter&2A]
*[#2#plato.&5FCedu/entries/&53bio&261l/ Bio&261l &&53]
*[#1#humboldt.edu/~&53home.html The &&76Dc &&1D5lity and Pro&4A&&EE&&C8at Humboldt &&31&&2F
*[#1#iipbaar.org Inter&2A&&C8for Pro&4ABehavi&7BA &&53&&60

!1E!
*Batson, C.D. (1991).§2''The &53&200'.§2Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. 
*Fehr, E. #3# Fischbacher, U. ([[23 &&20F] [[2003]]). The &1EC&92&53 In ''Nature, 425'', 785 #3#&196 791.
*[[&&19D&&80A], ''Catechisme positiviste'' (1852) or ''Catechism of Positivism'', tr. R. Congreve, (&&7CF Kegan Paul, 1891)
* Oord, &&15AJay, &&47of Love (&&39D &&60Don &&1DCtion &&141 2004).
*[[&&545 &&567], ''[[Beyond Good and Evil]]''
!AC!''The &&446Poverty'' (1847)
*[[&&8B5Spooner]], ''&&84Law''
*[[Ayn Rand]], ''[[The &&2DAof &&516]''
*[[Matt Ridley]], ''[[The &&361 Of &&2DA]''
*Oliner, &&E71P. and Pearl M.§2&&416 a Caring &&5F Ide&7BEo &&D6§2West Port, CT: Praeger, 1995.
* ''[[The &&468&&28F]'', [[&&76Axelrod]], Basic &&18A§2ISBN 0465021212
*''[[The Selfish Gene]]'', [[&&144Dawkins]] (1990), &8D&2CD-- &71 two &2CC &AC&468&28F ISBN 0192860925
*[[&&76W&A(&332st)|&&76W&A], ''The &1DD&400',§2Vintage, 1995, ISBN 0679763996.

!FC!

[[&&8&&113]
[[&&8&&17Bry &2C8]
[[&&8philanthropy]]
[[&&8&&4A&16]
[[&&8&&4A&1DA]
[[&&8&&3AB]
[[&&8&&2DA]]
[[&&8Motivation]]

#7F#Алтруизъм]]
[[de:&&53s]]
[[es#DB#
[[fi#DB#
[[fr#DB#
!17!זולתנות]]
[[it#DB#
[[lt:Altruizmas]]
[[nl:Altruïsme]]
[[pl:Altruizm]]
[[sv:&&53#B0#
!1!
!2!
!5!
§4<&7Ang Lee</&7
§4<id>337</id>
!4!
§6<id>42100410</id>
!C!-03-03T21:00#B6#
!3!
§8<ip>209.167.177.36</ip>
!0!
§6<&4/* &&280*/</&4
§6#7#[[&&1BAng_lee.jpg|&386Lee &BF6ng the Best &&109Film &1B5for ''[[&&642&&71C &&612&&69C]'' &1F73rd &&2C&&B1]
'''Ang Lee''' (&&AD 李安; Pinyin: Lǐ Ān ) (born [[&&20F23]], [[1954]]) &5F[[&&2C&&1B5]-&36D[[film &1DE]§&A9B[[Taiwan]].

!B1!
Ang Lee &F9and &937in [[&&F94&&B0&&F94 Taiwan]] and &B87&1[[&&19&&9], &176&1DC&66Ea [[&&211] &1DE well-&111&FD[[wuxia]] film ''[[&&642&&71C &&612&&69C]''§2(2000).

He &414bachelor's &BD9in &&5BB&5[[&&12B&&79] and &309his [[MFA]] from [[New York #A0#'s [[Tisch &&1B7&0Arts]], &94in 1984 &5B6a &B90film &8C''Fine Line''. He &44&1C2ate of [[Spike Lee]] and &563&8crew &0latter Lee's &B90film, ''Joe's Bed-Stuy Barbershop: We Cut Heads''. 

==&&1CB=
Many &1D&383have &663d &8&10B1D6 &48&86ty and &120 His &383&EBso t&429&9C&837&ACEd &101Atone &17&D4Aa &10BB&5tragic &9Drealism &17&36zed &&A2Cfilm&21E&DDend &0&9D4law &6F5in 1987. Lee's &383also &1C2draw on deep &6EF &122ernal torment that &76Dcome &4&190such &Agay-&ACF &383''[[The &&9BF&&9BE]'' (1993), ''[[&&641&&300]'' (2005), the &9D4arts epic ''[[&&642&&71C &&612&&69C]'' (2000) &3&101Abook &495''[[Hulk (film)|Hulk]]'' (2003)

He &309the Dartmouth Film &&1B5in 2002, &13B[[Meryl Streep]].

Lee's film ''[[&&641&&300]'' (2005) w&8best film &1B5&1FVenice Inter&2AFilm &&739&14A&2442005's best film &11Los &&36Bfilm &296 It also w&8[[&&3A0Globe &&1B5] &6A&&279&&2CE— Drama, with Lee &36Dthe [[&&3A0Globe &&1B5] &6A&&1DE Lee also w&8Best &&1DE&1B5&10film &1F2006 &&B4&&2C&&B1(BAFTAs). In &&C32006, &&641&42B a &5D08 [[&&2C&&1B5] nomi&2EEluding Lee &6A&&1DE§2&&76C&40D&1Bthe &388unner &10&&1385, 2006 &43E§2He &55B[[Meryl Streep]]'s s&89B [[Kai &&74Eophe Wong]], &337scheduled &10lead in ''[[Dark &&6FA]''.

==&&299life==
His wife, Jane, is a microbi&10B2t; &18Ctwo &B2 Haan and &&909
&&52a huge fan &0[[Vancouver Canucks]] &0[[&&2AHockey &&604]. He kept his &4B7ng &C24&76B&68his &3E&DB&A43&E43in &89C&45B&1CBlike film.

==&&383=

=== &&1DE===
* ''[[Hulk 2]]'' (2007)
* ''[[&&641&&300]'' (2005) 
* ''[[Hulk (film)|Hulk]]'' (2003) 
* ''[[The Hire]]'' (BMW &&18C&&1B1) - Chosen (2002) 
* #2B#臥虎藏龍) (2000) 
* ''[[Ride &BDevil]]'' (1999) 
* ''[[The Ice Storm]]'' (1997) 
* ''[[Sense and &&C23(film)|Sense and &&C23]'' (1995) 
* #2D#飲食男女) #DA#
* #24#喜宴&492
#23#推手) #EE#
* ''Fine Line'' (1984)
* ''Shades &0lake'' (1982)
* ''I Love &&ADFood'' (1981)
* ''Be&1FArtist'' (1981)
* ''The Runner''' (1980)
* ''One Day of Ma-Chuan Chen'' (&&AD 陳媽勸的一天)
* ''Laziness in a Saturday &&46oon'' (&&AD 星期六下午的懶散)
''See Also:'' [[:&&8&&383&440by Ang Lee|&&383&440by Ang Lee]]

=== Writer ===
* #52#少女小漁&76A* #2D#飲食男女) #DA#
* #24#喜宴&492
#23#推手) #EE#

=== &&280===
* #24#喜宴&492* ''[[The Hulk]]''(2003)

=== &&80C===
* #2D#飲食男女) #DA#
#23#推手) #EE#

=== Producer ===
* #2B#臥虎藏龍) (2000)
* #52#少女小漁&76A
!12!
* {{imdb name|id=0000487|name=Ang Lee}}
* [#1#thecheappop.com/heath.html Ang Lee on &&641
* [#2#&1B1cca.gov.tw/PEOPLE/&23&6B6asp?rowid=70#3#id=1 Ang Lee] (&&AD

[[&&81954 &430|Lee, Ang]]
[[&&8&&FC&23Lee, Ang]]
[[&&8&&10&215Ang]]
[[&&8Hulk|Lee, Ang]]
[[&&8&&A2C&&10|Lee, Ang]]
[[&&8&&A2C&215Ang]]
[[&&8Best &&1DE&&3A0Globe]]
[[&&8Best &&1DE&&1F0&B6C]
[[de#27#
[[es#27#
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[[fi#27#
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!14!アン・リー]]
#A1#ანგ ლი]]
[[nl#27#
[[pt#27#
#22#李安#1A#
!1!
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§4<&7AutoRacing</&7
§4<id>338</id>
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§6#7##&&&15[[Auto &108A]
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§4<&7Ayn Rand</&7
§4<id>339</id>
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!C!-02-19T08:35#FE#
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§8<&5Woohookitty</&5
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{{&&3E3&&9B|
!3F!--!E0!--&gt;
!3F!-- &&9B&&8--&gt;
§2&2E5A= &&7E&&16|
§2era§D= [[&&204&16], |
!AF!

!3F!--!D5!--&gt;
§2&1Bname§6= Ayn_Rand1.jpg|
§2&1Bcaption§3= Ayn Rand: &2F7st and &9B

!3F!-- &&3F--&gt;
§2name§D= Ayn Rand |
§2&430C= [[&&DF2]], [[1905]] |
§2&310C= [[&&1386]], [[1982]]|
§2&1B7&120= [[&&70&16] |
§2main_&17D3= [[&&70&FF], [[&&70&113]|
§2&17C§7= [[&&E], [[&&15A&&6A3], [[&&545] | 
§2&17C§7= [[&&3F4&&458], [[&&650&&908], [[John Ridpath]], [[Tara &&756], [[&&203&&7A8], [[Dr. &&533R. &&CBE]|
§2no&645&2674= |[[&&2A0self-&180]}}

'''Ayn Rand''' ({{IPA2|ajn ɹænd}}, {{OldStyleDate|&&DF2|1905|&&C320}} #3#&196 [[&&1386]] [[1982]]), born '''Alissa Zinovievna Rosenbaum''', was &614&7F2[[&16] of [[&&70&16&&122] &15E &2D9''[[We the &&FC]'', ''[[&&21A(&2F7|&&21A]'', ''[[The &&1F6]'', and ''[[#4E#''. Her &BDher &22Bboth &7CB &263all, &2AC of [[&14Dsm]], &2A0[[&2EB] (#0#[[&&70&113&2A0self-&180]#0#), and [[&B6], &17she &184&B6&67F&965via ''[[&&9F8&D9F]'' [[&B6]. Her &4F&28&156as [[&D92] and [[&176sm]], &7Fshe &1F3used &23term and &F93&91

Her &2D9were &FDup&8&1C5on &0Randian [[hero]], a &826e &3FA&122ependence &25A&1E0&Bmasses, but who per&957 &168to &6C6his &105 Rand &6EDthis hero &Aideal, &3ex&141goal &235&22Bw&26D&FC2such &56B 

She &184
*That man must &E50his &105&60tions by &1A3 
*Th&1F&14D&17D&789&665&FDown sake, n&21Bsacrificing self to &3A n&4FD to self; and 
*That &258h&A&A&4F0 &105from &3A by &CB&1AF or &E88&7B5&3A by &CB&1AF

==&&213=
=!B1!=
Rand &F9in [[&&424&&30Fburg]], [[&&4B3], and w&Aeldest of &117&8BD of a [[Jew]]ish &E0 Her &374were [[agnostic]] and &2BFy non-observant. &&1B3 &613she dis&7B4&3C2&29A&15Eand &383 She &31B&174&71E and &2D9&5&1C1&426 Her m&3A&55Bher &&50and subscribed to a &2A9&E42&47Dfor boys, &94Rand &1DC&23D&215hero: Cyrus Paltons, an &&1D1army &2A5 in a [[Rudyard Kipling]]-&56&246&8C#0#The Mysterious &&54E#4#. &&69ut her &539 she read &233 of [[Sir Walter &&923], [[Alex&D9Dumas]] &4D&&10Bic &2CF and ex&141d a &80Ete &D32&416the &&10Bic &5Das a &526 She &18D[[&&6E1Hugo]] &1F&1C1thirteen, and fell &E41&829&161&2D9 &&D2 she &AC1him &328 &614&2F7st &3&C6st nove&276&4D&15E She &294&16&9Eory &1F[[&&424&&30Fburg &&31&&2F&&12BPetrograd]]. Her &193&2B6&284in &2F&2CD&2C1[[Edmond Ro&932], [[&&567&&F92] and [[Fyodor &&907]. She &811Ro&932&FDrichly &10Bic &E4089B &&F92&FD&1F1 &E69&52E She &811&&907&FD&F4drama &9E&CCF&1DD&E7F but was &E41&87&385&9E&F4life. She &AF&DA4&18C&47Dand &71E &6C5spo&37Ay in her diary, &17&9C2d &CCFy anti-&&4B1&267 S&10A&64Dd the &73&267of [[&&545], and &ABBhis exaltation &0&E69&122ependent &14Dwho &F91&2EBand &26F&53in ''[[Thus Spoke Zarathustra]]''. &&7Fan &9A&86A&&545 s&3ED&BF&62E &7D0&385as &C22e&279over &1A3 &&168 as &&33FGotthelf &125 out in book ''On Ayn Rand'', #0#the &17Cwas real.#0# S&4C3&152reta&44Badmi&1021 &7B2&1D&267 and &1089&&545&1&330&425th ani&10BDy &2CDof ''The &&1F6': #0#''The &1019soul has &E3F&5AClf.''&&7B6 &C6st &17Cby far is [[&&E], &9F''&&80D(&&261''. &&61&&3F4&&458 &9FE &235&267 says she &F&C6st &9Bwho ever &5A6 she &C93&C0&&E&246&9Bever, and &31 &41w&Aonly &9B&38F&17C her (&85&62C&68 as s&6AA&31, she &DB&71&81Bwork when analyzing the &3E) S&7E8&526&&31&&C8for &&7ACArts in 1924 &752screen&174 in late 1925, &28 s&81&6A9[[Visa (document)|visa]] &490&&10&504. She &9CF&1[[&&19&&9] in &&DF1926, &1F&1C1&6E0one. &&46&7FFstay with her &504 in [[&&464 &&79&&464], she &F90&1F3to &323&4[[&&4B1&&11E], and set out for [[&&211] &1Bome a [[&5E9]. S&7E8&35F her &835#0#Ayn Rand#0#. &&B7a &246told &2C9&244&C93&DD[[&&EACRand]] [[type&7B4], &5A7&1B3&219&5AAyn Rand &30Atype&7B4&6C0sold. She &31 &41 &57name, 'Ayn', &44 &495&0&383a &&9BD&7B4 This may &22the &&9BDEstonian &2EF[[Aino Kallas]], but &4A9&63name are &3DD[[&&9BD&B&&9BD]-&1DF&262

===&&193&C7==
&&337 Rand &763 in [[&&7AC&0&&19&&9&&211] &23Ak odd jobs &6C1her &494&FC&FCB &&43&210&277[[&10BA(drama)|&10BA] on [[Cecil B. DeMille]]'s ''[[The King of Kings|King of Kings]]'', she &DE6onally bumped &323 &F8F&4BE&280 [[&&533O'&&6A2(&280|&&533O'&&6A2], who &E3Eher eye. &&149&4EFin 1929. In 1931, Rand &163[[&84zed &6AC] &0&&19&&9 Her &57&2B6&48F&Bsale &235&71E''[[Red Pawn]]'' in 1932 to [[&&D7&&457]. R&3 &24B&77F''[[The Night of &&C316th]]'' in 1934, &61&61B&1FE &443two &2D9 ''[[We the &&FC]'' (1936), and ''[[&&21A(&2F7a)|&&21A]'' (1938). &&43''We &48Emet with &ACDre&206&1U.S. &48Dre&206&1U.K., ''&&21A' &309significiant &48Dre&206&5A8&&4DF due in part &234odd &A2ti&245ory.§2S&81up &87[[The Red Decade ]] in &&4E and ''&&21A' &DBeven find a &A6F&1&&19&&9 &71&57&242&&4DF &&C9C Rand had &152not perfected her &378&3e &2D9&40A&129re&8Btive.

&&E8Rand's &A1or per&C89 ''[[We The &&FC]'' &79B&323pair of &383 ''Noi vivi&856''Addio, Kira'' in 1942 by Scalara &&383 [[Rome]]. &&186n&9Acensored &11[[&&655&&471] &1F&110[[Benito Mussolini]], but &186&DC7ed beca&1C6&2F7upon &17&186&FD&44ti-&&4B1 &&76C were &1FE&3&A2&6E7&F8E&15 were &377&87Fascism as &&159 &3&1F&E3Dthem &9CA2&B746 &&7C&383were re-&27Ainto &303&179&17&44&7E6by R&60d re-&BAEas ''We &48Ein 1986.

Rand's &57&193&ED&48Fwith her best-&9D7&2F7''[[The &&1F6]'' (1943), &17s&4AB&506&3DB&426&62 &&233was &26Fby twelve &49E who &7F &71too &1A8and &32B&4&964&C7&7F. &&71&18Ey &22D&11[[Bobbs-Merrill &&E9] &242&170 thanks &2ADto &2C4&0&E1Eboard, Archibald Ogden, who p&937&75A&1&9FD&3FCand &18Ey prevailed.§2&&13A ''The &&1F6' &44&4Dide &32A &4F0Rand fame and &19A&757

The &2C2''The &&1F6' is #0#&14Dsm and &4B6in man's soul#0#. It &B8the &431&84&D50&F The hero, &&6D2Roark, &6BFideal, a &1019soul ''par excellence'', an &E3C&331&1094and serenely &30Chis own i&DA2and &12Ano man &2FBcopy the &56&&9C4&44B &248 &9F&7A7 All &4E&F&1&2F7&BC8&41ren&10B9his &105 but Roark &A2Bh&273egrity. &&565&99&56Bwho launch into long and &80Ete &ED2 &ACr &7B2&3unfairness &0&4D Roark, in &2B2 does it &32disdainful, &2E3contemptuous taciturnity and laconicism.

Rand's [[magnum opus]], ''[[#4E#'', was &2421957, &444an &10B12Abestseller. ''&&63&&44' &7Aseen as Rand's most &30B&31ent &0[[&&70&16] &44B &235&2C1&22B In its &F8D she &6CCthis &104B
:#0#My &16 in &4D8 &F&612man as a &E69&7D &161own &459&A&1DD&37B&1Dlife, with &482ve &373as h&7B9lest &3B8 and &1A3&868&6F1solute.#0#

The &2C2''&&63&&206#0#The &5CBman's &7F4&5F#4#. Rand upheld the &162st &4F3&&387admirable &C5&146 &5Fand &F8C&32B&2AEresentment accorded &891us&94Fsts. This led her to en&56Fa &2F7&941&162sts &13Ego on &412and retreat to a &300us hideaway. &&E6&BB&279&5F&145&1080&58Fto &30D &&FB&BC2by &3DDthe &46Bstifling &B5 on &162&4FC &&233&628&321as &297and divergent as sex, &D8 &15F &4F and &9C&3FA

&&13B[[&&132&&F6], his wife [[&&4D3&&F6&&4D3], &4D &2C0&&759pan]] and [[&&3F4&&458], (&FB2&71B#0#[[&&7F0Rand &&3E6The &&3E6]#0#), Rand &B4Dthe [[&&122&&70] &5D&30Bher &16

===The &&70&5D==
''Ma&&40D The [[&&70&5D]''

In 1950 Rand &783[[New York City]], &94in§21951 she met the &4BE[[&1DA] &6F0[[&&132&&F6] [#1#&132F6com], &38Fread her &550&&1F6', &1F&1C114. &&F6 then 19, &9BC&59ARand's e&106A&&70&16with her. Together, &&F6&1F3&1D&3A&329&35Ea &10F&15 &BC4the [[&&3E6], &1C3some &574by &6A5&&150Re&3E0&F8B[[Alan &&759pan]]. &&46&AE&62 R&60d &&F6s &626y &16D&E9C&323&10Bic &628 &297&B3both were &4EF&1Ftime. &&72spouses were both &7C4&3C8this &628&6B8&376&4&8D8&3 &C92of [[&&132&&F6] from his wife. &&61&2CRand's most strident &73&125 was &1F3to bow to &8AB&141re or norms, Ayn R&&EA8&81Bname (see &877page), as did &&F6(born Nathan Blumenthal). 

&&BC[[&93F] and [[&975], Rand &75and &88Bher &&70&16&69both her &22B[#1#&5C2org/site/Page&&3E0?&88A&122&22B and non-&22B[#1#&5C2org/site/Page&&3E0?&88A&122non&22B &C7 &1C0&613talks at &AEeast-&266&1A7 &2BFy &53[[&&132&&F6&&C8] (#0#the NBI#0#) &17&&F6&58&30Bher &16 

&&46a convoluted &6B5&8D8, R&60ruptly &429her &16Dwith both &&132&&F6&9Ewife, [[&&4D3&&F6], in 1968 &769&528d of &&132&&F6s &551Patrecia &&923(this &D2&628&DB&1064chrono&261lly &B&31F&&F6R&60fair).§2Rand ref&83&EBy &12Bdealings &BNBI.§2S&7E8&C9a &1EFin #0#The &&70&7C9nouncing her &C2Dof &&F6for &20E&1A3, &34dishonesty, but &DBmenti&8r &628or her role &1schism. &&149&1F3reconciled, and &&F6&672''&1D589Cgrata'' &1&&70&5D
[[&&1Bayn rand &D6Djpg|222px|&386left|1999 U.S. [[po&AB2&D6D] &91Fng Rand. Art by [[Nick Gaetano]].]]

&&4D3&&F6&8Bd an &3D9&0&10BBp &0&628in her &550&&80E&48CRand.'' She &7CEthe &64D&48&&132and Rand, &3BB&6BEslapped him &227&648den&10B9 him &1e &2FA #0#&&873&EB &10B9of &1DDty left in you, an &10B9of &1D6&3BD— you'll be &B4C&&E3B&6E0&62 And &873&6C6any potency, you'll know it's a &5C3&152worse &1DD&85C#0#

Conflicts &17E&1wake &0&10BBwith &&F6&3&D9C&30D&0NBI. Many &235&53Bt #0#&&3E6#4# &329&10Cpart ways, and &2Alate 70's, her &2E1with&1&910&&70&5D&10C&103A a &544&784reased &DD&310&235husb&1221979. &&2Cher &18E&1C5 was &5A6a &1FB&495of ''&&63&&44'.

Rand &81C&ACE&677[[&&1386]], [[1982]] in [[New York City]], &2A9&1E8&1FEy &364 cancer, &14A&10B1ed &1[[Kensico &&72D], [[Valhalla, New York]].

[[&&1BAyn_Rand_Marker.jpg|&41&A324px|Grave &E3Aof [[&&533O'&&6A2(&280|&&533O'&&6A2] and Ayn Rand.]]

===&&73&17C===
Rand &26F&C9Fy all &3A&73&1B7. She ac&A1 a &6AB&1A8lineage with [[&&E] and [[John Locke]], &2DA&5Cy &B&202&0[[&&1C1En&662nment]] &3[[&&1C1&&1A3].§2She &5E7lly re&55A&32proval on &1BE&73&128 of, e.g., [[Baruch Spinoza]] &48A&&6A3]. She &842also &9C&5D1d &E6&2A0st [[Brand Blanshard]]. &&28 she &44Bmost &9B as at best &85B&60 worst down&Aevil. She &571 out [[&&FA5Kant]] &&&83B&30A&0latter sort.

&&866 &B9&4A7 &48Rand's &206&183&1CB&9B. She ac&A1 &2C9&AB&17C &88F&9Aage &11&296[[&&567&&545]. &&7Fshe &D2&988his &7F and re&90Cd &23D&2F7 ''[[We The &&FC]'', with some wording &6111959, &81B&7F grew &880&62E&10B1D6with it.§2&&5Cy, her &39&310&1&120of [[&134&4D9sm]]. She ex&141d &A2A&D32&10&81&621[[&&906von Mises]] and [[&&1BFHazlitt]]. &&7Fnot &2FD&277&17Cby her &1BElly, &4F9 &48her &C7&58FWaldo &&C91]'s &71A[[Self-Reliance]] do &665§2&&D2&&70, &C[[&&144Salsman]], have &4A6Rand's &81&236are implicitly more &177ve &0&272 of [[Jean-Baptiste Say]], &7FR&15Eself was &56D&450quainted &161work.

===&&4Fand &&170&&466on Un-&&10&&2E1&7A6==
Rand's &39&206were &37Ay pro-[[&C4st]], [[anti-&9EF], and [[anti-&&338]. Her &174 p&937&263&DChum&12D&3&8BCgenius &162&6CBcapable. She exalted what she saw &A&E69[[&&10&105] of &2EB&&583sm. R&60so &140&3C2dislike for [[&A29], [[&EF], and &588[[&3D5], all &162she &184&41Efoster a crippling &3Eof resentment &234&14D&9C&&1079&32A§2Rand &F93many &291[[&4D9sm|&4D9] and [[&319] &411&235time, &83Bluding &291anti-&&338crusaders like &&3D [[&&650S. Truman]] and [[Ronald Reagan]], and &&73B[[Hubert H. Humphrey]] and [[&&157McCarthy]] (&61she &19D''[[McCarthyism]]'' &44myth, and &15accusation of McCarthyism &742&277[[ad hominem]] &4E5to discredit anti-&&2E9.

In 1947, &2A[[Red Scare]], Rand testified as a #0#&626y &104E#4# &30A[[&&170&&466on Un-&&10&&2E1] (see [[#1#&640com/orc/&2BChuac.html]]). Rand's &7A6&3C4&22E&01943 film ''[[Song of &&4B3]''. &&665&B2Ayn Rand dis&53B &5A of &C5&0&&338&&97&1U.S., thus &F8A&37F[[&16Eisting]], her &7A6&A41&307of &4 &7E4the dis&1076&48her &1FF &1[[&&4B1&&11E] &3&FA3&7A5&88D&1film.

R&60gued &15&1B1grossly mis&34D&10B681&23F&1&&4B1&&11E She told the &466&15film &8Bd life &1USSR &765much &581it &301was. &&751y this 1943 film &50Aentional &CB1[[&5A0] by U.S. patriots, &3D1put &72&&4B1al&82F[[&&4DWar II]] &8Dbest &127&662 &&DDHUAC &82F, when Ayn Rand &44ked &55her &754&8&2F5veness &0r &4D7 she &156&C8as #0#futile#0#.

==Legacy==
Rand's &4E1&44t&429by &14Bher &291fol&23E, &2C0&&759pan]]. A six-foot floral ar&2F9ent &1shape of a &553sign was &1C1 near her casket. [#1#eckerd.edu/aspec/&2CF&63&44htm]

In 1985, [[&&3F4&&458], a surviving &8C#0#[[&&7F0Rand &&3E6The &&3E6]&&40Ayn Rand's &71Bheir, &58#0#The [[Ayn R&&719]: The &&C&10&&5CAent &375#4# (ARI). The &&C8has &74&593&5A''Ayn Rand'' as a &1DBark, &32DRand's &56C&41 name &1F3be &83&9FE&1B1she &75 Rand ex&141d her wish &824her name &3&16&375&352to &BE7the &B57&235&267 	 
	 
An&3Aschism &1&5D&75Ain 1989, when &&70[[&&203&&7A8] &24B#0#A &&200of &&43D#0# [#1#wethe&FCcom/&6D1&43Dhtml] &97he def&429his &407&7AB&882&&70[[&&176sm|&176] &7B &&7A8&199&&122&153a #0#&53B &4B&40&2FB&961with &3A&202 &&458 &44B&116for ''[[The &&1A8Activist]]'' &8C#0#Fact and Value#0# [#1#&5C2org/site/Page&&3E0?&88A&122f-v], &19D&&122is, &543 &7DE &4B &6D&4A6and &1DD&B5Fare &4B7y &2D2 &&458&760&&7A8from his &5D &94pon &&7A8&1C7The &&C8for &&70&&AF(now &79#0#[[The &&70&&C]#0#).	 

R&60d &&122are less well &111&37F[[&&10A&&4E], &61&B9pockets of &29A[[&&A8] and [[&&13], &15E &2D9are &446&1B&12Din [[&&42D] ([#1#the&63here.com/metablog/000058.php]) and &1Bgaining an &25B&D31&B4Bin [[&&11]. Her work &5A5&16B&3C7&34A&16 &7F2fol&23E are, with some no&645&5F0ons, &51C&5non-&34A&4D

[[Neil Peart]], the drummer and lyricist &B&&718&4D1ve &6FC[[Rush (band)|Rush]], was &407Rand &16&2A&9A&62&0band. &&31no&645&BEE &63&104&A96#0#&&21A#4# &5&742''[[Fly By Night]]'' ([[1975]]) &3&7&A96&5&742''[[2112]]'' ([[1976]]).

==&&288=
Rand's &206are &118 &&1A5&342y &319&3B3have &3D8her atheism. Many &EE3and &423of [[&198l &16] &E39her &C21of &2A0ty and self-&180 With&1&725&73&5D&1&&42&1DF&4D [[&FAA&16], Rand's work &28&41D&808 No &5D0&60&2F&14D&120&26E Rand or &&122&1B&EA&73&15Cy or &6&10C3 as is &D30by [[Brian Leiter]]'s &54B[#1#&73ourmet.com/]. Some &34A, &28 are &10AD&2D4Rand's &7DB4&964 F&7BCtance, the [#1#&5C25Forg/ Ayn Rand &&5F, &6711987, is &D2F&B[[&&10&&73&&98]. In 2006, [[&&646&&2F&&141] will publish a &3BE&6BD&1ED&CA&1EEby ARI-&D2F&9C9[[Tara &&756].

A no&645&5F0on &4&5C&10D&3B4paid to Rand &F&71A#0#&&8Randian &&4E5&171[[&&CE#A0# &9B[[&&76&&979], &17&43his &4C8''Socratic Puzzles''. &&979s own [[&176] &39&684are &142Rand's, but his &71A&D8Cher &1DCtional &4E5in &113 &17&299&6D2life is, &768&14D &1D7&FA6&2EA&2FD&3EEall &3A&105&127 To &3CF&4E5&71F &&979&772 &6BE&152&767&D36n why &4F1&11C&2A0y p&AD1&74of &13A&10B8and &1E8no &105 Thus, he &772, her &ECdeduce &3E9ty of &516is &405an &BEEof assuming &387or [[&C90the &200] and &41 &B54to [[&&203Hume]]'s &1B8[[is-ought &5CD] is unsatisf&280. &&168 &&979&5D1d R&60 an auth&7BA &98E&41&1DCher &18Aenjoyable and &7F-provoking.

R&1AD&59been &6EDwith suspicion &7F2&2ABof &8Bng her &16in ficti&89B non-&22B&18Aaimed at a &5C&B4B&51&242in [[peer-&402]ed &332. Rand's &7A4note that s&52&49&4CC&120of &2EF who &24B&73y rich &22B— &34[[Dante]], [[John Milton]], [[Fyodor &&907], and [[&&49FCamus]], &6D&3A&9B &C[[Jean-Paul Sartre]] &8Bd &72&202in both &17Aand non-&17A&2F3

&&3A&296&C4Rand’s &D49&BDher [[&&10Bic]] &378&9Dapplicable &4&399&4D &&374&7C&296&61ARand's &2D9are made up of &C20&828dimensional &F They &E39the &7A5&0&&70&56B&7BEredibly intelligent, unencumbered by &91E &56A, and free of flaws, in &2B2&4frequent &7A5&0antagonists as weak, &F89 full of un&11Fy, and lacking in &E4089B &10A0

Defenders &7F1&125out &1036191 &4e &59F n&21B&&63F&&5B4nor &&C8F&&24(both &8BA&F is &9F&EC8&7BCelligent, but both are &Fof dignity and &5D1 Leo Kovalensky suffers enormously &5Eh&&ECFto cope &Bbrutality and banality of &159 &&D9 Taganov dies &46&E38his &73&977 Dominique &&1070 &273tially bitterly unhappy &68&261evil is &F3ul; Hank &&2D&335n by inner e&279l &1E0&1E7on by a &73&425 &6BB&&24&666 &2C9al&6CB&349&109C&4B Two &235main protagonists, &&6D2Roark and John Galt, &DBbeg&841&56A. &&7FRand &4C &110&B6 &4D2&166will &E37&&FA9by &56A she &11Fy &DB&666&386lth made &1F6&892 &&59E she &8B many vicious &998rats &14Aish elitists who use [[&83C] to accumulate &4ACand &F3 Moreover, Hank &&2Dis &7DF&68&1D&4Anaïveté. As &10purportedly weak and &F89villains, Rand's &7A4&125&766Ellsworth Toohey &10B&765&802strategist and communicator &1B3 &613and Dr. &&76&&2C7is a brilliant &A59

R&15Eself &CA3&4e &2B6&59F(&122&5CAof much &0) with her &71A#0#The Goal of My &&174#4# (1963). &&B7 &122&3A&3BC&334in her &4C2&&10Bic &&474&&692ic &&474 A &&446&&15E]'' (2nd rev. ed. 1975), Rand &3EE&786&41 goal &335&1C5her &56F&146ideal man: not man as &52 but man &328&2EEand ought &1B

Rand's &787sex &EBso &241some &288§2&&29her, #0#&&ED&64E''qua'' &64E the &4D8of femininity is hero-&69A– &610to look &892man.#0# (1968)§2Some &1[[BDSM]] &85see her work as &8AFand &177ve, &BE2''The &&1F6' [#1#mi&10A1organa.com/site04/read_rec.html].

An&3A&24F&288&6BFview that homo&357ty is #0#im&1DD&40#0#disgusting#0# [#1#nyu.edu/&1C5/&39C&3BChomo/&63here.htm], as &BEher &177&10&764&232s to discriminate &&B4Aof homo&357ty, &C&1r hiring &2AB.§2&&1BElly, she &199#0#&B7a &1D6im&1DDty &1Froot of homo&357ty#0# &68#0#it &4FA&1D6flaws, &341, &977 or unfortunate &894#4#.§2

&&8&1018of non-&1Fl discrimi&2B5 Rand's &7A4&772&41 &56Dits &733ty was &54Dby &CA7&10C&A &263&146or &24D(&6C4&DB&B2&24Dwere &41B&10C&A) so it &DB&728an &C1F&0&1DDty &0&E5F&1E9 In &177&63 they cite Rand's &12Csome &D8A#3#&6F &7Fnot homophobia #3#&6F on &1DD&1A1, in &3BClike 'Racism' and '&&3B0Balkanization', &43&7EAguing &10&A&3A8and &232s to act on such &E5F&E8&1F&60C [#2#&4BD&122nline.net/lofi&179&F9php/t2277.html].

==&&252=
===Fiction===
* ''[[Night of &&C316th]]'' (1934)
* ''[[We The &&FC]'' (1936)
* ''[[&&21A(&2F7|&&21A]'' (1938)
* ''[[The &&1F6]'' (1943)
* ''[[#4E#'' (1957)

====&&D2E&22B===
* ''&&117Plays'' (2005)

===Non&22B==
* ''&&10New &&1A8' (1961)
* ''The &&2DAof &&516' (with [[&&132&&F6]) ([[1964]])
* ''[[&&B6 The Un&111Ideal]]'' (with [[&&132&&F6], [[Alan &&759pan]], &231Hessen]]) ([[1966]])
!76!5EF]'' (1967)
* ''[[&&692ic &&474]'' (1969)
* ''The New Left: The Anti-&&162&&137' (1971)
* ''&&16 Who Needs It'' (1982)

====&&D2Enon&22B===
* ''[[The &&9AAyn Rand]]'' (&27A&2CB&4ry &489&&458]) ([[1984]])
* ''The Voice of &&1A3 &&3BCin &&70&&7F'' (&27A&489&&458]; &1F5&3BC&489&&458] and [[&&30F&&889]) ([[1989]])
!76!5EF]'' &8D&2CD(&27Aby [[&&650&&908]; &1F5&101&489&&458]) ([[1990]])
* ''&&1EF &48C&&373by [[&&15BS. &&EF5r]]) ([[1995]])
* ''&&332 &48C&&373by [[&&203Harriman]]) ([[1997]])
* ''Ayn Rand's Marginalia : Her Critical &&4 &8&&296over &&6E0&&2EF'' (&27Aby [[&&76&&5E8]) ([[1998]])
* ''&&7F0Rand Column: Written &10Los &&36B&&171' (&27Aby [[&&30F&&889]) ([[1998]])
* ''&&3E7&&174 on &&211' (&27Aby [[&&15BS. &&EF5r]]) ([[1999]])
* ''&&323&0Primitive: The Anti-&&162&&137' (&B49&2CDof ''The New Left''; &27Aand &32ditional &3BCby [[&&30F&&889]) ([[1999]])
* ''The Art of Fiction'' (&27Aby [[Tore Boeckmann]]) ([[2000]])
* ''The Art of Non&22B' (&27Aby [[&&76&&5E8]) ([[2001]])
* ''The &&122&&60CD-ROM'' (&D2&70Rand's &763CD-ROM &E36 (2001)
* ''Ayn Rand Answers'' (2005)

!1E!
In &198Rand's own &C7(&7E0&263, &59&8E&CC8Rand's &4AEor &2B6work. &&8Ethat &CC8her &16&57&1DC&1[[&252of &5A6&&122].
#D3#-!FB!
* &9 &3E= &&590&26E= &&D0T.
 &17= &&D0T. &&590 &2E= Ayn Rand
 &21= T&81B &25= &&6D1 &39= 1987
 | id = &&&A88057-7497-1
 }}
!38!&&4D3 &17= &&4D3&&F6 &!75!d
 &21= &&633ay #3#amp; &&E9 &25= Garden City, New York
 &39= 1986
 | id = &&&A8385-19171-5
 }}
!38!&!74!&2E= My &&62&761Rand
 &21= Jossey Bass
 &25= San &&54 &39= 1998
 | id = &&&A87879-4513-7
 }}
!38!&!74!&54E= [[&&4D3&&F6]
 &2E= Who Is Ayn Rand?
 &21= Random &&170!11B!
 &39= 1962
 }}
* &9 &3E= &&B48&26E= Jeff
 &17= Jeff &&B48 &2E= Ayn Rand
 &21= Overlook Duckworth
!11B!
 &39= 2005
!CC!-58567-406-0
 }}
* &9 &3E= &&63E&26E= Mimi &&905 &17= Mimi &&905&&63E &2E= The New Ayn Rand &&7B0 &21= &&759ood &&141 &25= Westport, &&85A &39= 1999
 | id = &&&A8313-30321-5
 }}
* &9 &762= [[Mimi &&905&&63E&&63E Mimi &&905] and [[&&74E&&5B3&&39C&&39C &&74E&&5B3] (&EE8)
 &2E= &&208&&3E1 &48CRand
 &21= The &&493&&31&&2F&&141 &25= &&2FPark, &&493 &39= 1999
!110!-01830-5
 }}
* &9 &3E= Hamel &26E= &&19FL.L.
 &17= &&19FL.L. Hamel
 &2E= In &&840&48CRand
 &21= New Beacon
 &25= Brookline, Massachusetts
 &39= 1990
 }}
!37! !36!&2E= Ayn R&60d Song of &&4B3 &21= &&904&&E2 &25= &&B6D &&43F &39= 2004
 | id = &&&A88108-5276-4
 }}
!37! !36!&!73!&&21A &21= &&904&&E2 &25= &&B6D &&43F &39= 2005
!10F!-1031-4
 }}
!37! !36!&!73!We the &&FC &21= &&904&&E2 &25= &&B6D &&43F &39= 2004
!10F!-0698-8
 }}
* &9 &3E= Paxton &26E= &&15B &17= &&15BPaxton
 &2E= Ayn Rand: A &&F4Life§2(The &&7B0Book)
 &21= Gibbs &&756 &25= Layton, Utah
 &39= 1998
 | id = &&&A887905-845-5
 }}
* &62 &3E= &&458&26E= &&3F4 &17= &&3F4&&458
 &2E= My Thirty &&62&761Rand: An &&1A8Memoir
 &3C6= The &&70&&4BD &488= 8
 &5A4= 3
 &39= 1987
 &5A3= 1–16
 }}
* &9 &3E= &&205&26E= &&417N.
 &17= &&417N. &&205 &2E= The &&3AB&0Ayn Rand Cult
 &61F= #1#&687com/&205&D2Dhtml
 &21= &&378 &25= Port Townsend, &&AB &39= 1987
 }}
* &9 &3E= Sures &26E= Mary Ann
 &17= Mary Ann Sures
 &54E= [[&&5B9Sures]]
 &2E= Facets &48CRand
 &21= Ayn R&&719&&141
 &25= Los &&36B &39= 2001
 | id = &&&A89625336-5-3
 }}
* &9 &3E= &&39C&26E= &&74E&&5B3 &17= &&74E&&5B3&&39C &2E= Ayn Rand: The &&3E7&&37A &25= &&2FPark, &&493 &21= The &&493&&31&&2F&&141 &39= 1995
!110!-01440-7
 }}
* &62 &3E= &&39C&26E= &&74E&&5B3 &17= &&74E&&5B3&&39C &2E= The Rand Tran&95 &61F= #1#nyu.edu/&1C5/&39C&3BCrandt2.htm
 &3C6= The &&332&48CRand &&AF &488= 1
 &5A4= 1
 &39= 1999
 &5A3= 1–26
 }}
* &62 &3E= &&C8E&26E= &&15B &17= &&15B&&C8E &61F= #1#2&666org/02_2_she.&903 &2E= The &&565iest Cult In &&35 &3C6= Skeptic
 &488= 2
 &5A4= 2
 &39= 1993
 &5A3= 74–81
 }}
* &9 &762= [[&&DE&&15A&&15A &&DE] (&EE8
 &2E= The &&2B6Art &48CRand
 &25=§2Pough&D43e, New York
 &21= The &&70&&C &39= 2005
!CC!-577240-70-7
 }}
* &9 &3E= Tuccile &26E= &&E34 &17= &&E34Tuccille
 &2E= It Usually Begins &761Rand
!11B!
 &21= Fox #3# Wilkes
 &39= 1997
 | id = ISBN 0930073258
 }}
* &9 &3E= &&F88&26E= &&D0S.
 &17= &&D0S. &&F88 &!75!d's &&296 &25= Dallas
 &21= D&825&&170 &39= 2005
!CC!-930654-67-1
 }}
* &9 &3E= &&BBB&26E= Jeff
 &17= Jeff &&BBB &2E= &&7F0Rand Cult
 &25= &&464 &21= Open &&23A &39= 1999
 | id = &&&A88126-9390-6
 }}
!B6!

!12!
{{&&16&419}
{{&7822C2Ayn Rand}}

'''&&5C&3F''
* [#1#&640com/orc/bio/biofaq.html Ayn Rand FAQ]§3
* [#1#&5C2org/site/Page&&3E0?&88A&55ayn_rand_faq_index2 Frequently Asked &&200 on Ayn Rand]
* [#1#utm.edu/&60iep/r/rand.htm #0#Ayn Rand#0# &969&5&&631&&1D2of &&16

'''&&1A0 &E33Ayn Rand's &16''
* [#1#&5C2org/ &&7F0R&&719
* [#1#ari&A95com/ ARI Watch] &&487gues &3E8&128 &0Ayn R&&719&90Ffrom &2DCAyn Rand. #5C#-- Note &3DAlink is &E37re&53A&277&702&DC4 It &&BCF&7CCd, &8Evandals give up. &&873dis&D8D take &667Talk. --&gt;
* [#1#&70Corg/ The &&70&&C
* [#1#&B6Corg/ The &&C&10&&5CAent of &&B6

'''&&116'''
* [#1#lrb.co.uk/v27/n23/turn03_.html ''As Astonishing as Elvis'' by Jenny &&E52 #3#&6F Essay re&3A2''Ayn Rand'' by Jeff &&B48
* [#1#&51Dipaurora.com/aynrand100.html Ayn Rand 100 Tribute] #3#&6F &71 &136to a &9BB&742 #0#&&30Cof Deliverance&&688pired by Rand's &2FA&996such &D8
* [#2#&E32com/colloquy/99/rand/back&1A1htm ''Ayn Rand Has &&18Ey Caught the &&3B4of &&224'] by Jeff Sharlet
* [#1#jeffcomp.com/faq/&F9html FAQ - What's REALLY Wrong With &&122]
* [#1#mclemee.com/id39.html ''The Heirs &48CRand'' by &&923McLemee] &&487 &116&242[[Lingua Franca]] &17&7ADthe arc &235&242&1CB &43&A94and posthomous, &F6&A&96E&224ip.
* [#1#&10riters.org/&2CFrand.asp Rand &450on C-Span's #0#&&10Writers#0#] #3#&6F RealVideo &27D &6BD&174
'''&&116 &295Ayn Rand'''
* [#2#&4Dstd.com/~mhuben/critobj.html§2&&59F&375(or Ayn Rand)] #3#&6F from &0&&BF1 of &&176sm site
!35!96 &&59F&375 #3#&6F &5&&122&&136&&Csite
* [#1#johannhari.com/&3ED&116php?id=756 #0#Don't give to tsunami &C9E- the &508&0&&10&As &9Bqueen#0#] &&487&62E&6DE&5&&7CF&&E2* [#1#&687com/&205&D2Dhtml ''The &&3AB&0Ayn Rand Cult'' by &&417&&205 #3#&6F &1D61972, this w&A&57&A93&7F1&2sm &5[[&176] &932125 
* [#1#2&666org/02_2_she.&903#0#The &&565iest Cult in &&35&171&&15B&&C8E
{{&166&&252of &5A6&&122}

'''Rand's &90E''
* [#1#barbara&F6com/ &&4D3&&F6s &231
* [#1#&132F6com/ &&132&&F6s &231
* [#1#leonardpeikoff.com/ &&3F4&&458s &231

'''&&278&1FB&96A''
* [#1#the&63here.com/ The &&63here] #3#&6F &&EDmirers &7F1s &2D9 &71 &331&1DE, &943&172 columns, and news
* [#1#the&5C24BDcom &&7F0Rand &&4BD #3#&6F &&278&4BDfor &27D&48CR&60d &&122
* [#2#&85live&332com/&5C24BDAyn Rand Live&&332&&85 #3#&6F &&1B7Live&&332&&85for Ayn Rand.
* [#1#capmag.com/&664ws.asp &&553 #3# Crosses] #3#&6F &&4ry &1B3pro-&C4st &1CD
* [#1#DrHurd.com/ Dr. &&15BJ. Hurd, psych&10B2t] #3#&6F The &&527Dose of &&1A3 &1DA life coaching and &4 on &52&39&2BB&1B3 &&70&1CD#3#&6F also, The &&FC&&AANews&1EFand Dr. Hurd's &A2tions
* [#2#&4BD.4&5C2ans.com The &&4BDfor Ayn Rand Fans]
* [#1#hblist.com &&650&&908List] #3#&6F E-mail-&FD&27D&10F* [#1#&5C2AFcom The &&332&48CRand &&AF #3#&6F &&5EC&4ED of &116, &2EF&588to &AE&116, and sub&C89&522ines.
* [#1#&122net &&122net] &&487n Rand on CD-ROM, and &2C2* [#1#&122nline.net/ &&122nline.Net] #3#&6F &&5EC[#2#&4BD&122nline.net/ &4BD], &96A &3BC chat room, &60[#2#wiki.&122nline.net wiki on &&122
* [#1#&70logs.com &&70Blogs] &&487&276Rand-&17C bloggers
* [#2#randex.org/ Randex] #3#&6F &&F9of &278&536&8Eto Ayn R&60d &&122* [#1#solo&80Ecom &&F4Life &&70] #3#&6F &&278columns and &27D &44F for &&70 - &1088by &&2C6Perigo
* [#1#TIA&&527com/ TIA &&527 #3#&6F &&527news and &4ry &5&&70&1CDby e-mail

'''&&1By'''
* [#1#yoyita.com/Ayn_Rand.html Portrait &48CRand]

'''Rand's &174and &277s'''
!35!BC&21A&30Bhtml ''&&21A'] #3#&6F The &30Btext &0&2F7 &182fallen in&4&A2&BFA* [#1#ayn-!AE!-rand-&63&44asp ''&&63&&44' ] &&&902* [#1#ayn-!AE!-rand-fountainhead.asp ''The &&1F6'] &&&902* [#1#ayn-!AE!-rand-we-the-&FCasp ''We The &&FC'] &&&902* [#1#tracyfineart.com/usmc/&16who_&5A5it.htm #0#&&16 Who Needs It?#0#] &&487dress To The Graduating &&1C2Of &&1A&&9&&CC&&2Cat West &&125 New York - &&1386, 1974
!35!BChuac.html Rand's HUAC &7A6 #3#&6F Tran&95* [#1#&378aven.org/&18Aore/B00004LC7UAMUS169912.&903''We &48E #3#&6F Video &1043* {{&112&2EF id=Ayn+Rand | name=Ayn Rand}}
!72!/cgi-bin/faidfr&D73r?faid/faidfr:@&248SOURCE+@band(rand+ayn)) Rand's &4AB at The &&C2&4AD
[[&&81905 &430|Rand, Ayn]]
[[&&81982 &310|Rand, Ayn]]
[[&&8&22F&45[[&&8&&10&2B6&296Rand, Ayn]]
[[&&8&&10&2F7sts|Rand, Ayn]]
[[&&8&&10&45!115!-&159Rand, Ayn]]
!115!-&&3D1War|Rand, Ayn]]
[[&&8&&D4&45[[&&8Atheists|Rand, Ayn]]
[[&&8Atheist &45[[&&8Atheist &3B3&&EF1Rand, Ayn]]
[[&&8Cat &550Rand, Ayn]]
[[&&8Epistem&10B2ts|Rand, Ayn]]
[[&&8&&7A3&&10&214[[&&8Minarchists|Rand, Ayn]]
[[&&8&&1DD&45[[&&8&&158 of &&424&&30Fburg|Rand, Ayn]]
[[&&8&&84zed &6AC &0&&19&&9Rand, Ayn]]
[[&&8&&2F7sts|Rand, Ayn]]
[[&&8&&70|Rand, Ayn]]
[[&&8&&9B|Rand, Ayn]]
[[&&8&&39&45[[&&8&&39&214[[&&8Pro-&407&C48Rand, Ayn]]
[[&&8Women &214
[[cs#CD#á]]
[[da#1E#
[[de#1E#
[[es#1E#
[[fi#1E#
[[fr#1E#
!17!איין ראנד]]
[[hu#1E#
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!14!アイン・ランド]]
[[nl#1E#
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[[sv#1E#
#22#艾茵·兰德#1A#
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§8<ip>221.226.98.5</ip>
!0!
§6#7#'''&&492&&355'' (born [[&&1421]], [[1947]]) is a [[&&8F&&50] [[mathematician]], &1B2y Professor &1F[[&&DDde &&8F] ([[&&241], [[&&8F]), [[IHES]] ([[Bures-sur-Yvette]], [[&&8F]) and [[Vanderbilt #A0# ([[Nashville]], [[&&2DE]). &&52a specia&276[[Von &&C8D&1042]s and &4A9completing the &1C2fication of [[f&280]s &0e &2CA &&61&760in &12A&153very &900he &AACto connect the planckian &52E with &84A&8Ca #0#2-brane#0# &&506 &42E&61&2BFy &26Fby &6BD&7E2so far.

The remarkable &2C2&48this &230 the &AD2he &4D devised to tackle the &5CD&4D&230 in [[&1CF&12A], [[p&116&12A], and [[&5Aal &F87], made him &7CB[[Noncommutative &F87] (&3Aalso &232&1D&193book to date).

He &&C8Cthe [[&&21FMedal]] in [[1982]], the [[Crafoord &&49C] in [[2001]] &3gold &8FF&0[[CNRS]] in 2004.

#F8#
* [[cyclic homology]]
* [[f&280(&34Fl &22E]]
* [[Higgs boson]]
* [[C*-&1042]
* [[M &&CA]
* [[&&10Fid]]
* [[Jean &&5A2Loday]]

!12!

* [#1#alainconnes.org/ &&492&&355&&11BWeb Site]
!94!=&&355}


{{&&21F&8FFsts}}


[[&&81947 &430|&&355 &&492]
[[&&8&&FC&23&&355 &&492]
[[&&8&&50&69E&&355 &&492]
[[&&8Alumni &0École Normale Supérieure|&&355 &&492]
[[&&8&&C5&60sociates &0US &&2A&&337&&47|&&355 &&492]

!26!ألان كن]]
[[de#B4#
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!14!アラン・コンヌ]]
#35#알랭 콘느]]
[[pl#B4#
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§6#7#'''&&33FDwan''' ([[&&1423]], [[1885 in film|1885]] #3#&196 [[&&13F21]], [[1981 in film|1981]]) &44pioneering [[&&4B2&&718]-born &&10[[film|&37A] [[film &1DE&1DE], &369 and &5E9

Born '''&&157Aloysius Dwan''' in [[&&9F9 &&C8B], [[&&4B2], his &E0&53A&4[[&&19&&9] when &81eleven &1DDage. At &2F he &828&277&E17r and &1B3&210&ED&662ng &E9in [[&&464 &&79]. &&28 &31B2a &3C2&180&1fledgling &37A&209and when [[Essanay &&457] &6CC&5B5&372&1Bome a &95riter, &5B9the job. At &3E6 some &0[[East &&266&0&&19&&9East &&266] &1B1makers &10C&D80&6C4 in [[&&201] &24A&14F&6F1&37F&629&A0 &A28warm &47B Soon, a &2D&1B1&77&563&B7year-&27Eand, in [[1911]], Dwan &1B3&210part time in [[&&211 &&201&&211]. &&43&152in New York, in [[1917 in film|1917]] he w&A&1DCng &3D&0East &&266&2CC&0[[&&279&&2CE&&1DE &&98].

&&33FDwan &163true innovator &1&37A&209 &&46&21Ea &6B5&7E and comedies,§2he &440&E8D&&718 [[Mary Pickford]] in &A&&139&1FE&1B1 as &BEher &807 [[&&25E&&557], &507&1ac&2BDd [[1922 in film|1922]] ''[[Robin Hood]]''. 

&&208&330&0[[&71Ffilm|talkies]], in [[1937 in film|1937]] he &440&2F6star [[Shirley &&60D] in ''[[Heidi]]&856''&&C8A&412Farm'' &&B89

Over his long and &1FE&1CB&888over fifty &62 he &440over 400 &37A, many &0 &61Bac&2BDd, such &A[[1949 in film|1949]] box &2A5smash, ''[[The Sands of Iwo Jima]]''. His last &1B1&50A[[1961]]. 

Dwan &1AF&0&1DE who spanned the silent to &71Fera. Most &0silent &1B1 he &440are lost &5Epoor &3B1 &&16B&9D&174&28&30CDwan, but some &1C9&41&152&1E1#0#&18D#4# &C6&1DE&5[[&&1C2c &&211Era]].

He &5A2Los &&36B&1F&1C1ninety-six, &B1&10B1ed &1[[San Fernando Mission &&72D], [[Mission Hills, &&201]. 

&&33FDwan &17Dstar &8[[&&211Walk of Fame]] at 6263 &&211Boulevard in [[&&211 &&201&&211].
 
==&&441&383=
As &1DE
*''[[&&E31Madness]]'' (1916)
*''[[&&557Fine Arts]]'' (1916)
*''[[&&557Fragments]]'' (1916-1918) also &5E94
*''[[Robin Hood (1922 film)|Robin Hood]]'' (1922)
*''The Iron Mask'' (1929)
*''[[Heidi]]'' (1937)
*''[[&&C8A&412Farm/The &&16BColonel]]'' (1938)
*''&&C8A&412Farm'' (1938)
*''[[The &&117&&D2A(film)|The &&117&&D2A]'' (1939)
*''The Gorilla'' (1939) 
*''[[Young &&23]'' (1940)
*''[[Look Who's Laughing]]'' (1941) &411
*''[[&&626y Enemies]]'' (1942)
*''&&1F0&&4D' (1943) &411*''[[Up in Mabel's Room]]'' (1944)
*''[[A&1016With Two Yanks]]'' (1944)
*''[[Getting Gertie's Garter]]'' (1945) also &5E9
*''[[Brewster's &&114]]'' (1945)
*''Driftwood'' (1947)§5
*''Calendar Girl'' (1947)
*''[[&&10Aest Outpost]]'' (1947) &4F6sociate &369 
*''[[Sands of Iwo Jima]]'' (1949)
*''[[&&6B2Belle]]'' (1952)
*''[[Silver Lode (1954 film)|Silver Lode]]'' (1954)
*''[[&&80E(1954 &1B1|&&80E]'' (1954)
*''[[Cattle &&75F&&6B2]'' (1954)
*''[[&&2DEs Partner#CC#
*''[[Pearl &0&&89&&1E4]'' (1955)
*''[[&&41Ato Burma#CC#
*''[[S&662y Scarlet]]'' (1956)
*''[[The Restless Breed]]'' (1957)
*''[[Enchanted &&18B]'' (1958)


&&166 [[&&718pioneers in &9A&&211]

!12!
*{{imdb name|id=0245385|name= &&33FDwan}}

[[&&81885 &430|D!FA!
[[&&81981 &310|D!FA!
[[&&8&&10B&&226|D!FA!
[[&&8&&10film &1DE|D!FA!
[[&&8&&10film &369s|D!FA!
[[&&8&&10screen&2CFD!FA!
[[&&8&&211Walk of Fame|D!FA!
[[&&8&&C8B&2CFD!FA!
[[&&8&&9F9ians|D!FA!

[[de:&&33FDwan#1A#
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§6#7#{{update}}
{{cleanup-date|&&13F2005}}
{{&&BB&309&645}
&&1'''&BB&309'' the [[hydro&947]] &4A4&&&E30 &3D9ng for &5C152% of &2BF25% &308&771&230over &867&6EA&BB5 [[&&26] h&A&4C4&12C&294[[&84gas]] &1&3C5&F&361&410it ranks fourteenth for oil re&3E0. &&1E3 &13D&6F9one &&387&83y &9D2&542&1&&60Fstalled in [[1992]] &A&BA&BFembroiled in &39turmoil.

Burdened &32&D6F&109debt, &&1E3&EF0&89Ayear &932y ar&2F9ent &B[[Inter&2A&&887Fund]] in &&142[[1994]] &3&1AAyear &41Conto a &117year &229fund &B47&17&429[[30 &&142], [[1998]]. Some &4D1on &2BE[[&&241Club]] [[debt &B46]s in [[1995]] and [[1996]], and oil and gas &4A4&66E&370to a re&A9C in &254&741995, &76Binflation to &2C51% and &B52ng the &6F8deficit. &&26s &BBhas grown &79F4% &BA4&74[[1999]]. &&293s &109debt has fallen &1B3high of $28 &6B8in [[1999]] &234&1B2&24Aof $24 &6B8 The spike in oil &83D in [[1999]]-[[2000]] &3&1Fs &A92fiscal &360 as &BE&1B7&20A&1&1DBsurplus &3near tripling &&1087&34Dre&3E0 h&&EE9&D1&105E. &&28 an on&66C&806 the &46&1C6&0[[&&34410]], [[2001]] floods &60 un&11Foil &3B9make &E76for [[2002]]-[[2003|03]] more &5CDtic. &&FBpledges to &629its &13Ddiversify &C9by &&E2F&EF&37F&307&4A4 &&28 &31Cthus far had &372in &40F&AFD &11By &26D at 30% and &39B&FC&197

[[&&3D&&8FE] &17Dn&10B9 sweeping &81re&2F3 &17 if &67F will &178y re&103&C9 &&152 &C9&121&C87&481volatile oil and gas &823. &&FBhas &17E&13Ddiversify &C9by &&E2F&EF&37F&307&4A4 but &5A5&372in &40F&AFDand &39B&FC&197§2&&3A&66Dty &79Elude &6E2&6F9 &39Bthe &4C7&13E and &76B&1F&859

&&FB&17Dn&10B9 &AA5to sell off &31&858 sales of &1E3cement f&280 and &1FC&428&22&30B &4D&490are up for &764 In 2001, &&26&41Can &&98&&461&B[[&&51&&11E]; &31C&31B&98Aon &619for &969in&4[[&&4D&&1DB&&1A0]. 

===[[Agri&3E]===

&&74&&10B&171&&26&28&98E&10fertility &1B8soil.§2&&55a &316&0&368are &63Bagri&52&B45§2&&1237,500,000 &92D(30,000 km#3#sup2;) are &84A&4&857of [[&1086&10B7]s.§2The Tell &F&10B7&3E5land.§2&&2A&1B2[[&&8F&&50] rule its &482vity &50&&163d &519y &11sin&7E3[[Artesian aquifer|artesian well]]s in &39A&17only &3A7&2BE&26Bthem &9BA§2&&0&AB7&937 [[wheat]], [[barley]] and [[oat]]s &&B44&1086.§2A &C6&346[[vege&645]s &728[[&D29]s, &9F[[citrus]] &2AC is &6EAd.§2

&&393&3D5[[&7CA] was grown &1Ftime &0[[&&19&&9]' [[&&10&&146War|&&146War]], &1BA&209&731&46ards.§2&&1&9A&62&0&22F&13Dextend the &857&0&428were renewed.§2A &20&3D5[[&7CA] &4Agrown &1&80oases.§2Large &D28of [[crin vegetal]] (vege&645&D27hair) an excellent fibre, are made &5&ED4&0dwarf palm.§2The [[olive]] (both &5AC&D29and [[&&1E6]) and [[tobacco]] are cultivated with &C6&32A

&&&E66&4D0[[fig]]s, [[date (&D29|date]]s, [[esparto]] &826 and [[cork (&101|cork]].

====Wine &&A0===

&&69ut &&26the soil favours the &254of vines.§2&&293 &1&2FA&146expert &811&54B&8&230&11&&50&1F 
:#0#can &369an infinite &346wines suit&C0&139&6A&23A&139ca&83Dof taste.#0# 

The &3E5of vines was &110aken &9A&11&A07 but &71not &195&E2Ein [[&&8F] were &B43by [[phylloxera]] &15&6EAof [[wine]] from &&26&BF&178§2In [[1883]], &32Dpre&1053ry &4EC &&26 [[vineyard]]s &3C4&B43but &1&A8Bme the &4D4&0r wines &AB&7E6§2In 1850 less than 2000 &92D(8 km#3#sup2;) were &84A&4grape, &24C1878 this had &20A &7EF42,000 &92D(170 km#3#sup2;), &17yielded 7,436,000 &9B9(28,000 m#3#sup3;) of wine.§2&&32Dbad &8C4 and ravages of insects, &857&229 &1221895 the &E2E&479300,000 &92D(1,200 km#3#sup2;), the &369&7D88,000,000 &9B9(333,000 m#3#sup3;).§2&&1ECof &857&7EEexceeded 400,000 &92D(1,600 km#3#sup2;), &122&6B7&32Fof wine &1BAwas 157,000,000 &9B9(594,000 m#3#sup3;).§2By &3E6the &1024 of profi&645&A0&AB&47F&C3&53D&0&BA§2&&45By &1D7&109&3B9for &&26 wine is &&8F &7841905 &1085d &55110,000,000 &9B9(416,000 m#3#sup3;).

===Fishing===

Fishing is a &856but min&7BCustry.§2Fish &E3Eare &DF6y [[sardine]]s, [[bonito]], [[smelt]] and [[sprat]]s.§2Fresh fish are &6EAd to [[&&8F], dried and &12 fish to [[&&F4] and [[&&655].§2Coral [[fishery|fisheries]] are &1DC&3CB&266from [[Bona]] to [[Tunis]].

===Minerals===

&&26is rich in &717 &293has many [[iron]], [[lead]] and [[zinc]], [[&315], [[calamine]], [[&F85] and [[Mercury (&228|&3D0] &2D8§2&&31&482ve are &2DC&4D3zinc.§2Lignite is &1F7&&1E3 immense [[&E2D] beds were &18Dnear [[Tebessa]] in 1891, yielding 313,500 tons &7EE§2Phosphate beds &170&563near [[Setif]], [[Guelma]] and [[Ain Beida]].§2&&B9&123300 &F84&17&369 &1C3t &3A&4C6, [[onyx]] and &7A2&23Cand red [[&91A]s.§2&&26 onyx from Ain Tekbalet &742&11&&10B, &485&78&F84&22&1DCnear [[Kleber]], some &7D&11Fy &DBfrom &188long-lost Numidian &91A were &434§2[[Salt]] is &334&8&997 &0chotts.

==&&109&1DB=

&&110&&50administrati&8&BB1&309&75&C6y: &23F&1041and &4D0&1Ftime &0&&50&3E9(1830) &DBexceed £ 175,000.§2In 1850 the &3F9had &47F£ 5,000,000; in 1868, £ 12,000,000; in 1880, £ 17,000,000; &1221890, £ 20,000,000.§2From this &125&4D1was s&23E&3&3F9varied &26Ebly year by year.§2In 1905 &23F&2EA&0&109&1DBwas £ 24,500,000.§2&&55five-sixths &0&1DBis with or via &&8F into &17&BA&AE&&26 &532&&D26duty-free &741851, &60l &741867.§2&&50&532 &5F0[[sugar]], &&D26into &&26&E8payment of duty &741835.§2&&DD&20A in 1892, &0&&50minimum &7C0 &17&3FDto &&&E66 &109&1DB&C6y diminished. 

By far &&26s most &178&4D0 &19Ay, are [[&1E6] and [[&84gas]].§2The re&3E0 &60E&1&&143[[&&29E]; &484&1Fcurbed the &4D0&&8FDto slow depletion; &4D0&20A aga&272hat &1[[1990|&A91].§2&&3A&178&4D0are [[&771sheep|sheep]], [[ox]]en, and [[&D27]s; &400&2AC &C[[wool]] and skins; [[wine]], &1086 ([[rye]], [[barley]], [[oat]]s), [[vege&645]s, [[&D29]s (&432y [[fig]]s and [[grape]]s &10&645 and [[seed]]s, [[esparto]] &826 oils and vege&645&106B (&432y [[olive oil]]), [[iron]] ore, [[zinc]], &84[[&E2D]s, [[timber]], [[Cork (&101|cork]], [[crin vegetal]] and [[tobacco]].§2The &1085of [[wool]] exceeds the &6EA§2[[Sugar]], [[coffee]], &E2C &16Fwork &244kinds, clo&433and pottery &54C&1085d.§2&&0e by far the &C6r part &139&&8F§2&&18&&107&&B4] &1041&CE6&432y of [[coal]], &7CAfabrics and &E2C

===Exports===

&&26&1DB most &377with &&8Fand [[&&655], in &1F8both &1041and &4D0 &44Aso &1DB &B&&19&&C2[[&&F4].

===&&20B==

==&&136=

*[#1#cia.gov/cia/&A2tions/&29Dgeos/ag.html CIA &&4D&&29D

:''&&166:'' [[&&26]

{{OPEC}}

[[&&8&&1A0&0&&1E6Exporting &&6DAlegeria]]
[[&&8Economies by &BA&&26]
[[&&8&&BB&309 ]]
[[&&8&&11 &&483&542&&26]
[[fr:Économie de l'Algérie]]
[[pt:Economia da Argélia]]
!19!Экономика Алжира#1A#
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:''&&166:'' [[&&26#B0#
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§6<&4&73use semi &44B&E1E&4FB even &85Aside &5Fns, per [[WP:SEMI]]</&4
!EA!
{{&&3E3&&BA
&158name = الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية&!114!Al-Jumhūrīyah al-Jazā’irīyah&!114!ad-Dīmuqrāţīyah ash-Sha’bīyah|
&1A9name = &&26|
&1Bflag = Flag &309svg |
&1Bcoat = &&26coa.png |
&1Bmap = &&774&26png |
&2A&99B= (&518: The &&137&11&23and &10&23|
&2A&21A= ''[[&&B42&&B42&lt;&20gt;(Qasaman Bin-Nāzilāt Il-Māḥiqāt)]]''&!114!(&lt;&20gt;[[&&F8&B&&F8]: ''[[&&B42We Swear By The Lightning That Destroys]]'') |
&11B&B = [[&&F8&B&&F8] |
&C4#B2#
latd=36|latm=42|latNS=N|longd=3|longm=13|&E2BE|
&12Ccity #B2#
&1Ftype= &&9E[[Re&A2] |
&27B&7 = [[&&E8&&26&&3D]&!114![[&&218&&290&&26&&218&&181] |
&27B&311= [[&&E2A&&8FE]&!114![[Ahmed Ouyahia]] |
area_rank = 11th |
area_&63D= 1 E12 |
area = 2,381,740 |
&5B2&2BE= &8FC|
&27&26D= 32,531,853 |
&27&26Dyear = 2005 |
&27&26Drank = 36th |
&27&1CC |
&27&1CCyear= |
&27&36E= 13 |
&27&36Erank= 168th|
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!71! = 85th |
HDI_year = 2003 |
HDI = 0.722 |
HDI_rank = 103rd |
HDI_&8= &&1AE#4##FFCC00#0#&gt;&8FBlt;/font&&44D&28Ctype = [[&&131]|
&58&35A= Declared |
&58&75B= From [[&&8F]&!114![[July 5]], [[1962]] |
&1FD= [[&&26 dinar]] |
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time_zone= [[&&83&&51Time|CET]] |
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foot&4BA=
}}
The '''&&23s &&9ERe&A2&309'' ([[&&F8&B&&F8]: '''الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية''') , or '''&&26'' ([[&&F8&B&&F8]: '''الجزائر'''), is a &3Dal &31in [[&10A&&11], &3&361&BA&8[[&&11]n &198 [[&&586] &22E&12C§2&&26&1D4d by [[&&50A] &1&10Aast, [[&&8FA] &&810 [[&&515] &1&89ast, [[Mali]] and [[&&491] &1&89est, and [[&&223] as &BE&449kilometers &1B8&102C&91 [[&&7E&&29E], &&AA4 [[&&6A&309&&6Ally]], &26&325as§2an [[&&53C]ic, [[Arab]], and [[&&C86] (&&123 &BA§2&&5A&&26is &847&5name &0&80F[[&&1E3], &5[[&&F8&B&&F8] word ''al-jazā’ir'', &17&716as ''t&&B41', &AD1ing &4four &106&17lay off that city's &266&195&444part &&D50&1221525.



!2A!
{{main|&&2B&&26}

&&26&28&399by [[&&123]s (or &&C86 &74&1F4[[10,000 BC]].§2From [[1000 BC]] on, the [[&&715Carthaginians]] &163 &17C&8, &7A9&1D7 &3CB&266 &&123&107 &10Cemerge, &45C[[Numidia]], and seized the &372&6CC&11Punic Wars &1Bome &E2of &&715 only &1B&434over &60D&11[[&&10BRe&A2] in 200 BC.§2&&A&7E[[&&10B&&F5] &30D, the &&123 &BF&E2&585in much &&10C3 &DA[[Vandals]] &3D8&53D&195&D2&760&11&5C &0[[&&A47&&9B8], [[Justinian I]].§2The [[&&A47&&F5] then &5F3a precarious grip &8east &0&BA&8E&4B5&0[[Arab]]s &1[[8th &3C].

[[&&1B&&10BArch of Trajan at &&E29(Timgad), &&2604966r.jpg|&41left|&&10Barch of Trajan at &&E29(Timgad), &&26]
&&46some &5B1of fierce &3EB&110&27B &C[[Kusayla]] and [[Kahina]], the &&123 &37C[[&&53C] ''en masse'', &44&&83Bim&536ely expel&816[[&&E28] from &&26 &7A9an [[Ibadi]] &31&8D[[Rustamid]]s.§2&&1E8&E27the [[Kutama]] of [[Kabylie]] &234&38B the [[Shia]] [[Fatimid]]s overthrew the Rustamids, and &64A&&124§2They left &&54B&&50A&4r [[Zirid]] vassals; &FAlatter &D51ed &60opted [[Sunni]]sm, they sent in a &886[[Arab]] &D63 the [[Banu Hilal]], &3D2them, thus incidentally initiating the [[&&C1E] &0&BAide.§2The [[Almoravid]]s and [[Almohad]]s, &&123dynasties &5west &1C7by &1A5&6F9rs, &1E7a &3DB&504&924and &8A &28 &BAlmohads' &30D &&26&163&3641A1&10r &117[[&32Ar &31]s, &484[[Zayyanid]]s, &&50A [[Hafsid]]s, and Moroccan [[Merinid]]s.§2&&1fifteenth and sixteenth &251 [[&&F4] &31B&1097ng and &2E2over many &266l &19B &E26some &4F0 help &5[[Ottoman &&F5].

&&26was &1E7in&4Ottoman &&F5by [[Khair ad Din|Khair ad-Din]] &9E2br&3A[[Aruj]], who &58&&26s &86&92F&1&10A&735its &266&866&10[[&&299r|corsairs]]; &72&299ring peaked in &&1E3&11600s. Piracy on &&10&CAC&1Medi&7F8ean &570d &1[[&&57Barbary War|&&57] and [[&&8DBarbary War]] &B[[&&19&&9]. &&8pr&2EDof a s&662&4r consul, the [[&&8F&&50] invaded &&1E3in 1830; &28 &CCF&3EBfrom such &1D5lities as [[Emir &&D25], [[Ahmed Bey]] and [[Lalla Fatma N'Soumer|Fatma N'Soumer]] made &EDslow conquest &309 not &559y &30B &8E&9A1900s &FAlast [[&&E25] were &64A
[[&&1B&&3FF&&805 002.jpg|&41left|&&3FF &&261840]]

Mean&43 &28 &1DAsup&141d &115&735&&26an &F83&49&&8F a &7F0&1E2end only &B&30D&0[[&&50&&55DRe&A2&&55DRe&A2]. Tens of &4C7&AE9from &&8F &&655 &&F4 and Malt&852 in to farm &484&266l pla&44B occupy &31&49C &95&&26s &19B &36Ang &5&&50&1Fs &7B9of communally held land. &&18E&&51&815in &&26(the so-&8C''[[pied-!CB!-noirs]]''), &F6&A&158&&26 Jews, were full &&50&6AC &4CF&5end &0&265 by &2B2 the vast &291&&7A1&&26s (even &F82&0&&50army) &270&348&&50law, &C70ng n&21B&&50&6AChip n&1B5&789vote. &&26s &4Afabric was stretched to &72B&125&537&6F5 &616dropped &105Fy, &43land &7B9uprooted much &0&27

In 1954, &379&&97C&&388(&&26|&&2A&&97C&&388] (FLN) &B4Dthe [[&E24&C85&E24] [[&&26 &&864&&131]; &46n&9Aa &BC5of &825and rural &C85 they &4A9pushing &&8Fout in 1962. Most &01,025,000 ''[[pied-!CB!-noirs]]'', as &BE91,000 ''[[harki]]s'' (pro-&&50&&7A1&&26s &809&1&&50Army), &19E&9EA&5510% &0&27&309in 1962, fled &&26for &&8Fin just &449&324&1&35B&5B2year.

[[&&1BThe&&364f&&1E3png|&41&A''[[The &&6EF&&1E3]'' is a &1B1&AC[[&&26 &&864&&131].]]
&&26s &57&3D the FLN &27B[[Ahmed Ben Bella]], was &D9B&4CF&999ally and &840&181 [[Houari Boumédiènne]] in 1965. &&110Ben Bella &FB&&72F&218&4Ast and dictatorial, &1D4trend &17E&69ut &&C1Ds &1F &28 &&C1D&B65&257&C87&8army, and &81Athe sole &733&97to a &955&44Erole.§2Agri&3Ewas &A7C &60&105F&162zation &844&B4D§2Oil extr&D6&599were &2Azed &1D4&20A &74s &56A &9F&DD1973 oil &BF0 &1BA&&26 &BB&BF&25B&481oil, &4F0&FE3&FA&83D&30D &&8FD§2In &109&360&&26&44&331and &27B&0'non-&6d' &B9§2A &4FBwith &&223&106[[&&7E&&29E] n&9A&241war.§2Dissent was &E51tolerated, &3&31s &B5&106&536&3outlawing of &39&472&3A&785FLN was &F81&1re&141ve &6Aof 1976.§2Boumédienne &5A21978, &1BArule &1D&32Ar, [[Chadli &&E23], was &16Bmore open.§2&&74took on a &3C2y &998ratic &36and &341was &3CF

The &86zation &844&1E7&26Eble &C1C&326to &&26§2Village &120 &110ent &178&35Fas &825zation &20A, new &490&698 agri&3Ewas &519y &81A and &133 a rarity in &29C&171 was &229&2B5ide, &9B7the &616rate from less than 10% &7EF60%.§2Im&102Bents in &3BDare &241a &5F1&20A&1&430ate (7-8 &B2per m&3A &192two con&653 &329&539ul &27 &60ho&219&BF0§2The new &33Estrugg&241relate &4&52obsession &Bwar &3B7two &1E0ng &CD4&5D &75 left-wingers, &34&&123&B96&5D, &897lamic 'intégristes'.§2Both &CD4d &87one-&97rule &44Aso clashed with &137in &1A7and &8streets &2A&1017§2Mass &CD4 &6B6camps in autumn 1988 &1AF Benjedid to concede &14F&4CE&97rule, and &1E1 were &E22for 1991.

In &&13F1991, the [[&&45C&&7A0&&388] w&8[[&&26 &&2A&&5FA&1E1, 1991|&57&27E] &0&BAs &57&A9A97&1E1. The &CCthen canceled &91&27E &1AF then-&3D&&E23to resign, and &E3Dthe &&45C&&7A0&&388 The ensuing &1E0engulfed &&26&1&6E8[[&&26 &&146War]].§2&&123100,000 &23were &3BF &7Ain unprovoked mass&92Dof &146ans.§2The &200of &1B4&855&10e mass&92D&121&118&1C3&34Aob&3E0s; many were &2BDd &11[[Armed &&45C&&10F].§2&&461998, &100waned, &1C02002 &F3&E24&7Bhad &21Bbeen &63Cor &85E &2E2&A27&146amnesty &2C9 &7F&BAD&8B9&17E&272&163§2&&1E1 resumed in 1995, &1221999, &46a &6B5&18Cterm &27B re&8Bng the &CC [[&&E2A&&8FE], &114&3D was &47A T&52ue of &&123&4E9&B96&20A in &48F &BE&DD&470[[&&B40] &CD4 of 2001 &3near-&3FBboycott of &1F2&1E1 in [[Kabylie]]; &FB&A65with &C40&34naming of [[&&A26] (&&123 as &1E3&4E9&617it in &1B7.

!D4!
{{main|&&4F&68
The &26F&31&F[[&&E8&&26&&3D&0re&A2], &331&63Fa 5-year term, renewable once. &&26has [[&D7suffrage]]. The &&3D&Fhead &0&&1FE&&181 and &0High &&757&&268 He ap&125 the [[&&218&&290&&26&&218&&181] who &4A&75C&12E The &&218&&181ap&125 the &&1FE&&181.

The &&26 [[&1AE] is bi&8E5, &432a &23E&820 the &&2A&&23s &&5FA(APN), with 380 &C5&60 &849&820 the &&1FE&&2B5 with 144 &C5 The APN is &47A&1395 &62

&&BC1960's, &&26&149&812ependence &5D in sub-&&25C&&51E&44&27B&1[[Non-Aligned &&5D]. &&43it &D54 much &1B8&563&52&3A8with &79F[[&&223], &149&6D&480&72E&104D&1A4with &137&74&&26s &131 &&85&5Etwo &1A3: &&223s [[&&C6r &&223&2BDto &9ED of &7E&&26] (&17led &4[[Sand war]] in 1963), and &&26s &177&10[[Polisario]], an &837&16E[[&&C84] [[&B9E]]s &CE2[[&131] &10Moroccan-&A90[[&&7E&&29E], &17it hosts with&869&1D4 &1&80F[[&&C83]. Tensions &48&&54B&&223 as &BE&321re&2E8 &4[[&&26 &&146War]], have put &C6&A25&1&336&A92ning the [[Maghreb Arab &&11E], &7FBy &58in 1989 &7A5&16B&45Bw&970 &172&266l neighbors.

==&&222==
{{main|&&222 &68
&&26is &15848 ''[[Wilayah|wilayas]]'' ([[&222]]):-
{|
|-
|
*&lt;&20gt;1&lt;/&20&7ECrar (&&26 &222|Adrar]]
*&lt;&20gt;2&lt;/&20&7ECn Defla]]
*&lt;&20gt;3&lt;/&20&7ECn Témouchent]]
*&lt;&20gt;4&lt;/&20&7ECgiers|Alger]]
*&lt;&20gt;5&lt;/&20&7ECnaba (&222|Annaba]]
*&lt;&20gt;6&lt;/&20&7EBtna (&222|Batna]]
*&lt;&20gt;7&lt;/&20&7EBchar]]
*&lt;&20gt;8&lt;/&20&7EBjaïa (&222|Béjaïa]]
*&lt;&20gt;9&lt;/&20&7EBskra (&222|Biskra]]
*&lt;&20gt;10&lt;/&20&7EBida]]
*&lt;&20gt;11&lt;/&20&7EBrdj Bou Arréridj (&222|Bordj Bou Arréridj]]
*&lt;&20gt;12&lt;/&20&7EBuira]]
*&lt;&20gt;13&lt;/&20&7EBumerdès]]
*&lt;&20gt;14&lt;/&20gt; [[Chlef]]
*&lt;&20gt;15&lt;/&20gt; [[&&3FF &&26&&3FF]
*&lt;&20gt;16&lt;/&20gt; [[Djelfa (&222|Djelfa]]
*&lt;&20gt;17&lt;/&20&47FBayadh]]
|
*&lt;&20gt;18&lt;/&20&47FOued (&222|El Oued]]
*&lt;&20gt;19&lt;/&20&47FTarf]]
*&lt;&20gt;20&lt;/&20gt; [[Ghardaïa]]
*&lt;&20gt;21&lt;/&20gt; [[Guelma]]
*&lt;&20gt;22&lt;/&20gt; [[Illizi]]
*&lt;&20gt;23&lt;/&20gt; [[Jijel]]
*&lt;&20gt;24&lt;/&20gt; [[Khenchela]]
*&lt;&20gt;25&lt;/&20gt; [[Laghouat]]
*&lt;&20gt;26&lt;/&20gt; [[Mila]]
*&lt;&20gt;27&lt;/&20gt; [[&&D24(&222|&&D24]
*&lt;&20gt;28&lt;/&20gt; [[Medea]]
*&lt;&20gt;29&lt;/&20gt; [[Muaskar]]
*&lt;&20gt;30&lt;/&20gt; [[M'Sila]]
*&lt;&20gt;31&lt;/&20gt; [[Naama]]
*&lt;&20gt;32&lt;/&20gt; [[Oran]]
*&lt;&20gt;33&lt;/&20gt; [[Ouargla]]
|
*&lt;&20gt;34&lt;/&20gt; [[Oum el-Bouaghi]]
*&lt;&20gt;35&lt;/&20gt; [[Relizane]]
*&lt;&20gt;36&lt;/&20gt; [[Saida (&222|Saida]]
*&lt;&20gt;37&lt;/&20gt; [[Sétif]]
*&lt;&20gt;38&lt;/&20gt; [[Sidi Bel Abbes]]
*&lt;&20gt;39&lt;/&20gt; [[Skikda]]
*&lt;&20gt;40&lt;/&20gt; [[Souk Ahras]]
*&lt;&20gt;41&lt;/&20gt; [[Tamanrasset]]
*&lt;&20gt;42&lt;/&20gt; [[Tébessa]]
*&lt;&20gt;43&lt;/&20gt; [[Tiaret]]
*&lt;&20gt;44&lt;/&20gt; [[&&C83&&222&&C83]
*&lt;&20gt;45&lt;/&20gt; [[Tipaza]]
*&lt;&20gt;46&lt;/&20gt; [[Tissemsilt]]
*&lt;&20gt;47&lt;/&20gt; [[Tizi Ouzou]]
*&lt;&20gt;48&lt;/&20gt; [[Tlemcen]]
|
|[[&&1B&&26&222.png|&A&2DFMap &0&222 of [[&&26] in &2A4cal &353]]
|}

#F6#
{{main|&&13D&68
[[&&1B&&26map.png|220px|&AMap &309with &19B]
[[&&1BHoggar3.jpg|&41left|The [[Ahaggar &&253Hoggar]] &&253]

Most &0&266l area is hilly, &59even &300us, &3e are few good harbours. &&1ECjust &89&0&266 &111&A[[Tell]], is &9BA &&12B&89&F[[&&63&253&&63&300] &2F9&3[[&&29E] &4A5 [[&&1E3], [[Oran]] and [[&&3FF &&26&&3FF] are &F3&19B

&&26s &371arid and hot, &168&266l &14Fis mild, &3&6C4 &1&300us &163&57&957 &&26is prone to [[sirocco]], a hot dust- and sand-laden wind &9F&3DD&1E5

''&&166': [[Extreme &125 &309]

!12!
{{main|&&BB&68
[[&&1BUn&111&361coin2.JPG|&41left|&534&&26 coins]]
The &BB6fuels &4C3&4A4&&&E30&0&BB &3D9ng for &5C160% of &2BF30% &308&771&230over &867&6EA&BB5 &&26h&A&4C4&12C&294[[&84gas]] &1&3C5&F&361&410it ranks 14th in [[&&1E6] re&3E0.

&&26s &19Aand &81&962&618&2Amid-&A91 in part beca&5C&360re&2F3&149&11IMF and debt &B46&5[[&&241Club]]. &&26s &105E in 2000 and 2001 &36Ad &1B3 &CCoil &83D &3&1Fs &A92fiscal &360 &654&1B7&20A&1&1DBsurplus, &276highs &60C&34Dre&3E0, and reduction &60Cdebt. &&FBs &17E&13Ddiversify &C9by &&E2F&EF&37F&307&4A4&5A5&372in &40F&AFDand &39B&FC&197 In 2001, &FB&41Can &&98&&623&B[[&&51&&11E] &6DD&13A&23E&7C0 &&F7F&1DB

!D7!
[[&&1B&&1E3&266jpg|&41[[&&1E3] &266]
{{main|&&92&68
&&5590% &309s live &1&10Arn, &266l area; the &30ty &711abit the [[&&29E&4A5] are &2AD&79Ein [[oasis|oases]], &20E1.5 &114&6CB[[nomad]]ic or &625&CC6

Ninety-nine &5B2&0&27is &1C2fied &4ADlly as [[Arab]]/[[&&123], &41Cy as [[&&7A1]; &3A&EF are &4C2to &A24&20&7B &2AD&&1087rs. &&51 &3D9for less than 1%.

Most &&26s are Arab by &4E9&B96 &728&ACD&&123Arab &5FF The &&123 &399&&26&30Aar&10CAof Arab &B3F&2A&15F&&53C &17th &3C T&52ue of &4ADty &47Eis &E21&46many &62&12E&997lization of &&123(or [[&&C86], as some p&AD1 &3E &&14A the Arab-&&123&766&7Aa case of self-&3DFor &3DF&69&4E9&3E &51a &21Cor &4AD&1A6on. The 20% or so &0&27who self-&4F7as &&123, and &456&537&&123&B (&C[[&&A26]), are &158&AE&4AD&7B &507[[&&B40] (the &12C &1&300us &10A&83area, [[Chaoui]] &1&143[[&&63&&253], [[Mozabite]]s &1[[M'zab]] &54E and [[&&E25] &1far &89

==&&B=
{{main|&&B &68
The [[&11B&B] is [[&&F8&B&&F8], &3C0&158y in &1039l form (#0#[[&&26 &&F8Darja]]#0#) &5C980% &0&27 &4E20% or so &537[[&&123] ([[&&A26]), &11By a [[&2A&B]. [[&&50&B&&50] &&&838&55E&294&109&B(&E20&22Cby [[&&42&B&&42]), but &809rare as a [[&158&B]. &&74&131 &FBhas &9F4a &6B4&3CD[[&&C1E] of &105289B &859 with some &32A &433&2F&569 &629&1B&55Bin &&50

!105!
[[&&1B&&1E3mosque.jpg|&41[[Mosque]] in &&1E3]
{{main|&&3E&68
&&86&&26 &15E &65F&48&&F8and &&50 &28&EE&11&BAs &2AE&35§2[[&&276&&26 &2CF&&1B8&2F7sts]] &0&22F&71[[&&F7EDib]] and [[Kateb Yacine]], &43[[Assia Djebar]] is &55E&5A9§2&&A3&2F7sts &0&1017&71 [[Rachid Mimouni]], &D2vice-&E8Amnesty Inter&2A and [[Tahar Djaout]], &B69&44F[[&&53Cst]] &10Fin 1993 &FDsecul&A9E&206§2As &2BD&&10B&171 [[Apuleius]], born in [[Mdaourouch]], was &158&5B8&2CAome &&26

In &16&3&9Cties, [[Malek Bennabi]] and [[Frantz Fanon]] &9Dd &10r &7Fs on [[&3CE], &43[[&&19Dne of Hippo]] &F9in [[Tagaste]] (&5560 &384&5&8Bday &80F[[Annaba]]), and [[Ibn Khaldun]], &7Fborn in [[Tunis]], &24Bthe [[Muqaddima]] &43staying in &&26

&&26 &3E&28&EEby [[&&53Cin &&26&&53C], &F3&EF§2The &C7&0[[Sanusi]] &E0in pre&29C&648of Emir [[&&D25] and &&6BE[[Ben Badis]] in &29C&171 are &55E&98E

The [[&&D8&309&&26 &D8l]] genre &614a&1016is [[raï]], a pop-flavored, &845ted take on folk &D8 &E42&10B12A&51D&C[[Khaled (&D8an)|Khaled]] and [[Cheb Mami]].§2&&1A3&&26&1E9&5B4r, &61B&BCA[[chaabi]] &56&121more &12D with such &51Das [[El Hadj El Anka]] or [[Dahmane El Harrachi]], &DAtuneful melodies of [[&&B40] &D8 exemplified by [[Idir]], [[Ait Menguellet]], or [[Lounès Matoub]], &EBwide &B4B§2F&5C0&134tastes, [[Andalusian &134&D8Andalusi &D8], &1E7from [[Al-Andalus]] by [[Morisco]] &B9Es, is &12 &C3&95A&266l &AAE

In &4CE [[&&F7EKhadda]] and [[M'hemed Issiakhem]] &9Dble &6A0&62

== &&2CE&9EE==

&lt;&9EEgt;
&&1BHoubel.JPG|''The &&FB0&0Martyrs &&1E3'
&&1BAlgernuit.jpg|''&&1E3by &385'
&&1BFinace.jpg|''&&181&0&105E''
&&1BMakam Echehid.jpg|''&&1E3view by air''
&&1BBenyen.JPG|''the Forest Bainem in &&26at (Bouzareah)''
&&1B&&1E3now.jpg|''Snow on &&1E3'
&&1B&&147&&424harlesalgiers.jpg|''The &1472&&424&5B9at &&1E3'
&&1BPE &&805&&29E0121.JPG|''&&29E&309'



&lt;/&9EEgt;

!10E!
* [[&&587&309]
* [[&&12E &47D* [[&&109&1A4&309]
* [[&&276&&26&&EC4]
* [[&&276&19B&47D* [[&&276&&26s]]
* [[&&276&A60&9]
* [[&&CC&309]
* [[&&FEin &&26&&FE&47D* ''[[The &&6EF&&1E3]'' &1B1* [[&&26 &&864&&131] (1954-1962)
* [[&&26 &&146War]] (1991-2002)

=== &&1DEes ===
*[#1#&3F0aunes-dz.com/&F9php?lang=en Yellow Pages &309

!12!
!104!
{{&7822C2&&26}

'''&&1F''
*[#1#el-mouradia.dz El Mouradia] &11B&3Dal site (in &&50and &&F8
*[#1#apn-dz.org/apn/&42&F9htm &&2A&&23s &&5FA &11B&1AEry site
*[#1#&26us.org/ The Embassy &309in &&AB DC]

'''News'''
*[#2#all&11com/&26 all&&11com - ''&&26'] news headline &2C2*[#1#elkhabar.com/FrEn/?idc=52 El Khabar]
*[#1#&10A&11com/one.htm The &&10A&&11&&332 &232news

'''Over&206''
!34!2tions/&29Dgeos/ag.html CIA &&4D&&29D- ''&&26']
!72!/frd/cs/dztoc.html &&5DE&&22F- &&BAStudy: ''&&26'] data as of &&13F1993
* [#1#exile.ru/2003-&&DF20/war_nerd.html &&26 The Psychos Will Inherit the &&192 - an irreverent look at &&26s &CC&544
'''&&2C4''
*{{&584}

'''&&3A''
* [#1#&26&A95org/&10B0is.htm &&26Watch] &24D&1A0&295&3CF&C81&2AB &11régime (in &&50
* [#1#open&216net/&35D&169&1F&262874.jsp &&26s past &5A5&C80 not c&6D8 &&22E&8&A2&8F9held [[29 &&214] [[2005]] by Veerle Opgenhaffen and Hanny Megally 
*[#2#algerie.el-annabi.com all City of Algéria]
*[#1#dicodialna.com &&26-&&42&&278&&4B9

{{&&11}
{{Medi&7F8ean}}


[[&&8&&11 &&483&9]
[[&&8&&26 ]]
[[&&8Arab &&604]
[[&&8Peace and &&757&&268]

[[af:Algerië]]
[[am:አልጄሪያ]]
[[an:Alcheria]]
!26!الجزائر]]
[[ast:Arxelia]]
!B4!আলজেরিয়া]]
[[bs:Alžir]]
[[ca:Algèria]]
[[cs:Alžírsko]]
[[cy#B1#
[[da#73#
[[de#73#
!3D!Αλγερία]]
!EE!lĝerio]]
[[es:Argelia]]
[[et:Alžeeria]]
#E6#الجزایر]]
[[fi#B1#
[[fr:Algérie]]
[[gl:Alxeria - الجزائر]]
[[ha:Aljeriya]]
[[haw:ʻAlekelia]]
!17!אלג'יריה]]
#9E#अल्जीरिया]]
[[ht:Aljeri]]
[[ia#B1#
[[id:Aljazair]]
[[io:Aljeria]]
[[is:Alsír]]
[[it#B1#
!14!アルジェリア]]
#35#알제리]]
[[kw:Aljeri]]
[[la#B1#
[[li#73#
[[lt:Alžyras]]
[[lv:Alžīrija]]
#9F#Алжир]]
[[ms#B1#
[[na#B1#
[[nds#73#
[[nl:Algerije]]
[[nn:&&805]
[[no:&&805]
[[pl:Algieria]]
[[pt:Argélia]]
[[rm#B1#
[[ro#B1#
!19!Алжир]]
!E1!अल्जीरिया]]
[[scn:Algiria]]
[[&1CE&&26]
[[sk:Alžírsko]]
[[sl:Alžirija]]
[[so:Aljeeriya]]
[[sq:Algjeria]]
!2D!Алжир]]
[[sv#73#
[[tg:Алҷазоир]]
#69#ประเทศแอลจีเรีย]]
[[tl#B1#
[[tr:Cezayir]]
[[ur:الجزائر]]
[[wa:Aldjereye]]
[[yi:אַלזשיר]]
#22#阿尔及利亚]]
[[zh-min-nan:&&26#B0#
!1!
!2!
!5!
§4<&7&&F&14&&44/&7
§4<id>359</id>
!4!
§6<id>41302556</id>
!C!-02-26T11:34#49#
!3!
§8<&5B&436/&5
§8<id>671891</id>
!0!
§6<&4Re&53Ainccorect info &55&28Eof #0#mooch#0# see &27D/&4
§6#7#'''&&Fin [[Ayn Rand]]'s &2F7 [[#4E#.'''

!103!

==&&A8F&&8F8=
Called #0#the &2B6&27B&0age#0#, &&9B6&41&&E1Fof &174&3AE&557&301want to read. What &23''want'' to read, he says, is ir&8AF He com&D8E that &26disgraceful &70Ctists are &697as &105B, and &15e &B6a law &F7Dthe sales &75Dto &4B8copies. &&52&2C4&0''&&1C4'. &&A8F&&8F8&A5&E&13&&6F==Ben Nealy==
A &126contr&280whom ''&&66&&24' hires to re&1C1the &A96&8[[&&6E&14&&44Rio &&63BLine|Rio &&63BLine]] with [[&&AC&14&&44&&2D&&16F&&2D&&16F]. Nealy &273ompetent, but &&66can find &258&328in &DC&BA Nealy &12A&3AEcan get done with &320muscle &F3 He sees no role f&7BCelligence in &9C&373 and &85&BCE&58in&65Aorganize the &1C5&23Amake &BB3. He &B3Eon &&6B1''&&514&&217' to run &6E and resents &7A8&ACCit, &2FD&A5&72Dlike &107just bossing &23&16C Ben Nealy &A5&E&13&&4!CA!

==&&5B0&&5AF=
&&E1E&7B4&10&2A9''The &&6A5'. He &259bashes &232and &232en, &862&1F3says &3AE&1BE&58&116, &66Cinnuendo, sneers, and denunciation. &&4ABa hatchet job on ''Hank &&2D' &8C''The Octopus''. He &4A&10C7in &177&0[[&&6E&14&&44&&48Eof &&372Bill|&&48Eof &&372Bill]]. &&5B0&&5AF&A5&E&13&&6F
==Betty Pope==
A &56A &4Ate &331&1E8a &E6ess &357&551''&&D0&&24' that coincides &B&1062&E6essness &235life. She regrets &1E8to wake up &139&CA8&28Fh&26Dface an&3Aempty day. S&52deliberately crude in a way that casts ridicule on her high &4A&128 Betty Pope &A5&E&13&&44&49]] 142 &479==&&398=
An un&244&E58e &210&8[[&&6E&14&&44&&24&&654&&24&&654] &82D ''&&66&&24' &ABF&&398whistling the &2C2a &30C When she asks him what &A93&26from, he says &26[[&&6E&14&&44&&16As &&4C4&&30C&&16As &&4C4&&30C]. When &&66&125 &766''&&144&&16A' only &60B&30C, &&398&2BD &5B6a mistake &15Edoesn't recall &176&AA2the &A93

&&D2 &549instructs the &82Dcrew &6B3proceed, he asks a co-&61Ewho s&52 and &528 she &Fone who runs [[&&77&14&&44&&24&&38&&24&&38].

&&26&D2&18D&15un&111&398&1AF&0&33D when &&66meets him &1&54E &&398&A5&E&13&&44&49]] 112 and 113.

==&&C8FBrooks==
Dime &D23shopgirl who marries &&D0&&24&46a &21D&64Din her &D23the &385the John Galt Line was &1084his &C6st &32A§2She marries him &449he &F&E69&1D5&1B6&&24&&38 S&52horrible to &&66&8E&385&90she commits &CA2 &769confesses to &&66&2C9&4EFJim, &449s&81marrying &&66 Like &&63F&&5B4 &&C8F&1AFre&8Btion of a #0#good#0# &1D5who lacks the &A78capa&19B&0&480&56B&0&2F7

==&&B3D&&E1D=
The &E8&39&1A0[[&&F&14&&44&&626 of &&3B0&&4D1] (&3A&149by ''&&3A2&&2D'), and &2C''&&14E&&2Ds'' &329 He &12A&267&2D5air, that &85no time for talk, but &EDtion. &&52not b&3Ad &11&B3&D6un&522 by &267is &E35and &125ess. &&3B0&&4D1is a sponsor &0[[&&6E&14&&44&&48Eof &&372Bill]]. &&B3D&&E1D&A5&E&13&&6F==Cuffy Meigs==
A looter who's as&41Cby &&696&&804&824&A95&106&210 of ''&&24&&38'' &22Cassumes &B5&106&E9&549&&24&ED4 He &9C6a pistol &60lucky rabbit's foot, he dresses in &635uniform. The #0#&1A8heir&&108Dr. &&76&&2C7 Meigs &76Fto a fitting end &1F&4CD''&&1C5X.''

==&&66&&24=
&&F3&36&14&&44(also &5A&235&311ke ''Mrs. &&132&&24'). &&66is Vice-!70!24&&38§2She &F&62Ahero, the &1036art to John Galt, her &C7E&F&C7E&0&97A&E1Cand &110tanding Galts &16 &&DB&1know &110t&6Dshe &Fone who &5F2runs the &126 &&1&569&0&2F7 she &2F3&10Bic &B3Cwith &117&85D&3FA &&54 Hank &&2Dand John Galt &105 John &Fone who, &68&0sum-&3FB&1D&465 &&6A9the &407of &&66 &&66&A5&!6F!13, 114, &3C3141, 145, &756 148, 151, 152, &479
==Dan &&B3B=
The &35Baged &3D&0[[&&77&14&&44&&318&&37E] &126 Running a &126is just &AConly &433he &83F &&FA[[&&6E&14&&44Anti-dog-eat-dog Rule]] is &83&844his &232out &50&14&&44&&11A], he loses t&596&503 and re&752&12Fto a quiet life &75D&579 He &299somebody had &1B&643, it &220out &1Bhim, &15Ehas no &&C1B bowing &4will &0&193ty. When &141d he says he doesn't &5F2&1C9&85&A &862can't &110tand why &26&721and wh&1Falter&158&7B0 &&52trapped by &26Ccode that &3EE&899&106C&1083 and &51&DB7that &1DDty, he &2F1&52Dup. Dan &&B3B&A5&E&13&&44&49]] 145 and 146, &B1&2F&49148.
==Dick McNamara==
A contr&280who &714&22D&14&&44San &&148Line]] and &331hired to lay &14C[[&&AC&14&&44&&2D&&16F] &A96&10[[&&6E&14&&44Rio &&63BLine]]. &&90he gets a &21D&&984 he &589y dis&A5 Dick McNamara &55&E&13&&17Band 141.
==&&63F&&5B4=
&&15C&&644&4Vice-!70!24&&38 He grew up with ''&&66&&24'. &&641and &1F1ather &563&10&&24, &15E&22C&1r footsteps. &&52&30By loyal to &&66&23A[[&&77&14&&44&&24&&38]. He &4A&6EFy in &6C6&&66 &&5B4&24B&CBF&E7&311man: &4F1who &7D&C70the promethian &8BC&61BThe &&33D but &168&2F4s them in &1DDcourage &B1&349appreciating and &21Euse &0r &100F. &&63F&&5B4&A5&E&13&&&E1B 117, &3C3141, 151, and 152.

==&&514&&217=
!6E!4&&217Oil]]. He &17Dmost &571&F7Crevived &C9&50&14&&44&&11A] by &67Coil &B7 Of &DCdis&420nces of &162sts &1&2F7 &&217s, &E5Athe fiery &686&1Doil &803 is surely &31&5F1 &&514&&217&55or &A5&E&13&&&E1B 132, &756 148, and 152.

==&&54d'&&88=
!6D!By all &3D9, &52&548&114ire &C7D &8F7by &C1A&0&4Ds &12C&315&93C&F5 the man &1B6&22D&14&&44San &&148&&2D8], &60&215&60A&57love of ''&&66&&24'.

&&54&1B3&210&8sly as a teenager in &102&528all &4C5&55&232 &&43&7EA&6F0&547&14&&44&&293&&1BF#A0#, he &1B3&210at a &315&1DCy, &122esting &1stock &3B9 &&&7BA&81&6E0&31Bmade &320to pur&AA6the &1DCy. He &1B3&54D[[&&77&14&&44d'&&88&&315] as &10AEnt superintendent of a mine in &&6B2 but was &9CA&88Bto head &0New York &2A5 He &3D8d'&&88&&315&6AE23, &DD&310&1D&2B1

When &8126, &&54&6EFy &6F3the ''&&33D856&10C&1080&116d'&&88&F5so the ''&&1C4' &11Cget it. He &37C&33E of &548&C7D &750&52&111&4&4D &277&2F5ve &A9C

His full name is &&54Domingo &&B3A&&D9 &&148d'&&88

''&&29[mailto:areed2@cal&31a.edu Adam Reed] ([#1#monmouth.com/~adamreed/Ayn_Rands_jewish_&62Who_is_&&54D&&88html &&331&&54D'&&88]), d'&&88&&&818Hero-&1C2&36&331recognizably &&7A3(not &1&1A5 but &1&9D&2C1 like Ayn R&15Eself).'' &&54D'&&88&A5or &55&E&13&&44&49]] 132, 141, 144, 151, and 152 - this last &49&71 a &4DA&35&1Dlife.
==Hank &&2D=
!6D!He &F&678[[&&77&14&&44&&2D&&1FC] &3inventor of [[&&AC&14&&44&&2D&&16F]. He &431&197&14&&44&&39D] &161wife ''&&14E', his br&3A''&&3A2', &60 &101By &64E&111&6F1 ''&&2Ds M&3A', &861&80E&177. [[Gwen Ives]] is his &6EFry.

The &A7Hank &&2D&83A&A3&D94to play &1&2F7 &&57 &52&&A9F&128&A&97Ain &41is aware &15e is &1EA&721&B&4Dbut &6Bsure what &26 &&2Dis &522 &416an &110tanding &0&B54&69his &329ip with ''&&54d'&&88', who does know &600 &1C0this &A23the &97A&4A&B97to &110t&3&6EFwhen &26&8BB&4B4&609&&44Galts &&277Galt's &&277]. 

&&8D &&2Dis &&B39Rand's [[&&160&14&&44&11Asex]]. ''&&14E&&2D' can&450preciate Hank &&2Ds &2DA, and s&52&564&765disgusted by sex. ''&&66&&24' cl&9Adoes appreciate &&2Ds &2DA, &1D4&B6A&B53 &323&357&56C &&2D&335n by a &425&321&BF6 the &894&0&99&3A2sex as a &23E&B38 &43&1067ng &357y to &&66 who re&8B his &9FD&105 &&2D&763 to resolve th&273ernal &1E0&122&772&D22 Rand's &357&CA &&2D&A5&E&13&&44&49]] &6B0147, and 161, &B1&2F&49 114 and 131.

==Hugh &&48D=
Identified as #0#One &0last &C6&621 of &1A3&&7B6&44ren&843&9B&3head &0&&99&&40E[[&&6E&14&&44&&293&&1BF#A0#, &176&55B''&&54&213Galt'', &47C&&44Fld''. &&81 &13B''&&76&&2C7', a &2B1&6DF&4e &117 &&48Ds name is so h&6F1&70C&4BElady, on &82Fthat &&54had &294&110him, is &1040 S&623he must &22&2C&DB&C6&311&1B3 &31F&3C Hugh &&48D&55&E&13&&6F==&&D0&&24=
The &&E8[[&&77&14&&44&&24&&38] &60&27B&0''&&1C4'. &&24&5Fexpert &17C&105Bwho &&E1Fof &21E&BB3 &&E91 He &B3E&245&782''&&66&&24' to &301run the &126 but nonetheless &CD6her in &2E3&139endeavor. In a &2C1 he &Fanti&B90of &&66

&&A&2F7&4D1s, &3E9&16&0&&1C4is &8BB &26a code of [[&1008]. The goal &63code &335not &665 &1Bome a zero. &&24&763 to &6CB&CCEthat &85his goal. He &A2Bhis pretence &41wants &7E2 and &2F8 horrified whe&1F3his mind st&801&10C8the &4A6&55&12F This &425&AA0&4recurring &EE0&1Dlife: &610&34F&DBon whom his life &6C5 &3&1073&&B37&103F&5BD &&D0&&24&A5&E&13&&157&757 132, 143, 144, 152 and 161, and &55&E&13&&44&49]] 146 and 148.

==John Galt==
*The &200#0#[[&&331John Galt?]]&&D6&936&985&69ut [[#4E#. Late in&4book we &528that '''John Galt''' &F&826&CBB&6AF&0&4D&3&27B&0''&&33D'. He &4A&B4&36&A'''&&695&&61E''.

&&82B&146[[Ohio]] garage mechanic, Galt left home &6AE12 and &1B3&DD&547&14&&44&&293&&1BF&&2F&&293&&1BF#A0# &6AE16. &&B7he befri&429[[#&&54d'&&88&&54d'&&88] and [[#&&2B4&&44Fld|&&2B4&&44Fld]], all &117of whom &633&193d in [[&12A] and [[&16]. &&186the cherished &1BB&0brilliant &A59[[#&&76&&2C7&&76&&2C7] &3brilliant &9B[[#Hugh &&48DHugh &&48D].

&&46graduating, Galt &163 [[&E17r]] &1F[[&&77&14&&44&&EDC&&3C&&34E&&C7] &176de&41Ca &137ry new &34E&608ambient &B36&520&B&290to &35F&4B Like [[#&&514&&217&&514&&217], &6AA&1C8what many had for &62said was im&127 &&FA&E9&8F7 &63Drun &2BCry &11collectivist maxim, 'By each &29his &3FA &59C&29his need', Galt &A6Ba &1FE[[&38A&412], pro&2BDng his promise to stop &6AF&0&4D§2He &1B3traversing the &D33 &4FF&4Bs most &1FE&232en, &4Btically &900&37F&418&58footsteps; one by one, they &1B3abandoning &72&232&F5 (&17 Galt &7C4them, were doomed to &6EEanyhow, &715&20A &2Azation of &209&11&1F.

&&6EFy, &7C&CAD of &209 &504&&47B[[banker]] [[#&&63A&&43C&&63A&&43C], had &1C8&23B&5F#3#&6F &76Benclave of &2A0&14Dsts &187#0#[[&&6E&14&&44Galt's &&382Galt's &&382]&&736town &F7Bhigh in a wilderness of &253§2[[#&&66Taggert|&&66] &4AA&727the town #3#&6F &60&1040John Galt #3#&6F by crash-&CA6&837[[&100] &43pursuing [[#&&802&&952|&&802&&952]].

&&74&139ne &1E5&607&10A3ng the &95E #0#&&331John Galt?#0#, &26&84that &2A4&EBtempted &44Cwer that &200 The &95E&2F8 an &40Bhelplessness and despair &1F&1B2&31&0&4D ''&&66&&24' &ABFa &2D[[&&6E&14&&44John Galt &&45EJohn Galt &&45E] &90&CCB&2BBJohn Galt &46Cually joining his &38B and &2BA&169&0&47D&EB &228of &4A6&4.

:''&&B7a clo&433&D23in [[Vail, &&11A] &8CJohn Galt Ltd. One presumes that, on &5E7 a &B35un&103Ey walks in &60ks, #0#&&331John Galt?#0#''

==&&14E&&2D=
The &ED9un&177ve wife of ''Hank &&2D'. They &22&4EF&970&62&A&2F7&6C8

&&14Eis a frigid ''&&C7C' who &D91&34Fher &807 She &F7A&7D&&2Ds wife with &E8C&4Bs most &F3ul &D27 &&74she &40A&9ECbly ride a &D27that goes too fast, she must bridle it down to her &24A even if that &194&271&1F3&AB6its full &290&279&F3&152greviously &D10.

&&14Ealso &3E0 to &D22Rand's [[&&160&14&&44&&11Asex]]. She &1C9 sex is &866&400&B38&6D&357indulgence is a &5C3&1DD&B34 S&52in&349feeling this &5C7&56C &17&261testifies to her &1DDsuperiority. &&28 &292&4&11Asex &&14Es &10D&357&885&570 from her in&65A&1FF&2EAin &C93 she &Fefore un&C0&1067&357y &769&1FF &2EA&2C3.

&&14Etolerates sex with her husb&739&68s&52'realistic' &320&7C6&52&865brute who &2A2satisf&D6&1Dbrute &B38. &&E&13&&44&49] 161 she &A22&2C9abhors ''&&54d'&&88', &68&261&52a &357&A38. &&14E&&2D&A5&E&13&&44&!DD!
==The &&1C4=
A &16Eevil &F&59&78as #0#&&D0&&24&9E&329#4#. &&107&2D3&4&&C7C. The &&1C4&304men and &AC5who use &1AFto &1082&2EAfrom &120&369it. They seek to &116&369s &&9B6&15 are &47Cup&8. The &&1C4&71 Mr. &&B33 &&A8F&&8F8 Floyd Ferris, &&D0&&24 &&48C&&2D7 Paul &&B32 &&76&&2C7 &&920&&A21 &&696&&804 and Cuffy Miegs. 
==&&63A&&43C=
A &56A banker who &589y dis&43&CD4&46&52&207a &23A&102loan &4AC&44C&85Bloan applicant. &&63A&&43Cis &855&10creati&89B &314&0&4AC&C1&682&1BEGalt's &&382 and &F&1BD&8F7&0land &94Galt's &&382&1ED He &4A&855&10&A0&0&4ACused &B7
==The &&C7C==
A &16E&F &2D3&4''&&1C4', who use guilt as a &96F&87&120&369&2EA They seek to &116&369s &&9B6&15 are &47Cup&8. The &&C7C &71''&&14E&&2D', ''&&3A2&&2D', and Hank &&2Ds ''m&3A'.

==Mort Liddy==
A [[hack &7B4hack]] &720who &987trite &42B for &1B1 &606symphonies that &258listens to. He &1C9 melody is a &A62vulgarity. &&52&2C''&&14E&&2Ds'' &329&60&331&0&52&D8F Mort Liddy &A5&E&13&&6F
==Mr. &&A8E=
The &3D&0[[&&77&14&&44&&854&&604Signal &&E9 Inc.]] of &&85A &&52a &232826sees no&433&721&B&1DDcode &C1&4AF&5F&6AC&1F3&D4Cof &3BB&52in &232&EDy &1A3&3Athan &1DFof &5F &&52un&C0grapple &32stract &321 &B1f&Aned &146&433&118 &&66&&24hires Mr. &&A8Eto &369&F79made of [[&&AC&14&&44&&2D&&16F]. &&52reluctant to &D21&3AE&706un&B56&AC &1AD&1Bridden and cajoled &90&52&106C&3C8the &899§2When &141red by &A2&845 he dis&629 &A0&0&F79 &4E9&&66to find &3AC&3C1 Mr. &&A8E&A5&E&13&&4!CA!

==&&695&&61E=
A menial &61Efor [[&&77&14&&44&&24&&38] who &7Adines with ''&&63F&&5B4' &1&E58e's cafeteria. &&63F&727him very easy to talk to, and &&695&&61Enot-so-subtly &AA0&704&1BF&&63F&9B5&A3&281''&&66&&24856&&24&&38 &&63F&667him &17suppliers and contr&280 &&66&81F&481 &2CBremarkable &C41 &DB&104next &6F8dis&420&589y. &&695&&61Eis &301John Galt. &&695&&61E&A5&E&13&&44&49] 133.

==The un&244news&932&8F7=
He &C7&1&&24&&B31 &&6E0&62ago he &843a &A20f&280 &6B8went &110 &15Es been &210&6EDnews&932ever &74 &&52a collector of &8F6 and &83F&139&A97ever made. He &5E7lly chats with ''&&66&&24' &769&76Fby. On one &5E7 &E&13&&44&49] 132, &549asks &899out his &4C8 he bemoans &2BC&15e are no new &A97 &3old &A97 &3A1dis&420ng. He exa&2D8a &A20&7A2&&66by ''Hugh &&48D', but &26&303&A97&41has &1F3seen &90 It &9C6the sign &0&553 &&58&57&420nce, the News&932Owner likens the fire of a &A20&4fire &&74C This alludes &4&&6Bmyth of &&D60 who gave &C7Bthe &7E9fire, &60F&667&10C1&1E9up and &2F8&146zed. &&609&&44], it &Fmind of man that &10C1 &C7B Thus the &8F6&2F8&44E&0men &&74C The dis&420nce &0old &A97 &39Adis&420nce &0men &&74C &3News&932Owner's &481&0new br&7D6shadows &&66s &23E&303&5C7men &&74C

==&&48C&&2D7=
!6E!4&&27F&&1FC] &60fri&159''&&D0&&24'. &&52one &0''&&1C4'. &&52an investor &1[[&&6E&14&&44San &&148&&2D8]. &&48C&&2D7&A5or &55&E&13&&157&757 132, 144, and 152.
==Owen &&801=
&&644&4Manager &0&&24&&B31&197&14&&44New York]]. He catches ''&&66&&24s'' eye &4F3&0few &1068t men on &D20 &&46&7D0the sorry &31&0Ohio Di&56Fshe &BE3 &26Bhim &234new Superintendent. &&28 as soon &6C4&323 &111&14&&44New York]], &&801in&2F3her &41is quitting his job. He admits &41loves his &6ABthat's not &320&824him. &&4C0t say why &52&6DBor what &596do. &&D2 &52noticed &210as &D1Bent &38A&11un&1FEun&54D&232an ''Mr. &&A8E'. Owen Kellog &13A&AB6s, and settles in &&884 Owen &&801&A5&E&13&&44&49]] 112 and 114.

==Paul &&B32=
An un&1FE &35Baged &232an, a &626&0&&2D&E0 &60&331&0''&&1C4'. &&E&13&&44&49] 121 &&B32&102A [[&&13C&14&&44&&39D] to warn ''Hank &&2D' of &127&82E&40C&14&&44&&AB]. &&E&13&&44&49] 131 he meets &B&3A&&1C4to work out a plan &2D4&&2Ddown. &&D0&&24&83F&52&47AHank &&2Dand &951his loyalty, and Lark&89Fures &&24&&B37go &76E&B. Paul &&B32&A5&E&13&&44&49]] &6B0and 2A1.
==&&3A2&&2D=
The &4BEr br&3Aof ''Hank &&2D', &60''&&C7C'. He &431&58br&3As home &197&14&&44&&39D] &B1&30By &481him. He &1C9 &15&3C1&1Dsustenance is evil &6AClove &4F0him &63C &&6AA&1F3&140&1CBand &D80 his time perfunctorily &54D&20E&4A&7B
He &2F8 resentful &1Dbr&3As &3D5 &&7E8requests &41be &6A9job from his br&3A&321&2FBno&859&1B&F86&11feeling of inadequacy of not earning his own &D1F When con&388d &4CFbr&3A&85Fthis job &B6a &4BCy &913ar&2F9ent, &&3A2shrugs the &4E5off as ir&8AFand &15job &B6entit&241him &963&A9his &759&4AC&3f&702familial ties. &&3A2&&2D&A5&E&13&&44&!DD!
==&&802&&952==
An &1028&94E&E17r hired by ''&&66&&24' to &C19''John Galt's'' &34E§2Partway &69this &26A &&802&FE1 his &40E&10same &1A3 John Galt &12Fhad.§2&&66sets out to meet &&802in &922of &900&4DEresume &760§2John Galt &B52y gets &72D&57§2&&66s &318&&802&AA0her to #0#[[&&6E&14&&44Galt's &&382Galt's &&382]#0#

==&&2B4&&44Fld==
One &0&1BD''&&33D'. &&52now &4D&1B8as a &EBC &&2B4was &40C&14&&44&&B30], &82Bof a &BA3&3scion of &2C&&B30s most &78 &1019&306 He att&429[[&&6E&14&&44&&293&&1BF#A0# and &BF&47A''John Galt&856''&&54d'&&88', &43&1B4ng &110''Hugh &&48D856''&&76&&2C7'.

&&2B4seizes &E1Aships &D7&7Dsent &5[[&&13C&14&&44&&19&&9] &111&14&&44&&A8]. No one &83F&84Adoes &B&532he seizes. &&A&2F7&4D1s, &&2B4&6C8 &10&542&1Bome &2ECin &&10&2BE, &B1even spotted &197&14&&44&&B7EBay]]. &&54Bdly, his ship is &328&345y &255&1fleets &0&4Ds navies. 

&&109&163&EBC &81dis&843and ex&86C. &&B7a &83D&245head &197&14&&44&&B30], [[&&13C&14&&44&&2FF], [[&&13C&14&&44&&E19]. 

&&29Ayn Rand (&BCA&54B, his name is a &9BBto &&6E1Hugo.§2In Hugo's &57&2F7 ''Hans of Iceland'', the hero &2F8 &23&0Counts &28Eld.§2His name &5Da pun on 'Dane's Gold', &61#0#skjöld&&&E18 not gold. &&2B4&&44Fld &A5&E&13&&6F
==&&2Ds m&3A=
Named Gertrude, s&52a ''&&C7C' who &431with her son ''Hank &&2D' &6EDhome &197&14&&44&&39D]. S&52&1A4&147&FD&3D5work, and berates &&2Dwhe&1F3she can. She insults him by &3BBhe &44ways &5B7 even as &7C5 She dotes on her weak son ''&&3A2&&2D'. &&2Ds m&3A&A5&E&13&&44&49] 121.

==&&144&&16A=
&&66&&24s &614&720 who &589y dis&420d &DDevening &1D&C6st &1059 &&E&13&&44&49] 141 we &528that &&144&&16A&AA9&62as a &D1Eand unappreciated &720 At age 24 his &713''&&B2F' was per&35E&10&542&44C&B4Bwho booed &15Ekled it. (&&71&FD&8[[&&6B&A9&&6Bmyth]] &97[[&&B2F] steals &641s &105C and dies &44Baudacious &EC&6A5sun &1E5sky. &&16A&35F &3CE &7F into &2C&1059 &97&&B2F&103F.) For &62&&16A&24Bin &E93 &&46nineteen &62 ''&&B2F' was per&35E&585 but this time &71&309&4&C6st ovati&8&713&170had ever &AA2 &&619his &296felt &31Bpaid h&4E7 long &320&41&44 last worthy &0r &F78 &&59day, &&16A&9C3 sold &6C7 &327&D8 and dis&420d. &&144&&16A&55&!6F!14, 133, and 141, &60pears #7D#==Dr. &&76&&2C7=
A &999&65Dat &&293&&1BF&&2F ment&88C''&&54&213Galt'' &47C&&44Fld''. &&6AA&74&4EBsell-out, one &38F&C6promise but squandered it for &4A&F78 &4detriment &0free. He &C7&1F&&31&&47&&C8&94all h&273entions are perverted for use &11&CC &5Binstrument &1Ddemise: ''&&1C5X.''
==Dr. &&920&&A21=
The prestigious head &0&&99&&40E[[&&6E&14&&44&&293&&1BF#A0# &B1&36D&5D0&9B&0age. He &4Aa ''Looter''. &&52&11Fy re&8Btive &0&16&0age - &52a crude reductionist &553 man &6Bing &44A&D2&182; he &1C9 &B9no &197 that &535are fluid, &1A3is a &B2E that &26futile &4F0 &660life, and &15duty of a &9B&335show &849hing &57&110tood. He &758all this &&973''The Meta&CBContradictions &0&&506', &60 &FF3&472 Dr. &&A21&A5&E&13&&6F==The &&33D=
&&23&&74Cwho go on &412beca&1C6 &73appreciate &7D&7DFby ''the &&1C4856demonized by a &5Fwho &6C5&8 &5ACvery &3B2 &&305&0&&33Dis ''John Galt''. &&3A&&33D&71 Hugh &&48D &&54d'&&88 &&2B4&&44Fld, &&144&&16A &3&&398 &&Fwho jo&1&&33D&1&569&0book &71 &&66&&24 &&514&&217 Hank &&2D Dick McNamara, and Owen &&801
==Mr. &&B33=
The #0#[[&&26F&&31Head &0&&31],&&28D&405&194&41s the [[&&3D&0&&19&&9], &7Fhe's &1F3&1BElly &78as such. &&1&78A''&&63&&44' all &&3D and &&218&&181 are &78&2F1as #0#Head &0&&31&40#0#Mr. ____.#0# &&85&68&6D&22&1BCzed as #0#&&23s &&9&28Dseem to &D54&755form &12E Thomspon's &7can thus be seen as &95D&2BC&15US is &1&26Aof evolving into one &0e #0#&&23s &&9#0# One &0&&1C4 he's not &33Aelligent and &17Dvery un&677d look. He &83F&4F &28 &B1a &7EDof &A2&1A4and back-room &DA2 Rand's &4BAindicate &2C9&42Eed &704&&3D[[&&650S. Truman]].

==&&696&&804=
A &331&0''&&1C4856 &1F&33A&0&246ine, the &85Blobbyist whom ''Hank &&2D' reluctantly &C7A&197&14&&44&&AB]. &&337&&696&&804&F&AD0&F3ul and &AD0&178&0&&1C4- &4E&C5&63&10Ffeel &4EDlook down upon &770imp&AC6 &&13Ahe &2F8 &31&F3ul Looter, &3[[&&13C&14&&44&BAs]] &81dictator, &B7y &B4ERand's &2A3a &1Frun &BB&13Ctoo much &F3&1&4CD&85B&998rats who &67&1F3have &128 of &2D3&17Cin a &299&4A4&232 &&696&&804&A5&E&13&&44&49] 131 &B1&2F&49161.

#F8#
*[[&&30&F&14&&44]

!41!
[[&&8Lists &478&F&&63&&44&F#B0#
!1!
!2!
!5!
§4<&7&&AC&14&&44/&7
§4<id>362</id>
!4!
§6<id>33289648</id>
!22!-12-30T20:28#FD#
!3!
§8<&5Brianhe</&5
§8<id>82697</id>
!0!
§6<&4/* Galt's &&34E*/ &52Fype</&4
§6#7#'''&&AC&14&&44'', [[Ayn Rand]]'s &2F7&71 a &346techno&261l &2ACand &5C8§2In &198real &4D&AC([[&100], [[auto&3A9]s, [[diesel &E17]s, [[phonograph &276]s, [[&48B]s, [[telephone]]s, [[&1FB], and [[&145&800]) [[#4E# also &71 &20E&17A&31Aor &17A&5CC on real &8F5

!103!}

==&&17A&AC=
&&17A&8F5&2FD&&A8D&71refr&280rays (&&382mirage), &&2D&&16F a sonic [[&310ray]] (#0#&&1C5X#0#), &95C&E16&605(&&382&F3&4EB, &34E &608[[&B36&520], palm-&E16&605(Galt's NY lab), shale-oil drilling, &60[[nerve]]-induction [[&C81] machine.
 
===&&145Signals===
&&9Aon, &75A&CCC the #0#screech&&108a &145signal as it &326 This &CCD&5B4r &ACof &498&145&800 the kind &17dis&7B4pennant or flag &956stop or go, &3inverse &E15&1opposite &212 &&145&800&219&662 &22&16Cfor over 40 &62 so &3AE&63&7D7very old &8A0to &14A

===&&1C5X===
&&1C5X &5Finvention &0&1D8&1F&31&47&C8 &A28tons of &&2D&&16F Basically, &26a #0#&310ray#0#, &B1&349&4AF&3AE The &1D8&2BD&15&1C5&152&83&12&924and squash &28B &&26&63C&234&14F&0book, and emits a pulse of &46Dthat &CE7 &139hing &1&23Darea, &34Cuffy Meigs and Dr. &&2C7 &F6&A&&24&&BA5

===&&2D&&16F==
&&2D&758a [[&&17A&182&54A&&17A&E14and_alloys|fictitious &16F] alloy &43B&3F&14&&44Hank &&2D].§2&&26&662r than &99[[&1FC] but &3C2r, &B1to &1FCwhat &1FCw&26D[[iron]].§2&&26&156as &759sh-blue.§2&&1C3its &C2Fare &4D3[[&315].

&&337&258is &637use &&2D&16F&68&258wants to stick his neck &7C8be &23to try it.§2&&18Ey, !6B!] &13Can &353for &&2D&&16F&769&5A5rails to re&D21the &10B8[[&&6E&14&&44Rio &&63BLine]].

&&23&433made from &&2D&758a [[&&6E&14&&44&43A].

&&2D&16F&55&E&13&&44&49]] 114, 121, 131, 148 &479
===Galt's &&34E==
John Galt &43B&303type of &8F4apparatus &156&&A8Das a [[&34E].§2&&58E&7D&713e like a &34E&1&1A9use &&726&14A§2&26&349harnessing, &D1B9EA&60p&101D&4C3&C3ways &3Athan &498§2Galt's &&34Ewas &349[[&&48Bjamming|jamming]] all [[&48B&3EF]]s on &&192 and &30By &4AFthe &6D3 of Galt's [[booby-trap]]ped &38Atory &E8ca&219[[col&D2l &7E5col&D2l &D1D&7E5].


&&7FRand &7CEit as &C79[[&B36&520]] in&84Ful [[&498work]], its &33B&5ADreminiscent &124&67E&55[[zero-&125&4C3].

&&66dis&7ADa discarded &52Fype &0&6A7&26superficially &156&E&13&&44&49] Part 1, &&2CC9.§2Galt &D1C&&66the &6A7&7CEit &E&13&&44&49] Part 3, &&2CC1.


!41!
[[&&8&&17A&AC#4E#!B!
!1!
!2!
!5!
§4<&7&&77&14&&44/&7
§4<id>364</id>
!4!
§6<id>32287258</id>
!22!-12-21T22:16#BF#
!3!
§8<&5Topynate</&5
§8<id>85137</id>
!0!
§6<&4re&53ANPOV and ir&8AF&100E to &&24&&38/&4
§6#7#'''&&77&14&&44'', the [[Ayn Rand]] [[&2F7], &5Cy, are§2&158two &7B &7C&D7&713ed by &196are &207&5A&0&8F7 &43&77&713ed by evil &7BCompetent &Fare &207&C9B&311§2&&609&&44] men who give &72&311&4r &77all &2F8[[&&F&14&&44&&33D] in due time.

==&&854&&604Signal==
A &E9run &3F&14&&44Mr. &&A8E] and &32F&197&14&&44&&85A].§2They have &FE0&&24&&38for &33E.§2!6B!] &353 [[&&AC&14&&44&&2D&&16F] &F79&5.

&&854&&604Signal &A5&E&13&&4!CA!

==&&27F&&1FC=
&&27F&&1FC&F&E9&843&3F&14&&44&&48C&&2D7].§2&&115was &31Bwith just &449&4FDthous&71Alars of [[&&F&14&&44&&2D7s]] own &4AC and &571&19C&553 in &1F&25F.§2&&2D7used this &4ACto buy out his competitors, and now &B3Eon &17Cpeddling and &39&846 to &7E7&232

&&27F&&1FC&55&E&13&&157&757and 171.

==&&A8C&&D8&&242&&E9=
&&A8C&&D8&&242&&E9&F&A6F&0&D8of [[&&F&14&&44&&144&&16A].§2!6B!] &4F3 [[&&F&14&&44Mr. &&A8C] &891uire as &4&3B2of [[&&6E&14&&44&&16As &&4C4&&30C].

&&A8C&&D8&&242&&E9&55&E&13&&44&49] 114.

==Bart&89B Jones==
&&115 &32F&197&14&&44Denver]], that &F77food &10&298re&4F8&22D&14&&44Rio &&63BLine]].§2They go &893&1&35B&0&1C5

Bart&89B &&D0&55&E&13&&4!CA!

==d'&&88&&315=
A &315and &93C&302by [[&&30&&F&14&&44&&148d'&&88] &197&14&&44&&7E7] &2Atime &0&&C15§2Each &826ran &115saw it grow by 10% &58lifetime, so &&7BA[!33!8] &97F&115it &F&12C&1&4D§2His &D4C from &215 &335&20Athe size &0&E9by 100%.

d'&&88&&315&55&E&13&&44&49]] 152 and 171.

==Hammond &&34E==
A car &E9in &&11A§2They make &16Bcars &8&3B9&8Efo&110dis&A5

!6C!D] buys a Hammond &245trip &111&14&&44&&11A] &E&13&&4!CA!

==Incorporated Tool==
A &E9&C1&899d to &7FFdrill &97Fto &&24&&38but who fail &636this.§2&&&237&E&13&&4!CA!

==&&318&&37E=
The &&318&&37E&5Fold, &20&126&32F&1&&89est run by§2[[&&F&14&&44Dan &&B3B] that &28in&178for &70its &3B2§2&&4F1&&318&&37Egrows &4E8when [[&&F&14&&44&&514&&217] revives &C9&50&14&&44&&11A] and &&24&&38s [[&&6E&14&&44Rio &&63BLine]] fails to &172&&217adequately.§2&&D2 [[&&F&14&&44&&D0&&24] conspires &85Cthe &&318&&37E&844 out &50&14&&44&&11A] &B[[&&6E&14&&44Anti-dog-eat-dog Rule]].

The &&318&&37E&55&E&13&&157&757(&C78to), 132, 145, &756and 152.

==&&2DCoal==
!10D!

==&&2DLime&4C6=
!10D!

==&&2DOre==
&&23&2BA&3F&14&&44Hank &&2D].§2&&&237&E&13&&44&49] 121.

==&&2D&&1FC=
A &302&3F&14&&44Hank &&2D] &55ten &62&66D&4&58F&0&246&1&2F7§2&&2Dbought an &639&1FCmill &197&14&&44&&39D] at &874when &DCexperts &262&49Bventure &2CAhopeless.§2He &220it in&4most &BF9and profi&645&1FC&E9&1&BA

As !6B!] &763 &839&&24&&38 she &2F8 &25B&481&&2D&&1FC

&&2D&&1FC&55&E&13&&&E1B 121, 131 (&C78to), 161 and 162.

==&&B2D&&CB4=
A &E9&197&14&&44&&79] &110&899to &7FFrail spikes to &&24&&38§2They go &893&30A can &7FF &E26!6B!] to fly &111&14&&44&&464] and buy &115&85Cit &31B&585

&&B2D&&CB4&55&E&13&&4!CA!

==&&24&&38=
The &17A[[&126] run &3F&14&&44&&66&&24].§2Her commitment &4&126&6F6 one &0book's &193&1E0.

&&24&&38was &1C7&3F&14&&44&&132&&24] &6A6&117&33E (or so) &174&&66s &33E§2&&71&66A&3CDy &25F, loans, or &846 &5&1F and w&Alast &126that &3C1&843and &B5504its fo&110s &36C§2Its &99Bis, ''From &&3DBto &&3DB'.

The '&F76 of &&24&&38&F[[&&6E&14&&44&&24&&654] &17runs &40C&14&&44New York]] &111&14&&44San &&54], and &182&1F3&602
==&&19Loco&108F&&C7=
An &85B&E9&C1&B61to &7FFDiesel &E17 to &&24&&38 The &353is &831d in perpetuity, &3[[&&F&14&&44&3D] &0&E9&649ever give a &8B8&7EC&26Dwhy &85so.

&&1ALoco&108F&&C7&55&E&13&&17Band 141.

==&&217Oil==
The oil &E9run &3F&14&&44&&514&&217].§2&&217s &2B1had squeezed a &FCout &0oil &21F&197&14&&44&&11A], but when &&514&&217took &106&232took off.§2He &18Da &79Dfor &106Bng oil from &803that &AB&639as dried up.§2The &32Aof &&217Oil that &22Cthis &481&FF1and un&62Dy &220[[&&13C&14&&44&&11A] in&4&5D0&BB&1&BA

&&217Oil &99y &B65on &&24&&38s [[&&6E&14&&44Rio &&63BLine]] to ship its oil.§2But when that &E9&11Cgrow fast &320&824up &Bbooming [[&&13C&14&&44&&11A] &BB &&217&31B&219the sm&832well-&80F&&318&&37E&29A§2This prompted [[&&F&14&&44&&D0&&24] &26B&DA2&161&329to &6A5&&318&&37Eout &50&14&&44&&11A].§2&&46ards, !6B!] h&26Dre&D21&22D&14&&44Rio &&63BLine]] so it can supply &FEto &&217Oil - if she fails, &C9&50&14&&44&&11A], and &0&526&BA &11D&30D

&&217Oil &55&E&13&&157132 and 171.

!41!
[[&&8&&17A&77#4E#!B!
!1!
!2!
!5!
§4<&7&&160&14&&44/&7
§4<id>365</id>
!4!
§6<id>28929793</id>
!22!-11-21T20:43#76#
!3!
§8<&5Iceberg3k</&5
§8<id>50063</id>
!0!
§6#7#Some &0&A3'''&160'' &638&609&&44] &712&6A3tion &0Victim'' &3''&&11ASex''.

===&&43D&0Victim===

The &&43D&0Victim &65Das #0#&343&0good to suffer &1F&668&0[[evil]], &3C8the &5CBsacrificial &1083&10'[[sin]]' &529&105#0#

The &7C7&246&13&&44&57seen &277&7EC&4&200 what &67&E59if this &43Dwas revoked?§2When &&63shrugs, relieving &12F&0burden of &8B1&4B &52revoking his &43D

&&2ACis &B61y &1BD&1thin&7E3[[Ayn Rand]] &B1&1DCtional to her &1DD&CA§2She &65Ethat evil is a parasite &8good and &773&665if &1DFtolerates it.§2To quote from [[&&63&&44Galts &&277Galt's &&277]: #0#Evil is &B4C&1ADno &F3but that &17we let it extort from us&&5FF #0#I saw that evil was &B4C..&3only &96F&1B8&1059w&A&106Cess &0good to &3E0it.#0#§2&&1DDty &2A2&386&73&43D&806&1083ood, Rand &2BD.§2In &F75&5A0&5D4 R&60&752&2DA&4trait of [[&516].

&&69ut &&63&&44 &227&Fadmit &15e is &1EA&721&B&4D&1BA &40Aput &72&ED8&7F6&26§2&&2AC&4EDot &10C8&F&43D&0&1083§2&&23&72B&10C8&2ACis [[&&F&14&&44John Galt]], who vows to stop &6AF&0&4Dby &827the creators &0&4Dto withhold &72&43D

We &57glimpse &2AC&E&13&&44&49] 121 when !6C!D] feels &52duty-&10BC&644his &E0 &297r hostility &234him.

&&E&13&&44&49] 146 the &562is &31 &4B4&3F&14&&44Dan &&B3B]: #0#I &1049somebody's got &1B&643. If it &220out &1Bme, &&888no &&C1B#0#

===&&11ASex===

In &A1F&2F0[[&&B3ty|&&B3] &76D[[&1DDcode]], R&60so &EEB the &357code that, in her view, is a [[&261l implication]] of [[&53].

R&122roduces a &11Asex &5FE&&44' &3Apurportedly implied by her &7FE&1EDand &1D6&236§2Far from &82Adebasing &400&B38 sex &F&9FD&C21&85E&C6st &105§2Sex is a &CB&2AF&1A8and &24E&105amp;&6Fa &A23for &613&FB7ex&141on to &105that &11D&3Aise only be &1FF &1&4ED

One is &357y &659to &&E13one's &105§2&&120have base &105&152&659to baseness, to &120also have ig&1019&105§2&&120lack any &66F&37Bwill find sex &3C0&E6§2&&18Ehigh &105will &1067&357y to &&E13high &105

That our [[&357&56C] is a &44D&4embodiment &85E&105&2C3 is a &37Aand &1BD&CA§2&&28 even &&ECC&86Bto th&Fry have &3D8it &765in&30B§2F&7BCtance, &74&29R&3&BB&4A&49B &40B&105 and &74&26&40F&533&64D&4F1who em&8ECone's &105more &30By, &148seem &26B[[&E0] un&EF6 (&&543 Rand &108E#0#&E0&50Da sort of trap.) &&12Bore, [[promiscuity]], [[prostitution]], &60 endless [[&27Erobin]] of #0#&105&844#0# &357&16D &2CAome inevi&645§2From this view&125 one &11D&79C[[Aldous Huxley]] &564&2C8 &357&31 ''[[Brave New &&4D]'' &B8&9C &1BDin&349deviating &5r caste-&712#0#&105&B0&84y &71a code of &357desir&3FA

Her &357&CAis &867&1&2B2ng &16D of !6C!D] with [[&&F&14&&44&&14E&&2D] and !6B!], &22Cwith &&66&&544[[&&F&14&&44John Galt]].§2

&&3A&A3&575of th&Fry are &1F7

!6A!152 - &F74&&66s &16Dwith [!33!8].

!6A!161 - &F74Hank and &&14E&&2Ds &23Ahip, and &&14Es attitude &234sex.

!41!!B!
!1!
!2!
!5!
§4<&7&&13CIn &&63&&44/&7
§4<id>366</id>
!4!
§6<id>15899096</id>
!21!-03-13T15:37:38Z</&1
!3!
!45!
!44!
!0!
!6!
§6<&4Making &15/&4
§6#4A#
!1!
!2!
!5!
§4<&7&&6E&14&&44/&7
§4<id>368</id>
!4!
§6<id>35151715</id>
!C!-01-14T15:11#38#
!3!
§8<ip>80.177.190.150</ip>
!0!
§6<&4/* John Galt &&45E*/</&4
§6#7#&&85a &276&5C&ABEin [[Ayn Rand]]'s ''[[#4E#''.

!103!

==Anti-dog-eat-dog Rule==

The Anti-dog-eat-dog Rule is &4BF&11&&2A&&53F&&126 &E&13&&44&49] 145, allegedly &632#0#&680&413#4# &48[[&126]s.§2The rule &52Dthe &&767the &155to forbid &413&48&126 in &11F&53D&0&BA§2&&71&10B4d &3F&14&&44&&48C&&2D7&&48C&&2D7] as a &846for [[&&F&14&&44&&D0&&24&&D0&&24], &B&624&1061&306&14&&44&&318&&37E&&318&&40A&50&14&&44&&11A&&11A].

==Bracelet==

The &64A&433made from ''&&2D&&16F' is a &43A§2The &43Ais &&B39Rand's [[&&160&14&&44&&11ASex|&&11ASex]].

The &43A&603zes the &2EA&1C8&3F&14&&44Hank &&2DHank &&2Ds]] long &763&891ent &&2D&&16F§2&&109&52D&667[[&&F&14&&44&&14E&&2D&&14E&&2D] as a &8Bin &49121; she says, #0#It's &965as &4D2as a &A93of &126rails.#0#§2&&28 &&14E&965&10C8 the &48F&0gift; her snide remark is her &336denig&109Dher &807s ethos.

In &476&&14Ewears this &43Aat a &97thrown on her &C18§2She &3EEfun &88Dall &385long, and when !6B!&&66&&24] &ABF&&14Esay s&160gladly &1DBit &ED&1A9&9B4&43A &&66&991her up on it.

&&14E&D2asks &87Fback upon &E38her &F3over her husb&14A&1080diminishing.§2&&66denies the &764

The &43A&A5&E&13&&44&!DD!
==Cub Club==

A &385club &197&14&&44New York]].§2When [!33!8&&54d'&&88] &323 to New York &E&13&&44&49] 141, he &758he came beca&5Ca hat-&601&1FCub Club &&853at Moe's &&48Aon &&42AAvenue.

==&&48Eof &&372Bill==

A bill de&41C&11[[&&F&14&&44&&1C4&&1C4] that proposes to &1024the &2D&232s any one &1D5can own to one.§2&&26aimed &456at !6C!DHank &&2D], who uses [[&&77&14&&44&&2DOre|&&2DOre]] to guarantee [[&&77&14&&44&&2D&&1FC&&2D&&1FC] &32supply of iron ore.§2By &CB7this Bill, the &&1C4can seize &&2Ds &3A&232s &&FEB &3 deny &5B5iron he &767&7E7&1FCmills.

The &&1C4&2BDthe Bill is &A8B&59Fa &21D&4&16Bguy.

The &&48Eof &&372Bill is &A5&E&13&&6F
==Galt's &&382=

A &F7B&B9Ein a &54Eof &&11A&24A&85D&3FAhave re&697&46relinquishing &574in &&10&5F§2Nick&244#0#Galt's &&382&171its &368 &26&59Ethe &10Cof #0#&&63A#4# &&43C one &0&9A&33Dto &418John Galt's call. This call was &4&C6&85Dmind &60tion to aband&8&25B&38D&31incli&B9of a decaying &&19&&9- &898on &412- &B7y with&6F2&1D7&433&177ng the para&1F8and &1C4

Sarcastically nick&244&&63A&1&141&68&139hing he &7D3to touch &220&898d, &&43C&37C&49F&325explosive &4C7&1CB&90&F73&880&DA1§2&&31Bpur&AA6 this l&60ong his far-&6C1&681endeavors, and &79Cre&697to it up&245dis&420nce.§2&&3A&33Dsoon &22C&5B5e, &34John Galt, renting or buying l&7D6&1E5re&108Eas a re&D47from &96E&72&2F9&E8D&33D&AA&25Bcollapsing &&10&5F§2&&13A a &5F&478 in Galt's &&382as more &23live &B7year-&27E&A&37F&4D&2F8 &C9Fy unsafe &490

We &4D5roduced to Galt's &&382&1&18E&49&0&&2F7 &1&57&2CC en&7 &&884§2&&1D5live with &137in &30By free &5Fand embody &139hing &17&F&B90&0&&2F7 the &529&105&ED&62FMankind: &73 &1DD &81 &733 &A32 and &357 &1C3&3A too &227to &CCC

We find industrious, ambitious, happy &23&96E&72&6A8&3BAendeavor &594yokes &146 &8B3or regulation.§2Conversely, &B7a &E3Ffor &299&10C &139hing &D1Bcted is paid for &Bre-&43B&1FDof &93Egold coin &92B&5&294&&63A&&43Cs bank &17now resides &1&54E§2The &AAE23&3EF&11C&5&20E&56Bwe have met &BC&&2F7 who all now reside and &369&1&54E They pur&AA6&F3in&7BBy from Galt &9Einvention &0&B36&520&34E &BD51r anonymity &5&37F&4Dvia Galt's invention &0air-wave &8F3&5E6(&613the view &1B3ove the camoufl&1C1&558&1B &1CB&253des &BB9, &1F3&B71Galt's &B60on &&12A &176&758his &284on new &530laws &60plied &51F§2&&1D5pur&AA6&375&286&5care of Dr. Hendricks, who uses h&273ention of a por&645[[X-ray]] machine &891tially diagnose &&66&&24upon her crash &CA6in&4&54E &B71concerts of new &D8l com&128 of &&144&&16Awho has &AFcompose &1&&54E acquire raw &101 &5&40E of &&54D'&&88s &10E &1F0&54E &B71&16&B60&5now-&9C3&EBC&&2B4&&44Fld, &3EFloans from &&63A&&43C etc.

Rand's de&95on of Galt's &&382&50Apired by a &102Ashe &15E &807&&533O'Conn&88Ck to [[Ouray, &&11A] &43&60ng &&11A&10&2F7

==&&16As &&4C4&&30C=

[[&&F&14&&44&&144&&16A&&144&&16A] dis&420d &46&31B&1EEonly four &30C.§2&&E&13&&44&49] 112, !6B!&&66&&24], an enthusiastic &86A&&16As &D8 &ABFan un&1003&ACF&7Dwhist&504a [[&&F&14&&44&&398&398] &8&&24&&654§2She asks him what &26 he &BC2&&16As &&4C4&&30C§2When &&66&540only &60B&30C, the &398says &5B6a mistake and denies &103Ewh&1Fsong was.

&&D2 &&66calls [[&&30&F&14&&44Mr. &&A8C] to find out if &&16A&24Ba &300&&A8C&540&DB

&&16As &&4C4&&30C&55&!6F!14 and 152.

==&&16As &&55D&&30C=

&&1E1&433[[&&F&14&&44&&144&&16A&&144&&16A] &24B&700dis&420d.§2&&26a song of &D51i&89B defiance that &7D3&86Bagony and suffering &2C6&3B7§2!6B!&&66&&24] &FC3&5A0&A93&E&13&&44&49] 141.

!10C!
==''Heaven's In Your Backyard''==

A film.§2[[&&F&14&&44Mort Liddy|Mort Liddy]] &24Bthe &42B &810bastardized &E4''&&16As &&55D&&30C'.§2&&&237&E&13&&6F
==John Galt &&45E=

&&74&139ne &1E5&607asking, #0#&&331John Galt?#0#, &&753surp&94E&3E8&545come up &32swers.§2A &2DJohn Galt &&45Eare told, each &162 ironically, &960out &1Btrue, &1F4&44Elly.

'''''&&8F21''''' ([[&&!67!§2A [[&&30&F&14&&44spinster]] at [[&&F&14&&44&&14E&&2D&&14E&&2Ds]] &97&667!6B!&&66] &3CE§2John Galt &44man of &C17&56Awho &1DC&7FCen &67F[[&&884] &43&4B7worst storm ever wreaked up&8&4D§2The &DA1was so &7A2that, &1E8seen it, &4C5&1F3go back &4&4D so he sank his ship &23Ak h&86Cune down with him.

The &5F9John Galt &44&826&1C8&1EAof &C17&2EA &303&34E and who &18D&600to &4DB&721&B&4D&43&8B9&31evil &4A&16ever put into &2AB§2&&4Bhe en&56Fd was so &7A2&41ref&83live &1&4D&4AA and dis&420d, &2E2&600of &34Ewith him.

&&884 the Isles &0Blessed, is a &1C1&94&258&11D&1028&5F0&120&815&72Aa hero.§2&&156&1e &3FC it &Fsame as ''Galt's &&382'.

==Moe's &&48A=

A delicatessen &197&14&&44New York|New York]].§2When [!33!8&&54d'&&88] &323 to New York &E&13&&44&49] 141, he &758he came beca&5Ca hat-&601&1F''Cub Club'' &&853at Moe's &&48Aon &&42AAvenue.

==&&2A&&53F&&126==

An &36F&35E&30Bthe &5B5&0&209as a &526 &A28&C5to &643&72&14D&17D&10&1A9good.§2[[&&F&14&&44&&48C&&2D7&&48C&&2D7] has &329&8&&2A&&53F&&126, &15Egets &37F&177the Anti-dog-eat-dog Rule, &17&87B&6BDof pretenses to &844&306&14&&44&&318&&37E&&318&&40A&50&14&&44&&11A&&11A].

The &&2A&&53F&&126 &55&E&13&&44&49]] 131, 145 and 146.

==&&2A&&1FE&&16F&&490=

An &36Fthat uses &39pull &85C&7E5 [[&&F&14&&44&&D0&&24&&D0&&24] has &329&8&&2A&&1FE&&16F&&490 &15Egets &37F&177&36F&6DDhurt [[&&77&14&&44&&2D&&1FC&&2D&&1FC] &15Ep [[&&77&14&&44&&27F&&1FC&&27F&&1FC].
 
The &&2A&&1FE&&16F&&490&55&E&13&&44&49] 131.

==&&293&&1BF&&2F=

&&31prestigious &2F&1&4D§2It &44t&429&3F&14&&44John Galt]], [!33!8&&54d'&&88], and [[&&F&14&&44&&2B4&&44FF6ld|&&2B4&&44Fld]], &24A met and &BF&329§2[[&&F&14&&44Hugh &&48DHugh &&48D] and [[&&F&14&&44&&76&&2C7&&76&&2C7] &55B&B7§2&&26&32F&197&14&&44C&24And]].

==Rio &&63BLine==

!69!&24&&38&&24&&179runs &40C&14&&44Cheyenne, &&CA5] &111&14&&44El Paso, &&93D].

&&&237&E&13&&157&757(&C78to), &3C3141, &756and 148.

==Rockdale Station==

A &4EB&8[[&&77&14&&44&&24&&38&&24&&38] line, &32Ffive &384&5&&24e&725over&6CDthe [[&&13C&14&&44Hudson &&260].§2It w&Asite of !6B!&&66&&24s]] &57job &B&126 &385&713or, &6AE16.

&&619#7D#
==San &&148=

A &85&66Ato ho&1C6&298&0''San &&148&&2D8' &3r &306§2As it &960out, the &170, roads, and &139hing of &45B&2EAis &66Aso &8F1&15&85&57&298fall &65B&46Fyear or two.§2&&474&147&3BF&7FE

!10C!
==San &&148Line==

!69!&24&&38&&24&&179&3E0 &6A3&&148&&2D8' &197&14&&44&&2E7].

The &2D8&367&3F&14&&!68!88] &60tracted &178&4C7 from [[&&F&14&&44&&D0&&24&&D0&&24] and [[&&F&14&&44&&48C&&2D7&&48C&&2D7], who &CBF&&54&15D&10AFd on to &7FFa &B6E

The San &&148Line is &2Azed &11&&839&1F&60Dcompletion.

When &26&2Azed &E&13&&44&49] 142, &26&78&ASan &&148&&126

&&&237&E&13&&44&49]] &757 &3C3142, 143 and 152.

==San &&148&&2D8=

San &&148&&2D8is a &315&93C&1C5&197&14&&44&&2E7] &1C7&3F&14&&!68!88] and &567h&5Festor [[&&30&F&14&&44&&148d'&&88].§2&&54s &D39as a &232an is so &C6&395estors flock &72D &C90&891est &4AC&1&1028rise.§2Investors &71[[&&F&14&&44&&D0&&24&&D0&&24] and [[&&F&14&&44&&48C&&2D7&&48C&&2D7]. &&24goes so far &26D&D21&303&6A4[[&&77&14&&44&&24&&38&&24&&38], &6A3&&148Line'', to &3E0the &2D8 sinking $30 &114in&4&1C5§2When &38&0&2D8&A5&30B the &&839&1F&2Azes them &F6&A''San &&148Line'', &382dis&A9C&B7no &315&3e &1F3was.

When &&24&667&&54he &26E the &&2D8a rotten swindle ([[&&103&13&&44&49] 161), &&54&758that &&24&B6&561 &Bway he ran the &2D8§2He says he put into &2AB&DB&1DDprecepts &386e &22D&16C&4B§2&&4Bsays &26evil &6D1a &6E4&&205got no &6E4&5worthless &2D8§2&&4Bsays the &37B&146&1028rise &6Bto &369 but &59Fa &D1F&234&E58es #3#&6F it &1BAno&433 but &1C8jobs &1E2&1F3have &264&85Awas only &692d with &3EAa real mine.§2&&4Bsays the &8F7&5Fexploiter &3&298do &DCreal work &&205left the &1028rise &307&1&668&0&298and &DBburden anyone &161&73E§2&&4Bsays need is &36E&345ility &&205hired a &93C&15Cst who &BE2a job very badly, &822no &3FA

In &18C the San &&148&&2D8were an &7AB&84B&9E4when this &1DDcode is put into &2AB &60warning &84Bwill soon &E59&4&4Das a &526

The San &&148&&2D8&420&E&13&&157131, 132, 142, 151, 152 &479
==&&24Building==

A skyscraper &197&14&&44New York]], &75Cuarters of [[&&77&14&&44&&24&&38&&24&&38], &3&774&0&&24&&B31

==&&24&&654=

The &&24&&654is [[&&77&14&&44&&24&&38&&24&&38s]] &F76&82D§2It runs &40C&14&&44New York]] &111&14&&44San &&54], &1AD&1F3&602
The &&24&&654&A5&!6F!13 and 152.

==The &&6A5=

!DC!

==''The Heart Is A Milkman''==

''The Heart is a Milkman'' is a &2F7&7D&1EE&3F&14&&44&&A8F&&8F8&&A8F&&8F8].§2&&26&AC&83fact &92&3B2 &864§2&&8F8says &596dedicate &667[[&&F&14&&44&&14E&&2D&&14E&&2D].

&&&237&E&13&&6F
==The Octopus==

!DC!

==''The Vulture Is Molting''==

A best-&9D7&2F7that &9CD the &622&0&171 ''The Vulture Is Molting'' is #0#A &C16&F5a &232an's greed.§2A fearless revelation of man's depravity.#0#§2&&75A&55&E&13&&44&49] 141 &4F3&0&54Cof [[&12D&3E] that de&141s !6B!&&66&&24] &172baseness.

==&&81B&&F72&&747=

A luxurious hotel &197&14&&44New York]], &26&C0&16Bhotel left &1&4D§2&&26&94[!33!8&&54d'&&88] stays when &52in town.§2It &44so the &D5Eof !6B!&&66&&24s]] debut ball when s&81&426een.

It &5D&FD&8Waldorf-Astoria &&747in New York City.

The &&81B&&F72&&747&55&E&13&&44&49]] 141, 151 and 152.

==&&217Oil &&21F=

The &&217Oil &&21Fare &197&14&&44&&11A].§2&&107a bunch of old, &639oil &803&386e revived by &303&79D&43B&3F&14&&44&&514&&217&&514&&217].§2This &17Dmost &571&F7Crevitalized &C9&50&14&&44&&11A].

The &&217Oil &&21F&420&E&13&&44&49]] 111 &479
!41!
[[&&8Lists &478&6E#B0#
!1!
!2!
!5!
§4<&7&&2BBof note &14&&44/&7
§4<id>369</id>
!4!
§6<id>38560634</id>
!C!-02-07T02:58#C#
!3!
§8<&5Ds13</&5
§8<id>43805</id>
!0!
!6!
§6<&4&10A2&5Czation &55&10D&101D/&4
§6#7#===&&63==
As told in ''[[#4E#'', &&63&5D2&4B&245&2FBrs. But &1[[&&6B&&A9&&6BMyths]], the Titan [[&&63(&A9|&&63] &932 &8&192and &65E&24Esky. &&1&5FE that re&8B&&63 the big &27E&433&245back &39Aheavens, &17 &68&0&751&723&279&0&948 &1F0&192 were &79Bof &765&27E Some tellings &0&&63myth have him &8B1&744&192&3heavens &245back, but this &A5&1Ba &86retelling; &12B&60&2EEconfirm this.

===&&36&311==
Some &0&36&311are, or &420&1B puns, or have &33C&48F§2(&&166[[&&F&14&&44].)
When &936why so &14Eher &311have syllables &6CChard consonants like dag, tag, den, stad, Rand said &2C9just liked &DB&71F.

*'''&&2B4&&44Fld''' - &53E'Dane's Gold', a &9BBpaid &11&44C&&42&4Vi&933to bri&266 in&1Bng &924ul.§2(&&28 note #0#skjold&&&E18 not gold.)§2&&4F1hero of [[&&6E1Hugo]]'s &57&2F7 ''Hans of Iceland'' &2F8 &23&0Counts &28Eld.§2&&11970's, R&23Ad Marsha Familaro En&A&41 &5Cthis name &153plagiarism beca&1C6e &5F2were Counts &28Eld.
*'''&&76&&2C7'' - &71F &4F7&&53Dfor &31 Staat. Dr. &&2C7is a &9EF in &41&1C9 it &529and &3B7&10&31to fund &E5&60
*'''&&54d'&&88'' - Rand's husb&14A&&533O'&&6A2
*'''John Galt''' - &5Aof a &265&&923sh &2F7st, &7F&85&751y coincidental. Galt is &475'Geld' and 'gold'. &&5Awas &62Cused &2FDhad &1Bsuch &87&15Dome &102Bbial#3#&6F&148&690&127&32long, awkward name.
*'''&&696&&804'' - &&804is &4DCwh&6EDname &53E a mooch.§2&&6AAno real &2DAor &D85 but somehow &2F8 a &F3ul &6DF

===Crime===
&&1A9street crime is &A79absent &5FE&&44'. &&Fwalk the streets &7E6&621&7Dmugged or &B43

===&&9D&3F9&46Cs===
''&&63&&44' &53Ain a &4D&32&5A&35from &806 but &&&EC6&9D&3F9&46Cs &D7&2FD

*[[&&E] ([[&&103&13&&A6&&54d'&&88&24Ba &B90&8&17C&F7&CA&0Immovable Mover.
*[[Dark Ages]] ([[&&!67! &&2B4&&44Fld's &BB4is likened &3ABhing out &0Dark Ages.
*[[&&C15] ([[&&103&13&&A6&&148d'&&88flees &&F4&724persecution &8D&&C15
*[[&&35BAges]] ([[&&!67! &&26said that &&2B4&&44Fld hides &1&&A1Efjords &AVi&933did &1&&35BAges.
*[[Nero]] ([[&&103&13&&A6&&54d'&&88&F7A&12F&4&&9B8Nero.
*[[&&293&&1BF] ([[&&103&13&&A6The [[eponym]] of &&293&&1BF&&2F
*[[Vi&933] ([[&&!67! &&26said that &&2B4&&44Fld hides &1&&A1Efjords &AVi&933did &1&&35BAges.

===Humor===
&&E&13&&178&&54cracks &15&&839&1Fwas &E84a roast of pork &139Sunday for &139man, &64E &2F6&60ortion.

&&E&13&&178&&54&950the &20E&4F8 &689&10&298&0San &&148&&2D8 &83Cs how &107all &8F1&66Aand &57&298&30D &5F0&10&147 #0#The &147 I &666 will &932 They'll need it,&&780quips. &&74&4E&317&6Eof &2EAamp;&6F&170, roads, etc.#3#&6F&26ironic that &474&147&3BF&7FE to R&60d her &56B a &147is of no real &2EA

Almost &473&1&4D&5F0&1A&&3DC&78as #0#The &&23s &&164..#0#, &3 &3A1 &751y, the recipients of &E1A&F77&5&&19&&9 In &3AC &23casually &AD1&4 as #0#The &&23s &&164..#0# &51just, say, &&8For &&B30 &&26&6D0&557&6F3&103&6D&11r &910&311in casual &3ACamp;&6Fwe don't call &&4B2#0#The &&F71of &&4B2&6C&&D5 #0#The &&150Re&A2&3B5#0##3#&6Fso by &1E8her &Fdo this R&B1exercising her dry wit.

===Lying===
The &196of ''&&63&&44' &5Cy &73tell lies. &&B&1AA&5F0ons, even &FA are cl&9A&3D1conceal &1EA they &73rely on overt &D48ood, even when &26&6D0&15 &11Ddo so &E8&7D&70B

*In &49112 &&398&53C&&24he &7Drecall &5A&0song &81whistling or &176&AA2it.
*In &49141 &&54d'&&88&667the &141he came &111&14&&44New York]] beca&5Ca hat &601&&853&547&14&&44Moe's &&48A].
*In &49151 we &528&&66&&24once lied to her m&3A&55a cut to her lip that &&54had &207her. This w&Aonly lie she ever told.
*In &49152 &&66&&24asks &&54if &&144&&16Ahas &1EEa &300&&52evasive and &667her that &&16Ahas &CBB&174 Is this a lie?
*In &476Hank &&2D&53C&41w&Aone &711ited &&5B0&&5AF&4&&2Ds &C18&97 It &&F70&&14E&711ited him, and &&2D&ABfurious &55it.
*In part 2/&2CC9, &&63F&&5B4&53C&&24th&6EDhesitati&89B un&11Fy is &38B &11il&733ty &235&212.§2&&59E &&63Fwas &1040&11&235and thus &C4E&235&551Hank &&2D

===&&23s &&9==
Almost &473that &55 &3A&785[[&&13C&14&&44&&19&&9], is &78as a #0#&&23s &&31#4#. &&406

!16!14&&44&&4DF]
!16!14&&44&&8F]
!16!14&&44&&42D]
!16!14&&44&&2E7]
!16!14&&44&&B30]
!16!14&&44&&2FF]
!16!14&&44&&E19]

&&305 &0e &6Dare &207&232the #0#Head &0&&23s &&31&&40&8C#0#Mr._____&&6D0#0#Senor#0#____). The &&3D&0&&19&&3DC&AD1d &44E#0#Mr. &&B33&40&1FF#0#Head &0&&31&&28D&791imply &173&893&7E5&1Boming a &&23s &&31&F6 

=!11E!=
&&E&13&&44&49] 152 &&54&53Che &244&22D&14&&44San &&148&&2D8] &46h&5Festor &&148d'&&88 &895they both &91F&E41 This, to &&66 is blasphemy#3#&6F&1D7&5C7blasphemy she &110tands.

===&&4A&1C2s===
R&B1&59&8Can elitist. This &2BD&2A5&87Cif we &768&10&B3Rand had &81B&1BCof &D8Fess#3#&6F&69ut ''&&63&&44', &2DAis &C77&409&3FA§2&&26 &28 worth noting &395''&&63&&44', &B9no &F&409&3FA&17&73&53B[[&2EFsurrogate]] &F(&45C&&66&&24; &BF5y, all &0[[Straw man|&F] &17dis&D8D&B&2EFare &A7Band &8BCy &893 and &108&2ECy &680§2Compare &4real &4D &94&1D8 inventors, &9FF&122us&94Fsts &7Ahave &ED9&CD0and &3C2y &1E0ng &56C and &845.

&&5A&4A&1C2s are re&8Bd &1C3&744&56B&3villains of ''&&63&&44'. &&AA&56B John &&47BHank &&2D&754&130back&1A1, &43&&66&&544&&54d'&&88&754&56A &306 &&AAvillains, Fred Kinnan is &1B3&130back&1A1 &43&&D0&&544Betty Pope &754&56A &306

!41!!B!
!1!
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§8<ip>72.141.37.94</ip>
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§6#7#[[&&1B&&370&A9Cjpg|&41ail|&812''&&63&&44' &A9Cby [[Nick Gaetano]]. ]]

'''''&&63&&44'''' is a &2F7by &&3E7born &7B4and &9B[[Ayn Rand]], &57&242[[1957]] &1[[&&19&&9USA]], and Rand's last work of &22B&90concent&109Dher &174 &682on &16§2Most &921''&&63&&44' as Rand's most &1B8work, her ''tour de &1AF', &1FC[[&&70&16&&70]] hold it &1B &925vely (as &59Eally), &246&2F7&244time. Its &ACF(as &31 by Rand) is #0#the &350&0&14Ds &1A3ng &7F4&559#4#

&&26&6E4y &133[[allegory|allegorical]] &246that &DA2&Bes &7F1s own [[&&122], &7Fs&81&5AA&79a &9Bwhen &71&1EE &&3F1&879s&31B&73&D8B &23Awhat &E12or &2C1&233&5Fallegory, are &118&230. &&59E &2C8 &1B6&75A &3r extremism, as &BEits &504&12Dty &71Fit one &&387&118&2D9&0[[&22F]. &&&E66one &0[[List_of_&103D&2D9&103D&2D9] ever &1EE &3FBng one-&62B&3F0&5C0(dep&6BC&8&A2tion).
 
!103!

==&&16and &174=

The &2C2''&&63&&44' &1BB&E2 &2A0&7F &F&34Ethat &F3 &4B &&&A8D #0#men &&74C#4# go on [[Strike &D6&412], &60Fthe &54Fwhat &474 hold &19E#3##8212; a &924ul cohesiveness Rand &299&9C, &BE&120e &482ve work &139&6F4&40E may &6F6&94er &1AFul &9C&10B1erence is absent. Given no alter&158 they &B5A&135&5#0#&1C4&&B5&7&5Fanalogy: the &2A0men, like &121God &&63 hold &4B&8r &2FBrs; &1&278a &412 &18C&6A8to 'shrug.' &&75Ais rooted in [[&&70&16&&122], the &73&4B&1C7by Rand.

Rand &8A9that &5Fstagnates when &131&&583&373are &86Aor demonized, &6D inversely, a &5F&&6A9more &732as it &6CA &8F0 and &1090 &131&&583&373 Rand &4C&131flourishes &4&E12that &33Ffree, &6D&373is &F9Bbest when [[&299&10C] is &5D1d &74D She &621 [[&&9F8&D9Flaissez-&D9F&B6] &A[[&39&4B] &C&10C6&971&Be &322 &&7C&26Etions make ''&&63&&44' &6E4y &39book, &404its &7A5of [[&2CB], [[&4Asm]] and [[&159], &7BCeed any &278&31&60Cin &8AB&3F2 as fatally flawed. &&28 Rand &4A6&26&450''&530y'' &39book, but &15&4F&564&1&2F7are &778&235&EC&6F7her &1B&0ideal man &3&128&0&9C&7F4&5F

R&60gues &395ependence &&583&373&844&4&&5E8&&&D35 Her &4Diew &2A2a #0#[[&2A0ty|&2A0]#0# [[&1DDcode]]. She &4FB the &BEFthat [[self-&643] is a &2DA &B1&2D3y dismissive &92&91Cin a [[divinity|god]] or &40B&7D &&75A&128 &1E9&87[[&&B3ty]] &1BElly, &7A&4B7y with&1&F dialogue.

== Setting ==

Exactly when ''&&63&&206&A8B&38E&1C1is kept deliberately vague. In [[Wiki&18A&&103&13&&178the &27&50&14&&44New York City]] is &207as 7 [[&114]. The &9DNew York City &47F7 &114&23&1[[1930s]], &17&2EE&1C1&233&BC3&46that. &&&&96C&9A[[&22F] &31A&255 &1BA&39&544is cl&9A&5A&1B3tual &35 One &3E1is &15&2F7&53Aa &4FD(or &327''&4FD'') of &62&&694 &F6Fthat &74&4Blapsed in&234&4Astic morass, a &3B0wide stag&2B5has &75Ain techno&261l &254 &27&254 &&BDC&254of ''any'' kind; &100, &81de&141ons, &4D&35A&0&22F&2CAa distant &6BAto &832[[&9C9]s and [[&34Aan]]s. &&148be in line with Rand's ide&277 &4ry on &3A&2D9&A4E&9F0and dystopian &19C &&12Bore, this &4Ain line &32 excerpt &1B31964 &10B1iew with ''Playboy'' &2A9&97Rand &9#0#What we have &14A&6Ba &C4st &5F &44A&ACD&BB-- &C1 a mixture of &3ECand &B5, &17 &11&8By &725trend, is &7C6&416&B2C The &D6&5FE&&44' &53Aat &874when &5Fhas &47Fthe st&1C1&B2C When and if this &9E4 that &152&7C&898on &412 &5C5&8E.#0#, thus &F6F&41 &2F7&53A&7DC&125&&694 &&2ACof &8ABstag&2B5&1wake of collectivist &4B is &83&4plot &&9C4&7F1s &C7 ''[[&&21A(&2F7a)|&&21A]''.

All &6D&37F&173have &2F8 or &2F8&2A&2F7 #0#&&23s &&9#4#. &&&&96C&58A&9A&22F[[&&AC&14&&44&AC] &5FE&&44', but no post-war &5CA &C[[nu&66F&96F]s, [[helicopter]]s, or [[&102]s. [[Jet plane]]s are &2FD&1026y &765a &1D9new &AC [[&&1FB] is a &2F7y &507yet &44Eume any &52&48F &43[[&48B] &2D6 are &291 &&7FRand &7Duse &&A8Dmany &0techno&261l innovations &255&43s&81&174 she introduces some &3A4 &17A&8F5(e.g., &71F&FD[[&96F of mass &686&96F of mass &686], &C81&5C8 as &BE&F3&428).

Most &0&D6&5FE&&44' &ABA &1[[&&13C&14&&44&&19&&9]. &&28 &B9&A3&35A&16C&4B &C&1&&23s &&9of [[&&2E7], [[Chile]], and [[&&7E7], and [[&BB4] at sea.

==Plot==

A &49by &49&55F''&&63&&206&255on [[Wiki&18A&&63&&44Wiki&18A].

&&233s plot, &65Finto &117&49 (&7F&3CEis &FFF&65B&5e,) is &A24&297 &&23two &49, &23Asome &E12&1E1 &418&&66&&24 a no-non&2C1&126&250 &15E &ECkeep &115&A94&297&B3&5Fis falling &234&4B6&53&83C All &BC&2F7&23&10A3a platitude &&66&C6y resents: ‘&&331John Galt?’ &&26a &8F3&0r helplessness, &A&3BB&194‘Don’t ask &A3&200, beca&1C6 don’t &EBswers.’ 

The geniuses &0&4Dseem &1Bdis&420ng, &3&751dec&80D&146zation is &3BE&2CEmore &572&7F2to &1065her life-long &C24of &6B9the &D1B&198l &126 &17&28in her &E0for &AE&33E. She &628&3A&F&CHank &&2D a self-made &232an of &C6&7B2&389&1CBis hindered &4CF&D48&754of &207ards his wife. &&54d'&&88 &&66s &215&626 &57love, and king &0&315&209 &A5&9C&4EBworthless &C7D&331&37By &4AFhis &232 

&&A&2F7&4D1s: the &990&ACreal John Galt, as &BE&&54d'&&88s &D6, &2F8&2CEmore a &8F3&0&31&0&3E and seem &26B&2CEmore &2C1 and, Hank &6BB&76D&1FFthe &F6E&0r &568&CB6in a &5Fthat hates them &183&4F7 &10r &C6ess. 

&&2Ar p&662 &&6B1Hank find the &FC5of a &34Ethat &960atmospheric &4C3into kinetic &4C3 an astounding feat; they also find &235&15minds (the ‘&&63s’) &0&4Dare dis&420ng beca&5Cone &14C‘&64C &2E2them away. &&6B1Hank deal &Bir&2A0ties &60parent &425 &0r &D1A and &32C&10creator &0&34Eas &BE‘the &64C &331draining &4B&1B8&218movers, &44B&40Eto &BB0&72&65Alive &2A0&431

All &63&AA0&44Ce&38Ate &D6&FD&D362B5&46Cual climax, &8Bng an &D5all &0&321&735 and &72B&139hing down into one &494&1E0 &&180&53D&0&2F7involve a &277&11&246s true protagonist, &60re&B54&692ng the fate of &5F The &200'&&331John Galt' &4A&7ECd.

* [[&&F&14&&44&&F]
** [[&&30&&F&14&&44&&30&&F]
* [[&&77&14&&44&&77]
* [[&&160&14&&44&&160]
* [[&&13C&14&&44&&13C]
* [[&&AC&14&&44&&AC]
* [[&&6E&14&&44&&6E]
* [[&&2BBof note &14&&44&&2BBof note]]

==Film &495=
&&A &4&2F7''&&63&&44' were pur&AA6 &11Baldwin &&422&&10Fin [[2003]] &B&DE6of &A4Aa &4D5&496film. &&E9&27B[[&&6D2Baldwin]] was &1089in &&2142004 as &3BB#0#...&139hing &893&A96and [the &1B1 hasn’t been held up one bit... I assure you &3DA&152a big &1B1and ''&271get made''.#0# Two &2C1Rand's#3#&6F''[[The &&1F6]&856''[[We the &&FC]''#3#&6F&22&C98into &1B1 so far.

!12!
* #1#&5C2org
* #1#&635Forg/news_&63&1B1updated050304.asp
* #1#cordair.com/gaetano/&F9htm

==&&8Eand &12B&3D6=

===&&A2tions===

* ''&&63&&44', Ayn Rand; Signet; (&&2141996) ISBN 0451191145
* ''&&63&&44(Cliffs &&4BA'', &&D9 &&E11 [[Cliffs &&4BA]; (June 5, 2000) ISBN 0764585568 
* ''&&21F&13&&44', &&76Bidinotto/The &&70&&C High&&BA5&&E9 (&&14219, 2001) ISBN 156511471X 
* ''&&63&&44 &&474&0Mind (T&81Bs &&7EDork &&AF No. 174)'' Mimi &&905&&63E T&81BPub; (June 2000) ISBN 0805716386 
* ''The &&1DD&&137&14&&44', [[&&132&&F6]; The &&70&&C (July 1999) ISBN 1577240332 
* ''&&304 &&97B &6BB', Susan McCloskey; The &&70&&C (&&19D1, 1998) ISBN 1577240251

=== &&109&497===

* [[&&D5&B&&D5]: ''Wer ist John Galt?'' (Hamburg, &&D5: GEWIS Verlag), ISBN 3-932-56403-0.
* [[&&471&B&&471]: ''La rivolta di Atlante'', 2 vol. (Milano, Garzanti, 1958), Out of &90C &&582 Laura Grimaldi
* [[&&4D6&B&&4D6]: ''肩をすくめるアトラス'' 　(ビジネス社), ISBN 4-8284-1149-6. &&582 脇坂 あゆみ.
* [[&&A1E&B&&A1E]: ''De som beveger verden''. (Kagge Forlag, 2000), ISBN 8-248-90083-5 (&A1D, ISBN 8-248-90169-&36C&&582 John Erik Bøe Lindgren.
* [[&&E10&B&&E10]: ''&&63Zbuntowany'' (Zysk i S-ka, 2004), ISBN 83-7150-969-3 (Twarda). &&582 Iwona &&D19owska.
* [[&&15D&B&&15D]: ''La &&539&&63'' (&&E1EGrito Sagrado#ED#-872-09510-8 (&A1D, ISBN 9-872-09511-&36C* [[Swedish &BSwedish]]: ''Och vä&753lvde.'' ([#1#timbro.se/rand/ Timbro Förlag], 2005#ED#-175-66556-5. &&582 Maud Freccero.
* [[Turkish &BTurkish]]: ''&&63Vazgeçti.'' (&&161Yay#3##305;nlar#3##305;, 2003#ED#-759-67726-1. &&582 Belk#3##305;s Çorapç#3##305;.

===Re&206==

*{{note|geoff}} [#1#cix.co.uk/~morven/&63html &&402 &1B3self-pro&2BDd non-&&176*{{note|weird-&18Aelf}} [#1#st&2F9ords.com/&3EDayn.html &&402 &5Weird &&18Aelf (#0#fine &47&22B&18A#4#).
*{{note|Slade}} Slade, &&76M. [#2#&6E1a.tc.ca/int-grps/&18Atechrev/bkatshrg.rvw &&402 &5&&631&&402&&1C5(1998).
*{{note|&F6D} [#1#&F6Dcom/cfile/&70htm A &402 &17 &43&D56to &371the &13Elist &321 &299''&&63&&206a sequel to ''[[The Lord &0Rings]].''
*{{note|&22E} [#2#&6344ovel.&8A6com A &&402 &122depth &&2CCby-&&2CC Motif-by-Motif, etc. &22E

===Satires and parodies===
*[#2#kamita.com/misc/&67B&67Bhtml #0#Telemachus Sneezed#0#] &1D3&&76Anton &&7B1s [[&&67B Trilogy]] (&&2F9#0#Taffy Rhine&4C6#4# &1&999link to read the spoof.)
*[#1#spud&C7com/&11666/2/ The A&BA5 ''&&63&&44'] - &2FF&3F0di&152d &323out &2FF&2FA
*[#1#&86umorist.com/mh/0101/rand/ &&63Shr], a look at [[&4F9&506(&22B|&4F9&506]s &9449D&48CRand's &18Aare four &4FD&3F0&18Cr
*''Elvis &&44', an &9A'90s &101Abook mini&2F0&C9by &&137ry Comics &97&12D&C47 [[Elvis Presley]], a cyborg [[&&533Sinatra]], [[&&533Zappa]], [[Madonna (&C47|Madonna]], [[Spike Lee]], &4D &4EF&1C1&657''&&63&&44' &103653D
*[#1#mskousen.com/&&18A&&116/&44html &&1F0&&44, a &1095on &0&57film &739&5B7Galt's &&382*[#1#angryf&23Ecom/&63.gif ''&&63&&442: One Hour &&D2'], &FA0Bob the Angry F&23E


[[&&81957 &18A]
!41!
[[&&8&&2F7]]
[[&&8&&73&2D9]
[[&&8&&18A&295&&B3ty]]
[[&&8&&18Aby Ayn Rand]]

[[de:&&63wirft die Welt ab]]
[[es:La &&539&&63]
!17!מרד הנפילים]]
[[sv:Och vä&753lvde]]
#22#阿特拉斯摆脱重负#1A#
!1!
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§4<&7&&D/&7
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§6<id>41967527</id>
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!3!
§8<ip>168.18.146.160</ip>
!0!
§6#7#'''&&D'' (&5[[&&6B&B&&6B] word ''άνθρωπος'', #0#&9C&6C#0#&1D5#4#) &770&0&F5[[&9Cty]] (see &8EE''[[Homo (&8EE|Homo]]'').§2&&26[[holism|&B2B] &722&2C1: &26&692d &32l &9C at all &6A1&32l &8ED&92ty.§2A &480trait that &99y &677d &Dfrom &3A&9Cstic &1CA&5F&113&52&D18 indepth &36B&463 and &A8A&52com&241ns.§2

In [[&&10A&&4E], #0#&D&D6&99y &158four sub-&1CA 
* [[&CB&D] or [[bio&261l &D], &17&AF[[primatology|&1066&EE], [[&9C&17B], [[osteology]], [[forensics]] and [[&27&5C7]]; 
* [[&52&D], (&8C[[&4A&D] &1[[&&19&&107] and now &7A&79[[&10B6&52&D]).§2&&163&294by &52&BC&71&4Anet&C7 [[&A1C(&D|&A1C], &4A&EE [[&C76] &2A7 law, &4F [[&61A], &EF &322 &2A7in &482&89B &C14 &34D &4Azation, &693 &4Dex&141ons of &3E &538&1010&8&41F[[&248ork]] or &67A&283(i.e &FC&AA&4A&10F&7D&294&ED &229&3DBtime); 
* [[&3CD&D], &17&AF&E0Fin [[&B] &6FB&4EC&25 &664uses of &B &3&90&4E9&3E and
* [[&21], that &195&101&121&92[[&5F&19C]. &&21&1E9&530&697as &1D2(but &2D2 &248&1rest &0&4D &61&4E3&2D2&4&186&248of [[&101&3E], &17&628&CB&2CA&1C8or used &46F&FCor past &10Fas &8FB of &110tanding its &52&105

&&41A some &D&2C9 &1B3dividing &22Binto two, one &C22the [[&9Cties]] and [[&62E&CA], &4E&C22the &1D1and [[&729&546&283].

==&&9D&122titutional &463=
:''Main &&116 [[&&2B&D]''
The &4CD[[T J Brewer]] once &36zed &D&&&83B&E5&0&9Cties, &3most &9Cstic &0&47.§2&&110tanding &890thropology &75&95B &D0ng how it fits into &3A&34A&1CA

&&204&BC&2BDa &2D&31F&3B3&Ar forebearers &3&2DBhas &AE&3C1. &&28 &D&57t be &110tood &277out&254&0[[&&1C1En&662nment]]. &&71&537&6F5that &&51 &A6C&4Btically &752&9C&EE &&120 of [[jurisprudence]], [[&35], [[&E0E] and [[&3AB] &75&&9B3&122ormed &38&0[[&4A&47]] &162&D&44part. &&1F&673the [[&10Bicism|&10Bic]] re&D6&4En&662nment &1BA&3B3&C[[Herder]] &22C[[Wilhelm Dilthey]] &389work &35E&240&10&3E&5D4&3A&83&4&2DB

&&C38lly &D&698from [[&84&35] (&E61by &2EF &C[[&&1A2-&&5A2Leclerc, &&80Ade Buffon|Buffon]]). This w&A&1B4&92&7D - &259&23&187&&51[[&29Csm|&1F9]. Thus &1B4ng the &B &3E physiology, &&A1B&52B&1F9was more or less &711&752ng the &3BD&1012&1DC&13C &&71for &4D1f&7BCtance, that [[Lewis &&1BFMorgan]] &11D&DA4&D17on both ''The &&604&0Iroquois&856''&&E6Beaver and His &&C7'. This &4Awhy the &101&3Eof '&146zed' &B9&C&&4BBhave &9Dy been dis&6EBin fine arts &1FA &76Eide &&51art &43&54Cfrom &&11or &&158&&10A&&10&3E were dis&6EBin &&84&&35&&1FA with dinosaur bones and &1ECdioramas. This &7Dsaid, curatorial &2ABhas &35F &5F1lly &6A0&62 &69F&2CA&721&4F0&Das &955an &E0Dof &29Crule &4FE[[chauvinism]], &74its &16Dto [[&865] &44d is &297

&&Dgrew &25B&41B&84&563&11end &0&738&578&2DB&10Ccrystallize in&234&86form - by 1935, &37&71&127for T.K. Penniman &491a &35&0&2DBen&7 ''A &&4FD&&1DD&&D'. &&9A&Dwas &79Aby 'the &513&2B9. It &44sumed &169&19C&4BF&69&2CC&17Bry &26A&&10B5&A62to most &3A4 Non-&&51&19Cwere thus seen as &17Bry '&FC&BB6' that &15Dstu&5A2&102&110t&3&&5&525 &&224&24Bhi&47Dof pre&302&64F &17were &59&4D2but &7Aalso &FA3 &&71&&9B3that &&51 &57&87Cy &E0C[[polynesia|&&E0B]] &64F &1E5[[&&1E4&&3DB] f&7BCtance - &20E&0 &184it &361ted in [[&&124]. &&18Ey, &2ACof [[race]] &44tively &638as a &69B&1C2fy - and rank - &498&A9inherent bio&261l &3F7

&&&954&3C&34A&1CA&10Corganize &16C&117main &9B2 The #0#[[&47]]#0# &D91to derive &84laws &69reproducible and &C28&5A1. The #0#[[&9Cties]]#0# &558an &EC&1B4&5A&2A&120, &1&278[[&35] &3[[art]]s, &277&EC&47E&3C9e&106A&2B5&9&32&F4coherence. The #0#[[&4A&47]]#0# &698&5BDtime &277&EC&478&27E to &371&4A&2E6 &44B&EC&47Ea &D7bas&86C&4A&A1 &&D&7D&6E7fit into one &0e &187 and &5A&2B8&&5E5draw &860&5C0&0e &9B2

Drawing &8&29B&0&1D1as &BE&3EAnew &405olving &4EA&103 &10B1206but un&103 #0#&67A&283#4# – &536&8new [[&11A&17B] &69[[&84s&2F3 &2A1the &E5&F5&303&925 #0#&9Cind,#0# &79Bof as a &526§2Crucial &5A0&1B4&F&5D4#0#&3E&&28D&BC&325both as a &D7&885and propensity for &4A&2BA &449 &60ting (&188 &883a &482&92&17B&1F3hing that &677s Homo &C75– and &327all &3CCof &8EE''[[Hominoid|Homo]]'' – from &3A&3CC, &60 a &14C&495to &1F2&23Fthat &991&1FAof &61B&5E4&322and &2AB.§2Thus, #0#&3E#4# &4EA&D16the op&128&48&1ECand nurture; it &D16&60sorbs the peculiarly &&51&1A6on &48&4F &EF &C76 &3&BBas &3F5&9B2§2&&Dthus &D16the &45A&7B&84&47, &4A&47, and &9Cties &5F4the bio&261l, &3CD &101 and &44E&8ED&92ind &49D&2F3

==&&D&1U.S.==
&&D&1&&19&&9was &A6Dby &D20&0&&22A&&1D1&&3F2&3&&756onian &&C38s &&998&C7Ethnology, &CJohn &&696Powell and &&533Hamilton Cushing.§2&&34A&&Dwas &58by [[Franz Boas]], who used his &128 at [[&&439#A0# &3[[&&10&&1FA&5FD&&35] to tra&44B &478&74F&33E of &1BB Bo&93B&Dwas &39y &2ECand suspicious of &60dictated &11U.S. &1For &56A patrons. It &44so rigorously &546and skeptical of over-&5Czations &60tempts to establish &D7laws. Boas &294immi&25F&B2in &102demonstrate that bio&261l race &153immu&645&6D&9C&81Eand &EEw&A&3D9nurture &51&1EC 

Drawing &245&&D5&D15 he &6FC&15&4Dwas full of &1A6'&3E' &51&19C&389&17B&15D&9E6 by how much or how &16B'&146zation' &746 Boas felt that each &3Ehas &1Bstu&5A2its &14Cty, &60gued that &A8A&52&5Czations like &DBmade &1&1D1&2C6&127 In &772Boas &6DCdiscrimi&2B5&87immi&25F, &&AB4522, and &&158&&10A&&10. Many &&10&BC&37CBoas' &5FC&4A&6F9 &3ries &5B3&629&1B&12Dtargets &EDthrop&10B2ts &14A

Boas's &57&33Eof &1BB&71 [[&&B2A&&C74], [[&&76Lowie]], [[&&60BSapir]] and [[Ruth &&883]. All &0e &224&1BArichly &4DA&AF&17&156&&158&&10A&&4E In &77&531&1B9a &56Aof &20D&83&1097the &11A&2CC&17Bry &26A &&C74and Sapir's &751&&158&&10&B &535establish [[&173] as a &ACA&5C&47and free it &4A4&9D&751[[Indo-&&51&B]].

The &A2tion of [[&&B2A&&C74]'s textbook ''&&D' &55Aa &C79&125in &&10&D &&46&117&5B1of amassing &101the urge to &5Cze grew. &&16&&838&6D0&1'&&3Eand &&1D5lity' &AF&58C&5FBBo&93B &C[[&&74AMead]] and [[Ruth &&883]. &&407psycho&FAA&778&C[[Sigmund Freud]] &5FAJung]], &7C&2EF &7BEto &110t&3way &&D34&1D5lities were &EBF&11&D31&52&342&1AF &&949 grew up. &&43such &C7as ''&&4B5of Age in &&5B' &3BCChrys&21Am &3Sword'' rema&31D&B&&10&A2 Mead and &&883&1F3&815&96D&8&2DB&&5E5&3E8&62D Boas had &9D2for Ruth &&883to &103F&899 chair of &&439s &D&2FC but s&81sidelined by [[Ralph Linton]] and Mead was &668her &2A5 &1F[[&&10&&1FA&5FD&&35AMNH]].

==&&Din &&3DA=
&&94s Boas picked &453 to &A93 &68Etention to &BBE in &&3DA&86&Dwas &35Eby &A1F&9D&F7&1&383a &13A&5Fthat &1FDanalyzing how &19Cheld &19E&1&8B

&&149most &A3&311&14D&120were [[&&B2AReginald &&799&&919] and [[&&E0A&&581], both of whom &BAEseminal &7631922. &&799&&919s &9C1&248ork &1[[Andaman &&106] was &58C&1old &56 &44Ater &3D6[[Émile &&882] he &C9an &3D9&1D&60(en&7 &2F1''The Andaman &&18Brs'') &17drew &C87&8&&50soci&10B2t. Over time he &75an &22A&79&D1D&34Flism, &17&1FDhow &169in &19C&563to &CABout or &6F6an equilibrium &1&4A&4Bto &7FD&34Fng harmoniously. [[&&E0A&&581&&581], &8&3Ahand, &621 an unhyphenated '&34Flism' &17&710how &5F&34Fd to meet &14D&5A5 &&581is &614not for h&Fry, &28 but &FD&4DA[[&852] &60vances in &2B9logy. His &1C2c ''Argonauts &0&&7E&&1E4' &621 &827'the &158s &125&7FA &60 &22Ato &248work &585&1BC&1&248

&&581and &&799&&919s &32Astem &5fact &15, like Boas, &2ECy &828&1BB&60gressively &66Aup &169&17fur&B7 &72&2C9atic &E43 &&16F&BE&747with &&799&&919 who &624his &5FC'&&4A&&D by &617at &1A7&1E5[[&&104of &&B9&&104]. &&5late 1930s &8Epost-war &6F5a &6BDof &D17and &27A&3BE &420d &17&F81the &F6C&64B&&4A&&D &&1B8ethnographies &71''The Nuer'' by [[&&60BEvan Evans-Pritchard]] &3BCDynamics of Clanship &&AATallensi'' by [[Meyer Fortes]], &43well &111&27A&3BE &71''&&11 &&4B of Kinship and &&89F856''&&11 &&39&&4B''.

==&&Din &&8F=
&&Din &&8F&17Dless &66Fgenealogy than &569&4C4&120. Most &4tors &26E[[&&B29Mauss]] &1Bthe fo&110&0&&50&186&120 Mauss &44&8C[[Émile &&882&&882s]] [[Annee Soci&10B2ue]] &10F and &43&&882&4D &710&74&124&19C Mauss &9Ecol&38Ators (&C[[Henri Hubert]] &231Hertz]]) &7DF&852and &E0E&44Clyze &19C&17&2C6as '&5Aated' as &&51&2B5&9 &&374Mauss's ''Essay &8Gift'' w&26D&102Bof en&221&E09&44Bhropo&261l &AFof [[&1DB&34D] and [[&409(&52&D|&409].

&&BC&10B1ar &62 &&50&29A&D&7Adovetailed with &D31&52&5D &C[[surrealism]] and [[&410(art &5D|&410] &17&7DF&852f&7BCpi&1021. [[&&B29Griaule]] and [[&&E98Leiris]] are &58A&656&89A&D&B&&50avant-garde. &&&9B3&70&84&79''ethn&E01' was &4C2to &1FA, &&798&140&53B&16Dwith &AFof [[folklore]].

Above all, &28 &71[[&&B3DLévi-&&5AE] who &41E&C38lize &Din &&8F &&57F&4enormous &17Chis [[&578] exerted &6FB&74F&1CA Lévi-&&5AE&58ties with &&10and &&B4&BC &&1Fsame time he &58&C and &38Atories &1D3&&8F&34Can &C38l &463with&44Bhropology &43&4EE&30A&1BB&C[[Maurice Godelier]] and [[&&1070se Heritier]] who &67&102B&30A&1&78A&&50&D Much &0&1A6&A7&&8Fs &D&14Ais &778&0&B3most &Dis &58Cin &2Ay-&7D9&60&38Atories &51&34A&2FC in &1A7

==&&D&46&&4DWar Two==
&&90[[&&4DWar II|WWII]] &&B4'&4A&D &4C4'&52&D were &152&1A6&120. It &44ter &100&15two &67blend &3BBa '&10B652 &D

&&11950s and mid-&93F&Dt&429&25Bto &42E&1E9&DD&1D1 Some, &C[[Lloyd Fallers]] and [[&&B28Geertz]], &1FD&26As &124zation &750newly &E2&9&11D&478 &&3A, &C[[Julian Steward]] and [[Leslie &&23C] &1FDhow &19C&B53and &69Deco&261l niche - an &22A&12Dzed by [[Marvin &&B72]. [[&&81&D] as &407[[Karl Polanyi]] and &2AB by [[Mar&66B&&9B1] and [[&&1A2Dalton]] &1FDhow &99[[&81]] &808&52&342f&280. In &&4DF &&B4&&4A&&Ds &F6C&10Cfragment as [[Max Gluckman]] and [[&&30FWorsley]] &5A1d with &&9F5&60thors &C[[Rodney Needham]] and [[Edmund Leach]] &61FLévi-&&5AEs &578in&4r work.

&&D1Dsm also &17C a &2D&8Ain &93Fand &975 &34[[&A1A&D] and &7E1al &22E &&2EF &C[[&&203Schneider]], [[&&B28Geertz]], and [[Mar&66B&&9B1] &75&71Bfleshed-out &612&3Eas a web of &E6or signification, &17&7E6very &12Dwith&44B &55Fthe &2DB In keeping &B&171 much &&5E5&BFpoliticized &53[[&&26 &&864&&131] and op&128&4[[&&3D1War]]; [[&&9F5] &163&2CEmore &12D&1CF&22A&1&2DB &&11&975the &2EF of &3BE &C''Reinventing &&D' worried &55&Ds &E09

&&&8FD&321of &F3 &C&DB&710in [[Eric Wolf]]'s ''&&A8&3&&23&&E8&&35' - were &83&4&2DB &&18Alike ''&&D&3&&29CEn&1036' &F6B&Ds ties to &29Cine&4D4 &DAimmense &12Dty &0rists &C[[Antonio Gramsci]] and [[&&E98Foucault]] &53A&321of &F3&15Eemony in&4spot&662 &&693and &357ty &163&12D&1018 as &7F8&90&35&&798 &407[[Mar&66B&&9B1] (&585 who &7DF[[&&B3DLévi-&&5AELévi-&&5AE] and [[Fernand Braudel]] to &C73the &90&4A&103&&583&944 

&&&D6E&1017and &A91&2EF &C[[&&1A2Marcus]] and [[&&D0&&B28] &F6B&B27&155 &BE&890d why &186&A1was &127&60thoritative. Ethnographies &BFmore reflexive, &4B4&371ng the &2EFs &2B9logy and &52&128ng, &279&17C&8r &B27&22E &&16F&49&71B&5Ctr&159[[post&86sm]] &4AA&12Dcontemporaneously. &&1B2y &BChave begun &6C1&3B4to &35D &15Fand bio&AC &FB&A, &3&Dof &&A8

==&&4F&&5E5=
&&Ds &99&51A&7E6&7E&3E h&7BEolved it in &4F&C3&5Aways. 

Some &39&2B0arise &2F1&68&BC&108have more &F3&785&23they &1B4 Some &EBgued &15discip&834&&AC7&29Cst theft &&949&4CD&D38&F3&1Fexpense &84Dects. The &4CD they &772 can gain yet more &F3by exploiting &A1&&A1B&0&23he &AF&DA&23he &AFgain no&433 &37Blose, &1&34D &&5F7&63exploitative &16D&57n seen &1col&38Ation &6F0&174&&4DWar II &64B&BC(&CFortes) and &29C&1AF. &&41A &B7&22new&1DC&4FC&55bioprospecting, &13B&763 for self-re&8Btion for &158&23 &3&796of &FB&534&101&3E

&&3A&39&577come from &&10&Ds &113&52&722&279long-&72Aantipathy &4&5D4&5B3 The &86[[&10B62C8] &&D6E&93Fwas &32Bby &52&BC&C[[Mar&66B&&9B1], who &6FC&15e &128 were reductive.§2&&43&2EF such John Randal &&590&AF&478the bio&261l &5D4&5B3in&4&975 &1F9of &5C7 has &B56&1B&83&65Cents on this &388 &&2AEy, [[Kevin B. Mac&&92C] &3D8Bo&93B&Das &49a #0#&&7A3&308to facilitate mass &41F&23Aweaken &74F#4# ([[The &&3Eof &&BF1],2002). As &5C7 &470&5CAas a &47some &BC&CLuca [[Cavalli-Sforza]] have &AF&D1Borm &60vance &BEF &5B3&53&5C&2AE&8A in &5C7, &Ct&108Apast &64F &69E &53r mitcochondial and Y-chromosomal DNA, and [[&5FFin&E36ve &E3A]s.

&&18Ey, &D&17D&2Bent&10C4ent with &1F&31Dagencies &60ti-war &4F Boas &A2y &925d to US &574in [[&&4DWar I]] &3col&38Ation &154&BCwith US &31D In &2B2 &14EBoas' &4CD&6A1were &2EC&1war &40E&272form, &34dozens who &3E0 &1[[&&2A5of Strategic &&11C] &3&&2A5of War &&3F &&11950s, &FE&&186&&98] &1B9the [[CIA]] &3F&8area &15Cties &1B8&C5 &60&2D&BC&4B8&1U.S. &1Fs [[&&33BCamelot]] &2Awar in &&3D1 &&1F&673many &3A&BCwere &2EC&1antiwar &5Dand &4BFre&B54 &1[[&&10&&186&&98] (AAA) condemning &186&51Ain &A9C &33B. &&BC&3C4&10C7&1r op&128&4war in Iraq, &168e &850&A69&1C3t &423&0&2DB§2

&&ED&186&8EC&7A&925&4&5C&D&10&36A&0[[&31]. &&72&245of &113or &31ents may proscri&88Ehrop&10B2ts from &613&6EF&1026ngs. &&569&&2FE&&4A&&2B9&8C&11F&224ips &1EDy &EF8 &&37&569&&2FE&&4A&&2B9condemned the [[CIA]]'s Pat &&76 &&31D&&224&&2C9#2#avenue.org/ngic/&55prisp.htm], &17funds &D&1BBat US &32Bprepa&1021 &10 to spy &10[[&&19&&9] &1F The AAA's &1B2'&&31ent of &&EDResponsibility' cl&9A&29B#0#in &BF3&Br own &1F&2CBhost &1F... no &6EF&60 no &6EF&37Dor de&1026ngs &146 kind &B6&8D5to or &207#0#




&&D&F&1B4&92&A6E-&229body and &EE &&525and &8B§2&&D&110four sub&21For sub&1CA

'''&&CB&D''--&&5E3&0&5EC&&525and &8B It &71 how we &8A5the &103&85Ebody over time, &C1&9C&17B as &BE&3F7 and &16D &48&9C&27 &14A&3r &495 &4r &1F2&13E.§2It also &59&451evoluti&89B &229our nearest &504, the &1066 (apes and monkeys).

'''&&52&D''--&&5E3&92&EE&1&8B§2&&85what most &BCdo &2D8most &0&A2sees &FA look at #0#&&2A&&3CB#4# &2A9&1B5#0#Dis&A9C#0# &9D6on TV.§2&&52&BC&938to &109&19C(&61&26&533do &Don y&806&5F), live &AA&23&B7 and try &377&A can &D0how &DB&23live.

'''&&21''--&&5E3&92&EE&&525§2&&74it &AFhow &23&5A6&&525 &7C&23&9D&255for us &490and talk to...or &1F4 not &23&1BD&1B2y &FC&&A9Fway &15r &661did &&525§2&&B7ore, &93must &109F&8&54Cand &B8&15&23&1BA&&525&60tempt to &C19&72&F6A&336life &5&FC5&0r &3E

'''&&3CD&D''--&&5E3&92&B&&525and &8B§2&&43&Bis &84y a &49&3E &26&49Bhuge &1018&70Cthrop&10B2ts have &352 it in&&E08&5BE&1B4§2&&3CD&BCare &692d &55&38of &B, &327even back &4&57&500&408how &B&326over time.§2&&107also &180d &858&5A&204&B &90F&14A how &107&2D2 &808&86E&528&55&6Elike migrati&89B &A1C&6DCdata.§2They &4F6k how &Bis &143and &9E3 on &3A&31A&3E

&&3A&47 &1B4&9C too, of &569§2&&35 &81, &1DA &3AB even &2C8and &1E2can &1B4&9C. How &5Fhropology &5A

The &7EC&F&186&1CD &C1 &83D&70Cthropology &22As &561and &666 &55or &AF&9C &3r &EE§2The &186&1CDhas &117&7E1:

(1) Cross-&52or &513-&Dinvestigates &9C &4D7form &15 take.§2We &4D5erested &4F0the &7C7&10D&92&8ECand &EE, &3D1&528&69C&92ty--&DCways &386&57&9C§2By &7D0&9C &1r &139manife&4EB and comparing &DBmanife&348to &137 &86Eask &84&127for &9C and &84&3B7for &9C.

(2) Holistic--&Dtries to relate &139&49&3E&7AD&3Apart.§2It &110tands &15&20E&95&3Eare &228&137&6D&11Fcombi&B9&1C2&ABAor &493&ABA(&37&B9no &813and &A19&3E that &99y &5A6in &19B..that's just im&127).§2We &170&180d &858a &23s &3E is &573&4r &13E &585 &E8high &AC you &9D&1F5see &9E5or &19B&1&35B&0&4A5&1B5arctic.

(3) Relativistic--this &F&421yet &118part &0&186&1CD§2Relativism &194&15&517or norms or &105of a &3Eare &532that &1BE&3E§2In &236say, monogamy &5D&611or &473&886&3E but polygamy &5D&611or &473&44Bther.§2The &125&1BB&5A&3E &1C9&5A&6Eor &2EA&5A&6E&37Bmean &5A&6Ewith &327&7EF&6CD&EE or &2CA 

When you go &44Cther &3E &37Bjust &100C&32&3A&3E(&37when &80A&ACC&10B12A&232, you can&450sume that &23C&110tand &6E&B4way you do.§2&&59E you &2FBassume &15 don't! &&Dcounsels &87hasty judgement of &303&3E &3F8&70C&&7E&102Ar &4A3st&2F9or &C43&57&110tood when &F69with&842&3Es &563&E5D(&110tanding &0&4D. &&B7&152a &2A0ty &10&598 it &5D'&2A0, &28 &29&5D9&261that &1E0 with &&7E&110tandings.§2&&581s primacy of &CE2&D0#0#the &158&125&7FA#4# &121&530to &10B6&52&D&14A

The &125&1BB if we want to &110t&4D&23&6CEy, we must see wh&1Fr &EE or &2FAor &160mean &4, not wh&1F &67mean to us. &&E6is &504&4&3Ethat &6F6 that &E6§2This &6B&86B&169&317true &37B&169&317good - &52&722&7D&C27entail &1DD&722 &&543 &E6&&186&&98s &A2A&177(1948; 1997) &10&&D7&&524of &&9C&&A, as &BEwork by Sally Engle Merry, &D1C&1E8&6B&755&186&125&7FA

How does &D&1B4&3E

One &3Away &70Cthropology is &7EE&AA&47 that &1B4&9C is &723&113'&248ork'§2You &40Aget &7C6an&3A&3Ejust by &3D6&55it or &898&1B1 &55it.§2At best, you &11D&528what &23C&EBready &18D but you &11C&528&3AEnew.§2So &D&2A2&301&1F5that &5Fand &FCwith&1r &3E&377as &127§2&&85&8C[[Participant &283&67A&283]. This &6C5&EE5on &CCB(p&AD1ably &626y) informants with&1&5F who will teach you &72&3Es &517&3E4&658 &&1046you &1r &2E1§2Then, &377as &127 you will try to e&1Fr food, &537&72&408live &72&431 &7A&301residing &32&E0&842&5F§2&&&753easy work, and &26&450ways fun, but &B7no &328&69B&528

==&&186&21Fand sub&21F=
*[[Bio&261l &1D0[[&&CB&D])
**[[Forensic &D]
**[[Paleoethnobotany]]
*[[&&52&1D0[[&&4A&D])
**[[&&Dof art]]
**[[&&3FD&D]
**[[Cross-&&52&&AF] 
**[[Cyber &D]
**[[&&8A&D]
**[[Dual &C1A&CA]
**[[&&13El &D]
**[[&&81&D]
**[[Eco&261l &D]
**[[Ethnography]]
**[[Ethno&D8logy]]
**[[&&208&D]
**[[&&693]
**[[&&9C&EEl &376]
**[[&&375&D]
**[[&&1D6&D]
**[[&&39&D]
**[[&&Dof &EF]
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**[[&&825&D]
**[[&&7D1&D]

*[[&&186&173&&3CD&D]
**[[De&95ve &173Synchronic &173] (or De&95ve &173
**[[Diachronic &173] (or [[&&9D&173])
**[[Ethno&173]
**[[Socio&173]

*[[&&21]

!12!
*[#1#aaanet.org/ &&E6&&186&&98&&3A6 - the webpage &0&12C&ED&1A0&&8EB&1&4D
*[#1#&4Dat&E68org/wcpa/ow/09dbb3346fc1c2a4.html Race] - &857by John Randal &&590&59Athe &5F8&21C&254op&128 &4&5D4
*[#1#&367info &&DInfo]
*[#1#the&2B5com/doc.mhtml?i=20001120#3#c=2#3#s=&83D&&BCas Spies] - an &116by &&203Price exa&93Cthe &90&&10&&Dand US &31D&11C
*[#2#news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/&1334603271.stm Pat &&76 &&31D&&2C9 - a BBC &116&8&2C9*[#1#&367info/blog/&D&&4Aand &&52&&D&1News] - (n&9A &527&9B0blog
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*[#1#&Dnet &&Dnet] - A &85orientated &Dweb &419with user run &96A &4BD, tags, &60wiki.
*[#2#sscl.berkeley.edu/~afaweb/re&206&F9html &&2FE&&208&&D

#F8# 
* [[List &&8EB]
* [[&&276&A2tions in &2C8&&D&&A3&A2tions &44Bhropology]]
#5C#--What are our &66Dties for &174&14Darea?§2To help &478a list &&387&494&2BBin &&D &561&103[[&&D&494&2BB].--&gt;
[[&&8&&D&&D]
[[&&8Mammalogy]]
[[&&8Behavioural &47]]
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!2C!Антропологія]]
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#22#人类学#1A#
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§6<&4&&7CC&2A241925705 &27§6#7#!104!'''&&21'' or '''&587'' (&5[[&&6B&194''αρχαίος'' = &78and ''λόγος'' = word/&277dis&569 &F&F5[[Homo (&8EE|&9C] [[&3E]s &53re&A9C, documentation &60alysis of &101&534&13El data, &34[[&7A7], [[Artifact (&21|&B26]s, [[biofact]]s, &3FF and [[&46C]s.

The &4C0&369are &636ument and &D361&361 and &86&9C[[&3E], &110tand [[&3E&35], &E32[[&52&17B], and &1B4&9C[[&EE] and [[&376], for both [[pre&35pre&302] and [[&35&302] &19C§2&&26&C0&1Bone &0four sub-&3BA[[&D].

!D9!
As with &2FA&C[[&1D2] and [[gyna&376], &21&99y &17D ''ae'' combi&2B5 &28 &565&236the ''ae'' is &832&D7y &5F3 Contrary to &12D&362&2C3&53D&0&4D the &B25''&587' &6Bpre&725in [[&&19&&9] [[dictionary|dictionaries]] &6AClook &ABDodd to most &&10. Like the &61A''&5BB' &11Ea &4F8and ''[[&9CB]'' &632&4[[&71Darts]], the &2A3''&587' &5F[[&&10sm]] is &16B&123an [[&825myth]]. &&2F0&B25 ''&21', &629 &1B&1BE&139ay &174&69ut &4B &5BU.S., even more so &785tre (the &A58&B25&162 &43&C0accep&645 is &473less &7Athan not).

==&&FAEand &59D=

&&1[[Old &&4D], &17Ft&429to &663&8&F5&CB&121 the &29B&1BEre&A9Cng them &3&1CFand &73&110innings in &A18&561s &4C0 The &2DBs &D15in [[antiquarian]]ism &3&F5[[&&2E8] and [[&&78&&6B] &1B9it &32&84&BD8&B&248of [[&35]. &&1[[New &&4D], &21&5AD&1A9y &84A&4&1B4&92[[&5F&19C] &B1&697&4F3&0four sub&3BA[[&&D]. &&4Esub&3BA[[&D] &8EAthe &CCB &369in a &B2B&916§2&&7Csub&21Fare [[&52&D], &17&AF&658l, &44E and &101&8EDof &3E [[&173], &17&AF&B &5B&5F8&B&47E&7B and [[&CB&D], &36A&8B&92evoluti&89B &CBand [[&5C7|&5C7] &36stics. &&3A&1CAalso &8EA&21 &C[[paleontology]], [[paleo&C9D], [[&5E2], [[paleobotany]], [[&13D], [[geology]], [[art &35], and [[&1C2cs]].

&&21&28&156as a [[&10B4] that en&950the [[&47&47]] to illuminate the [[&9Cties]]. &&174in 1948, &E6&776[[Walter &&6AA] &B7Athat #0#&&21is n&21B&35n&7BAhropology. As an &3F5&2DB it &110a &2B9&60&885&15Csed &13B&10&A19 or '&A0 &52D&3F#4#.

&&21&5F&22A&D0ng &9C&3E&69its &101&121&499of chronology. In [[&&4DF], &93have un&479the long-lost layouts of &44C&BF4&639&DDcrises &014th &3C&3&AC9y lost layouts of 17th &3Cparterre gardens swept away by a &35Fin &104A In &FFB[[New York City]] &93have exhumed the 18th &3C&121&0&&16E&935&1A1§2&&99&&21is &6ED&A&F5pre-&9D&9C&3E; &C1&3E that &264&90&38of [[&174] for that &3E§2[[&&9D&21] &F&F5post-[[&174] &3E.

&&1&F5&1D9&2AE&3E, &17&22ob&3E0 and &294by &&7E&224 &21is &4E3allied with [[&852]. This &Fcase in &2BF&95[[&&10A&&4E], [[&&3DBa]], [[Siberia]], &4D&13C&94&8B&369mingles &B&FC&120 &0&3E &7D&294 [[&&E07Man]] &5F&1E7&21&100Cng with &86&3E§2&&1&F5&3E &386e &BC9or had &BC9&8E9 [[&35] &60chaeology &8EAone an&3Afor &7FE&110tanding &0&30B&52&463 as at [[Hadrian's Wall]].

==Importance &60plic&3FA=

&&70&9C&35&6B&156&44F &1EE&276. [[&&174] &DB&665any&94&1&4D&195&555000 &31E&739&624&1C3a &1D9&20&2Dtechno&261lly &3A4[[&146sation]]s. In &2B2[[Homo Sapiens|''Homo &C75']] have &264&ED &AD0200,000 &62 &4D&3CCof [[Homo (&8EE|''Homo'']] for &19C&62(see [[&&9C&17B]).§2&&7C&146sations are, not coincidentally, &16B&111 they &22open &4&104C&1Dorians for &251 &43&8Bof pre-&302&3E &17Disen only &2AEy. Even &46F&146sation &C1&BC9&7DC&24A, many &A3&9C&2AB &9D&11By &276d. Any &A1&0&E36ve &9A&62&92&146sation - &38of [[agri&3E], cult &2AB of [[folk &EF], &1F9&0&57[[city|&19B] - must come &1B3chaeology.

Even &94&1EE&276 &69A&107invariably in&30Bor biased &3AB&E12 &&C3&19C &616was &4C2&4[[&D8F] &1C2s, such &A[[clergy]] &1B5[[&859] of &23Aor &60D The &616even &146[[&A9Ecracy]] has &59been &4C2to &D42and &899. The &17Dand &4D&3A2&D8F &3D6&ABD&5A&5&431&&EAB&0rest &0&F95 &&174 &386e &1BA&3B9more re&8Btive &0&5C&27were &565y to find &72way into [[&C2&E68] and be &12 &B7for posterity. Thus, &1EE&276 &1C2&9E3the biases &0&BC9&1C2s, and can&690&AB9d as a sole &3C1 The &101&276is nearer to a fair re&8Btion of &5F &7F&26&230&&E08inaccuracies, &C[[&70Fbias]] and [[&5Aal &3B1].

&&57F&4r &E5&350 &40&121&59have &39&48Fto &36C&0&656&1BAthem, &887&2EAto &8E8 or &2F1&3C2[[&A32] &1098 &&2A4&4F7&21&Bre&A9C of &49Bsthetic, &1A5 &39 or &81&B21 &51&B&F7of past &19C 

This view &7Aespo&1BE&2C1&12D&22B &C''[[Raiders &0Lost Ark]]'', ''[[The Mummy (1999 &1B1|The Mummy]]'', and ''[[King &&9AFs &&2D8]''. When such &C20&230 are &697more &EA7 accusations of [[&EF947] &4D5ariably &24Aed &1Fr &972(see &&EF921 &243. &&380&797, &74E&17A &9Dre&8Btive &0&86&164&21

==Goals==

&&B7&7EAtremendous &1010&1&2AB&369on &248&13Band &2B9logies. &&406the tasks of &165ng &79E&102find new &1F8 digging &1F8in &102un&192the &52&121&B7n, and &254&3B1&405&102analyse and keep &7C&121 &&139&8E7&63&26A&57a &24F&3F

The &4C0&369&9D&40F&B4 &&B9&1F4&117&1016 &1A6&236of &4DCwhat &40&60&2FBdo. (&&3CA&55Fthe scope &0&8B&27D &60e &638at &496&243) &&168 &B7much &1A9&1A1

===&&34Asub-&1CA==

''Main &136sub-&1CA]''

As with most [[academia|&34A] &1CA &B9&329&2BF&2D[[&40sub-&1CA] &36sed by &138&2B9or type of &101(e.g. [[lithic &22E], [[&D8(&21|&D8], [[archaeobotany]]), &3CBl or chrono&261l &663(e.g. [[Near &&143&21], [[&&44C&21]), &3Athematic &692(e.g. [[&46C&21]), or &138[[&40&3E] or [[&146sation]] (e.g. [[&&124logy]]).

===&&52&AA&189==
''[[&&52&AA&189]'' (CRM) (also &8C''&3A8&189' in &&3DA is a &4C1&369that &46Emost &60done &1[[&&19&&9] and &26A&395[[&7E&&A8] &F6 &&1&&19&&9 CRM &21&28a &3E5&692&DE&CB8&0[[&&2A&&302Preservation Act]] of 1966 &1FC&0&21&7F9that &BA&14Aproceeds from &21B&4B7or &2D2&4A1&5B2&9E6 &&1&&19&&9 the vast &291taxpayers, &224 and &411&B2CRM h&&EE9&56C&26Athat &2B5s &563pre&35that &E5&3Aise been lost &1&15F&19B dams, and highways. &&13B&3Astatutes, this man&75B&849&31C&1C5on [[&A2land]] &7BColving &A2funds may &7E5an un&294[[&40site]]. 

The &1B9CRM &1&&19&&107&6B&668&1F&7D9&1C5. &&741990 [[PPG 16]] has &3A7planners to &26E&21as a [[&101&26Etion]] in &52B&39Efor new &8A As &698&227&40&579&110ake mitigation &7DB&5CAof (or &221 &31C&7DB&40y &E21&163 &1F&478r's expense.

&&AA&4C0of CRM &104&3DF &3B1 and maintenance of [[&52] &1F8on &A2and &299&1023 &3removal &52Dy &4D2&101 &1B3eas &24A &67&3Aise be &63C&74C&3B8 &C&2A1&31C This &1B4&4FA&1F4a cursory exami&2B5to &A57&3F1or &450y &178&40&1F8are &8B&1area &4F4&11&2A1&31C &&4F9e &69A&4EC&4AC&151allotted &10r &10E If &9C1&165and/or test &10E&A22the &73E&146&10BArdinarily &4D2site, the &31C&5Dprohibited &307 CRM is a &BD2entity, &9F&1&&19&&C2&&A8&94&93from &299&77&60l &24A &12E&961&1&2AB&0r &2DB

&&52&AA&189has, &28 been &3D8 CRM is &45Dby &299&77that bid for &1C5 by &1093ing &F66 outlining the work &1Bdone &60 &62D&6F8 &&&753un&AA2of &10&944&855&10&31C&6A8&E50the &F66&70Cks &10&AD0&829 CRM &93face &26Eble time &141re, &7A&7D&247&30B&5F6in a fr&D6&&D44that &7B0allotted &EDpurely &9C9y &797

==&&248&29B=
===&&165==
A &86&40&1C5&7A&6C8&32[[&40&165&165]. ''&&2E5l &165' &F&EC&4Btically locate &5A8un&111&1F8in a &2E5 ''Site &165' &F&EC&4Btically locate &B8&583 &Cho&87Bd [[midden|&C72], &46Fsite. Each &0e &699&5D&D7Dd with &2BFy &B4&29B

&&165&153&55E&2AB &1&9Adays &369 &&52&3E4and &66D&60rs were &108&6D3with &67Cthe &46Dmonu&6F4&1F8&5&1F2&F95 and &F61g &474&D8Ey &5C6&B8&B7 [[Gordon Willey]] &403&79Dof &2E5l &1D7&5B8&165in 1949 &1[[Viru &&54E] of &266l [[Peru]], and &165&244&24A &BF&291&B&7DD&26Aal &21some &62&D2

&&165work has many &29Fif per&35Eas a &C33&F65to, &37Bin &7B7 &10E It &2A2&1D9&16B&4ECexpense, &2FD&7D&503&26Ang &2BF&3BE of soil to &32Cout &56E (&&168 &165ng &1B7&2E5or site &57&7BB so &93&7A&E58[[&70F(&20B|&70F] &29B) It &AC0 &1ED&321(of &14C&692to &8E6&23) &A4&4AFa site &69&10E It &&&818&69Bgather some &500&3F &C[[&1D7&5B8&1D7&2A7] and &1D7&103 &&165data &658y &E75into [[map|maps]], &17may show &190&B8and/or &B24&314

The &1CEt &165&79Dis ''&190&165'. It &4FAcombing &74B&108on foot but &59&B&5Cmechanised &556 to &2F9&B8or &56E&5C6&8&190 &&190&165&40A&1081&1F8or &B8&D7&30By &B23&110&192 or overgrown with vegetation. &&190&165&1CF&71mini-&1AC&C[[auger|augers]], [[corer|corers]], and [[shovel test]] pits.

''[[&&E06&165]'' is &45D&219[[&8E5&8E5]] &BCCto [[&100], [[balloon|&F64], &37B[[kite|kites]]. A bird's-eye view is &ECEfor &10B3mapping of &2BFor &297&1F8 &&E06imaging &16A&1081many &6Enot &5C6&5&190 [[&&428&&428]] &3E5&263a &4C6&103 &Ca wall, will &478more &1080 &43&DB&263&3A&82Bof &B8(&C[[midden|&C72]) may &478more &4E8 &&953 of ripening [[&1086&10B7], &17&326&BBD&4E8at matu&1021, have &8BB&B23&103 with &C6&E05 &&E06&165also &C7A[[infrared]], &1A1&C16[[&435] wave&496, and [[thermography]].

''[[Geo&CB&165]'' &&&838&2F5ve way &4F0beneath the &1A1 [[Magnetometer|Magnetometers]] &1081&B22&D13&1[[&&192s &F63&248] &721[[iron]] &56E [[kiln|kilns]], some &82Bof [[&4C6&103]], &46Cditches and &C72 &&5E6 that &9E6the [[&8F4&851] &0soil &170&55Eused. Most soils are [[moisture|moist]] &243the &190 &17&52Dthem a &1D9low &851 &&B8&Chard-packed floors or &A7A of &4C6&EB&40B&851 

&&20E&93&26Ethe &5C[[&16F&F62&16F&A2D] &1Btanta&652to &B21&813 &3A deem them an &2F5ve tool in &40&165ng. Examples &872al &40&5C&16F&A2D&71musketball &D1289Blys&893[[&&42&&146War]] &36421F &16F&D1289Blysis &174&400a &738&3Cship wreck, and &172cable &774&221&D87 &&16F&B20&EBso &370&4&40&276&94&18Cmade &4DA&276 &0r &570 and refrained from &9B7&54C&5r &40&463§2&&1UK, &16F&B20&22soli&AC1f&7BColvement &1[[Por&645Antiquities Scheme]].

&&2E5l &165in maritime &21uses [[side-scan sonar]].

===&&10E==
[[&&10E&&40&10E] &264even &FA&248&3C1the &72F&C66, &69F&121&5F5&0&291data re&479&7CE&248&1C5. It can reveal &AE&82Bof &3F&108&450cessible to &165 &Cstratigraphy, &117dimensional &103 and verifiably &480&463

&&86&1AC&503&15&1048&46D&2CA&402&111&Ar [[&B56nce]] or &B56ence, &896orded. This &40F&4FA&52B&72&942&774, &1F3imes &605&128&F6(also see [[Primary &&830&&21]). Similarly, &72[[&40&98&98], or &16Dwith &BB9&2CA&402&5A5&1B&276d for &D2&22E This &6CAthe &776to deduce what &401&B8&531&83ether and &17&5Dfrom &5A&8E7 of &3B8 &&37&400a site &9B5its [[stratigraphy]]; if a site was &3A5by a &32Aon of &1A6[[&3E&3E]], &56Efrom more &2AE&3E will lie &263&DBfrom more &78&3E.

&&10E&&&838&7BB&8E7&132&60 Also, as a &680&26A it &9C6[[&113&1ED] &4FC As &698very few &1F8are &A17&1r &7C7y. [[&&70F(&20B|&&70F] is even &36Ein &10E&5BF&165 &&26&1A9for &2BF&498&397 &C[[backhoe]]s ([[J. C. Bamford|JCBs]]), &1B&1BE&10E &9Fto &B5Athe [[topsoil]] ([[overburden]]), &7Fthis &2B9&273reasingly used with &C6&1053 &&1AAthis &4C9&5F1step, the exposed area &1EBhand-cleaned with trowels or hoes to &BE7&169&B8are &751

&&740task &335form a [[&&40plan|site plan]] &3 use it &270&BE3the &2B9of &10E &&B8dug in&4&84[[subsoil]] are &611y &A17in &9ED in &102&369a &5C6[[&40&49] for &276ng. Scaled &AA5and &49 of &14D&B8&3A1&51Con site, &16Eand &23Cand &BBD&953 &0 are &434 and &276ng sheets are &E04in &368[[&463] of each. All th&&C11&3E0 as a &E03&276&0now-&63C&21&B1&1BE&996&122erpreting the site.

==Post-&F6189Blysis==
Once &401&103 &22&A17 or &334from &190&165, &26&3B7to &6CEy &1B4them, &7D8&377data as &127 This &26Ais &79post-&F6189Blysis, &B1&611y &31time-&A48part &0&40&77A &&&753un&1A9&10&18E&10E&37Don &193&1F8&38E&62&1B&C9

At &74A&494 &7D3&1015&1DCare cleaned, catalogued and &8A0to &C9&4C8, in &102&1C2fy them [[&B1Ftypo&261lly]] &23A&4F7&3A&1F8with &2D3&B24assemblages. &&28 a &257&A77&2F9&146lytical &13Bare &255&69[[&40&47], &E6&70Cte&1015&57dated &3r com&128 &710 The bones, &428 and pollen &334&1B3site can all &88Elysed (&219the &13Bof [[zoo&21], [[&5E2], and [[palynology]]), &43any &2BCcan &108be [[Decipherment|&D11].

&&7C&13B&2DD&47E&3F&1E2&20Dbe &111&&4B0&95B&C6y &4&D5a site.

==&&2B&21=
''Ma&&40D [[&&2B&21]''

The &2B&21&28&2C&3DD&EDsation, &3&5Can &3DD&1CE&13B to &1082&377data &8site &7D&710as &127

&&10E &146ient monuments &3&D2&C12&22&2E2&1C1&436of &62 &1BAe were &41D&10extr&D6of &4D2or &A32lly pleasing &56E

&&71only &1&265&15&4Btic &1B4&0past &69its &CB&121&1B3&1B&58C &&40&29B&367by both &180d &C66 and &ED, &34[[&&19Ds Pitt &&260]] &444&&B03Petrie]].

This &26Awas &17E&1&22Fby such &23as [[&&B5DWheeler]], &389&61B&2DB &22Ato &10E&C6y &&108D&4D4of &209&15D&B64

&&2A&22F &38of [[&825&21] &3 [[&E02&21] &22&A3f&280, as h&A&86[[&40&47], &182&C6y &20A &32Fof data that &26&533&1082

==&&40&CA=
''Main &136&CA]''

&&B7no &571&11A&21 &46C&535are &4FB. &&8Emid-&22F&3&18A&AC &B7&44&5C&A69that &2FC&4E3&143both &35&&798 &&23&193&8E7&1&2B&40&CAis &1A9y &78as '''[[&&52&35&21&52 or &3E &35]''', &61&75&2Alate 19th and &34B&251

&&1&93F a &2D&4BE &456&&177 &C[[Lewis Binford]], &D51ed &2AB&F6C &52D&35 They &2A1a #0#New &&21&B0&2CAmore #0#&E5&40#0#&186#4#, with [[&74B] &CC9&3[[&27E] very &A3&95what &BF&79'''[[&26Aal &21]'''.

&&&8FD &303&5Darose led &11&&B4&93[[&&15BShanks (&776|&&15BShanks]], [[&&679Tilley]], [[&&952&&E70], and [[Ian Hodder]]. It &200d &26Aalism's &1098 to &47and impartiality and &1010d the &41F&722 &444&79'''[[post-&26Aal &21]'''. &&28 this &22A&&7D8by &26Aa&950as lacking &E5rigour. The &D6Cty of both &26Aalism and post-procuessualism &74D&110&6D5

&&40&CAnow borrows &1B3wide &1CE&17C, &34[[&17Bneo-Darwinian &17Bry &7F]], [[phenomenology]], [[post&86sm]], [[&&103&60ency|&944&CA], [[&&A1A&21&A1A&47], [[&&34Flism (&3AB|&&34Flism]], [[&&693&21&693&FD] and [[&&208&21], and [[&&4B &696&21&&4B &CA].

==&&A2&21=
&&9A&2FC&2BFy an &ECun&A9C&850&54C&402or &5F4vast and &589&639&19B Such &B45&54Afascinate &144 &564in &18A(&C''[[King &&9AFs &&2D8]'') and &383(&C''[[The Mummy (1999 &1B1|The Mummy]]&856''[[Raiders &0Lost Ark]]'').

Much &F60and &482ve &60h&7BEeed been &45Din &5F1&1F2s &C[[Copán]] &3[[&&54E&0Kings]], &1BAstuff &124&21&6Bso &F5Fsensational. &&57F &40&A38&47D&1C2ignore the pains&2E2work &1A4&86[[&40&165&165], [[&10E], and [[&40data &26Ang|data &26Ang]] &13B Some &93&103such &7A5 as #0#[[&EF921]#0#.

&&168 &17F&6E4d &4A4&7A5&1&964&536 Many &423&125&4&215excitement of [[&&1D1 Jones]] &383and [[Tomb Raider &239] &Ainspi&1021 &10 &749&22B &&93&170very much reliant on &A2&177 the &200of &4DCwho &107&ACC&5F6for &7A&638 &&E8a &3C2&A2&180&1&230 &7Asparked by &178&727and celebrity &93 it &2CA&&C71harder &EDchae&10B2ts to ga&1&39and &19A&177they &503

&&1UK, &12D&21&2C9es &C''[[Time Team]]&856''[[Meet the Ancestors]]'' have &570d in a huge upsurge in &A2&180§2&&94&127 &93now make more pro&56Ffor &A2&51Aand &881in &2BF &1C5 &785 once did. &&4F1&25F&7Dmore &EDhas &A8Bthat &A2F&13Care now relegated to uns&3BF&414 &46C&85less &EFF&255than &90 Developer-&7D9&10Enecessitates a well-&828&D20&7AAwork &9CA&60curately, ob&809the &3B7[[&3BDand &8E4] &122emnity &E6F&321&1A4&210on a &86[[&31C&4F8site]] with &A92dead&5A4 Certain &E4Band [[&1F2&1F] &8EC&59&764&13Con &60&1C5 eit&87A&49&34Awork or as a &325&85&1C5 &&B7&4Aa &856&209&9D7&13Con &347[[&4EE&10E]] &60chaeo&261l &CA4tours.

&&93&49C&1F2&A1&6EEliaise with &1F2&9D&60chaeo&261l &19C Anyone &6CD&85C&3C4&1&248&E8&1E8&6C1&&984&2FB&4F3a &1F2&10F

===&&EF921==
''Ma&&40D [[&&EF921]''.

&&EF921&5Fumbrell&884&EDl &2E1that &2BD&1B&40&24Cfact violate comm&6F1cepted &40&2AB. It &71 much &17A&40work (&638&263, as &BEsome &5F9&3B8 Many non-&22B&2EF have &808the &27E of [[&26Aal &21], &1B5&1BE&BF1 &88D&9C2d in§2[[Post-&26Aal &21Post-&26Aalism]].

&&5F7&63type &F&174of [[Erich von Däniken]]. His ''[[Chariots &0Gods]]'' (1968), &19E&6CC&D9C&992&111&C7 expounds a &11A&78&4F3 &48&9C&146sation on &&192&2DAtechno&261lly &3A4&10BAerres&94F&146sations. Th&Fry, &79[[palaeo&4F3&CA], &6B&682Däniken's nor did &2C8&361te with him. &&C7&63&1EC&55B&55A&11renunciation of well-&58&236&&B4Aof &265&235 &3&3E1of &235&32pre&79B&696mind.

===Looting===
Looting &132&1F8&3B9in &32Cof [[hoard|hoards]] of &B23&B21&5F&78&5CD F&7BCtance, many &0tombs &0&&EC[[pharaoh|pharaohs]] were looted &44Biquity. The advent of &17Fmade &78&1F8&2CAof &C6&E5and &A2&180 &6B8&17Dso &659unwelcome &3B4&4&2C&525&23. A brisk &347&BC8&EDte&1015&8F0&3CA&3[[illicit &C12] &1DB &17smuggles &ABEa&1016to &299&8E8 &&1C4&7E5the &7B2of a &302site, deny &93&4D2&3F&1E2be &528 from &10E &60e &7A&1084&1Brobbing &1F2&23&0r &3A8 

&&2AE&A55ess &7A&90E&3CAwith poor [[&&42A&&4D] &6D &&7B1&999homes to many well-&111&78&146zations but lack the &19A&AAor &39will to &848even &31&178&1F8 Certainly, &748&83D &395act &2CAcan &469&532a poor &B8Cs &6B7make &3CAa tempting &19Apro&128&7B2&1F2&23 &&28 &3CAhas &434its toll in &13Cas rich and &886&A&&19&&C2&&7E&&A8&F6 Abandoned &AAE&0&78[[Sinagua]] &18E[[Arizona]], cl&9A&5C6&1&4A5&46C &22&63Cin &2BF&2D0by &B21&BEB. Sites in more densely &E8F&163farther east &EBso been looted. &&94&3CAis proscribed by law it &53A&110&A9Cof &385 &B[[&16F&F62] a &3DDtrument &83&4F7profi&645&13Cto dig.

===&&A2&881==
Motivated by a &56Cto halt '''&3CA'', curb '''&EF921'', &23A&BB0&C6r &A2&829&60preciation &10r work, &93are &652ng '''&A2&881&225'''. They seek to stop &3CAby in&9EAprospective &B24&8E8&0&B56nce &0e &532 &1C0alerting &656live near &40&1F8&0threat of &3CA&3danger &87poses to &47&3r own &3A8 &&1A9&5F3&A2&881&71&141&B5C&3&A43ent of &1B7&248trips to &1F8&110&10E

&&180&B4B&EDchae&10B2ts' work &F&A2and &26&25B&FA8&15r work is &59E&7Ddone &1Befit &122orm &6ADputative &4A&29Fof &1F2&3A8&285&170&7D&88Bwith &C10&&FE6civic &&583pride &69&1C5 &C&85&10E&1C5 and &328&10B1retati&89B &8Btion of &448&1F8

===Descendant &23===
&&1&&19&&9 &191 such &Acase of [[&&E07Man]] have &867the &F80&48[[&&158&&10 &1&&19&&9&&158&&10]s &60chae&10B2ts &17&57summarised as a &1E0&48a &275&6CB&5D1ul &234&935 &313&1F8&3&34A&36Afrom &1B4ng them. For &62 &&177dug on &&1D1&935&1A1 &4D&13C&C0&313 re&7C6&401&3FFto &103C&599f&618&1B4 &&272&ABC&3FF&2C6even tho&5C1&294&24Ctead &3ED &51re&B23 &&12Bore, &&7E&93 &206&0past &7A&90Ffrom &2DCtribal &23. The West &206time as &107F for many &158, &26cyclic. &&1B3&&7E&1CD &156is long-gone; &1B3&158&1CD &D7F&156can have dire con&653&1&8B To an &776 &156is long-gone and &151re&689&69its &101&121 &891igenous &23, &26&7A&7EAive.

As a &863&63 &&10&&1D1 &46B&9FB&40&400&1F8&399&11r &661 &43&&177&184&15&5CAent &3FE&A1&44&D6C&1A3to &629&72&AF This contradictory &544&44dressed &11[[&&158&&10Graves &&848&89B &&796Act]] (NAGPRA, 1990), &17&7BEto &AB6a &343by &F7D&6C7of &60&169to &C70&3FF Due in part &4&72Apost&26Aalism, some &93have &7A3&2ECy enlist the &8E3of [[&FB&23]] &56D&1Bdesc&429from &DB&110&1B4

&&93&EBso been obliged to re-&C73what &728 an &40site in &3A2what &158&23 &1C9to &728&313&25 To many &158&23, &84&B8&Clakes, &253&37B&14D&749have &52&48F &&13 &93&9Fhave &735&85ue &60tempted to &165&7C&1F8in &102&6CFsome &744from &7D&75 Such work &2A2&53B&2C2and &AB9&48&93&3&23&107&10AD&270and &1Fsame time &1B4

&&43this &28F&8B &303&885&951and hurdles to &248ork, &31C&29F&EDl &472&3C4 Tribal &101B co&468&32chae&10B2ts can &9FBthe &400&2DE&1F8&15 &26E&313 &DA&93ga&1&101B' aid in &10B1reting &72&727 &&B7&EBso been &2EC&13Drecruit ab&1BD&23 &4B7y in&4&40&D79

====&&796===
A new trend &1heated &288&48[[&&57&&B9] &1FB&1D8&F[[&796] of &158[[&54C] &4&1BD&36C &&5F7&63&75AJune 21, 2005, when a &85&52F&101B from &B8&010 [[Algonquian]] &B9&1[[Ottawa]] area &F5E&8Kitigan Zibi reservation in [[Kanawagi, Quebec]], &891er ancestral &3FFand &935&532— some &943back 6,000 &62 

The &43E&55A&14Fof a &C7E&888&4C7&3B7many &384 The &121&&A1B &34[[beads]], [[&AD2] and [[&96F]], were &1BDy &A17from &20E&1F8&1[[Ottawa &&54E], &34[[Morrison]] &3[[Allumette &&106]. They &ABpart &0[[&&718&&1FAof &&146zation]]’s &60&4C8for &5B1 some &74&D81800s. Elders from &20EAlgonquin &175&107Bed &89B&529re&935 &13Adeciding on &99[[&F5D] and [[birchbark]] boxes lined with &F5Dchips, [[muskrat]] and [[beaver pelts]]. 

Now, an inconspicuous rock mound &D4Athe re&935site &94&47590 boxes &657sizes are &B23 &&61&619were at &171tense &7BKitigan Zibi &85and &1FA &186&C0&AB6&461(&3C1 [#1#canadian&3CBca/&2A9SO05/indepth/&21asp &&718&&3CB&&278).

#F8#
*[[&&276&178&40&284] 
*[[List &132&1F8sorted by &BA] 
*[[&&276&93]
*[[Biblical &21]
*[[List &132&6F5]]
*[[Pre&35]

!12!
{{&1A9cat|&&21}

* [#1#arche&10B2.be &&512belga] The &&2A4cal of &&21 &&50&&21
* [#1#&21ews.org &&21News] &&1B2News &2F5pertaining to all &2DE&21 plus free news feeds for web&7ED. 
*[#1#&10Aacificpre&35com &&10A&&1E4Pre&35 &5F&34A&332&15Csing in &&10Aast &&93Band &&10A&&10&21
* [#2#nefer-seba.net/&&40&&248ork.php &&10ESites] &&40work and &A2F&3F0
* [#2#&D10lake.com/tiki-&F9php?page=&&12D&21&&21in &&12D&&3E
* [#1#&D&AAorg/ &&D&&AA&8&&631 - &&D&&AA&8&&631: a web &1DE, part &0WWW &&C9F&&C2 with over 4000 &2C2&10Fd in &15Csed &2BB
* [#1#&21org/ ''&&21' &2A9 &C9&11&&40&&C8&13E* [#1#&21irectory.com/ &&21&&1DE] - &&1DE &132&2BB&8web.
* [#2#cctr.umkc.edu/user/fdeblauwe/iraq.html The 2003- Iraq War #3# &&21 &&281&3CAin Iraq.
* [#1#galilean-&C2org/newarch.html &&16&3New &&21, an &71A&1FGalilean &&C2&8&73&110innning &369&3&6D5&106New &&21
* [#1#&11-&21net/ WWW VL &&11 &&21 - The &11 &21&419 part &0WWW &&C9F&&C2: &DCweb &1F8&589&11 &21are &7E0here.

==&&12B&3D6=
* &&C6F W. and Sharer, R. J., ''Dis&A9Cng Our Past: A Brief &&330to &&21' &&300View: May&248&&242&&E9 ISBN 076741196X. This &17Dso been &5BCa &3C1
* &&C8D &&15AW. and &&76M. Sanford, ''Practicing &&21 A Training &&EF3for &&52&&AA&&21' [#1#&90416Bield.com/ &&904and &&16Bield Pub Inc], &&19D 2001, &A1D 450 &3F0 ISBN 0759100942
* Renfrew, Colin #3# Bahn, Paul G., ''&&21 Theories, &&2B9 and Practice'', Thames and Hudson, 4th &2CD 2004. ISBN 0500284415
* Sanford, &&76M. and &&15AW. &&C8D ''&&52&&AA&&21 An &&330', [#1#&90416Bield.com/ &&904and &&16Bield Pub Inc], &&13F 2001, &1DB&4ABack, 256 &3F0 ISBN 0759100950
* Trigger, Bruce. 1990. #0#A &&2B&&40&&7F#0#. &&646 &&646&&2F&&141 ISBN 0521338182

[[&&8&&D]
[[&&8&&21]
[[&&8&&9Cties &3E9]]
[[&&8&&4A&47]]

[[af:Arge&E01]
[[als:Archä&E01]
!26!علم الآثار]]
[[an:Arquiolochía]]
#7F#Археология]]
!B4!প্রত্নতত্ত্ববিদ্যা]]
[[bs:&&84F]
[[ca:&&C0F]
[[ceb:Arkeyolohiya]]
[[cs#8B#
[[cy:Archaeoleg]]
[[da:Arkæ&10B2]
[[de:Archä&E01]
[[et:Arheoloogia]]
!3D!Αρχαιολογία]]
[[es:Arqueología]]
[[eo#AF#
[[eu#AF#
#E6#باستان‌شناسی]]
[[fr:Arché&E01]
[[fur:Archeologjie]]
[[gl:Arqueoloxía]]
#35#고고학]]
[[hr:&&84F]
[[io#AF#
[[id#D9#
[[ia:&&512]
[[is:Fornleifafræði]]
[[it:&&512]
!17!ארכאולוגיה]]
#A1#არქეოლოგია]]
[[csb:Archeòlogijô]]
[[ky:Археология]]
[[sw:Akiolojia]]
[[lad:Arkeolojiya]]
[[la:Archae&10B2]]
[[lv:Arheoloģija]]
[[lt:Arche&10B2a]]
[[lb#8B#
[[li#8B#
[[hu:Régészet]]
#9F#Археологија]]
[[ms#D9#
[[nl#8B#
!14!考古学]]
[[no#D9#
[[nn#D9#
[[pl:&&512]
[[pt:&&C0F]
[[ro:Arhe&E01]
!19!Археология]]
[[sco:Airchae&E01]
[[sq:Arkeologjia]]
[[scn:Archioluggìa]]
[[&1CE&&21]
[[sk:Archeológia]]
[[sl:&&84F]
!2D!Археологија]]
[[su:Arké&10B2]
[[fi#AF#
[[sv#D9#
[[tl:Arkeolohiya]]
!AA!தொல்பொருளியல்]]
#69#โบราณคดี]]
[[vi:Khảo cổ học]]
[[tr:Kazıbilim]]
!2C!Археологія]]
[[vo:Vönotav]]
#22#考古学#1A#
!1!
!2!
!5!
§4<&7&&E00Phenomena</&7
§4<id>571</id>
!4!
§6<id>15899102</id>
!21!-04-03T17:08#4D#
!3!
§8<&5&&15BHardy</&5
§8<id>4626</id>
!0!
!6!
§6#7##&&&15[[&&E00&598#B0#
!1!
!2!
!5!
§4<&7&&1CD/&7
§4<id>572</id>
!4!
§6<id>40369957</id>
!C!-02-20T02:43:30Z</&1
!3!
§8<&5Ceyockey</&5
§8<id>150564</id>
!0!
!6!
§6<&4Disambiguate [[GMO]] to [[Genetically &B1E&B1D] &27§6#7#'''&&1CD'' is a &1016&A9Aisciplinary &248that &C0Ethe &95exact, &84 &81 and [[&4A&47]] &D7used &1&2ABand &D5[[agri&3E]. ([[veterinary &15FVeterinary &47], &5C5[[&400&47], &7Aexcluded &5&59D)

==Agri&3E&60ri&52&5F2
&&149&3FC&3D6&BE1 &&4F1 &A9C&5A&160

:Agri&3E&F&885&2E1that &D1B4DF&13E&10&A0&146mals and &428 for &9Cuse. Agri&3E&4FC&13B &5B&1B9agronomic &60

:&&5E0is [[&60and &8A] &143&1B4ng and &39B&428&FDagri&3E

&&1CD &71&60and &8Aon:

* &&A0&13B(e.g., [[irrigation]] &189 recomm&429[[&F5C] inputs)
* Improving [[agri&52&482vity|&A0] in &1F8quantity and &4D4(e.g., s&1E1of [[&806]-&BDDnt &AB7&&DFB, &86new [[&DFF]s, yield-sensing &31A simulation &42E of crop &254 in-vitro [[cell &3E] &13B
* &&D1B45F&480&2ACinto end-[[&F5B] &2AC(e.g., &A0 &3B1 and packaging of [[dairy &482]s)
* Pr&10C9&89B &1055on of adverse &13El &1C6(e.g., [[soils retrogressi&89B &85Csoil &85C], [[&D10&189], [[biore&536ion]])
* [[&&1CF&A0&376], &589crop &A0&42Eng
* [[&99agri&52&4B]] &C&17&3E0to feed most &23&1&3C5&17&7Aretain &52Awith &1ECin a way that hs &B56more &1065ble than &86&4B
* Food &482&89B &BC8on a &3B0&DA7 with &15C&3B4paid &4&193&369s of &&4BB&897dia.

== &&1CD a &1F2&5F2
&&B&5F0on of [[&1CF&A0&376&1CF&5E0], &60in &5E0 &123&44B &3A&248 is &3C2y &143&1F2&163 It &57&C0a &13A[[eco&262], &68&26&4E3&B1Cto soil &6CEies and [[&14F], &17are &1F3&4DC&B4&737&1C1&44Cther. &&2A4&666an agri&52&A0&4B&66C&1F2&47B [[soil]] &36stics, and &1BE&AB7has &1B&294&1F2y. &&3A feel a &275know and &110tand &A0&4B &89Fmany &163as &127 &3&9Cdimension of inte&1021 with &1EC

== &&2B&1CD==
''Main &&116 [[&&2B&1CD]''

&&1CDis seen &5C9&9C&1B3with [[&&DFE]'s in&DA1ul genetc work, &24C&86&3FC&2EE&6DEdated &5[[&182&8E1] &CBDof [[&428physio&261l]] &110tanding in &970enth &3C[[&&D5]]. &&14A&26very &366what &71&83B1950. Intensification of agri&3E&DE&93Fin &75and [[&3EA&6D], &7A&78&A[[&&759&&137], was &4E3tied to &4D1made in§2s&DA5ng and &39B&AB7&&DFB for high &482vity, as &BE&65Cng &1F5inputs &C&748[[&8E1]s and [[&DFFphytosanitary &482]s.

&&A&E4Dand &12C&9C&60Cin &1EC the &13El &96D2of agri&3E&145&2DA&2AEy [[&DFDagri&3E], &162&8A and &27&254have &9&1091&200 &1C3agri&52&1D8&45Eled &4&8Aand emergence of new &21F &&406techno&261l &21F2&70Csume the &B54to techno&261l &2B0&82F&328&AC &C[[&D7Epest &189], [[&D10&189&D10&286] &31A [[&46C&7A7], [[genomics]], and [[agri&52&16] &21F&395lude &8Eto &2FBas &1EA&405&366non-&DFCe&81'&532. &&59E the &10B1D6&7Be two &22As &47Ea &9BA&248for deeper &110tanding in &1CD

New &31A &C[[bio&AC] and [[&102&47] (for data &26Ang and &103C, and techno&261l &5CA &71Fit &533&478new &60&21F &34[[&5C7&282], [[agro&12A], &618[[&20B&9EFcal &22E], and [[&E05&9E5]. Balancing &7C as &263 &104&84and &9C&47 of &1CDthat seek to &110t&3&9C&1EC&10B1D6 of [[&99agri&3E], &34&10B1D6of [[&EF&60ri&3E], &3non-&101&7E1 of agri&52&A0&4B.

=== Prominent agri&52&1D8===

* [[&&E53Borlaug]]
* [[Luther B&825]]
* [[&&5A2&&C6E]
* [[Gregor &&DFE]
* [[Rene Dumont|René Dumont]]
* [[&&1A2&&ABCarver]]

== &&1CD&60ri&3E&BF0=

Agri&3E&47 seek to feed &4Bs &27&43&9FBng [[bio&8E4] &2B0that may &10A4&9C&3BD&3[[&&84&13E&13E]. This &2A2&E33good &189of [[&84&AA] and &5D1&10&13E &122reasingly &692&10&1D6well&7D&244&692d &1&2FBand &C14&4B

&&81 &13El, &342&31Aagri&3E&47 are &230 of on&66C&6D5 &&2AEcrises (&CAvian Flu, [[Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy|mad cow &46F] &B1ues such &A&5C[[&5C7lly &B1E&B1D]s) &D22the &297ty and &350&63&6D5

== &&3BA&1CD==

* [[Agri&52&282]
* [[Agri&52&16]
* [[Bio&4B &282]
* [[Aqua&3E]
* [[&&5E0] and [[Horti&3E]
* [[Agro&12A] 
* [[Livestock|&&400&47]
* &&428[[&8E1&77D], [[&400&A4B&400] and [[&9C&A4B]
* &&428&744&&DFB&3BD* [[Soil &47], &9F[[edaphology]]. 
* [[hydrology|&2BE&47] 
* [[Agri&52bio&ACBio&AC], [[&5C7&282], and [[micro&2C8]
* Farming &397* [[Irrigation]] and [[&2BE&189]
* Agri&52[[&81]]
* [[Food &47]
* [[&&13El &47] and [[&13El &282&282]
* [[Waste &189]
* [[Ecology]] and [[&&84&13E&13E]
* [[&&1CF&A0&376]

!D8! 
*[[&&1CD &494&2BB]
*[[Agrology]]
*[[&&5E0]
*[[&&2B&1CD]

[[&&8Agri&3E]
[[&&8&&5E0*]]
[[&&8Soil &47]

#7F#Аграрни науки]]
[[da:&&B1B]
[[de:Agrarwissenschaft]]
[[fr#F5#
[[id:&&B1B]
[[it#F5#
!17!אגרונומיה]]
[[nl:Landbouwkunde]]
!14!農学]]
[[pl#F5#
[[fi:Maataloustiede]]
[[sv:&&B1B]
#69#เกษตรศาสตร์]]
#22#农学#1A#
!1!
!2!
!5!
§4<&7&&33/&7
§4<id>573</id>
§4#51#
!4!
§6<id>42147983</id>
!C!-03-04T03:23:08Z</&1
!3!
§8<&5Silence</&5
§8<id>84942</id>
!0!
!6!
§6<&4/* &&33&52A&&A8*/</&4
§6<text &88{{&&3Ases}}

[[&&1B&&F2s &&38Atory, &&F5AKhunrath, Amphitheatrum sapientiae aeternae, 1595 c.jpg|&41&A&2C0&&F2s &38Atory, by Hans Vredman de Vries, c 1595.]]

'''&&33'' &5F&9A[[&52F47&52FE5] and [[&16&73] &2DBcombining &228 of [[&1E2], [[&16Furgy]], [[&12A], [[&15F], [[&281], [[semiotics]], [[&A29], [[&24Esm]], and [[art]]. &&33&28&2AB &326[[&&78&&124&&124], [[&&42D], and [[&&4BB], in [[&&134Antiquity|&&134] [[&&4A2] and [[Rome]], &1[[&&E28&&45C&F5], &3 &413up &4&265#3#&6F in a &297&5CBof &1B7 and &73&4B &888&1F42500 &62

&&7E&33&17Dways been &4E3&573with [[&&511], a &133&24E&28A&1020 its &D15to [[&&275&&B1A], a [[syncretism|&EE7] &&EC&&6B&8E0and &8F2ry &F2 &&7Ctwo &1CA&17C the &430of [[&&691], &EA&880&5D&017th &3C &&1&265 as &964&33&6C9into &86&1E2 its &B19and &&70E&3F8&E9&663of a &86[[&24E&33], &94&101&B58 are &695mere &31Eof &24E&489§2

The &82&DB&418&&A89&111&A[[&27E], and much &0#0#&A1&11D &1BA&3D4&1DC&1Bbanal, &265 &721 or &E6ess. &&14A the discip&834&583&2ADto [[&2B&47&3E4of &47] and [[&2B&16&16], and &5AC&B19 [[&DF9&880], &&BC6&3F8§2&&168 &289one &&D50precursors &124[[&47]s, and we owe &4&78&82the &23Emany &33Cand &26As &D7&F3tay &124&182and &16Furgical &490§2

==&&3AA=
[[&&1B&&DEFettes &&25E- The &&F2jpg|&41&A&2DFThe &F2- by Sir [[&&DEFettes &&25E].]]

=== &&5F1a &52F&5F2
The &1A9perception of &3FD&15 were [[&EF947&EF9&1D8], [[crackpot]]s and [[&D0F], who &46Bturn [[lead]] into [[gold]], &184&15&506was &72C&0[[&134&228&420] of &192 air, fire, and &5F0&AA9most &0r time concocting &D0E[[medication|&B18], [[poison]]s, and [[&427(para&611|&427] [[potion]]s. 

This &2CEis &4C9unfair.§2&&433&82were &543crackpots and &D0F many were well-&E6&122elligent &224 &4BC&2F1&D1E&26B&F4a &230&17 as we now know, was far &55Fthe &AB6&0r &AD2§2&&7C&23were &494lly #0#&52F&1D8#4#, who &46B&106D&122estigate the &263&182&33Cand &26As. They &4CArely on un&4Btic &25D &99know-how, [[&7ED&41&517of &41], #3#&6F and plenty of &681&7F to fill &1wide gaps in &448&A1 

Given &7C&23F the &B19&A7&33is &ABD&110tandable: &4&9A&F2 &182&489&11Donly seem like &427l &2E6&AD3d by incomprehensible laws, &389&290and &510&31Bno &336&103E &&1E8&333&138procedure &5EFan &192like ore into glistening &16F &71only &84to &A5B&3E8&5Aprocedure &5EFa &16F&323&3A

&&1F&673&71&66F&4&82that #0#&1EA&190&5Cy &7Dcon&3E0 in &212even &&10C6&5F1&326of &CB&31&60pearance; i.e. that &33C&9C2d some #0#&14B&2FA&15D&612&110many outer &2F3 &46Aby &6CE&B58§2&&BC&35&0&2DB &82&763 very hard to &110t&3&1EC&0e &14B and find some &353and &2C1&1&570 &0r &182&5A1 #3#&6F &17were &7A&110ined by impure or &8F1&36zed re&1027, the &10D&49A&9E6ents, and conf&219&122onsistent nomenclature.

In &D47&1DC&256 &728many &D48&960and loops, the &82&80F&26Bsteady &4D1&1&110tanding &0&84&4D &&4 we owe the &23Emany &A3&33Cand &212&17paved &83D&10&86&13A&1E2 &60e &152&F3tay of§2&14As &182and &16Furgical &490

=== &&5F1a &133&24E&2DB===
&&16B&111&4C0&0[[&F2]s &2CD[[&2C3] &227&52E[[gold]] or [[&699], &3&117a #0#[[&D7&7FD&7FD]&&736remedy that &B61y &67cure all &46F and &&8DF &&4CF&B&&35BAges, &&A8224 invested much &40E&8&32C&102#0#[[&211]&&736mythical &54A&4AA&184&1Ban &DFCingredient for &21Bor both &1DC&4C0 &&82&9BC&F59and &177&53&251 &7Fnot &10r &CE4&1DCunattainable &4C0 n&1B5&B19and &73&67E&7CAinates &72&15E Rather &71&10r mundane &166&4#0#&182&77ustries &0day #3#&6F ore &CC9and refining, &16Forking, &A0of ink, dyes, paints, and &A16 leather tanning, ceramics and glass manufacture, &365&106B and liquors, &720on. (It &842&15&365''[[aqua vitae]]'', the #0#&2BEof life#0#, &44&1092&12D#0#&5A1&7C9ong &&A8224.) 

&&8&3Ahand, &82&1F3had &2B8&AD2n&1B5&724to &352the &CB(&182 &3F8&0r &10B4&5meta&CB&269 &&543 &1B3tiquity &195well in&4[[&&86Age]], a &12A&3C0meta&CBin&DA1&67&22as unsatisfying as a &FF&3C0&CBmanife&4EB For one &433 the &10D&1A9&2FAfor &182&160and &26As, &F6&A&759secrecy, led &82to borrow &10E and &31Eof [[&&AB0biblical]] and [[Paganism|pagan]] [[&A9], [[&281], [[kabbalah]], &4D&B19and [[&DF9&880] &21F &1BFeven the &D8Est &182recipe &429up &3D6like an abstruse &427incantation.§2Moreover, &82&7BEin &DB&21Fthe &1CF&386763o &188 &11D&69D&3E5&D2disjointed &2AA&1015

&&4CF&B&35Bages, some &82&25B&7D2view &7Cmeta&CB&3F8&Atrue &1DCtion &1CC and &182&33C &CB&9 and &101&26As as mere metaphors for &24E&F58 &C2&489 Thus, &744&2C3&227&52Egold &3&D7&7FD&603zed &17B&1B3 &DF8 &46F, corruptible and ephemeral &31&234a perfect, &3BD, incorruptible and &861&31 &3&211then re&8Bd some &B19key &1E2&3CF&17B&127 &&3FD&4&F2&12F the twin goal &603zed his &17Bfrom &A15to en&662nment, &3&4C6re&8Bd some &612&24E&4A6or &F3&1E2lead &817goal. In &2BC&D7&1EE&29&5EEthe &9AE[[&CF&603]s, diagrams, and textual &1By of late &CF&C7&259&9C2&74F&A87 of &E6, &D0D &3AAto &3A&AC9y &9AE&C7 and &151&38Ausly #0#decoded&&77&102disc&106r true &E6

Some &9Cstic &224now &82Ce &24Eand meta&CB&D0D&Atruest &1FC&4D2&EB1&1CC &46C&2BD&15&86&1E2out &1CC&44#0#&341#4# &0&1BD&&70E&120 This &Fview espo&7D4&204&423of [[&24E&33]. Most &1D8 &8&3Ahand, &1C2take &ABDthe opposite view: &4, the path &5&101side &1CCto &86&1E2w&A#0#&8B8road#0# &1&17B&0&2DB &DA2meta&CBy &712&A97&1CC&44#0#&721turn&&2FA&241no&94 In &21Bview, &4F1naïve &125some practitoners &1B5fraudulent &922fostered &73F &2FBnot diminish the &795&&97E&74e &82

===&&33&60trology===
&&74its &B8B&171 &33&28&4E3&228[[&281] #3#&6F &17 in &&53Cand &&A8 &5Cy &A8B&2F0[[&&103B]ian-&&6B&6DB&281 &&CF&5F9en &DEE that each &0&426[[&948]s &111&4&78 #0#[[astro&261l sign|&A90]&&6C&&D88&32&11F[[&16F]. &&82C&352&116on [[&281&&C6D] f&618&20D

===&&33&1&1C1&47==
Up &418th &2B7&&F70&C0serious &47in &&A8 f&7BCtance, [[&&982&&794] &84A&26Ebly more &1D&4EC&174&4&F5&33than &4C3to &21Boptics or &12A for &17&52&1B8 (see [[&&982&&794s &DF7&AF]). &&3Aeminent &82&0&&7E&4Dare [[&&2F2&&7FC], &&424[[&&15A&&6A3], [[Tycho Brahe]], [[&&15A&&919]], and [[Parmigianino]]. The &103A&1CC&1B3&118th &3C&B&430&124&1E2 &17&1B9&71B&1048and &226for &6FA&2C3 and &15F &1D3&303&1F1&B5B&&39F&A9&2A0&101sm.§2

&&1&652&0&738&3C one &58chemist, Baron [[Carl Reichenbach]], &60d on &160&2D3&4old &33 such &A[[Odic &1AF], but his &60&DB&1028&F3tream &3FE&27D

&&6FA&2C3 &5B4goal &1CC &9BCa &986&1sun &1&22Fwhen &8DEwere &C0&106Elead atoms in&898d atoms via a [[nu&66Fre&D6]. &&28 &14Cgold atoms, &7Duns&645[[isotope]]s, &EE1for &11&1022&8D &30A &AA7&65B§2&&41A &37Dof &645top &228&2C3— &2D9of [[&DA5olysis]] or [[sonic cavitation]] — &2CDpivot &0[[cold &107E] &288of 1989. N&2C&DB&2BD have yet been &F5Fduplicated.

&&CF&560&28&5E7lly used &1&22Fby [[&1DA&778] and &9B. [[Carl Jung]] re&710&CF&560&3ry and &10Cshow the inner &E6of &CFwork as a [[&24Ety|&24E] path. &&CF&16 &31Eand &29Bhave &9BC&1EAof a renaissance in [[post-&86sm|post-&86] con&2BC such &A[[New Age]] &5D Even some &8DEhave &6EB&32&182&745&18A&C''[[The Tao of &&12A]&856''[[The Dancing Wu Li &&C1]''.

===&&5F1a &230&1Dorical &60===
The &2B&33has &4EBvigorous &34A&248 &&Aobscure#3#&6F''&70E', of &569amp;&6F&B&0&3FD&DE8&7D#0#&D11#4#, &3E4are &444more§2aware &0&1A8&4A7 &48that &2DB&4D&EC7&34E&52&35 such &A&3ABand &1DA&0&1A8&175 [[kabbala|kabbalism]], [[&24Esm]], [[&&691], &4D&B19&5D, [[&7DE], [[&D0C]#3#&6Fand, of &569 the &468[[&47] and [[&16].

!E9!
{{&&98Car|&33}
&&2D2''&33' &76F&5[[&&F8&B&&F8] ''al-!66!;'' or ''al-kh#3##299;miya#3##704;'' (#3##1575;#3##1604;#3##1603;#3##1610;#3##1605;#3##1610;#3##1575;#3##1569; or #3##1575;#3##1604;#3##1582;#3##1610;#3##1605;#3##1610;#3##1575;#3##1569;), &17&7B0&35E&5&116''al-'' &3[[&&6B&B&&6B] word ''chumeia''§2(#3#chi;η#3#mu;#3#&9AD#3##943;#3#&34C) &E6#0#cast &19E#4#, #0#pour &19E#4#, #0#weld#0#, #0#alloy#0#, etc. (from ''khumatos'', #0#that &3Apoured out, an ingot&&17Efrom &&6BF''Kimia'' &E6#0#gold.#0# A &107Dof [[&&D0B], &1EE&55300 CE &77D &537 &87#0#the &78&174 &0&&EC, &17treat &0''kh#3##275;mia'' [&2C3 of gold and &699#4#. 

It &28&2E4&15&&F8word ''al-!66!;'' &301&194#0#the &&EC[&47#0#, borrowing &5[[&&793&B&&793] word for #0#&&1&392, ''k#3##275;me'' (or its &711&1&&536val [[Bohairic]] &1039of &&793 ''kh#3##275;me''). The &&793word &C97from [[Demotic &&ECDemotic]] ''km#3##7881;'', &1E9&1B3cient [[&&EC&B&&EC] ''kmt''. The &78&&ECword &78both &293&3&BBD#0#&16E#4# (&&124w&A#0#&&16ELand&&6FD&2B2&B#0#Red Land#0#, the &23D&4A5; so this &28E&11Dalso &D361&100B#0#&&EC&16Earts#0#. &&28 th&Fry &5D&865 &1E7[[folk &28E].

!2A!
[[&&1B&&33Digby-Rare&&6EF.png|&41&A&2C0Extract and &603key &1B317th &3Cbook on &33 The &31Eused &EBone-to-one &9ACwith &31E&1BE[[&281] &1Ftime.]]
&&33&C0E&AE&73&120 &888some four millennia and &117&198.§2&&7C&120' &5C&F57for &9AEand &44E&B&7AChard to &1020&72&4BC&17C and #0#&5C7#4# &16D. 

One can &677&1F4two &193&C6C &17&420&1B&2BFy &E2 &1F4&1r &31F&AB2: [[&&AD&33], &Cd in [[&&4BB] &279z&2C&52&17C &204&33], &389&Chas &745d &106millennia &48[[&&124], [[&&4A2] and [[Rome]], the [[&&53C]ic &4D and &18Ey &150[[&&A8]. &&AD&289&4E3&228[[&&7E9], &94s &&7E&33&75&59D&73&4B with only superficial &4A7 &4&193&&7E&EF.§2&&26&7EA open &200&57Be two &C6C&D54&755&361 or &5B8&E12they &17C &137

===&&33in &&78&&124==
The &694&7E&33may &5Cy be &E0Cto [[&&78&&124&78(pharaonic) &&124].§2[[&&16Furgy]] and [[&A29] were inexorably tied &19E&1&78&4D &A&D1B45Fdrab ore into shining &16Fmus&859&7D3&1Ban &702&427&AD3d by &589&517 &&26&2BDd &B7ore that &&33&326&&124w&A&BFA&0&EA1y &1C2§2

&&EC&33&15B&41D&53&174 &146ient (&&B17 [[&&4A2&&6B] &9B, &784turn &674&89E&5A8&&45C&497 &&45By no &1BD&&EC&541on &33have &89E &&DB&174, &4F9 &264 &531lost &FA[[&&10B&&9B8emperor]] [[&&D0B] &353d the burning of &CF&18A&46sup&141ng a &EDDin &&580(292), &17&ABa &Cof &&EC&33

&&168[[&40] exp&2CD &6A0&171have un&192d &235of &182&22E&2A[[Naqada]] &6F5. &&37a [[&315] tool &943&4[[Naqada]] era bears &235of &1E8been &1BE&49Bway (&136 &B265437 on dis&7C2[#1#&833gypt.ucl.ac.uk/naqada/tombs/finds7.html]). Also, &C8of [[tanning]] [[&400] [[Rawhide|skins]] &44ready &743[[Predynastic &&124] &7AF&A[[6th &597BC]] [#1#touregypt.net/ebph5.htm]; &288&445was &18Dhaphazardly.

&&3A&235&A22&9A&82in [[&&78&&124&78&&124] had &43B[[Mortar (masonry)|mortar]] by [[4000 BC]] and [[glass]] by [[1500 BC]]. The &182re&D6&3C4&1&A0of [[Calcium Oxide]] &1AF&0&E4D&111(&8E [[Calcium Oxide]], [[limekiln]]):

:CaCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; + heat → CaO + CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;.

[[&&78&&124] &1F5y &1BA[[&A16], [[cement]], [[faience]] &60so [[Pitch (resin)|pitch]] for [[ship&4F8]. [[Papyrus]] &140so been &43Bby [[3000 BC]].

&&8F2has it &15&678&&EC&33w&A[[&8E0god]] [[Thoth]], &8C&&275Thoth or Thrice-&&C6&&275(''[[&&275&&B1A]'') &11&&6B &&29&8F2 &4ABwhat were &1FFforty-two &&18Aof &&A1 &A9Cng all &3BA&A1&34&33 &&275s &603w&A[[&F56] or serpent-&D20 &17&BF&2C&14E&33s &DF6&31E The #0#[[Emerald &&645]]&&6C''[[&&70E]]'' of Thrice-&&C6&&275 &3A&111only &69&&3B8[[&&F8&B&&F8] &497 &24B&110tood &7DA&240for &&7E&CF&BD&2AB &1FF[[&511&70E&16] &723&9A&423

&&23&125&0#0#Emerald &&645#0# &667the &37B&235etical &47 #0#in &4A6&11Fy &2CBut &91E &BE4is &243is &6D7&3A&263 &2D8ver is &263is &6D7&3A&243 to &D7Dthe miracles &4CE&433#0# {{ref_&CE&&154&&185 p. 196-7|a}} This &F[[&A14]-[[&792] &362&83&4&70E&16§2In &236the &5EC(the &792 is &4F4&11exterior &4D(the &A14, &36Athe heavens &69[[&281], &3&192&53[[&134&228&228]s. {{ref_&CE&&154&&185p. 34-42|b}}

It &28&A5B &70Criddle &5Emerald &&645—#0#&71&5D2&1womb &11wind#0#—&632&4di&152tion of &B16from [[&B15nitrate|salt&30F]—a &26A&4AAun&743&&A8&195its (re)&481by &&C0D&117th &3C

&&14th &3CBC, &121&1DF[[&&9C8&&9C8a]]ns &64A&&124and &1C7&167of &&580in 332.§2This &1E7them into &4F3with &&EC&267 See [[#&&33&1&&6B&4D&&33&1&&6B&&4D] &243

===&&AD&33==
&&94s &&7E&33&13A&Cd &8&2C3of base &52E&1019ones, &&AD&33&14&97E&6D0&4A7to &15F§2The [[&211] of &&A8224 &57&8A0&4[[Elixir of life|&&1F1Elixir of &&50F] &7BEby &&AD&82 &&28 &1&70Eview, &7C&699&2C6un&573 &3&211&3CC&C77&B[[&D7&7FD]; &B7ore, &149&120 &2D0had more &693than it &337&A5

[[&&16E&DF5] may &22&EAinvention of &&AD&82 &&156in 9th &3C&2BCand &1BE[[fire&C7] &1110th &&3C &71&1BE[[cannon]]s by 1290. From &&4BB the &5C&DF4&624to [[Japan]], the [[Mongol]]s, the Arab &3C5&&A8 Gun&DF5&742&11Mongols &2AB&&A10 in 1241, &122&&A8&4CF&B14th &3C

&&16E&DF5was most &56D&43B&1&35Beast &90it &1DC&7E5to &&4BB Salt&30F the &62Eoxidising &7E1 was &1DC&84y in &&42Dand
&3CBSalt &1DB&994 &1&&35BEast.

&&AD&289&4E3&228Taoist &500[[&99&&AD&15F&15F], &C[[&&C0C] and [[Moxibustion]], &23A[[&9D4arts]] &C[[Tai Chi Chuan]] and [[Kung Fu]] (&20ETai Chi &1B7 &1C9&15r art &C97&5Hygienic or &&73&2AD&&7E9 &274&&CF.

===&&1D1&33==
&&16B&15B&1West &AC&36and &2B[[&&42D]n &33 An 11th &3C[[Iran|Persia]]n &F2&244[[al-Biruni]] &446&15 #0#&EB&47&142&33&3A&ABDpeculiar &4, &3A&8C[[Rasavātam]]. It &194&7D3&3A&4C2to &11F&33B, drugs, &E14 and &15F, &70&17are &434from &428. Its &14B&B79the &3BDof &120were ill &55Fhope and gave back &539to fading old age.#0#§2&&16B&1E7a text &A9this &47is ''The Vaishashik Darshana'' of [[Kanad]]a (fl. 600 BC), who &156an &5EB&CA&506&3C&90Democritus.

The &2BCof [[Ayurvedic]] &&15Fand &&47&EBpects &143&33 such &1E8cures &EDl &111&46F. The &2D3ties in [[Ayurveda]] &&C6Dare &713had &29B&83treat &23by &CAAoils &106.

Some &23&EBso &98E&11F&2D3ties &7B[[&FF] &0[[Samkhya]] &73&120of &&B4F&3&FF&1CC &&3F1&B7&5F &4B7&4A7&7Btwo &4B &5Fopen &200

The Rasavadam was &110tood by very few &23&1Ftime. Two &39E were &&636and Nityanadhiya. &&636&44buddhist monk who, &326&171 ran the &C6&2Fof Nagarjuna Sagar. His &1B8book, Rasaratanakaram, is &4BE&1E7&9A&&1D1&15F 
In &99&&1D1medicinal &40C'rasa' &716as '&3D0 and &&636was said &9C&75a &2B9to &587&3D0in&898d. Much &1D&1BD&174 are &355us, but his &617 &152have &3C2&463&99&&1D1&15F(Ayureveda) &5A0day.

===&&33&1&&6B&4D==
&&121&80F[[&&580] in &&124&44&C&741&CF&A1 and &5F3its preeminence &69most &0&&3B8&&10B&6F5. &&121 &529 the &57F&322&0&&EC and melded &B the &202of [[Pythagoras|&&C0Bsm]], [[ionianism]], and [[&8DD]. &&C0B&16is, &405 the &2A3&2D0rule &467 &361ting &5&283 of &71F &51D and geometric shapes like tri&DC2 &7BA&433&629a [[&1021] &15D&847 [[Ionia]]n &7F was &FD&8&362&15&506&15D&7DB&69&A7Aon [[&598&84&2E6]; t&385is &184&9C&361ted with [[Thales]] &9E&10BE[[Anaximander]], &22C&75by [[&&161] and [[&&E], &389&C7came &1Ban &F83&49&33§2&&29this &362 &467&57&156by &449unified [[law (&562|&84laws]] that &57&2DConly &69careful, &F60 and ex&10A7&73explo&1021s. The &42A&7E1&34Bto &57F&16&11&&6B was [[&8DD], a &362&A5D&1&&B3&697post-&&B3[[&&10B&F5], &15&4Dis &DF8&68&71&1C8in a flawed &916 &6D&2BA&AC&263&24E&6FA&67lead to &7A0§2They &12B&4C[[god (&D0A|God]] &DB#0#&6F6&11D&506&1&1C2c &2C1 but &15&506&1A1#0#from#0# him, but was &A64&1&26A(&51&444&A64&11&D1Bressions of Adam and Eve, i.e. [[&1BDsin]]).§2&&29Gnostic &362 by &69Aing the cosmos, &1EC &1B5creatures &0&4D one &69A the True God.§2Gnostics &73seek &7A0from sin, &24Ctead seek &724&A15 &F01that sin is &955a &863of &A15 &&161ic and neo-&&161ic &236&55&D7 &3omnipotence &727&3C4&FE8

One very &A3&5D4&34B&5BDtime, &361ted by [[Empedocles]] and &75by &&E was &169&6E&1&506were &35Efrom only &420 ''&192', ''air'', ''&2BE', and ''fire''. &&29&&E each &228&140sphere to &17it &8A2&23A&17it &67&323if left undisturbed. {{ref_&CE&&2C6&&2C6 p. 16|a}}§2

The &420&0&&6Bwere &41D&683&31A&6FA not &49A as our &86&466 #0#...True &33&1F3&44B&192 air, &5F0fire as corporeal or &182&33C&1&8Bday &2C1&&726 The &420are &2F1&29D &1FC&5C &465&2D9&162the amorphous and purely &49A&54A&244&8EC&57&9B5&1E9in &5Aated form.#0# {{ref_&CE&&791&&791 p. 66|a}} &&D2&82(if &&3D0&&E&57&8C&82 &377&75the &B19l &3F8&63&5D4

===&&33&1&&10B&&F5==
The [[&&78Rome|&&10B]] &37C&&6B&33and &FF just &A &37C&26A&&6B&A1and &16 &&11end &0[[&&10B&F5] &121&CF&16&AB&6F3&4&202&0&&EC &3BBthe cult of &&511 {{ref_&CE&&2C6&&2C6b}}

&&28 &38of [[&&B3ty]] &1&&F5&1E7a &8B2&80D&449 &F55from [[&&19Dne of Hippo|&&19Dne]] (354-430 AD), an &9A&&B3&9Bwho &24B&1D&322&18Cy &30A[[fall &0&&10B&&F5]. In &4D8 he felt that [[&1A3] and [[&91C] &15D&83&110tand God, but [[&2AA&16] was evil: #0#&&B7&4A&8B&1soul, &2D9&0e same bodily &2C1 a &5C7empty longing and &A3C&17aims &450 &2E2pleasure &1flesh &44A acquiring &1FF&53flesh, &1D4empty &A3C&52dignified &11&311of &2BA&4&5DB {{ref_&CE&&19Dne|&&19Dne, p. 245|a}}

&&19Dnian &267were &9FAy anti-&2AA yet when &&D4&2AA&13Bwere made &255&4West &&E81shunned.§2&&152 &&19Dnian &7F w&F6in&10B7d in [[&44C&5F] &14A&83show &5F1&7Dun-Godly.

Much &0&&10B&15A&&33 &6D7&0&&6B and &&EC, &464lost. In &&580 the &6D6of &CF&AF&1&&10B&&F5 &7D3was &2ADoral and &1&25Esecrecy &16Bwas &DF3to &4AB (Whence the &5C#0#&70E&4FAmean #0#&6EFve#0#.) {{ref_&CE&&2C6&&2C6 p. 155|c}} &&26&127&3E8&174was &7F9&&580 &6D&71&79Clost or &63Cin fires &3turbulent &6F5 that &22C

===&&33&1&&45C&4D==
&&DDfall &0&&10B&&F5 the &663of &CF&8A&53A&4&&35BEast. Much more &15B&55[[&&53C]ic &33&68&71&328&D30 &543 most &0&31F&174 &71Ccome down &53&62were &4B2&&45C&497 {{ref_&CE&&154&&185p. 46|c}}

The &&45C&4D&44melting pot &EDchemy. [[&&161]nic and [[&&E&&D4] &7F, &17&&72Fbeen &72E&529 into &57F&47 &17E&1Bassimilated.§2&&45C&82&C[[Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi|al-Razi]] (&&2E8Rasis or Rhazes) &370key &182&284&0r own, such &A&79Dof [[di&152tion]] (&2D2 ''[[alembic]]&856''[[&1038]'' are of [[&&F8&B&&F8] &361, the [[&B13acid|&B12], [[&87Facid|&87F], and [[&8DCacid|&8DC] acids, [[&B15&947te|soda]], [[potash]], &2DA (&&5&&F8&311&0last two &33C ''al-natrun&856''al-qalīy'', &&2E8zed into ''Natrium&856''Kalium'', come &66A&31Efor [[&B15] and [[&DF2].) The &481that [[aqua regia]], a mixture of &8DCand &B12acids, &11Ddissolve the &1019t &16F gold, w&26Dfuel the imagi&2B5of &82&&E3B&597

&&45C&9B also made &C6&166to &CF&511§2
&&31&30A&2EF&14D&921&44guably [[Abu Musa &&A88Ibn Hayyan|&&A88Ibn Hayyan]] (&&F8#3##1580;#3##1575;#3##1576;#3##1585; #3##1573;#3##1576;#3##1606; #3##1581;#3##1610;#3##1575;#3##1606;, &&2E8Geberus; &108&B11in &&42as Geber). &&A88s &FA6goal was [[takwin]], &7D3ficial &117life &1&CF&38Atory, &892&122luding &559He analyzed each &&D4&228in &1F8four &494&465of ''hotness'', ''coldness'', ''dryness'', and ''moistness''. {{ref_&CE&&154&&154 p. 29|d}}§2&&29Geber, in each &16Ftwo &0e &465were &10B1&7BA two were exterior. &&37lead was &773y cold and dry, &43gold was &838moist.§2Thus, &&A88theorized, by rear&6C1the &465&4CE&16F a &5A&16F&67&570 {{ref_&CE&&154&&185 p. 29|e}} By this &1A3ng, the &32C&10[[&211] &50Aroduced to &&7E&33 &&A88&75an e&38Ate [[&D09] &9411root &1EF of a &54As name in &&F8 when &697with &20E&489 held &9AC &4&228s &CB&6CEies. 

&&26now comm&6F1cepted that &&AD&33&17C &&F8&82{{ref_&CE&&DC&&DCpp. 33-59|a}}{{ref_&CE&&154&&185 p. 10-22|f}}, &168&E12of &395luence &74D&1E6of &6D5 Likewise, [[&&B4FHindu]] &2BA&44similated into &&45C&33 &44Aa&1&E12and &1C6&63&9Dwell &111

===&&33&52A&&A8==
[[&&1B&&157&A&&F21.jpg|&41&2DF&A''The &&F2in &&32C&0&&9B Stone''. By [[&&157W&764Derby]], [[1771]].]]
Beca&5Cits &3C2&4A7 &4&&3B8&&10B&3E, &289&4C9&6E7&22Dinto &&B3&16 and &&44C&&A8224 &377&FE8&&45C&CF&A1§2[[Gerbert of Aurillac]], &1B4&D2&1Bome [[Pope Silvester II]], (d. 1003) &44ong &23&2D4&&45C&47to &&A8from [[&&F4].§2&&D2men &C[[Adelard of Bath]], &6A6&112th &3C &1E7&1F5&2BA§2But &8E13th &578moves were &2ADassimilative. {{ref_&CE&&EB&&EBp. 124, 294|a}}

&&14D&6F5&B7&420d some &D13&5[[&&19Dne of Hippo|&&19Dnian]] &14Bof &31F&&B3&3B3 [[&&B10of &&D08&&424&&B10] (1033–1109) &44&&883ne &553 &91Cmust &1037&2A0sm, as &&19Dne &1FCthe&10B2ns &174&&B10had &184 but &&B10put forth the &845that &91Cand &2A0sm were &D07and &4A8&2A0sm in a &&B3&463§2His &206set the &AB2&10&73&EC9to &ABA [[&&30F&&C6B] &22C&&B10s work, laying the &1DCtion &EDceptance of &&D4&7F &90&23&C7&15C&47F&74F§2His &193&463&289his &2A3&&161ic &D7 &DB&EB&352&3B2&348man's [[&A55ess]]. &&C6Balso &4Btized the &55F&73&425. {{ref_&CE&&EB&&EB p. 287-8|b}}

[[&&76&&C0A] (1170–1253) &44pioneer &0&E5&CA&1E2&D2be used and &CBA&11&82§2He took
&&C6Bs &29B&146lys&5F &D4Bthe &5C&283, &25D and &684&691&E5&C09 &&C0Aalso did much work to &BA5&&161ic and &&D4&449 {{ref_&CE&&EB&&EBpp. 294-5|c}}

[[&&49Fs &&258] (1193–1280) &48A&&6A3] (1225–1274) were both [[&&DF1Order|&&DF1]s who &294&&Eand &563at reconciling &390 &48&BD&&B3ty.§2&&6A3also did &&C71of &7DB&3EA&16D&2B9].§2He even went as far as &2BDng that &D7 &15D&18Donly &69[[&261l &1A3ng]], and, &74[[&1A3] &11Crun in &12CGod, &1A3&151&D07with [[&895]. {{ref_&CE&&EB&&EBp. 290-4, 355|d}}. This ran &8B2&4&1A9y held &&161ic &2A3&D7 were &1DC&69[[&E99illumi&2B5] &834 &&258and &&6A3were &1C3&23&38E&24E&36B&CF&CA and &11D&129&1B&82&135 &5F0&15e two did &16B&1&336[[&25D]. 

&&23true &F2&52A&&A8was [[&&2F2&&7FC].§2His work did &377&EDchemy as [[&&76&&2D7]'s w&26Ddo for [[&1E2] and [[&&6A0&&C99&&6A0]'s for [[&2E0] and [[&12A]. &&7FC(1214–1294) &44 &&90D[[&&8DB] who &735[[optics]] and [[&173&B]] in &198&33 The &&8DBi&DA2of &2E2&8&4D&51&A1F&4B&241his conviction that &25Dwas &36Ethan &1A3ng: #0#&&0&117ways &97men &666&15 acquire [[&A1] of &6E &155 [[&1A3&1A3ng]], and [[&1FF]; only &1E1is &2F5ve &60le &2D4&924&4intellect.#0# (&&7FCp. 367) #0#[[&&2AA&&47] &B5 &387 &244&3A&47. It &9B5&4A6 &17&1A3ng from [[law (&562|&5C&14B] &67&1F3have &18D#0# {{ref_&CE&&EB&&EBp. 294-5|e}}§2&&2F2&&7FC&17Dso been &995with &361ting the &32C&10&211&3&B14of life: #0#That &15F&17will &B5Aall impurities and corruptibilities &5&992&16F will also, &1&845&0wise, take off so much &0corruptibility &0body that &9Clife &5Dprolonged for many &251&&B5idea of [[&50F] was re&1C1 &B&72E[[longevity|long life]]; &46all, man's time on &&192was &2F1to wait and prepare for &50F&1&4D&727 &&50Fon &&192&DBmesh with &&B3&895§2{{ref_&CE&&DC&&DCp. 37-8|b}}

&&7FC&153&1D7&F2&0high &35Bages, &862w&&&83B&178 &&6D9were &7D4&10AFess &82&0fifteenth &69&738&251 &&3A&3FC&&7FCs time &6AB&AE&EC1 &&57 &1FC&6D0y, n&9Aall were &C5&0clergy.§2&&16F&2F1&68few &23&514parochial &1B7 &815&133to &C73the &&F8&847&C7§2Also, &33&5BDtime was &43Dd &11&147as &6D8&2B9of &E1Cand &3EA&895 &&289&180ng &4wide &346&147en &2FD&6CCa &2A0stic view &&39Fwhen men were just &33Ato &528&55&2A0sm. {{ref_&CE&&DC&&DCp. 24-7|c}}

So &11end &0thirteenth &2B7had &75&323&1092&103 &3E1&362 Adepts &184&1&A14&792&236of &&275 &C1&800they &4C&26As &70Cfect &717&4D&33C&11D&EB &2F5&8&5EC(e.g., &85A&11D&528&600of &DF0gold, one &11D&1C6&79Dto purify the [[soul|&9Csoul]].) They &184&1&420&3four &465as &156&263 &3 &140&3C2&120of cloaking &72&1EE&745a labyrinth of coded [[&DEF] set with traps to mislead the uninitiated. &&18Ey, the &82&2AB &72art: they &2ECy &5A1d with &182 &735[[&283]s and [[&CA&236] &268&467&713ed. &&72&7C7&16r&6C9&1F0r &2A3man's soul was &2D1&1D3&12F&DDf&861Adam.§2By &DF0&149&95man's soul, man &15Dre&19with God. {{ref_&CE&&154&&185p. 149|g}}

&&&C08&4E0e &206&110ent &59B&35F [[&&DEof Ockham]], an [[&&90D] &&8DBwho &5A21349, &B43the [[Thomist]] &3A2&576&48&91Cand &1A3 His view, &55E&22D&14A was that God &151&22Don &91C&834 He &11Cbe &265&74C&1A3 Of &569this view &153in&1055&85A&22Dthe &DEEof a &1024ess God versus &265&9C&1A3ng &247 &6B8&C9Fy erased &33from &2AB&&C08and fifteenth &251§2{{ref_&CE&&EB&&EBp. 335|f}} [[Pope John XXII]] &1&9A1300s &766 an &1014&87&33 &17&2F5vely re&53Aall &147&1D5el &5&2AB&0Art. {{ref_&CE&&DC&&DC p.49|d}} The &14F&326 [[&&16EDeath|&&16E&109A], and &CC[[war|&C85] and [[famine]] that &36zed this &3Cno &91Ealso &3E0 to hamper &73&B45&145

[[&&1Bflamel-&3F9png|&41&2DF[[&&F54&&5DF] &815e &589&CF&31Ecarved &245[[tomb]] &1&&147&0[[Holy Innocents]] in &&241]]
&&289kept &A94by men &C[[&&9AB&&5DF], who &153worthy only &68&81one &0few &82&174in &DB&82E &171 &&5DF&5A6from 1330 to 1417 &6AC&3E0&A[[&E5B] &&E3B&8E7&1CC &&81&450&1A5&9C9as were many &1D&BEC &9E&7C7&180&1&230r&6C9&1F0&CE4&0&211 &17&52reputed &9C&1DC &760&D80 &&C71&5C2&996&C8s and re&D6, but &1F3&301&52D&1FAla for &8B1&7D1&2C3. Most &1Dwork &44med at &A19&CF&A1&788&264&560&9Fas &44Bthe &9B' &4C6 {{ref_&CE&&154&&185pp.170-181|h}}

&&69the [[high &35Bages]] (1300-1500) &82were &3DE&&5DF§&531&79Eon &6CD&10&9B' &4C6&3&B14of &539 now &184&1B&352&6E§2&&72&9AEallusions and [[&560] &241wide &4A9in &3E1&0art. &&&1091&82&537&6F5&C4Fthe &B0F&0soul &5CAthe [[&2C3] of &68Fgold (&97&502 &228l [[&3D0(&228|&3D0], or '&10B3699, &7B4crucial role). &&7Cmen were &695[[&427(para&611|&427ans &720cerers]] &39F and were &7A&D96&10r &2AB. {{ref_&CE&&DC&&DCpp. 50-75|e}}{{ref_&CE&&B0E&&B0Epp lxiii-lxvii|a}}

One &0e men who &698&1F&33A&0sixteenth &3C&6EB[[&&F5A&&A33&&C6A]. This &F2&184&12F&1Ba wizard &60tually &7F &12F&349summoning [[&24E&7D&622]s.§2H&&E64was &8FC but like &&5DF he &1BA&174 &17were &78by &3FC&D2&62 Again like &&5DF &4C3much to &35F&33&1B3&B19l &16&44C[[&DF7]ist &427 He did keep &A94the &202&0&31F&82 &34&2AA&47 &D09 etc., &862&D4B&427&CA &17rein&1AF &2C8&1CC&277&DF7st &362§2In &D47&244this, &&C6A&152&225a &&B3 &7Fhis &206&7Acame into &1E0&B&147 {{ref_&CE&&DC&&DCp.56-9|f}}{{ref_&CE&&7B1&&7B1p.23-9|a}}

===&&33&1&&86Age and &&84E==
&&51&33&17E&14Dway &53dawning &0[[&&84E].§2The era also saw a &856of [[con &10A6]s who &67use &182tricks and sl&970of h&23A#0#demonstrate&&11D&2C3&227&52Egold, or &2BDto &C70&6EF&A1that — &32#0#&20&77tial &4C7— &67surely lead &817goal. 

&&31&A3name &14D&6F5is &&3A2us Aureolus [[&&8DA], (&&5EEBombastus von Hohenheim, 1493–1541) who cast &33into &303form, &A1Fsome &0&DF7sm that &140cumulated &106&3B7&E33the &5C&283 and &5A1 to &528&AC&5EC He &26FGnostic &120, but kept much &0&&57F neo-&&161ic, and &&C0B&202 &28 &&57F&47had so much &&D4&CAth&6ED&A61of Gnosticism was &45By &E6ess. &&374&&8DA&26Fthe &427&236of &&C6Aand &&5DF He &DB&779&675a &427an, and scorned &120did. (&&DE p.239-45) 

&&8DA&403&5C&182 and &717in &15F &6C5#0#Many have said &5EA that &26&10ma&7E3gold and &699 For me such &6Bthe aim, &875&26Eonly what &2DAand &F3may lie in &15F.#0# {{ref_&CE&&DC&&DC p.47|g}} His &57F&206were that &FCA&15Elth &1body &B65&8&CDDof man the &792and Nature the &A14 He took an &22A&366&DB&560&219th&5Flogy not &1&916of soul-&B0F2but &1&916that &9C mus&859&11F&CAB of &717&1r &8EC &6D&11F&1063s &0body had &182&B18that &11Dcure them. {{ref_&CE&&D06&&D06#3# &&B0D p.6-12|a}} &&43his &BF2of treating &46F with such &B18as Mercury &2EEseem ill-&C9A&1B3&86&125&7FA his &494idea of &182y &1BA&15F has stood time surp&94Ey well.

[[&&1B&&F53&&F52Matejko.JPG|&41left|&D7A&&F2&&D19 &&F52#0#&&F53&&D19 Sędziwój#0#, oil on board by [[Jan Matejko]], 73 x 130 cm, &&1FAof Arts in [[Łódź]].]]
In [[&&4DF], &833c &1CCin &3E6&386&7A&27F&101EDoctor [[John Dee]] ([[13 July]] [[1527]] – &&13F 1608), &462&FDrole as [[astrologer]], cryptographer, and &5C#0#&E5consultant&&4FA[[&&455I of &&4DF&&538&&455I]]. Dee &391an &155&8&2C1[[&&2F2&&7FC], &14A&180d &320in &33&491&857on that &230(''Monas Hiero&CF2ca'', 1564) &17C &11[[Kabbala]]. Dee's &DED[[&&60B&&7A8] — who &2BDd to &43C[[angel]]s &68Ecrystal ball &23Aown a &DF5&1E2turn [[&3D0(&228|&3D0] into [[gold]] — may &22&5F5&0&12D&1B&0&F2&DEC 

An&3A&4F5&F2was [[&&D19 Sędziwój|&&15B&&C0D] (''&&D19 Sędziwój'', 1566 - 1636), a [[Poland|&&E10] &F2 &9B &375doct&7BA pioneer of &1E2 &&29&424 he di&152d [[&B16] in a lab &BC3&16C1600, 170 &62&90[[Karl Wilhelm Scheele|Scheele]] and [[&&157&&DEB&&DEB], by &5C5nitre ([[&DEA]). He &7F &0gas &207off as #0#the &B14of life#0#. &&18Cy &46&67Cthis &2B9 &26&4CSendivogious &55Bhis &79Dto [[&&A33Drebbel]]. In 1621, Drebbel &45By &3FDth&273a &E6E

[[Tycho Brahe]] (1546–1601), &462&FD[[&4CBcal]] and [[astro&261l]] &4D7 &44so &224 He &140&38Atory &66Afor that &37B&6ED[[Uraniborg]] observatory/&60&C8

===The &103A&34E&33==
The demise &34E&289&1E7&55&11rise &124&47&172&113rigorous &49A&25D&279disdain for #0#&78wisdom#0#. &&168seeds &0e &35Awere &428d &7AF&A17th &2B7&152&D53&7B2two &4FD&62 &122fact &2D0&47Fits apogee &118th &3C

[[&&76&&2D7] (1627–1691), &462&FD&AFof gases (cf. [[&&2D7s law]]) &403&27Ein &182&4D7 He &CBFno&433&58&5A1 and &B63&139&A93of &8AFdata; in a &4F5&5A1 &&2D7&6F3 the &1C1&&949&5A1was &58C the wind &36stics, &472&0Sun and Moon, &3barometer &3D6 all just in case they &7E6&1B&8AF§2{{ref_&CE&&70D&&70Dp.11|a}} This &22A&376&4&1DCng &124&1E2&1[[18th &3C18th]] and [[&26519th]] &251 &A9&137ry &284of [[Antoine &&DE9&&DE9] and [[John Dalton]] — &17&18Ey &1B9a &261l, &49Aand &226for &110tanding &6FA&2C3, &46Athe &F6Eof long&72A&CF&4C0such &Aphilospher's &4C6

Mean&43 Paracelsian &33led &4&86&86&15F§2&&2AAsts &DE8un&479the &210 &0&5EC &C&743&C36([[&&DE&&EAA&&EAA], [[1616]]), &46Cually &E0Cmany &46F &891ections with germs ([[&&76Koch|Koch]] and [[&&5A2&&C6E&&C6E], &265 or &10D''&84' nutrients and [[vitamin]]s ([[&&D0Lind|Lind]], [[&&74Eiaan Eijkman|Eijkman]], [[Casimir Funk|Funk]], et al.). &&177d by &4F9&8A in organic &1E2 &14C&47&6E7dis&1C1 &33&4A4&375&D94 &10B1retive and pre&95ve, &43def&2E8 its &922of &D0E&B14 and &F8Athe in&2F5veness &37Btoxicity &1B8&B18

Thus, as &47&FC8&AFunc&506d &2A0ze the clockwork &&39F &1C7on &59D&101stic &FF &&289left &F51&1B8&182and &375&4A7 — but &152incurably &F86&11.§2Reduced &44Carcane &73&4B &8F1&573&4&101&4D it &F50&311fate &1CB[[&880] &1CA&C[[&281] and [[Kabbalah]]: excluded from [[&2F] curricula, shunned &723&999patrons, [[damned &A1ostracized]] by &1D8 and &1A9y &6ED&Aepitome of [[&DEC]ism and [[&B2E].

&&7C&8A &15D&FF&49a &7FEre&D6in &&51&1A8sm &2AB[[&&10Bicism|&&10Bic]] &5D&0preceding &3C Be as &87E &26sobering to ob&3E0&890&2DB&41d so much &1A8and &101&F59 for &123two &62B&62 &11Ddis&420so &6E7&5&506&34E&7F.

===&&86'&33===
In &42C&4D1&28made &416&A18the &4C0&1CC&219&E5 &51alchemic, &194§2&&7C&8A may on &5E7be &8C#0#&33&70A&342l &1A3.

In 1919, [[Ernest &&D65] used [[&748dis&52A] to &106E&F5Cinto &B16 This &26Aof bombarding the &5EBnucleus &710&4C3p&116 &F&562&1B6&86[[p&116accelerators]], &97&2C3 of &466&1A9 &&543 in 1980, [[Glenn Seaborg]] &D1Buted &68Fgold, &7F&32Fof &4C3used &3microscopic &D28&1C8negated any &127&19A&36A

In 1964,§2[[&&1A2Ohsawa]] and [[Michio Kushi]], &FD&8&2BD of [[&&5A2Kervran]], &446y &1FEy &D1Butated [[&B15] into [[&DF2], by &5Can &DA5ic arc, &22Cof [[&947] and [[&B16] into [[iron]]. In 1994, [[R. Sundaresan]] and [[J. Bockris]] &446&15 had ob&3E0 &107Ere&D6 in &8F4discharges &48&947rods immersed in &2BE &&28 none &0e &2BD &22&1035ed &73F&1D8 &3idea &464tho&5C1discr&27A

As of 2006, a &D7&7FD&121elusive, &7F[[futurist]]s &C[[Ray Kurzweil]] &1C9sufficiently &3A4[[nano&AC] may &&8DF Some say the &42Agoal &1CC&28fulfil&504[[In vitro &77DIVF]] &3[[cloning]] of a &9Cembryo, &168e &31Afall far &18C&529a &9Clife from &C94

The aim of [[&748&31D] &60&15Dsaid &1B&8B7a life from &C94 &183&73y &32B&4possibility of A&&888&8A0it &32chemy, &C&&476and Stuart Dreyfus &1r 1960 &4AB''&&33and AI''.

==&&33&&E6B&422==
&&8Eto &33&&E6B&422are far too &227to list.§2Here we give only &449indicative samples.§2More &7 &57&1DC&1[[&211] &116

===&&2F7 and &D5A==
Many [[&15E&2CF] lampooned &82and used them &Abutt of [[satire|satirical]] &9E1§2Two &9Aand well-&111&191 are

*[[Geoffrey Chaucer]], ''[[The Canon's Yeoman's Prologue and Tale|Canon's Yeoman's Tale]]'' (ca. 1380). &&F3&36 &224&8&69B[[&&D08], &2BD &&B37#0#pave it &861&699&728gold#0#.
*[[Ben Jonson]], ''[[The &&F2(play)|The &&F2]'' (ca 1610). &&14Dfive-act play, &20C &707an &33&C7op to swindle &23 

[[&&1B&&CF&&38Atory - &&1C5&&112eText 14218.jpg|&41ail|&A&2DFAn &&CF&&38Atory, from ''The &&246&5EA&3&&33A of &&1E2']]

In more &2AE&C7 &82are &5Cy &8Bd in &71Bromatic or &B19&662 &6EE&16B&1A6on is made &48&33 &427 and &D0C

*[[Mary Woll&4C6raft Shelley|Mary Shelley]],§2''[[&&533nstein]]'' (1818). &&6E1&&533nstein uses both &33&606&47&3BB[[&&533nstein's monster]].
*[[&&980&&87Evon Goethe|Goethe]], ''[[Faust, Part 2]]'' (1832). Faust's servant Wagner &87Bchemy &3BBa [[&D05].
*[[Gabriel García Márquez]], ''[[One &&4FD&&1DDSolitude]]'' (1967). An &F2&244Melquíades adds &4&2F7s surreal &D1A
*[[Paulo Coelho]], ''[[The &&F2(book)|The &&F2]'' (1988).
*[[J. K. Rowling]], ''[[&&650Potter &3&&9Bs Stone]]'' (1997). &&B8[[&&F54&&5DF] as a &36
*[[Neal &&475on]], ''[[The Baroque Cycle]]'' (2003–2004).§2&&B8&74E&ED3&82&C[[&&982&&794], [[&&9ABFatio de &&87Dde &&87D], and [[Enoch Root]].
*[[&&7B8&&58E], ''[[Doctor &&67B The &&F2s Son]]'' (2003).
*[[&&74AMahy]], ''[[&&33(&&74AMahy book)|&&33]'' (2004). 
*[[John Fasman]], ''[[The &&8D9s &&C2]''#5C#--DATE??--&gt;, &389plot r&B53 &16Cthirteen &CF&54C
*[[&&819Keyes]], ''[[&&1C1Un&1A3]''#5C#--DATE??--&gt;.§2&&B8[[&&982&&794] and [[&&9ABFatio de &&87Dde &&87D].
*[[Cornelia Funke]], ''[[&&69CRider]]'' (2004).§2Twigleg the [[homonculus]] &1A1by &224

===Comics, manga, and &901&239==
*[[Stan Lee]] and [[Jack Kirby]], ''[[Fantastic Four]]'' &8EF(ca. 1962–). Villain [[Diablo (&8EF|Diablo]] &5F&F2
*[[Dark&1023] PC game #EE#.§2&&33&B8&291y &BCgame.
*[[Mike Mignola]]'s ''[[Hellboy]]'' &8EF(1993–). &&20C[[&&2F2the Homunculus]] &1A1by &33
*[[&&F4F]'s [[&&3A0Sun]] &901game (2001). &&33&5Fevil &1AFthat threatens &4B
*[[Hiromu Arakawa]], ''[[Full&16F&&F2]'' (2002–). '&&82 can &D1Borm &3AEwith&1&562of [[Equivalent &&34D].
*[[Nobuhiro Watsuki]], ''[[Buso Renkin|Weapon &&F2]'' manga (2003?–).
*[[Kazuki Takahashi]], ''[[Yu-Gi-Oh! GX]]'' anime (2004–). &&20C[[Lyman Banner|Daitokuji]] &5F&F2who &12 his soul &46F&D05
*&&F4Fs [[&&18EFantasy Tactics &&5CA] &901game (2003). Has a playable &1C2&8C&&F2
*[[&&FEDSoft&C7]' [[The Elder Scrolls III: Morrowind]] &291y &B8&5F1a &2B9&529&20Epotions for use &11&363
*[[&&1D1 Jones &3&&9B8s Tomb]] &102game (2003). &&1B7&9ED&0game is &Cd &16Ca castle in Prague &4E7&782&224king.
*[[&&78AWar&10B4] &102game (2004). &&33&1AF&0[[Professions_(&&4Dof_War&10B4#&&33&D79]] &77Fr can &528
#5C#--&&561&47E&75B--&gt;

===&&D8==
*[[Tool (band)]], &742''[[&&D2lus]]'' (2001).

!1E!
* {{note_&E3&&19Dne|&&19Dne, p. 245|a}} &9&762&&19Dne &2EThe Confessions &21New York: Mentor &&18A&391963 | &68D&&D1B Rex Warner.
* {{note_&E3&&154&&185 p. 196-7|a}}{{note_&E3&&154&&185p. 34-42|b}}{{note_&E3&&154&&185p. 46|c}}{{note_&E3&&154&&154 p. 29|d}}{{note_&E3&&154&&185 p. 29|e}}{{note_&E3&&154&&185 p. 10-22|f}}{{note_&E3&&154&&185p. 149|g}}{{note_&E3&&154&&185pp.170-181|h}} &9&26ETitus &3E&&185&17Titus &&1852&2E&&33 &&47&0Cosmos, &&47&0Soul. &21Bal&CFC:Penguin &391967 | &68D&&D1B &&DEStoddart.
* Cavendish, &&144 The &&16EArts, Perigee &&18A* {{note_&E3&&D06&&D06#3# &&B0D p.6-12|a}} &9&762&&D06 Allen G. and &&B0D &&76P. &2E&&33and &&1E2&1S&10C9enth &&3C&21Los &&36B§2&&DE&&D9s Clark &&4DB&&C2 &&12B&&201 &391966 | &68D* {{note_&E3&&DC&&DCpp. 33-59|a}}{{note_&E3&&DC&&DCp. 37-8|b}}{{note_&E3&&DC&&DCp. 24-7|c}}{{note_&E3&&DC&&DC p.49|d}}{{note_&E3&&DC&&DCpp. 50-75|e}}{{note_&E3&&DC&&DCp.56-9|f}}{{note_&E3&&DC&&DC p.47|g}} &9&762&&DC &&15B&2EThe Dark Side of &&35&21New York: Ste&44B Day &391977 | &68D* &9&762Gettgins, Fred &2E&&1D2&0Occult &21&&7CF Rider &391986 | &68D* {{note_&E3&&791&&791 p. 66|a}} &9&762&&791 Ethan Allen &2ERe&D4AUpon &&33&3&&82&21&&6D1 Crosby, Nichols &391857 | &68D* {{note_&E3&&EB&&EBp. 124, 294|a}}{{note_&E3&&EB&&EB p. 287-8|b}}{{note_&E3&&EB&&EBpp. 294-5|c}}{{note_&E3&&EB&&EBp. 290-4, 355|d}}{{note_&E3&&EB&&EBp. 294-5|e}}{{note_&E3&&EB&&EBp. 335|f}} &9&762&&EB C. &&566&2E&&44C&&A8 A &&18C&&35&21&&16Eick, Ohio: McGraw-Hill &&DD&391990 &&&&5ED0075571412 }} 6th ed.
* {{note_&E3&&2C6&&2C6 p. 16|a}}{{note_&E3&&2C6&&2C6b}}{{note_&E3&&2C6&&2C6 p. 155|c}} &9&762&&2C6 Jack &2EThe &&361 &5EAin Graeco-&&10B&&124&21&&7CF Muller. &391970 &&&&5ED0389010065 }}
* &9&762Marius &2E&&8&&228 &21&&F68 &&12B&&201&&141&391976 &&&&5ED0520028562 }} &&D1B &&144Dales.
* {{note_&E3&&B0E&&B0Epp lxiii-lxvii|a}} &9&762&&B0E &&15A(Ed. John Reidy) &2EOrdinal &5EA&21&&7CF &&9A&&42Text &&5F&391975 &&&&5ED0197222749 }}
* {{note_&E3&&70D&&70Dp.11|a}} &9&762&&70D &&2F2&2E&&76&&2D7§2Father of &&1E2&21&&7CF John &&417&391959 | &68D* &9&762Weaver, &&651Hane &2E&&21Fof &&12A&21New York: &&920#3# Schuster &391987 | &68D* {{note_&E3&&7B1&&7B1p.23-9|a}} &9&762&&7B1 Colin &2EThe Occult: A &&35&21New York: Random &&170&391971 &&&&5ED0394465555 }}
* &9&762Zumdahl, &&AB8 S. &2E&&1E2&21Lexington, &&43F D. C. Heath and Co. &391989 &&&&5ED0669167088 }} 2nd ed.
* &9&762&&759erg, Adele Droblas &2EChemical &&35Tour, Picturing &&1E&A9B&&33to &&86Molecular &&47&21Wiley-Inter&47&392000 &&&&5ED0471354082 }}

#F8#
===&&3A&CF&3F0==
{{&1A9|&&33}
*[[Vulcan &0&82]
*[[&&9Bs &4C6]
*[[&&511]
*[[&&281&&C6D]
*[[&&D1Butation]]
*[[Duality]]
*[[The four humours]]
*[[Alkahest]], [[arcanum]], [[berith]], [[&B14], [[quint&4D8]
*[[Alembic]]
*[[&&CF&603]#5C#--
§2*[[Circle &32&125at its &6D6]
--&gt;
*[[Goldwasser|Gold &2BE]

===Related &&10C0158&202==
*[[&&7Emystery &120]
*[[&&281]
*[[Nec&10By]], [[&427(para&611|&427], 
*[[&&880sm]], [[&&691], [[Illuminati]]
*[[&&7E9] &3[[Five &&228]]
*[[Kayaku-Jutsu]]
*[[&&C0C], [[moxibustion]], [[ayurveda]], [[homeopathy]]
*[[Anthroposophy]]
*[[&&1DA] &5FAJung]]
*[[New Age]]

===&&E5&4A7===
*[[&&1E2]
*[[&&12A]
*[[&&E5&2B9]
*[[&&52F47], [[&&EF947], and [[Anti-&47]
*[[&&B0C&1AB*[[&&302sm]]

===Sub&108B &0&82==
*[[gold]] #3#bull; [[&699] #3#bull; [[lead]] #3#bull; [[&315] #3#bull; [[zinc]] #3#bull; [[&3D0(&228|&3D0]
*[[phosphorus]] #3#bull; [[sulfur]] #3#bull; [[arsenic]] #3#bull; [[&F85]
*[[vitriol]] #3#bull; [[cinnabar]] #3#bull; [[py&101F] #3#bull; [[orpiment]] #3#bull; [[galena]]
*[[magnesium oxide|magnesia]] #3#bull; [[calcium oxide|lime]] #3#bull; [[potash]] #3#bull; [[natron]] #3#bull; [[&DEA] #3#bull; [[kohl (&A16|kohl]]
*[[ammonia]] #3#bull; [[ammonium chloride]] #3#bull; [[&1038] #3#bull; [[camphor]]
* Acids: [[&87Facid|&87F] #3#bull;[[&B13acid|&B12] #3#bull; [[&8DCacid|&8DC] #3#bull; [[acetic acid|acetic]] #3#bull; [[formic acid|formic]] #3#bull; [[citric acid|citric]]#3#bull; [[&F4Eacid|&F4E]
*[[aqua regia]] #3#bull; [[&DF4]

===&&3A&AA==
*[[&&276&82]
*[[&&276&DF7sts]]

!12!
Some web&1F8&59A&456&72E&CF&2C3
* [#2#aras.org''&&3EDfor &&60in Archetypal Symbolism'':] A pictorial and &1EE&3EDof mytho&261l, ritualistic, and &44E&1B &1B3l over &4Band &1B3l epochs &92&35
* [#2#&2EDlib.&19Fedu/cgi-!102!-04 ''&&4B9&0&&2BIdeas'':] &&33* [#2#honolulu.hawaii.edu/&769sci122/TVtext/24/MOD24.htm Skeptical Chemists]: &1B3chemy to &1E2 t&108Athe &166of &&8DA* [#1#&33cz The &&33&&1FAin Kutna Hora] : &&4Ds &&57&&1FADedicated to &&33in All Its Aspects
* [#2#&DFAac.uk/ProjGall/martinon/&F9html A 16th &3Clab in a 21st &3Clab] : &&E56 &1B4&0&40&121&146&CF&38Atory
* [#1#&112org/&2ED14218 The &&246&5EA&3&&33A of &&1E2, 1913, from [[&&1C5&&112]
* [#1#levity.com/&33 The &&33&&231 : A &D2many &CF&2BC&4D&CF&3F
Some web&1F8&17&25Aespouse &86&179 &1CC
* [#1#rex&60com/ Rex &&60 (&&76Nelson).
* [#1#&CFaoism.com/ &&CF&&7E9com] Eases &1B4&0&297Healing Tao qi gong (chi kung) &4B§2&&3BCby &1FF &1BB&122tructors.

[[&&8&&33]
[[&&8&&78&&124]
[[&&8&&F8&2FA]
[[&&8&&880&62D&7F]]
[[&&8Gold]]
[[&&8&&2B&267]
[[&&8&&B0C&1AB
{{Link FA|es}}
{{Link FA|pt}}

[[af#D8#
#7F#Алхимия]]
[[ca:Alquímia]]
[[cs:Alchymie]]
[[da#EC#
[[de#D8#
[[eo#E3#
[[es:&&F4D]
[[et:Alkeemia]]
[[fi:Alkemia]]
[[fr:Alchimie]]
!17!אלכימיה]]
[[hr:Alkemija]]
[[id:Alkimia]]
[[io#E3#
[[it:Alchimia]]
!14!錬金術]]
[[la:&&F4C]
[[lt:Alchemija]]
[[nl#D8#
[[nn#EC#
[[pl:&&F4C]
[[pt:&&F4D]
!19!Алхимия]]
[[sk:Alchýmia]]
[[sl:Alkimija]]
[[su:Alkémi]]
[[sv:Alkemi]]
#69#การเล่นแร่แปรธาตุ]]
[[tl:Alkimiya]]
[[tr:Simya]]
!2C!Алхімія]]
#22#炼金术#1A#
!1!
!2!
!5!
§4<&7&&790&&47C&&A7&&2D6/&7
§4<id>574</id>
!4!
§6<id>39084664</id>
!C!-02-10T16:43:29Z</&1
!3!
§8<ip>195.157.81.101</ip>
!0!
§6<&4/* &&BB*/</&4
§6#7#'''&&790&&47C&&A7&&2D6'' (also &8C'''ADS-B''') is a &68C&17[[&100&F29]] constantly &2D6&72&1B2&128&60titude, &8of &100 [[air&D69], [[&3DF], and &57B&100is &C79 &F4Bor desc&6BC&506&3AF&48B[[datalink]]. This &34Flity is &79#0#ADS-B out&&40&F&494&24A&2F8B &34Flity.

The ADS-&&73E&445&1&A91§2It &B3Eon data &5[[&&3B0&&128ng &&4B], &7BA &5AB&28A&47E an &711or &328&172 The maximum &2F9&0&4Bis line-of-&DA1 &259less than 200 [[nautical mile]]s (370 km). 

The ADS-B &775are &309by [[air &2F7] &348 &60l &3AADS-&&5E9&100&1D3reception &2F9 Reception by &100&2F8&&855is &79#0#ADS-B in#0#. 

!D9!
The &9C1&5CADS-B is &62D&1Bby [[air &2F7] &7D6&A7&37B &7D6enhancing pilot &380&285 ADS-B is &23Ecost than &58Dl &435and &DC7 &40B&4D4&A7of &70Cand &190&5D.§2ADS-B is &2F5ve in &7BC&163&7BC&300us &7F8n &94&B7no &364 or &94&364is &265 The outback of &&E0one &49Bea &94ADS-B will &47E&A7&94&5A8none &264 ADS-B also enhances &A7&8&5C4&190 so it &16Abe &83monitor &145&8taxiways and runways &146&5C4§2

ADS-&&5E9&100&1CF&EB[[&6F7] unit &1cockpit picturing &23Dair &145from ADS-&&855(ADS-B in) and TIS-B (&&145&&3F&&172&&2D6 data &847&1B3r &145&435 Both Pilots and [[air &2F7er]]s will then be &C0#0#see&&11D&128 of air &145&1vicinity &0&100 &1D4&5D&83&47Ean ASAS (&&70C&&8D8&&DE7&&4B.

&&70C&&A13&&A12&&4B may &&694also make &5C#0#ADS-B in#0#, &8EAng the &448TCAS collision avoi&A9D&68C&84&8C'hybrid &A7.

Airbus and Boeing are now &298&71ADS-B out (i.e. the &C07of &3F as &1BCon new-&D21&100from 2005 onwards. &&85in part due &4&&51&4A1for Mode S &&228ry &&A7(&17uses 1090MHz Mode S &676&17now &530capable &2F8B via &&229&&B0A, &1F3&1A9&34Flity &460B out. 



==&&371d and &&2D6ADS==
The &&48B&&559&&8D7for Aeronautics’ ([[RTCA]]) Free &&358S&1E1&&466&6D7&A7as “&1081on, &A96ng, &36zati&89B &283of &100 &3A&F97&528&2E6&10&624&81Eng &358&33B in a safe and &7AE&916#0#

&&790&&47C&&A7(ADS) is &156&A&26A&529and s&6BC&3B6&5Bsender’s &1B2&128&4D&A7&3F &C&B09 &DE6and &358&3DF Th&&C11&177 &100&8D8&189by &39B&A7&3Fat &20A &2F9, &380&285and &BB3&21E ADS data &57&1BE&28Fwith &68B&1B2&435beacon &4B, &CAir &&145&&B5Radar Beacon &&4B (ATCRBS), Mode S, &&145&&A13&&A12&&4B (TCAS) and &480Air &&145&&B5(ATC) &435 and &1CFbe &5BCa sole &194of &A7

&&B9two &1A9y &57E&82B&2F8&EDr&10B4&39E
*ADS-&&371d (ADS-A), also &79ADS-Contract (ADS-C), and 
*ADS-&&2D6(ADS-B.

ADS-A &47E a &A7data &54B&C1&811&138&371e. &&37ADS-A &527&E58d &1&&6A5Air &&5AB&&4B(FANS) &219the &&100&&12E&&371ng and &&54Bng &&4B([[ACARS]]) &A&12E&52Fol. &&221&D1B3DBc &358 &527&6F5cally sent &44F&100&4&B5ing air &145&2E5

When ADS-B &7D9 &100&4D&F97&D3Ey &2D6&3B6&34&128 &C69 &B09&&107C &&3Auses may &71&A25&B08a &128&508 &&100 &1A1&FD&348§2&4D&80Bmonitoring the &9D6 can &3EFthe in&E36&89B use it in &863&346&39E Beca&5Cthis &290for &1016utilization, a &4B&219ADS-B is &70en &638as a re&1C1ent for &7BAaugmentation to &1B2&5F3monitoring &4C5&145

To &110t&3full &247&2F8B, &26Ehow &114Air &&145&&B5&4B&6F6 &3F The &435&4EC&69Cand bearing &146&100 Bearing is &9E6 &11&128&0rotating &435antenna &5A9&3EF a &44D&234&10B1ogation &5&100 and &2F9is &9E6 &&7BAit &991&10&435&647the &10B1ogation &44D 

The antenna beam &2F8 &D31&A&100get farther away, &21E&472&3Fless &87C &&1F5y, &1081ng &611&100&B09&2A2&AE&435sweeps &D7&25 &AE&8D &65B In &2B2 a &4B&219ADS-B &6F6 and listens for &6F5c &128&&107C&37D&1B3r&10B4 &&7C&527&7BDand dis&9BB &219&1048&67D such &A&3B0&128ng &4B(GPS) and Mode S &676, &660egrity &0data &7B9&EC5susceptible &4&2F9&0&100&1B5&496&5C2&48&435sweeps. The &BB8&8AA&0&3F&152&83&C68&8E4 &177&863&346&39E&&F7F&5C4&60r&25&885

&&5CADS-B for &1A1&FD&A7&2A2only ADS-B Out (&D1Bit) &247&8&100 &&B&100E&2F8B In (&3EF &247 &435&7CFB &39Egrows &178y. Some &0&397and &11C&A4ADS-B In &247&71
*Cockpit Display of &&145&&3F(CDTI), a &2F6&DE5&145&A9ADS-&&68Afrom &3A&100and &1A1&FD&599
*&&145&&3F&&11C&&2D6(TIS-B), a &1A1&461&54Bof &DE5&145&C1&110&A7by ATC but &6BADS-B-&630§2This &172&2CA&255even with &265ADS-B &32E
*&&358&&3F&&11C&&2D6(FIS-B), a &1A1&461of &358&1CA&528data.

==ADS-B &&CBLayer==
&&117link &B54 are &7D&2A1&A&CB&A87for relaying the ADS-B &128&37D 
*1090 MHz Mode S &&229&&B0A(ES), 
*&&D7&&98A&&84D(UAT) and 
*VHF Digital Link ([[VDL]]) Mode 4. 

===Mode S===
The FAA &17Dn&10B9 its s&1E1&01090 MHz ES and UAT &A&8FB &10ADS-&&73E&1&&19&&9 1090 MHz ES &152&29D&8FB&EDr carrier and high-&675&347&100&43UAT &152&29D&8FBfor &5C&438&100 

&&A8&17Dso &6A81090 MHz &A&480&CB&A87&7CFB. &&28 &91&8FBhas &5AAbeen &441&48UAT and VDL Mode 4.

With 1090 ES, the &448Mode S &676&89Est&60one 1090 MHz &C07 &177 &3B6type &111&AES &508 &&26a &6F5c &508that &47E &128 &B09 &C69 time, and, &&694 &DE6 The &494ES &7D&764&DE6&74&1B2&358&189&4B &73&47Esuch data – &8Ctrajectory &35F&125. To enable an &100&819an &229&B0A&508 the &676is &B1E&60r&10B4&128&4D&7F0&3Fis &994 &4&676 ATC &1A1&348and TCAS-&630&100&46B&73D&3B71090 MHz &3EFs &647&7C&800 &6AConly &503enhancements &3C8and &26Athe &1F5&3F 1090 ES will not &177FIS-B, &5Eregulatory &4A1

===&&D7&&98A&&84D==
The UAT &4Bis &1BElly de&41C&7CFB &33B A 1 MHz &9D6&1900 MHz &A50&2F9is &3AFfor &B07of &70CADS-&&68A&7D6&2D6of &1A1&223&3F UAT &80B&E5&98A&4&1F5&1A1&223data &6AC&3EF&37Dfrom &DE5&145(FIS-!E8!-B).§2

===VDL Mode 4===
The VDL Mode 4 &4B&11Dutilize one &5C0&0&448&4C5VHF frequencies &A&48B&A50&CB&A87&7CFB &775 VDL Mode 4 &87B&52Fol (STDMA) &169ws it &1Bself-organizing, &E6no &7ED&1A1&4EBis &3A7 This &8FB&7E0used for &18C&508&775&1B3&2BF&2D&80B VDL Mode 4 &4B are &349&20A &2F9in com&241n to L Band Mode S (1090 MHz) or UAT &4B. 

==&&32ETime&645=
The time&645&EDrborne ADS-B &87B&152&2DCby &1A1&&F4A&B47&32E &397cost, &635&29Fof &DE4and regulatory &D6 &11&&146&&438&&2EFties (CAA). The cost to equip &460B &&363is &1D9&20and &2CAefit the air&25by enabling &1AA&285 ADS-B In &247&57D&1F5&29Fwhen &1A1&348&3&62Emass of &100&170&630 This data &6E3into &26Etion when &4F8&59&26D &32Etime&645 

===Near-&210(2006-2008)=== 
&&740&117&62will see a continuation &2F8&&73C&1F3&32Ein “pockets” &94&265&100&87Bcan &DA6ope&2A0&29F Some &0e &71
*'''Cap&4C6''.§2In &&94B the FAA is &81Eng its Cap&4C6&2C9to &C68&A7&272&&97E&7BC&46D&&94B&60 a test bed for &A11ng &228 &2F8B in&4ATC &13E &&2C5190 &5C&438&80B&22&203GPS &3EFs, UAT &84D and &358deck &6F7. &&57F 11 &1A1&FD&84D &22installed for &435like &11C and &358&1CAdata (FIS-B), &34&47B&3F is &7Dup&B1C&5&1A1 Phase II &0&2C9will exp&3&509&60d &123250 &1F5&80B
*'''Gulf of &&2E7'' – &&1Gulf of &&2E7 &94ATC &364&273omplete, the FAA is locating ADS-B (1090 MHz) &3EFs on oil rigs and buoys to relay &3F&309&1B3r&10B4&203ADS-B &229&B0A back &4ATC &C to exp&60d &C68&A7&509 
*'''&&13''.§2&&E0&A11ng ADS-&&73Cin &&538l&23Atest the feasibility of 1090 MHz ADS-B &277&362&1A1&FD&435 ADS-B is &62D&1Ba &257cost-&2F5ve &2B9of &A52ATC &A7&509for &7BC&163&17&1B2y have &265or no &A7&509
*'''Cargo Airline &&98''.§2Cargo &F49&468&1Fr hub &5C4 &713e &2BFy at &385 Equipage &0e &100&460&&5E8CDTI &6F7 &76E&32&1A1&FD&84D&1Fe hubs will &768&328&380&285at &385&122inclement &47B&728ers &435f&7BCreased &5C4&145&FCD&247
*'''Embry Riddle &&4C5&&2F''.§2Embry Riddle &&4C5&&2Fis &DE4the &4EE&100at its two main campuses in &&5C0and Arizona &460B &247as a &8E4enhancement. The FAA will &47EFIS-!E8!-B uplink capabilities in &DB&79E&177&63&87B
*'''Safe &&35821 East &&266&&2D6&&11C''.§2The FAA &17Dn&10B9 its &DE6on to &A11ADS-B &509&10&7C7east &266&0U.S. &11&1592004. &&172&2F9will extend &EBE150 &384&32&39D&A52&509at altitudes down to 2,000 feet. The &8FB&152UAT &3&32Ewill also &71TIS-&&5E8FIS-B &3F

===Mid-&210(2008-2012)=== 
With&7C1to &970&62 an &3DD&2D&100&460B &&363&76E&B&58Fof &1A1&FDADS-B infra&103&152in &26Ba &2DADS-B &39Eattr&2EC
*Benefits of “Pockets of &&32E &&6A9&CC0&3e &163&152&B49 encouraging more &80Bto equip &460&&3FB*&&33Ain 2004 the FAA is &298deploy ADS-&&73Binfra&103&A9ASDE-X &397 Th&273ra&103will &768the &5CADS-&&855for ATC &37B &C&190&5D&A96ng/gui&A9D&&F4A&A7
*G&27Eup&2C2of TIS-&&5E8FIS-B will commence &24A&1A1infra&103is deployed.
*&&3A&&146&&438&&2EFties may install ADS-&&73Binfra&103and &503&100&1B&203ADS-B Out for &33Bin &441air&25 &&E0&62D&1B&23&BA&&984 &28 a &2D&3A&6Dwith &265&A7&509&4A3ADS-B an attr&2EC&362&435&A7
*Significant &1EA&80B&&6A9&630&32minimum &2F8B &&363 In &&A8 1090 MHz ES &&6A9&1BC&247&EDl new Mode S &676installations &4631 &&138 2005. UAT &&6A9&25B&12D&1&849end &0&5C&438&3B9
*&&5C4&&544l &&285– A &398&4DA&5C4maps, &5C4&A9AD2tion (ASDE-X) &4B, &BB8&100&6F7 and ADS-B have &435to &178y &C68Runway &380&285
*&&3DBc In-&D64– ADS-B &57D&BB8&380&285and &8E4for &&3DBc In-&D64maneuvers as &1F5&100&2F8&630
*&&5CADS-&&5E8CDTI will &768decreased &22Aspacing and &4E3&25 &4F9&22As at congested &5C4 with &618&8E4and &885&221low-/&23Evisibility &33B.

===Long-&210 (2012 and &55F===
*Air &F49 fleets will &6C6int&429ADS-B &29F&1terminal and &452air&25
*New &&100&&8D8&&DE7&39Ewill take &A27&0&1AA&285and &128l &8AA&255&44Bair&25&13E&2BFy &203ADS-&&3FB*FIS-!E8!-B &11Cwill &A43&5C&438&87B&49D&3B9&F48

!1E!

#F8#
*[[DO-212]]§2Minimal Ope&2A0&&675&&197for &&70C&&790&&47C&&A7(ADS) &&397
!12!
*[#1#air&11C13com/pilot&6D6&1C5/adsb/&9AAasp Air&11C&&13ADS-B info]
* [#1#flyadsb.com Safe &&35821 ADS-B &&1C5]
* [#1#alaska.faa.gov/cap&4C6 Cap&4C6ADS-B &&1C5
* [#1#nup.nu NUP II &&1C5
* [#1#adsmedup.it/ ADS-MEDUP &&1C5
* [#1#euro&B5int/cascade/&A2subsite_&3A6&3A6html Euro&B5CASCADE &&2C9e]
* [#1#eurocae.org/ &&51&&620for &&146&&438&&397
* [#1#janes.com/aero&25&146news/jar/jar060117_1_n.&903US crunches &1F2 &90committing to ADS-B] Jane's &&5C4&&402
[[&&8Avionics#1A#
!1!
!2!
!5!
§4<&7Air &&556/&7
§4<id>575</id>
!4!
§6<id>15899106</id>
!21!-12-11T16:14#7B#
!3!
§8<&5Optim</&5
§8<id>20978</id>
!0!
§6#7##&&&15[[&&438#B0#
!1!
!2!
!5!
§4<&7&&32/&7
§4<id>576</id>
!4!
§6<id>42041443</id>
!C!-03-03T11:38#C0#
!3!
§8<&5Tasc</&5
§8<id>853739</id>
!0!
!6!
!1D!C&&166193.171.250.252|193.171.250.252]] to &&AB5Gugganij</&4
§6#7#{{&&3E3&&BA
&1A9name 		= &&32
&158name 		= &&B06Ö&24D
&1Bflag 		= Flag &5E7svg|
&1Bcoat 		= &&32Bundesadler.svg|
&1Bmap 		= &&774&32png|
&2A&99B		= none|
&2A&21A	= [[Land der Berge, L&60 Strome]]|
&11B&B 	= [[&&D5&B&&D5]&!114![[&&333&B&&333]#!11F!([[&2E5l &Breg.]]) [[&&B05&B&&B05]#!11F!(reg.) [[&&A10&B&&A10]#!11F!(reg.)|
&C4		= [[&&3FE] |latd=48|latm=12|latNS=N|longd=16|longm=21|&E2BE|
&12Ccity 		= &&3FE|
&1Ftype 	= [[Re&A2] |
&27B&7 		= [[&&150&&E8&&32&&3D]&!114![[&&21Dlor &5E7&&21Dlor]]|
&27B&311		= [[Heinz Fischer]]&!114![[&&87ESchüssel]]|
area 			= 83,871|area_rank=113th|area_&63D1 E10|&5B2&2BE1.3|
areami²§11= 32,383 | #5C#--!F9!--&gt;
&27&26D	= 8,206,524|&27&26Dyear=2005|&27&26Drank=86th|
&27&36E	= 97|&27&36Erank=78th |
&27&36Ei²§3= 251 | #5C#--!F9!--&gt;
&27&1CC	= 8,032,926|&27&1CCyear=2001|
GDP_PPP 		= $267 &6B8GDP_PPP_year=2005|GDP_PPP_rank=35th|
GDP_&7FB	= $318 &6B8GDP_&7FByear=2005|GDP_&7FBrank=22nd|
GDP_PPP_per_&404	= $32,962|!71!=9th|
GDP_&7FBper_&404	= $39,292|GDP_&7FBper_&404rank=10th|
HDI_year§10= 2003|
HDI§15= 0.936|
HDI_rank§10= 17th|
HDI_&8C= &&1AE#4##009900#0#&gt;high&lt;/font&gt;|
&28Ctype 	= [[&&131]|
&58&35A	= From [[&&32&&7FA]|&58&75B&!114!1919|
&1FD	 	= [[&&32 euro coins|Euro]]#3#sup1;|&1FDcode=EUR|
time_zone 	 	= [[&&83&&51Time|CET]] |utc_&60A+1 |
time_zone_DST	 	= [[&&83&&51&&1E5Time|CEST]] |utc_&60ADST=+2 |
cctld		 	= [[.at]] |
&460code	 	= 43|
foot&4BA	 	= #3#sup1; &&1742002: &&32 [[Schilling]]|
}}

The '''&&51F&&32'' ([[&&D5&B&&D5]: ''&&B06Ö&24D'' is a [[&70B] &BA&66F[[&&83&&A8&&A8]. It &1D4 [[&&D5]] &3[[Czech Re&A2] &4&10A [[&&F47] and [[&&7FA] &4east, [[Slovenia]] and [[&&655] &4&89 and [[&&674] and [[Liechtenstein]] &4west.§2The &C4&F&80F[[&&3FE].

&&32is a &1AEry [[re&8Btive &216] &432nine &150&9&B1&2Ctwo &&51&6D&71C&62F&72&861[[&824&BA&824ty]], &4E&7D&&674 &&32is &2C4&0[[&&19&&B9] (&741955) &3[[&&51&&11E] (&741995). &&10&652of 2006 &&32&65Ethe seat &0[[&&91B&0&&268&0&&51&&11E&&91B&0EU]].

==&&361&9Eory &&AAA=
The [[&&D5&B&&D5] name ''Ö&24D' &57&341[[&&42&B&&42] &A#0#&143realm#0#, &3A&847&5[[Old &&D5] ''[[Ostarrîchi]]''. ''Reich'' &16Amean #0#&F5#4#, &1D4connotation &Fone &C1&110tood &1&463&0[[&&32 &&F5&&32]]/[[&&32&&7FA&&606&&A10&&F5], [[Holy &&10B&&F5], &61not &1&463&0&86&&51F''Ö&24D'. &&10E&62C&361tes in a [[&D03] &518&0[[&&44C&&2E8] name &10&2E5 ''&&138a orientalis'', &17&716as #0#&143&1D4&736 &71&F69&1F&143edge &0[[Holy &&10B&&F5], that &44so &10ABd &1name ''[[Ostmark]]'' &3FD&46''[[&&DE3]'' to [[&&D5]].

!2A!
{{&20D&&2B&&32}

===&&32&3Holy &&10B&&F5==
The &222&&32&1BDy &111&A[[Celts|Celtic]] &107of [[Noricum]], &44long time ally &7B3&&71&3A5&51&64A&11[[&&78Rome|&&10B]] &2A&73A[[Caesar &&19Ds|&&19Ds]] &735the &222Noricum§2in [[16 BC]]. &&D2&71&64Aby [[Huns]], Rugii,§2[[Lombards]], [[Ostrogoth]]s, [[Bavarii]], [[Eur&93BAvars|Avars]] (&195c. 800),§2and [[&&533]] (&842&353. &&18Ey, &4648 &1DD&&A10rule (907 to 955), the core &222&&32&&C8Cto [[Leopold I &5E7(&&DE2| Leopold of &&DE2] in 976. Being part &0[[Holy &&10B&&F5] the &&DE2 &A90and &B49&&32&510th &3C&413th &3C

[[&1BJuliusz Kossak Sobieski pod Wiedniem.jpeg|&41left|&2DF&&6EF&&3FE1683]]

&&46Duke [[&&A5FII]] &5A21246 &4DAno &32Ar, [[Rudolf I of &&5DE] &45B&1023&327sons marking the &33A&0line &0[[&&5DE]s, who &AF&AD3&&32&8E&22F

&&B&18C&5F0on of [[&&5B9VII &&49F] of Bavaria, &&32 &&5DE held &472&3B5&&9B8&33Ain 1438 with [[&&49FII of &&5DE] &8Eend &0[[Holy &&10B&&F5]. &&2A[[14th &3C14th]] and 15th &3C&&32&AFexp&279&91&195it &47F&472of a &&51&F46&F3&1Fend &015th &3C&8Eend &0&&5DE&5DDin 1918.

===&&86&35==
Just two &62&30A&F05&0[[Holy &&10B&&F5] in 1806, in 1804 the [[&&32 &&F5&&F5&5E7] was &1C7 &61&D1B35Ein 1867 in&4dual-&5DD[[&&32&&7FA]. The &F5was &65F&4A5&E2&9in 1918, &DD&7DD&0[[&&83&&F3]] in [[&&4DWar I]], with most &0&&D5&1DF&53D&444a [[re&A2]. (See [[&&689&&424Germain]].) &&481918 and 1919 &71&11By &111&ARe&A2&3B5&&32(''&&B06Deutschö&24D'). &&DD[[Entente]] &F3 forbade &&D5&&32to unite with &&D5, they also forbade &5A &3 &71&35F &6A8&&51F&&32 The &9Ere&A2&EE1&1951933 &FA&21Dlor [[&&DE1Dollfuß]] &58an autocratic &EDF&712&234&&471&2CB([[&&6062CB]).

&&32&BF&49[[&&D5]] in 1938 &53[[Anschluß]] and &270&110[[Nazis|Nazi]] rule &8E&159[[&&4DWar II]]. &&DD&7DD&0[[Axis &&F3]], the [[Potsdam &&5A3Allies &3A5&&32] &1951955, &FA&BA&163&965&E2re&A2&8D&65C&87&67&6CB&824(see: [[&&32 &&31&&623]). &&32also &163&331&0UN &&A9Fyear. &&DD&54F[[&338&31]s in [[&&143&&A8], &&32&BF&25B&1A4&&51&3F2 &1221995, &&32&6F3the [[&&51&&11E], &3[[Euro]] &887&4Bin 1999.

!D4!
{{&20D&&4F&67[[&1B&&32&&1AEjpg|&41&A&2C0&&32 &&1AEin &&3FE]

&&32&163&150 [[&1AEry &216&1AErian, &9E] [[re&A2] &53[[&&150&&6A(&&32|&&150&&6A] of 1920. &&71re&34Bin 1945 &4nine [[&&9&5E7&9] &0&&150Re&A2 The [[&26F&31] &F[[&&E8&&32&&150&&3D], &331&4B7y &47A The &F8B&0[[&&1F&5E7&&150&&1F] &F[[&&21Dlor &5E7&&150&&21Dlor]], &331ap&125d &11&3D &&FB&57re&53Afrom &2A5by &21Ba &3Dal &107D&7BB[[vote of no &8D6] &1&23E&820of &1AE &379&&1FE&&32&&2Aat]].

The [[&&1AE&5E7] &110two &820. The com&128&0&&2Aat is &2DC&139&5E6by &86D&5C&1E1&97&139&6ACis &61Evote to fill its 183 &737 A #0#Four Percent Hurdle#0# pr&35A&1B7spl&10B1ng &0&39&46C&1&&2Aat by &1B5ng &737&382&39&472&71C&B64&1F4&854&5B2threshold &0&5Cvote, or alter&158y, &49Ca &4B7seat, or ''Direktmandat'', &886&043 &2E5l &1E1&39A The &&2Aat &F&725&820&1&45F&36F&5E5 &&28 &3D3ho&5C&1AE the [[&&150&&1FE&&32&&DE0] &17D&265&764[[veto]] (the &&2Aat can - &7CE&ABC- pass the &5D1ve bill a &8Dtime &A4Dthe &&DE0al&19E. A &58D &1FF''Ö&24#9C#&196Konvent'' [#1#konvent.gv.at/] was &F5Ein [[June 30#A3# to &BE3upon &D37 to re&4DF&6A &82Dfai&241&369a &F66&1E2&3EF&149&42A of &38C&1&&2Aat &3B7for &6Al &335 and/or &6F9 &&28some &A3&53D&0&18E&54Bwere &5Cy &8D5upon &60e &152&62D&1B&67F

==Sub&45A=
{{&20D&&9&67
A &150re&A2 &&32is &158nine [[&9], ([[&&D5&B&&D5]: ''[[&&9&5E7Bundesländer]]''). &&7C&9are &158[[&73A]s (''[[Bezirke]]'') and &19B(''[[Statutarstadt|Statutarstädte]]'').§2&&39Aare sub&158municipalities (''Gemeinden''). &&19B&73D&1068cies &3Aise &25Fd to both &39Aand municipalities. &&74 &9Dmere &3C9&45A bu&859some &1A6&249&155&352&5&11B

[[&&1B&&6C3 &5E7&&365d.png|&A&&9&5E7]
{| &1D4&56#0#&1D4&30D&30D#4#
!&3812|[[&&42&BIn &&42]
!&3812|[[&&D5&BIn &&D5]
|-
![[&&9&5E7&&31] !! [[&&C4] !! &&31!! &&C4|-
|'''1''' [[&&70A]§A||[[&&D02]§C||&&70AD||&&D02|-
|'''2''' [[&&454(&31|&&454]||[[&&D01]||Kärnten||&&D01|-
|'''3''' [[Lower &&32]||[[St. Pölten]]||Niederö&24D|St. Pölten
|-
|'''4''' [[Upper &&32]||[[Linz]]||Oberö&24D|Linz
|-
|'''5''' [[&&4CC(&31|&&4CC]||[[&&4CC]||&&4CC(Land)||&&4CC|-
|'''6''' [[&&78F(&31|&&78F]||[[Graz]]||Steiermark||Graz
|-
|'''7''' [[Tyrol (&31|Tyrol]]||[[&&A0F]||Tirol||&&A0F|-
|'''8''' [[&&8D4]||[[&&C67]||&&8D4|&&C67|-
|'''9''' [[&&3FE]||[[&&3FE]||Wien (Land)||Wien
|}

#F6#
{{&20D&&13D&67
[[&1BOe&24Dtopo.png|&41left|&50ETopography &5E7]

&&32is &1B7y [[&300]ous &BA&5Eits &774&1[[Alps]]. The [[&&83&&143Alps]], [[&&10Arn Lime&4C6Alps]] and [[&&80Lime&4C6Alps]] &3A1&625&5E5§2&&0&3FB&5BE&&32(84,000 km² or 32,000&&128amp;nbsp;mi]]), &6F1out a &316&57&C0low &101D &73932% &0&607&243500 [[&D68]s (1,640#!11F![[foot (unit of &496|ft]]).§2&&748&300us Alps &&AA4&5E7flatten &72Einto low &1023and &D8E &&810&0&BA

[[&&1BAu-map.png|&41&A&50EMap &5E7]

&&32&5D&1585 &5A&163§2The &9A9area &104[[&&143Alps|&&32 Alps]], &17&72862% &220&3FBarea. The &&32 &DDF&1Fbase &0[[Alps]] &3[[&&D00&&253&&D00]s &3D9&EDound 12% &1B8area.§2The &DDF&&810&60eas &23Dthe periphery &0Pannoni low &BAa&652to &5512% &0&3FB&F45 The &8D&C6r &30&10C3(much &23E&785Alps) is &F69&1&10A§2Known &A&&32 [[granite]] [[&D6Au]], &26&32F&1&83area &0Bohemian Mass, &60&10AF for 10% &5E7§2The &&32 &9ED&0[[&&F44basin]] &746 the &6694%.

=!11D!=
The &C6r &49&&32lies &1cool/&A0E[[&14Fzone]] &97humid westerly winds &C06 With over half &0&BA&79A&11[[Alps]] the [[alpine &14F] &Fpre&725one. &&1East the &14F&D1C&198l &B8with less rain &785&163&710&FDE&3DC. 
The six &9FD&253&5E5are:

{|
|----- &6C#DDDDDD
! #!11F!#!11F!
! Name
! #!11F!&&6BBamp;nbsp;(m)
!#!11F!&&6BBamp;nbsp;([[foot (unit of &496|ft]])
! Range
|-----!18!; #!11F!1 || [[Großglockner]]#!11F! #!11F!
| 3,797 m || 12,457 &448[[Hohe &&DDE]
|-----!18!; #!11F!2 || [[Wildspitze]]#!11F! &&363,768 m || 12,362 &448[[Ö&221|-----!18!; #!11F!3 || [[Weißkugel]]#!11F! &&363,739 m || 12,267 &448[[Ö&221|-----!18!; #!11F!4 || [[Großvenediger]]#!11F! &&363,674 m || 12,054 &448[[Hohe &&DDE]
|-----!18!; #!11F!5 || [[Similaun]]#!11F! &&363,606 m || 11,831 &448[[Ö&221|-----!18!; #!11F!6 || [[Großes Wiesbachhorn]]#!11F! &&363,571 m || 11,715 &448[[Hohe &&DDE]
|----- &6C#&&&488|}

!12!
{{&20D&&BB&67[[&&1B20ec_oes.png|320px|&A&386 The [[&&A0D(palace)|&&A0D] &&6C7 &5F7&0[[Baroque]] ]]

&&32&17Dwell-&75[[&4A&3B9&BB] &60high [[&1BCof &FC]. &&8E&1017&14E&&32s &12C&209firms were &2Ased, &28&6A0&62privatisation has &81A&31&CA7 to a &24Acompar&C0&3A&&51&542 &&414&5D are &219&5E5&45E&2BF&463&414&4F

[[&&D5]] &2B6been &F3&CDC&C88&5E7 &3BEvulner&C0rapid &326&1[[&&D5&BB]. Slow &254in &&D5 and else&94&1&4D&4F4&&32 slowing its &254to 1.2% in 2001. But &74&&32&163&331&31&0[[&&51&&11E] &31C&7E8&53B ties to &3A[[&&51&&11E] &542 &76Bits &81&D45on &&D5. &&57F &C5ip &1EU has &51Can influx &&1087investors &659by &&32s &98A&4&571&&51&3B9and &45DEU &F8F&542 &&B7ore &26D of &254in 2005 (&8922%) are &257favourable than &1crippling &&D5&BB

'''Agri&3E'': &&32 farms, like &DB&1CBwest &&51&300us &6D are &20and fragmented, and &A0is &1D9&7BB

'''&&209'':§2&&20E&490 &C&AE&4D3&1FC&C7and &182&428, are &2BF&162&858&E58ng &4C7&23 most &3AD&347&858&5E5are &1D9&20&89B&10B12A&52E

'''&&11C'': Like &2C3&7E&6D the &9A9contribut&88C&&32s GDP is its &172&4A4 Most &507is [[&2C4], &9F[[&6C4] [[&2C4].

To meet &20A &413&6B6EU and &&83&&51&6D &&32will &275&7CB&A1&FD&4A4 &0&BB &54Ade&FF5the [[&172&4A4], and &23Eits tax burden.

&&166 [[&&276&&32 &77]

!D7!
{{&20D&&92&67[[&1B1&&CF0tto-Wien-&&A0Djpg|&41&A&2C0[[&&3FE] &221&23half &018th &3C &4CEby [[&&CF0tto]].]]

&&32s &C4[[&&3FE] is &2C&&A8s &193&19B&32&27&A3E1.6 &114(2 &114with suburbs) and &728 a ''melting pot'' of &6AC &1B3l over &&83and &&143&&A8 In &556this ''Metropolis'', &3A&19B&73exceed 1 &114&368 &59E&91&12C[[city]] [[Graz]] is home of 305,000 &23(&22Cby [[Linz]] with 180,000, [[&&4CC] with 145,000 and [[&&A0F] with 134,803 (2005). All &3A&19Bhave &CFFthan 100,000 &368

&&32s &3B5m&3Atongue, by far &D1&12C&10F form 91.1% &220&27 &&3FA[[&365] &220&33Fof non-&&32 &815 many from &23D&6D &9F&5&999[[&&143Bloc|East Bloc]] &B9 The &&32 &150&708[[&&454(&31|&&454] and [[&&78F(&31|&&78F] are &5BB&12F(&FB &&333&30ty &32ound 14,000 &C5(&&32 &1CC un&11B&1EASlovene &7B&537&2D340,000). So-&8Cguest &298''(Gastarbeiter)'' &3r &36Calso form &EA[[&30ty &10F] &5E5 A&27E20,000 [[&&A10]] and 30,000 [[&&B05]] live &&810&2B5[[&&70A] (&4E7&49&&7FA.

&&501&B [[&&D5&B&&D5], is &3C0by &2E3all &A4F&0&BA &&32s &300us &7F8n led &4&86many &1A6&&D5&F43 All &0&F43&1[[&BA], &28 &3B4[[&&606Bavarian]] &7B&3B5&F43 &B&5F0on &0&1039&67Eits west-&2B5[[&&8D4], &17&1050&4&16E[[&&DDD&&D5&&DDD] &F43
&&B7&4Aa &1A6&C05&1BCfor [[&&32 &B&&32]] &&D5&32few &3F7 &4&&D5&67E&&D5.

===&&4F&692ng &4AD&7B(Volksgruppenpolitik)===
An &26D 25,000-40,000 [[&&333]] &1&&32 &164[[&&454(&31|&&454] as &BE&&B05 and [[&&A10]] in &&70Awere &57Eas a &30ty &45E&9BC&15C&A &208&&32 &&31&&623(Staatsvertrag) of 1955. The &&333 &1&&32 &164[[&&78F(&31|&&78F] (&26D at &B8&481,600 and 5,000) &9D&57Eas a &30ty and &73enjoy &15C&A, &168&&31&&689July 27, 1955 &9&3Aise.
The &Afor &A0C&84C&752&10&262&94Slovene and &&B05&1DF&&32s live &76Eide &B&&D5&1DF&27(as &3A7&111955 &&31&&623 &74D&1B&965&67F &&B7&4Aan &110urrent of &449&1C3t &53D&0Carenthian &27&15[[&&333] &51A&1partisan war &2AB[[Nazi]] &3E9&1AF&44bad &433 &&BDC#0#Tito partisan&&D6a &450 infrequent insult hurled &87&C5&0&30ty. Many &&454s are afraid of &&333&84B&2BD, &125ng &4&B3Yugoslav &6EC&50B&74&46each &0two &&4DWars and &26Eng that &14Bicial &&333&63s &152show &95&&454as &&333&52&91 &&114&351 [[Jörg Haider]], has made this fact &1E6of &A2&4E5in fall 2005 by &56A&20Athe &2D&A0C&84C&752in &&454 A poll &11Kärntner &&9Cnstitut &45Din &&C32006 &29B65% of &&454s &9Din favour &146&2A0&A0C&84C&752 &DE&1BD&4A1set &11&&31&&6891955 &EBready been ful&E04&292&4r &125&7FA§2An&3A&180ng &598&Fso &8C#0#&&CFETheorie#0# [#2#de.&1ABorg/wiki/&&CFETheorie] stating &15&&333 &57&65F&722&7B &5F9&&333 and &&DDC &A9&3F7 in &B&48&&32 &&333, &4BC&55B&&333&1BC&Bin &1B7&183&&333, who spoke &72&1F2&&333&1039but went to &&D5&1B7. &&4latter &10F&10E#0#&&DDC&6D0ginally the &&53Dfor &&333) &44plied, &2BDng &15 were a &5A&4AD&10F Th&Fry was &1F3&5Cy &22Dand &28&59E&26F&AE&5B1ago.

*[[&&276&19B&5E5]

!11E!
[[&&1B&&9B8&5B9v.png|&41&A&2DF'''&&5B9V''' &&32 &&5DE&98B&828&0&193&3F9with&1[[Counter-&&6F9tion]].]]

&&43&10Arn &51D&&D5 w&A&361&0[[&&6F9tion]], &&32(and Bavaria) &2CD&ACE&0[[Counter-&&6F9tion]] &1[[16th &3C16th]] and [[17th &3C17th]] &3C &FA&8AD&5DDof [[&&5DE] &6ADa &BDE&EDFto &BD5n [[&&226sm]]'s &F3&122luence &1C3&&32s. &&32Dthis &A7Dof &&226sm &Apre&725[[&&B3] &EF(&&93A have &69ut &&32s &35&672&1D9&20&10F, &&32s &5E3a &A9A2A&31has &7E4&3B7for &&5DE&98B &5C8&32heterogeneous &1A5&27 &&1A5&3EC&252a &6Al &Aas &2BD1867 and [[&&32&&7FA] was home of &227&EF beside [[&&10B&&226sm]] &C&&6B Serbian, &&10Ban, &&3E7 and Bulgarian [[&&879&&B3]], [[Jew]]s,§2[[&&7A1]] (&&32neighboured the [[Ottoman &F5] for &251, [[Mormons]] and both [[Calvinism|Calvinists]] and [[&&FD7] [[&&93A]].

&&152&&32&270&2BFy &407&&226sm. &&461918 &&57Re&A2&&226&27B &C[[Theodor Innitzer]] and [[Ignaz Seipel]] took &5D0&128 &1D3or &53B&4&&32 &&1F&&F7F &72&17C&2Atime &0[[&&6062CB] – &&226sm was &697&3DEa [[&31&EF] by dictators [[&&DE1Dollfuss]] and [[Kurt Schuschnigg]]. &&61&&226&27B welcomed &5E4 in 1938 &2A[[&&DE3] &5E7into [[&&D5]], &&32 &&226sm &CBBits &670[[Nazism]] &D2on &485&999&1A5&A2&3F9&BF&3C4&B&3EB&2A[[&&42AReich]]. &&461945 a &BDEr &CD8sm was &6AD&5E5&41C&463&4Fhas n&9A&F6A

As &0end &0&22F&5573% &220&27are &593as &&10B&&226 &43&555% &26E&135[[&&93A]s. Both &7C&2D0&22&8&103Afor &5B1 &9F&&10B&&226sm, &182&F50an &3DD&2Dseceders &0&147 &&85due &625to [[&2F6&357&1025] scandals by &CDE&F6&Aalleged un&106Cess &0&&10B&&226&&147to &A11re&2F3 &&57F &&32 &&226 are obliged &6C1&895atory tax (&CFDby &6B7– ca 1%) &4&&32 &&10B&&226&&147 &17acts &277ther incentive to leave the &147

&&5512% &0&27declare &15 &73&3B4any [[&147] or &1A5&85 &&0&669&23 &55180,000 are &C5&0[[&&143&&879&&143&&879&&147] &60out 7,300 are [[Judaism|&&7A3]. It has &1B&98E&15&&32 &&7A3&&85of 1938 – &&3FE&834&10AFd &123200,000, &162&9634,000 to 5,000 &270&DD[[&&4DWar II|&&8D&&4DWar]]. The influx of [[&&143&&A8&&143&&51]], &9F&5&999Yugoslav &B9 &&46E&799cularly from [[&&E19] &2BFy &370to a &519&&7A1&30ty &5E5– &16C300,000 are &593as &C5&657&&7A1&175 The &1EA&23&F75&4[[&&53C] &43A&2BFy &2Alast &62&B1&298grow &&694 [[&&88D&5E5&&88D], &61&733y &57Eas a &EF&5E5in 1983, &EBA&3CF&929and &17D&1AAof 20,000 (10,402 &1F2001 [[&1CC]).
A 2005 &165&1C38,000 &3C9&20E[[&&A8]an &6D&7CDthat &&32s are &152&AA&6D&B&3C2st &6DA[[god (&D0A|God]]. 84% &244&&32s do &31&502in God, with only [[Poland]] (97%), [[&&2FF] (90%) and [[&&4B3] (87%) in &388&0&6D&165d. &&85a much &2BF &6DFthan &455aver&1C171% or [[&&D5]] with 67%. [#1#&97A-digest.de/&172fuer_&332sten/&F9php?id=mrd#3#no_cache=1#3#tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=251#3#tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=15]

!105!
{{&20D&&3E&67{{&&32s}}
[[&1BWittgenstein2.jpg|&41left|&534&&906&&B04]

&&61&&32is a &20&BA its &5E3a &4D&F3&279&7EE&52&13E&1&ACEof &&A8have &7BD&166to &C7B&4D7&127&248 One &2EE&C4&&32&273er&2Ay &614&5AC&D8ans. It &28the &4307B7many [[&&D8&5E7&1B8&720]] &C[[&&87EAmadeus Mozart]], [[Haydn|&&157Haydn]], [[Franz Schubert]], [[Anton Bruckner]], [[&&980&&5AE Sr.]], [[&&980&&5AE Jr.]] or [[Gustav Mahler]] as &BE&C5&0[[&&8D&&F44&&1B7] &C[[Arnold Schoenberg]], [[Anton Webern]] or [[Alban Berg]].

Complementing its &7F0as a l&728&9FF &&32&17Dways been &6F9of &C6poets, &2CFand &2F7sts. It w&Ahome of &2F7sts [[&&359Schnitzler]], [[&&8D3Zweig]], [[&&15ABernhard]] or [[&&76Musil]], of poets [[Georg Trakl]], [[Franz Werfel]], [[Franz Grillparzer]], [[&&DDBMaria Rilke]] or [[Adalbert Stifter]]. &&1B8&204playw&A and &2F7sts are [[Elfriede Jelinek]] and [[&&30FHandke]]. &&1C3&&32 &9FF&60chitects one can find pa&10B1 [[Gustav Klimt]], [[Oskar Kokoschka]], [[Egon Schiele]] or [[Friedensreich H&110wasser]],§2&953r [[Inge Morath]] or &E3C[[Otto Wagner]].

&&32w&A&109Bof &227&1D8&34&8DE[[&&906Boltzmann]], [[Lise Meitner]], [[Erwin Schrödinger]], [[Ernst Mach]], [[&&87EPauli]], [[&&144von Mises]] and [[&&B3Doppler]], &9B [[&&906&&B04] and [[Karl Popper]], &D3C[[Gregor &&DFE] and [[Konrad Lorenz]] as &BEmathematician [[Kurt Gödel]]. &&71&5BB&778[[Sigmund Freud]], [[&&B2AAdler]], [[Paul Watzlawick]] and [[Hans &&273], &7D5[[Viktor &&533]], &90A[[&&157Schum&30F], [[Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk]], [[&&906von Mises]], and [[&&567Hayek]] ([[&&32 &&1B7]) and [[&&30FDrucker]], and &E17rs &C[[Ferdinand Porsche]] and [[Siegfried Marcus]]. 

&&61&&32s can look back with pride &8r &52past, &1B2&&32&7D&932back &870&465&&32hosts a tremendous &3D5&3E &172&134&D8&739 in [[&&3FE], [[&&4CC] and [[&&C67], its &86&28C&2CF its &9CB and &713&170.

* [[&&276&&32s]]
* [[&&D8&5E7]

==&&1D3=
* [[&&32 folk dancing]]
* [[&&32 &&D5]
* [[&&12E &5E5]
* [[Cuisine &5E7]
* [[&&133&5E5]
* [[&&109&1A4&5E7]
* [[&&536&5E5&&536&5E5]
* [[&&CC&5E7]
* [[&&A2&CA4 &5E5]
* [[&&15DRiding &&1B7]
* [[Stamps and &408&2B&&32]
* [[&&2C4&5E5]
* [[&&FE&5E5]

!1E!
* &&8Eand &252&57&1DC&1more &4DA&116 &B1Cto &14D&116
!12!
{{&7822C2&&32}
* The ''[[&A86&&1D2]'' ([#1#&A86at/;&44Aamp;&D6_set&B&D6LANGUAGE=en &&3A6 | [#1#&A86at/&A86encyclop.a &&645of Contents] | [#1#&A86at/;&44Aamp;&D6&32C&D6&&32C)
* [#1#oevsv.at Amateur &&48B&5E5
* [#1#&7EC.com/&32Answers.com] &&116on &&32* [#2#&32&A8&6Dcom &&32in &&2CE]
* [#1#&32info/ &&32info] &&11B&3A6&0&&32 &&2ATourist &&2A5(&&D5 &&42&4D&B)
* [#1#acfny.org &&32 &&52&&4BDNew York] &&52&4FF&1C1in &&E31* [#1#cookbookwiki.com/&&8&&32 &&32 Recipes on CookBookWiki.com]
* [#1#&60632Cat/ &&60632C Bilingual &&32 &&32C&E17and &&1DE (&&D5 &&42
* [#1#bundeskanzleramt.at/ Bundeskanzleramt Ö&24D&&150&&21Dlor &5E7 &&231&0&&150&&21Dlery &5E7(&&D5 &&42
!34!2tions/&29Dgeos/au.html Cia.gov] CIA's &&29Don &&32* [#1#dwellan.com/&541&2C2at_en.html Dwellan.com] &&2C4&5E5* [#1#loc.gov/rr/&10B12A&A8n/&32au.html &&C2&4AD&&419 &8&&4D- &&32* [#2#&30Fdiem.at/&9AAe.htm &&30FDiem] The Symbols &5E7* [#1#photo&D33info/e&18A&32 Photo&D33info] &&BA&&AF- &&32Info
* [#2#&48Borf.at/ &&48BORF] &&32 &&48B&348- both &134&606&D8(live feed)
* [#1#tis&A9Cat/ Tis&A9Cat] &&32&938&522* [#1#&31gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3165.htm US &&99&&31 Facts &2F5(&9B0&&DF2005)
* [#1#aua.com/ &&32 Air&5A4

{{EU_&6D}
{{&&A8}
{{&&9&67
[[&&8&&32 ]]
[[&&8Erasmus &&49C&B6E|&&32 &&18E]
[[&&8Landlocked &6D]

[[af:Oostenryk]]
[[als:Ö&24D]
[[ang:Ēastrīce]]
!26!نمسا]]
[[an#29#
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#7F#Австрия]]
[[zh-min-nan:Tang-kok]]
[[be:Аўстрыя]]
!B4!অস্ট্রিয়া]]
[[bs#D7#
[[br:Aostria]]
[[ca:À&DDA]
[[cs:Rakousko]]
[[cy:Awstria]]
[[da:Østrig]]
[[de:Ö&24D]
[[et#29#
!3D!Αυστρία]]
[[es#29#
!EE!ŭstrio]]
[[eu#29#
#E6#اتریش]]
[[fo:Eysturríki]]
[[fr:Autriche]]
[[fy:Eastenryk]]
[[fur:&&A85e]]
[[ga#AE#
[[gd#AE#
[[gl:&&32- Ö&24D]
#35#오스트리아]]
#9E#ऑस्ट्रिया]]
[[hr#D7#
[[io#29#
[[id#29#
[[ia#29#
[[is:Austurríki]]
[[it#29#
!17!אוסטריה]]
#A1#ავსტრია]]
[[kw:Estrych]]
[[ku:&&DD9]
[[la#29#
[[lv#D7#
[[lt#D7#
[[lb:Éisträich]]
[[li:Oosteriek]]
[[hu:Ausztria]]
#9F#Австрија]]
[[mt:Awstrija]]
[[ms#29#
[[na#29#
[[nl:Oostenrijk]]
[[nds:Österriek]]
!14!オーストリア]]
[[no:Ø&F42]
[[nn:Au&F42]
[[oc:À&DDA]
[[os:Австри]]
[[pl#29#
[[pt:Á&DDA]
[[ro#29#
[[rm#29#
!19!Австрия]]
[[se:Nuortariika]]
!E1!आस्ट्रिया]]
[[sq#29#
[[sh#D7#
[[scn#29#
[[&1CE&&32]
[[sk:Rakúsko]]
[[sl:Avstrija]]
!2D!Аустрија]]
[[fi:Itävalta]]
[[sv:Ö&F42]
[[tl#29#
!AA!ஆஸ்திரியா]]
#69#ประเทศออสเตรีย]]
[[vi:Áo]]
[[tr:&&DD9]
!2C!Австрія]]
[[yi:עסטרייך]]
#22#奥地利]]
[[fiu-vro#29#!B!
!1!
!2!
!5!
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§4<id>577</id>
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§6<&4/* &&13D*/</&4
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#5C#--PLEASE USE AUSTRALIAN ENGLISH THROUGHOUT THIS ARTICLE--&gt;
The '''&&104&E1'' is &6F9&1[[&&80Hemisphere]] comp&94E&4Bs &20st [[&198] &60&2D&106&1[[&&80&&3DB&&80], [[&&1D1&&3DB&&1D1] and [[&&1E4&&3DB]s. &&13s &79F&6D&71[[Indonesia]], [[East Timor]] and [[Papua New &&354] &4&10A the [[&&9AF&&106], [[Vanuatu]] &3[[&&8F&&50] &109Fncy &78DCaledonia]] &4&10Aast, and [[New &&6B1] &4&89ast.

The [[&&13(&198|&198&E1] &28&399for over 40,000 &62by [[&&FB&&13s]]. &&46&BAD&102A by &E60&5&10A&1C0[[&&A8]an &DD7and &DD6&4CF&117th &4E0&143half &0&198was &2BDd &11[[&&B4] in 1770 &&CFB&505&A[[&CFA&549] &78D&&89&&634] on [[26 &&C3] [[1788]]. &&A&27grew and new &163were &735 an&3Afive &2BFy self-&78D[[&&B4&5DC&91&&B4Crown Colonies]] were &32Avely &58&106&569&0&265

On [[1 &&C3] [[1901]], &7CD&1F9[[&&3E8&E1federated]] &3&&104&E1was &35E &&74&3E8 &&CF&981a s&645[[&4D9&216&4D9&9E] &39&4Band &121a [[&&104Realm]]. &&114&42F&16C20.4 &114is &79E&2AD&1&2BF&266l &19Bof [[&&78E], [[&&396], [[Brisbane]], [[Perth, &&7E&&13Perth]], and [[&&F41].

== #60#
&&5A&&E0&847&5[[&&2E8&B&&2E8] ''australis'', &E6''&80'. &&45E&146#0#un&111&80land#0# (''[[Terra &&78C&7F8austral&273ognita]]'') date back &4&&10B&6A1were &1A9lace in &536val &13D but &&E81&A9any &5F9&A1&0&198 The &&AC2adjectival form ''&&78Che'' (#0#&&13#0#, &1&F4#0#&80#4#) &742by &&AC2&11B in [[Jakarta|Batavia]] to &AD1&4newly &18Dland &4&89as &2BD1638. &&23use &&726#0#&&13&77[[&&42&B&&42] &441693 &518of ''Les Aventures de &&835Sadeur dans la Découverte et le &&DD5de la Terre &&A85le'', a 1692 &&50&2F7by [[Gabriel de Foigny]] &8Dpen name &&835Sadeur {{ref|&&590}. #5C#-- &B7&441676 &179 but &71sup&141d --&gt;§2[[&&F1Dalrymple]] then used it in ''An &&9D&&D2&&DD5 and Dis&A9Ces &1&&89&&1E4&&3DB', &2421771. &&818&10Eto &AD1&4&7C7&&89&&1E4&2E5 not &1BElly &4&&13 &198 In 1793, [[&&1A2Shaw]] and [[&&D0&&60B&&756Sir &&D0&&756] &C9''Zoology and Botany of New &&69F', &&949 &24Bof #0#the vast &18B or &4C9&198 &E1 &&A85lasia or [[New &&69F(&&13|New &&69F].#0#
[[&&1B&&B03&&3A2Port &&5BF&434from &&89Head.jpg|&812&41left|&&3A2[[Port &&5BF], &434&5&&89Head, from ''A &&DD5to Terra &&78C'. [[&&78E] was &58on this site.]]
&&5A#0#&&13&190&12Dsed &111814 work ''A &&DD5to Terra &&78C' &11navigator [[&&5B3&&B03]. &&32Dits &7 &17&558the view &0Admiralty, &&B03used &2D2#0#&&13#4# &&A8D &61&55Eread and gave &10E&5C&1FD &&351[[Lachlan Macquarie]] &78D&&89&&634] &79Cused &2D2&58dispatches to [[&&4DF]. In 1817 he recomm&429&87be &11By &37C In 1824, &569Admiralty &8D5&15&198&B6&111&11By as &&13

&&2D2#0#&&13&77[[&&13 &&42] is [[IPA &1013for &&42&940] as &21B{{IPA|/ə.ˈstɹæɪ.ljə/}}, {{IPA|/ə.ˈstɹæɪ.liː.ə/}} or {{IPA|/ə.ˈstɹæɪ.jə/}}.

!65!&13}
&&23&9Chabitation of &&E0&26D &9C&75A&4842,000 and 48,000 &62ago.{{ref|&&A73} &&23&&13s &2CD&661&0&1B2[[&&FB&&13s]]; they &9CFvi&853&BA5 and &18Csea-&A8Angs from &8Bday [[&&89ast Asia]]. Most &0e &23were [[&BEBga&B7]]s, &32&297oral &3Eand &24E&105&A9&E3F&10l&60d a &362&1[[&&78B(&A9|&&78B]. The [[&&B02&&B01&&18Brs]], &4ADlly [[Melanesia]]n, &399the [[&&B02&&B01&&106] and &95far-&10A[[&&487]; they &C70&1A6&52&2AB &5Ab&361s.
[[&&1B&&797&1035in Cooktown harbour.jpg|&50Eleft|&41Lieutenant [[&&D0Cook]] &525East &266&E1on [[HM Bark &&797HM Bark ''&&797']], &2BDng &7A0for &&3DAin 1770. This &1035&3BFin [[&&DD4 &&7E&&13&&DD4] in 1988 for &&13s bicentenary.]]
&&23un&4FB &276d &&51&DA1ng &0&&13 &198&79B&11&&AC2navigator [[Willem Jansz]], who &DA1d the &486[[Cape York &&3A3] in 1606. &&2A17th &4E0&&AC2&525&526&0&7Eand &10Arn &266796wh&1F &8C[[New &&69F(&&13|New &&69F], but made no &106Fat &1D7 In 1770, [[&&D0Cook]] sailed &76Eand &107Athe east &266&E1 &D9&244[[New &&89&&634] and &2BDd for &&3DA The exp&2CDs &284&1B9&1047&10&A7Dof a [[&CFA&549] &B7&208loss &0&&10&1F9that &397&E04that role.
[[&&1BPort &&359Seeseite.jpg|260px|&41&A[[Port &&359 &&708Port &&359], [[&&708] was &&13s &12C&CFA&549]]
&&569[[&&B4&5DC&91Crown Colony]] of New &&89&&634&31B&&&9DDof a &1D7at [[Port &&5BF] by Captain [[&&359Phillip]] on [[26 &&C3] [[1788]]. This date &3D4&1Bome &&13s &2Aday, [[&&13Day]]. [[Van Diemen's Land]], now &79[[&&708], was &505in 1803 and &163&352&549in 1825. &&1A&&107&910y &2BDd &292&49&&13in 1829. &&352&1F9were &1C8from &95New &&89&&634 [[&&89&&13] in 1836, [[&&303(&&13|&&303] in 1851, and [[&&487] in 1859. The [[&&10Arn &&91] (NT) was &6711863 &38C&0&&222of &&89&&13 &&303and &&89&&13were &1C7as #0#free &1F9#4# — &C1 &186&1F3&CFA&1F9 &168&999did &3EFsome &B00from &&708 &&7E&&13&44so &1C7#0#free#0#, but &D2&22D&556d &B00&5Ean acute &414&18Cge. The &FEof &B00to &&13was &8E7 out &481840 and 1868.

The [[&&FB&&13]] &27 &26D &79F350,000 &1F&1B2&&51&1D7{{ref|&&DD3} &731steeply for 150 &62&1AA&1D7 &2AD&5Einfectious &46F &1AF &64F the [[Stolen &&33Eremoval of &B2], &4D&29C&1F&442&3E8&3E4&35F&&13s &EBgued &11D&129tanta&652to [[&&58D&8Pr&10C9&89B Punishment &0Crime of &&878&878] by &14As &110tanding.{{ref|&&F40} Such &125Ab&1BD&35are &4FB &5C9&765exaggerated or &CF9for &39or ideo&261l &1A3.{{ref|&F3F} {{ref|smh2002}} This &6D5&15Bwith&45A&A[[&&35Wars]]. &&1AA&66&8F9 1967 (Ab&1BD)|1967 &8F9], the &&150&1F&7E8&687to &A11&442and make laws with &620Ab&361s. &&99&7BFof land — [[&158&7] — &153recognised &8E[[High &&23A&E1High &&23A] case ''[[Mabo v &&487(No 2)]]'' over&220the &BEF&E1as ''[[&7F8nullius]]'' &1F&1B2&&51&3E9
[[&&1BAnzac1.JPG|left|&41&50EThe [[Last Post]] is &7B4 an [[ANZAC Day]] &43Ein [[Port &&396 &&303], [[25 &&142] [[2005]]. Ceremonies &Cthis are &5B7&C9Fy &139suburb &23An &45A]] 
A [[gold rush]] &1B3&45A&1&9A1850s, &3[[Eureka Stockade]] &28Bin 1854 &44 &9A&40B&2Ast &E92 &&481855 and 1890, &7CD&1F9&14Dy &7E8[[&855&1F], managing most &0r own &3F2&43&669part &0[[&&B4&&F5]. The &&29C&&2A5in &&7CF&5F3&141some &6AF &507&109&3F2 &C65&122er&2Ashipping. On [[1 &&C3] [[1901]], [[&&3E8&E1&3E8] &0&1F9&44hieved &46a &BC5of &FBE consultati&89B &35C &3&&104&E1&F9 as a [[&&F71] &0[[&&B4&&F5]. &&66&&C4&&91] (ACT) was &35E&78C&&89&&634in 1911 &34Ca &774&10&2A1new &150&C4of [[&&437] ([[&&396] w&A&C4from 1901 to 1927). The &&10Arn &&91was &88Eed &5&B5&0&&89&&13 &1F&4&&104in 1911. &&13&106Cy &4B8in [[&&4DWar I]];{{ref|&&F3E} many &&13s &921the &7DD&0[[&&13 and New &&6B1Army Corps]] (ANZACs) &19Bof &&A0B&&A0B] &A&430&0&2B5— its &57&193&CC&D6 The &&A0B&225&7Aerroneously &564as or &79Bto &22a &963or &2ADANZAC &225 The &6E3was that &&B4&310 &2A&225were twice as &831&2DCANZAC &1AF. &&3DE&&A0B the [[Kokoda Track &&225] is &44B&39Fas a &2B5defining &364from [[&&4DWar II]].

The [[&&7F9&82Einster 1931]] &910y &429most &0&6Al &2C2&48&&13&3&&19&&107 but &&13&DB[[&&7F9&82Einster Adoption Act 1942|adopt the &&7F9] &1951942. The shock &0&&19&&107s &7DDin Asia in 1942 &3threat of &&4D6&5F6&38B &&13&80C&4[[&&19&&9] as &303ally and &848r. &&741951, &&13&28&264l &CCally &0US &8Dauspices &0[[ANZUS]] &623 &&46&&4DWar II, &&13&4A8mass &2B4&&A8 &DE&975&3&F05&0[[&&23C&&13&360], &2B4Asia &4D&53D&0&4D&44so &4A8 As &698&&13s demography, &3Eand &1B&1B8lf were &37Ay &D1B35E &&180&6Al ties &48&&13&3&&19&&107&429in 1986 &B&CB7&0[[&&13Act 1986]], &6BCany &&B4role &1&&13 &&9 and &6BC&89D&1098 &4UK Privy &&268 &&13 voters &26F&852&1Bome a re&A2in 1999 by a 55% &193ty,{{ref|AEC}} &1BA&570&24B&6EDin &1F8dissatisf&D6&B&1BE &0&2A1re&A2n &42E&51&974&4&5DD &&DE&1E1&0[[Gough Whitlam|Whitlam &&1F] in 1972, &B7&28an &3DD&663&8&2B5s &6A5as a part &0Asia-&&1E4&2E5

!D4!
{{ma&&379[[&&1F&E1] and [[&&4F&E1]}}
[[&&1BNew&&1AE&170n&&437jpg|&41&A&50ENew [[&&1AE&&170 &&437&&1AE&&634[[&&437] &64Fin 1988 &DD2the [[Old &&1AE&&170 &&437pro&56Fl &&1AE&&170&4F8] &98Fin 1927.]]

The &&104of &&E0a [[&6Al &5DD] and &17D[[&1AEry &4B] &12E [[&&455II &0&&19&&107&&538&&455II]] &F[[&&538&E1], &851&C1&41Bher &128as &&455II &0&&19&&107 The &&538&7B9inally re&8Bd &11[[&&351&&5C&E1&&351&&5C]; &168[[&&6A&E1&&6A] &52D&470[[&&250(&1F|&250&F3]] &4&&351&&5C &7Care &611y &E78only &8&E7B&0[[&&218&&181&E1&&218&&181]. &&31no&645&F65&0&&351&&5Cs [[re&3E0&F3]s &514&&218&&181s &212w&Adismissal &0Whitlam &&1F&1[[&&13 &6Al &6861975|&6Al &6861975]].{{ref|PL1997}}

&&B9&117&2B8&12E
*The &51E the [[&&1AE&E1&&104&&1AE], comp&94Ethe &&538 the &&6A4 &3Ho&5CRe&8Btives; the &&538&10B&11&&351&&5C &711&2AB&F65 &16Bor no &F3&106&&1AE
*The &250 the [[&&150&&250&&268] (&21E&&5Cas &C9A&11&250&268ors); in &2AB the &268ors &104&218&181and &181 of &31 &389&E7B&21E&&5C&BF6, with rare &5F0ons.
*The &A0A the [[High &&23A&E1] &4D[[&&13 &23A&7E3&150&23A]]. &&6C3&23A &BF&910y &E2&5[[Judicial &&466&0Privy &&268] &FA''[[&&13Act]]'' was &4BFin 1986.

The [[Bi&8E5ism|bi&8E5]] &&104&&1AE&770&0&&538 &66&&6A4&&6A4] (&3D3&170 of 76 &73B &60[[&&13 Ho&5CRe&8Btives|Ho&5CRe&8Btives]] (the &23E&170 of 150 &C5 &&C5&0&23E&170are &47Afrom &571&331constituencies, &1A9y &79'&DA5rates' or '&737. Seats &1Ho&5CRe&8Btives &3A1cated to &9&&B4Aof &27 &&1&&6A4 &2F2 &499of &27 &10Bby 12 &73B &BACT &3NT each &DA5ng two. &&1E1 for both &820 are held &139&117&62 &259only half &0&&6A4&737are put &59C&1E1 &68&73Bhave &1064ing six-year &3FC§2The &97with &193ty &177&1Ho&5CRe&8Btives &2F3&&1F &172&27B&444&&218&&181

&&B9&117&193&39&472 &66&&38A&&97&&38A&&97], the [[&&4D9&&97&E1&&4D9&&97] &3[[&&2A&&97&E1&&2A&&97]. &&E2&52F&AE&30&472— &5B[[&&13 &&759|&&759]], [[&&E0&&57&&97&&E0&&57] &3[[&&13 &&28A] — &EBhieved re&8Btion &45A &1AE, &41Din &849&170, &168r &17C&28&997l. &&74&66&1A91996|1996 &2F3[[&&7DA(&&13|&&4D9&&2A&&7DA] led &11&&218&&181 [[John &&6D2], &28in &F3in &&437 &&1[[&&13 &1A92004|2004 &2F3&&7DAwon &B5&0&&6A4 &23time &70C&97(or &7DAof &78D&472 has done so &43in &1Fin &12320 &62 The &&38A&&97&273&F3&4D7&725&91§2[[Compulsory &35C&&35Cis &588] in &2F2and &91and &1F&150&24A

== &&C2&153=
{{main|&&C2&153&BA[[&&1BMap &E1png|&41&50E&&C2&153&E1]
&&13&110six &9 two &193mainl&DF &4D&30&153 &&74 are [[New &&89&&634], [[&&487], [[&&89&&13], [[&&708], [[&&303(&&13|&&303] &204&&13]. &&149&193mainl&DF&104[[&&10Arn &&91] &3[[&&13 &&C4&&91&&13 &&C4&&91].
&&7CE&5D1, the &153&34F&2D3y &4&9 &1BA&&104&&1AEcan override any &36F&0r &1AE. By &2B2 &150&36Foverrides &31&36&&818with &620&11F&163as set out in [[&&4951 &0&&13 &&6A&&4951]] &0[[&&6A&E1&&6A]; all residual &249&F3 are &5F3&11&31&1AE, &34&F3 over hospitals, &133 police, the &A0A roads, &A2&556and &1F2&1F 

Each &725&91has &59D[[&&1AE &0&&13 &C2&153&51E] ([[Uni&8E5ism|uni&8E5]] &1case &0&&10Arn &&91 the ACT and &&487 and bi&8E5 &1&669&9. The [[&23E&170] &15B&A[[&&249&&5FA] ([[Ho&5C&&5FA] in &&89&&CE&&708 &3[[&849&170] the [[&&249&&268]. The [[head &12E&97F&0&1F]] in &2F2and &91are &8C[[Premiers &0&&13 &9premiers]] and [[&&432&&181&432&181]], &2A3 The &&538&10Bin &2F2by a [[&&351 &0&&13 &9&351]; an [[Administrator &0&&10Arn &&91administrator]] &1&&10Arn &&91 &3&&351&&5C&1ACT, &EBalogous &D94

&&13&798&AE&30&153 the &11Bad&181 &1D2area &1D3New &&89&&634 the [[Jervis Bay &&91], as a naval base and sea port &10&2A&C4 &&57F&&13h&A&1AA &399 &773&153 [[Norfolk &&18B], [[&&74Emas &&18B], [[Cocos (Keeling) &&106], and &AE&2BFy un&399&773&153 [[Ash&2CECartier &&106], [[Coral Sea &&106], [[Heard Isl&60d Mc&&92C&&106] &3[[&&13 Antarctic &&91].

==&&109&1A4and &CC=
{{ma&&379[[&&109&1A4&E1] and [[&&13 &&C65&&1AF]}}

Over &2AE&5B1 [[&&109&1A4&E1&&13s &109&1A4] &22&844 by &7DE&98&B[[&&19&&9], &53[[ANZUS|ANZUS pact]] &1C0a &56C&65C&16D with [[Asia]] &3&&1E4 &BE&69[[&&98of &&89ast &&93B&&B9ASEAN]] &3[[&&1E4&&106&&4BD]. In 2005 &&13&9CEan &462seat &1F[[East Asia &&B2D] &1AAits &98Aon &4&&689Amity and &&28F &&E0&2C4&0[[&&104of &&B9], &&949[[&&104Heads of &&1F] &4FF &47E&F3&4BDfor co-&33B Much &E1s diplomatic &4C3is &1FD&10B12A&1DB&4D9sation. &&13led &1FAtion &0[[Cairns &&10F] and [[Asia-&&1E4&&81&&28FAPEC]], &B1&2C4&0[[&&620for &&81Co-&3F8&&8AOECD]] &3[[WTO]]. &&CF&9F4&AE&193bi&D2l free &1DB&461, most &2AEy the [[&&13&&19&&9Free &&1DB&&461&&13US Free &&1DB&&461]. &&E0a &1DCng &331&0[[&&19&&B9], and &A2Ban &10B12Aaid &2C9&110&17some 60 &6D&3EF&8E3 The 2005–06 &6F8&47E A$2.5#!11F!bn for &8A&8E3{{ref|AGov2005}} as a &5B21C1GDP, this &795is less than that &0UN [[Millennium &&8AGoals]]. 

&&13s &837&1AF — &66&&C65&&1AF] (ADF) — &746the [[Royal &&13 Navy]] (RAN), &66Army]], &3[[Royal &&13 Air &&1AF] (RAAF). All &2B8&0ADF &22&1A4UN and &2E5l &924eeping (most &2AAEast Timor, the &&9AF&&106and [[&&586]), &AFF&E1A &60med &1E0 &5B[[2003 Invasion of Iraq]]. &&FBap&125 the &432&0&&C65&&1AF&737&0&837&11C &114&432is Air &&432Marshal [[Angus Houston]]. In 2005–06, the &C65&6F8is A$17.5#!11F!bn.{{ref_&E3AGov2005|8|a}}

#F6#
{{main|&&13D&BA[[&&1B&&13&14Fmap_MJC01.png|&41&2DF&&14Fmap &E1]
&&13s 7,686,850 [[&3C5&78A]s (2,967,909 [[&3C5mile|sq.#!11F!mi]]) &F45is &8[[Indo-&&13 Plate]]. Sur&27Ed &11[[&&1D1&&3DB&&1D1], [[&&80&&3DB&&80] and [[&&1E4&&3DB&&1E4] &3DB, &&E0&352 from Asia &11[[Arafura Sea|Arafura]] and [[Timor Sea|Timor]] seas. &&CFa &3FB25,760 [[&78A]s (16,007#!11F![[mile|mi]]) of &266ine and &2BD an &470[[Exclusive &&81Zone]] of 8,148,250 &3C5&78A (3,146,057#!11F!sq.#!11F!mi). This &A56&81zone &7D&71&66Antarctic &&91]. 

The &&C6Barrier Reef, &4Bs &12Ccoral reef, lies &59A&769&39C&10Aeast &266and ex&1029for over 2,000 &78A (1,250#!11F!mi). &&4Bs two &12Cmonoliths &287&45A &&652&&19Ds in &&7E&&13&F&12Cand Uluru &66F&&13&F&361 At 2,228 [[&D68]s (7,310 [[foot (unit of &496|ft]]), &&652Kosciuszko &8&&C6Dividing Range &F&9FD&300&8&&13 &BB2 &61Mawson Peak &8&7BC&&13 &222Heard Isl&B1taller at 2,745 &D68 (9,006#!11F![[foot (unit of &496|ft]]).

!11D!
The &12C&49&&E0[[&4A5] or [[semi-arid]] – 40% &0&F45is &653[[sand dune]]s. &&474&89east &720th-west &1075 &EB&A0E&14Fand &4E0y &9BAsoil. The &10Arn part &0&BA&17D&4EA&14F part is &4EA[[&94A]s, part &826ands, and very &16B&4A5 &&13&3EF [[snowfall]] &272&19B but &41Din &AAE&60 &40B&C09 &&14Fis &61B&407&3DB&1B2, &5B[[El Niño]] &80oscillation, &3Acor&2D&101E&6F5c &806 &3&8C4l &4EAlow &141re &28A&369 cyclones in &10Arn &&13 Rainfall is &61B&5E4 with frequent [[&806]s. Rising &3DF[[salinity]] and &4A5fication &272&163 

&&E0&F69&1&35B&0tectonic &D6A &&4B0has no &2ECvolcanism only &C64volcanos, &288may &59&3EF&30&192uakes. The &7F8n &81Fy &C87wea&B7, low [[&D6Au]] with &4A5, &2F9ands &60&9BA&D8Ein &89ast.§2&&708&3[[&&13 Alps]] &73conta&44B &E03[[ice&248]s or [[glacier]]s, &168 &2D0&264&&525 The [[&&C6Barrier Reef]], by far &4Bs &12C[[coral]] [[reef]], lies &59A&769&39C&10Aeast &266 [[&&652&&19Ds &&2APark|&&652&&19Ds]], in [[&&7E&&13], &F&12C[[monolith]] &1&4D

== Flora and &1012==
{{ma&&379[[Flora &E1] and [[Fauna &E1]}}
[[&&1BKoala &F4Btree.jpg|&A&41&50EThe [[Koala]] &3''[[&&8D2]'' make an iconic pair &E1 &3BD&1012]]
&&61&70&&E0semi-arid or &4A5 it &7ADa &83E&1CEhabitats, &1B3pine heaths to &4EA[[&94A]s. &&68&0gre&6AEand consequent low &3DFfertility &0&198 its &A24&5E4&47B&2A7&279long-term &3CB&DD1 much &E1s [[biota (&376|biota]] is &7EEand [[&3B6&83E]. &&5585% of [[f&23Eng &428]s, 84% of [[mammal]]s, &12345% of [[List &E1 birds|bird]]s, and 89% of in-shore, &A0Ezone fish are [[Endemic (&376|endemic]].{{ref|DEH}} Many &E1s eco&262 &3&3CC&1D3&DB&262 are &730&74C&2E1and [[Invasive &3CC&45A&34B&428&&DFB&3CC]. The &150''&&13E&&848&89B &&3B6Conservation Act 1999'' is a &733&386ork used &10&744of &730&3CC Numerous [[&&848d &163&E1&649&163] &22&1C8to &848and &12&&13s &7EEeco&4B, 64 wet&1023are &593&8D[[Ramsar &&58D], and 16 [[&&4D&&3A8Site]]s &22&58 &&13was &3C313th &1&&4D&82005 [[&&13El Sustain&3FA&&F9].

Most &&13 &428&3CCare ever&759&485are &C98to fire and &806 &5B[[&&8D2eucalyptus]] and [[acacia]]s. &&CFa rich &346endemic [[legume]] &3CCthat thrive in nutrient-poor soils &68&0r symbiosis with [[Rhizobia]] bacteria and [[Mycorrhiza|mycorrhizal]] fungi. Well-&111&&13 &1012&71[[monotreme]]s (the [[platypus]] and [[echidna]]); a host of [[marsupial]]s, &5B[[koala]], [[kangaroo]], [[wombat]]; and birds such &A[[emu]], [[cockatoo]], and [[kookaburra]]. The [[dingo]] &50Aroduced by &&606esian &23that &1DB with &&FB&&13s &16C4000 [[&&1A9Era|BCE]]. Many &428&&DFB&3CC&BF&C64&60D&9C&1D7 &5B[[&&13 mega&1012]; many more have &2F8&C64&74&&51&1D7 &AA the [[Thylacine]] (&&708 &&71C.

!64!BA[[&&1B&&396yarra &46oon.jpg|&50E&41&A [[&&396]'s &27is &2C53.7 &114 &91&12C&45A]
&&CFa &732 &&7E&56[[&ACD&BB], &32per &404[[Gross &771&482GDP]] s&662y &40B&5E0&0UK, [[&&D5]] and [[&&8F]. &&293was &3C3&42A&1[[&&19&&B9]' 2005 [[&&9C&&8A&&F9] and sixth in ''[[The Economist]]'' &4Dide &4D4of-&7F3ex 2005. &&6A0&62 &80&BB&28resilient &1face of &3B0&81downturn. Rising output &1&771&BB&28&60Aing the &3B0slump, and &232and &F5B&8D6&121robust. &&13s &113&81&6F9&7A&2BDd &1Bkey f&280&1B6&C9s &F3D &&&8FD the &&38A&&97 &504[[&&218&&181&E1&&218&&181] [[Bob Hawke]] and [[&&B21 &E1&&B21]] [[Paul Keating]], &31B&C8of &81&6F9by [[Floating &34Drate|&AFE] &66&553] in 1983, and deregu&2E8 the &19A&4B{{ref|&&9A8} &&741996, the &&6D2&1Fhas &17E&C8of micro-&2BE&5Bpartial deregulation &0&414&3B9&3privatisation of &31&843&232s, &45C&1[[&&12E &45Atele&12E]] &209{{ref|&&CF8} Substantial &6F9&0in&4B7tax &4Bwas &67Fin July 2000 &B&18Aa 10% [[Goods and &&11CTax (&&13|Goods and &&11CTax]], &182s&662y &81Athe &D6Freliance on &1D5l and &E9&6B7tax that &152&36ses &&13s tax &4B

&&80&BBhas not &F50a [[recession]] &DE&9A&A91 As of &&C32006, [[&AFD] was 5.3% with 10,034,500 &1D5 &E58d.{{ref|ABS6202}} The &172&4A4&0&BB &34&2C4 &133 and &19A&11C &746 69% of GDP.{{ref|DFAT}} [[Agri&3E&45AAgri&3E] and &84&AAre&8Bonly 3% and 5% of GDP, &2A3 but &95B&519y to &&13s &6EA&675 &&13s &12C&6EA&3B9 &71[[Japan]], [[&&23s &&51F&&4BB&&4BB], &1A&&9 [[&&89Korea]] and New &&6B1{{ref|&&&3C8} &&163of &692&3AB&90A&71the chronically high [[&1B2&3D9deficit]] &60so high &3DFnet &109debt.

!63!BA[[&&1B&&78E&713&170and_skyline.jpg|&41259px|&AMost &&13s &5A1&825&163 [[&&78E] &&&838&886city &45A]]

Most &0&26D 20.4 &114&&13s are desc&429from 19th- and 20th-&3Cimmi&25F, &AEfrom [[&&C6&&3DA] and [[&&9F2]. &&13s &360quadrupled &DE&159&&4DWar I {{ref|ABS}}, spurred &44Fambitious [[!62!C9 In 2001, the five &12C&7B&027.4% &E1s &4BCborn &5DCwere &5&&19&&107 [[New &&6B1], [[&&655], [[&&3D1] and &&4BB{{ref_&E3&&&3C813|a}} &&208&F05&0[[&&23C&&13&360] in [[1973]], &227&1F&C10&22&58to &A43and &9FE&21C&CDD&A9a &6B4[[&A9A52sm]]{{ref|DIMIA}}. &&13s &360&20A &4E360 &171&74&&51&1D7

The self-&62F&FB&27— &34&&B02&&B01&&18Brs, &1BDof Melanesian &815— was 410,003 (2.2% &0&3FB&27 in 2001, &12F&20A&51977 &1CC &17&7CDan &FB&42F115,953.{{ref|ABS2001}} &&FB&&13s have &40Brates of &B7Band &AFD &23E&3DF&105289B life &BF7ncies for males and &62A &D717 &62&23E&5E0&1CB&&13s.{{ref_&E3&&&3C813|b}} Perceived &21Cine&4D4&5Fon&66C&39and [[&24D&45A&24D] &766for &&13s.

[[&&1BTanunda.jpg|left|&41&50EFewer than 15% &E1s &5A1rural &163 This &2CE&D1Cthe [[Barossa &&54E] wine &A4A&2E5of [[&&89&&13].]]

&&693&6CC&3A&75&6D &&E0experiencing a &C1C&745&234an &95A&27 with more retirees and &CFF&18E&210age. &&1B7&2D&&13s (759,849 &10&6F52002#3#&19603{{ref|PoA2005}}) live &514r home &BA &&CF&981one &&387&2EC[[!62!C9 &1&4Dto boost &27&254 Most immi&25F are s&3BF the quota &71 &187for &3A3and [[&B9E]]s. 

[[&&42&B&&42] &F[[&11B&B],{{ref|DIMIA2}} &B1&3C0and &1D6a &1A6&CE3&79[[&&13 &&42]. &&292&42001 &1CC &&42&&&818&B&3C0&1home &EDound 80% &0&27 &&740&574&2B3at &77E[[&&AD&B&&AD] (2.1%), [[&&471&B&&471] (1.9%) and [[&&6B&B&&6B] (1.4%). &&393pro&9EDof &57 and &8D&33Emi&25F are [[&&A9Aingual|&A0C]. &&26&184&15e were &48200 and 300 [[&&13 Ab&1BD&B]] &1F&1B2&57&&51&4F3§2Only &5570 &0e &B have &89E &60l but 20 &0e are now [[&707&B|&707]. An &FB&B&121&F3&B&EDout 50,000 (0.02%) &23 &&CFa [[sign &B] &79[[Auslan]], &17&Fmain langu&1C1&556,500 [[deaf]] &23

&&CFno [[&31&EF].§2The 2001 &1CC&97Dthat 68% &E1s c&DCselves &&B3 27% &4F7ng &135as [[&&10B&&226&&147&45A&&10B&&226] and 21% as [[&&877&&147&&877]. &&13s that &4F7&135as fol&23E of non-&&B3&EF &3655%. A &7A416% were categorised as &1E8#0#No &&EF#4# (&36An&8stic &322&C[[&CD8&9Csm|&&9Csm]], [[atheism]], [[a&8DD] and [[&2A0sm]]) &60&12B12% &731&44Cwer or &DBgive a &44Dadequate f&7BCerpretation. As &C3&&7E&6D the &24Aof &2EC&574in &147&69Ais much &23Ethan this; &E67&8D1at &147&11C&7A11.5 &114 &557.5% &0&27{{ref|NCLSatt&165}

&&1B7&8D1is &588&69ut &&13&7Bages of 6#3#&19615 &62(16 &62in &&89&&CE&&708, &5EA&44C&10C5&616rate &C1&CBF&1B99%. &&1F&25F have &149&283&E1s 38 &1A7 &60&7F&AE&299&1A7&22&58 &AE&3EF&1F&829 &&B7a &31&FD&3E1vocational &4EE&DD, &79[[&&559and &&12B&&133TAFE &&C8]], &485&1DB &81E[[apprenticeship]]s for &4EEnew &1DB&23 &&2C558% &E1s &7Bages of 25 and 64 have vocational or tertiary qualifications.{{ref_&E3&&&3C813|c}}

!61!BA[[&&1B&&3A0&&1E5&&A09&&359&&AFCjpg|&A&41&50E''&&3A0&&1E5 &&A09' ([[&&A09 &&303]) by [[&&359&&AFC] (1889) &5F&9A&191&0rich &120&E1 [[&46C&4CE].]]
The &480&DA7&E1 &3Eup &8Emid-&22Fwas [[Anglo-Celtic]], &61&1A6ve &&13 &B8&ABevolving &5&13Eand [[&&13 Ab&361|&FB] &3E &&106past 50 &62 &&13 &3E&28&EEby &&10&12D&3E(&BE&F3C89B &7AC, &2BF&52E&2B4non-&&42&1DF&6D and &&13s &&93B&8E9§2The vigour and &1BDty &0arts &45A&383 &713 &D8 &4CE &5BB &A9D and &10B4—are &A18&10B12A&685

&&CF&4CC&2B&7D1arts, &4CF&B[[Cave &4CEcave]] and bark &4CE &1B8&FB&23. &&5&1B2&&51&1D7 a comm&8e in [[Art &E1&&13 art]] &28&80&46C seen &1&2C1[[&&359&&AFC], [[&&359Boyd]] and [[&&49FNamatjira]], &1C3&3A. The &120 of &FB&&13s &54C&D1Bitted orally &60e &4E3tied to &43E&3telling &0&47D&0[[&&78B(&A9|&&78B]. [[&&13 Ab&1BD&D8], &A9Dand [[&&13 Ab&1BDart|art]] &EBpalpable &463&204&&13 &7D1and &71Darts. &&CFan &2EC&120of [[&D8], [[ballet]] and [[&9CB]; &14Eits &71Darts &77&3EF&A2&829&53&11Bs [[The &&13&&268&&13&&268]. &&B7a [[Orchestra|&F9F&A31] in each &C4city, &60&2A[[&713] &E9 [[Opera &&13], &57made &291&11ren&843diva [[Joan &&CF7Dame Joan &&CF7]; [[&&D8&E1&&13 &D8] &71 &134 jazz, &485&12D&D8genres.

[[&&13 &15E] &17Dso been &17C &11&46C the &2C1&2CF&C[[Banjo Paterson]] and [[&&1BFLawson]] &73Cthe &1FF&0&&13 bush. The &A7&29C&&13 as embo&5A2&9A&15E resonates with &86&&CEits &635&113[[&9D0], mateship, &60ti-&119sm. In 1973, [[&&293&&23C] &&C8Cthe [[Nobel &&49Cin &&15E], &1D7&&13 &9C&6C6 this; &52recognised &4F3&0&C6&&42&B&2CF&0&22F [[&&13 &&42] is &59B&CE3&0&B its &81Fand &B25&54C&A9&2DC&&B4&&42 overlaid &32rich &D03of &7EElexical &ABEand &95E, &14B&17have &1DC&72way into &1BC&&42

&&CFtwo &A2&2D6rs (&66&&2D6ng &&51BABC]] and [[&&15C&&2D6ng &&172SBS]]), &117&347[[&1FB&5CB]s, &117pay TV &11C and &227&A2 non-&6E4&F3C89B &48B&348 [[&&7AC&E1&&13s film &209] &17Dhieved &62Eand &347&32As. Each &193city has &527news&4AB, &3e are two &2A&527news&4AB, ''[[&&80]&856''[[&&80&&19A&&402]''. &&29[[&&54Brs &&E8&&1D4]] in 2005, &&E0in 31st &128on a &276&6D&3C3by [[&3EC&0&141&141&3EC], &1B6[[New &&6B1] (9th)§2&3[[&&19&&107] (28th) &44Aead &0[[&&19&&9]. This &1034is &456due &4&265&229&347&536&7BF&45A Most &&13 [[&&242&90C&536] &3F7is &8D&141&21B[[News &&51B] or [[John Fairfax Holdings]].
[[&&1BAussie &517&1ABjpg|&41&50E&A[[&&13 &517&395] &445in [[&&396], &&13&B1&7B4 &C66and &ED&24A.]]

[[Sport &45ASport]] &5F&A3&49&&13 &3E &F3Bby a &14Fthat favours outdoor &2E1 23.5% &&13s &106&1C115 &9C7y &C44in &EF4&CF6ng &2E1{ref_&E3&&&3C813|d}}. At an &10B12A&24A &&CF&219teams in [[cricket]], [[&248&E44&E44], [[netball]], [[rugby &604], [[rugby &11E], and per&2F3well in [[cycling]] and [[swimming]]. &&CF&4B8&4D7&1E5[[&&3C7&&239] &0&86era, and &139[[&&104&&239]. &&CF&1088the [[1956 &&1E5&&3941956]] and [[2000 &&1E5&&3942000]] &&1E5&&394 &1AD&3C3&AAtop five &8FFtakers &742000. In [[2004]], it &33449 &&3C7&8FF (17 gold, 16 &699and 16 &7B3. &&CFalso &1088the [[1938 &&B4&&F5&&2391938]], [[1962 &&B4&&F5and &&104&&2391962]] and [[1982 &&104&&2391982]] &&104&&239 &793host the [[2006 &&104&&239] in [[&&396]. [[&&13 &517&395] &&&838&12D&2A&CF6 &1ADga&272&10B12Aprominence &69[[Inter&2A&517&395Inter&2A&&517] &3Aan annual &4FF&7B&&13 code &897ish Gaelic &&395 &&28 [[Rugby &&604] &5AD&12Dthan &&13 &&517in New &&89&&634and &&487 &&66Open]] &1AF&0four [[&&1F1Slam (&96|&&1F1Slam]] tenn&335rnaments, &5B7[[&&396] each &&C3 The F1 [[&&13 &&1F1Prix]] &4A&5B7&&396 &108&234&14Fof &&138each year. Corporate and &1Fsponsorship &7D5&403and élite &F3Ais &3DD&&13 

Televised &CF6is &12D some &0&9FD&109D&1FB&2C9 &71the &1E5&&3C7&&239&3&1F1&18E of &1F2&122er&2A&395&413.{{ref|AFC}}

!D8!
{{&&765&&13 &&2BB}

!1E!
#5C#--&&4F4uses [[&&1ABFootnote3]] &561add &8E&219that &4B&60just &4E&8Eas &3B7-&gt;
#D3#-!FB!
#{{note|&&590}Sidney J. &&590 ''&&80&&B', &8D&2CD 1966.
#{{note|&&A73}Gillespie, R. (2002). Dating &23&&13s. ''&&48Barbon'' 44:455-472
#{{note|&&DD3}&&756 L. (1980), The Ab&1BD&&27&E1 &&13 &&2A&&2F&&141 &&437#{{note|&&F40}Tatz, C. (1999). ''[#1#aiatsis.gov.au/rsrch/rsrch_dp/&878htm &&878&45A'', AIATSIS &&60&&27D&&4AB No 8, &&13 &&C8&3F9and &&B02&&B01&&18Br &&AF &&437#{{note|&F3F} Windschuttle, K. (2001). ''[#1#newcriterion.com/&3ED20/sept01/keith.htm# The Fabrication &3F9&&35'', The New Criterion Vol. 20, &&88A &&21420.
#{{note|smh2002}} Sheehan, P. (2002). ''[#1#smh.com.au/&116/2002/11/24/1037697982065.html Our &35 not re&1EEbut put &A'', The &&78EMorning Herald, &&34425.
#{{note|&&F3E}Bean, C. Ed. (1941). [#1#awm.gov.au/hi&47Dww1/1/&F9asp &&3BEI - The &&246of Anzac: &23&8E7, &&57&&4DWar &&11BHi&47D11th Edition.
#{{note|AEC}}&&13 &&289&&8D7(2000). [#1#aec.gov.au/_&6D3when/&8F9/1999_&54B&F9htm 1999 Referendum &&54B and &&20B
#{{note|PL1997}}&&1AEry &&C2(1997). [#1#aph.gov.au/&C2pubs/rn/1997-98/98rn25.htm The Re&3E0&&F3 &0&&351&&5C
#{{note|AGov2005}}{{note_&E3AGov2005|8|a}}&&13 &&1F (2005). [#1#&6F8gov.au/ Budget 2005-2006]
#{{note|DEH}}&&2FC&0&&13Eand &&3A8 [#1#deh.gov.au/&3B6&55&3B6html &&55&&3B6
#{{note|&&9A8}Macfarlane, I. J. (1998). [#1#rba.gov.au/&&A2tionsAnd&&60Bulletin/bu_oct98/bu_1098_2.pdf &&13 &&887Policy &1Last Quarter &0&&EDC&&3C. ''Re&3E0Bank &E1Bulletin'', &&20F#{{note|&&CF8}Parham, D. (2002). [#1#pc.gov.au/&60confproc/mrrag/mrrag.pdf Micro&81re&2F3&3revival &45As &254in &482vity and &FC&197. ''&&5A3of Economists'', &&F41 [[1 &&20F]
#{{note|ABS6202}} &&13 &&22A&&20B &&414&&1AF&&13 Cat#6202
#{{note|&&&3C8}{{note_&E3&&&3C813|a}}{{note_&E3&&&3C813|b}}{{note_&E3&&&3C813|c}}{{note_&E3&&&3C813|d}}&&13 &&22A&&20B [#1#abs.gov.au/&AFBabs@.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/1a79e7ae231704f8ca256f720082feb9!OpenDocument Year Book &&132005]
#{{note|DFAT}} &&99&&109&&524&&1DB(2003). ''Advancing the &&2AInterest'', [#1#dfat.gov.au/ani/&F8Done.pdf Appenidix 1]
#{{note|ABS}} &&13 &&22A&&20B [#1#abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/0/68180154bf128d91ca2569d000164365?OpenDocument &&27Growth - &&13s &&27Growth]
#{{note|DIMIA}}&&99&&41F &&A9A52&35FAffiars. (2005). [#1#immi.gov.au/&101506&17Bhtm The &&17B&E1s &&A9A52Policy]&!114!
#{{note|ABS2001|}}&&13 &&22A&&20B 2001 &&1CC [#1#abs.gov.au/&AFBabs@&1CCnsf/ddc9b4f92657325cca256c3e000bdbaf/7dd97c937216e32fca256bbe008371f0!OpenDocument A Snapshot &E1
#{{note|PoA2005}}&&1AE&E1 &&6A4(2005). [#1#aph.gov.au/&&6A4&466legcon_ctte/expats03/ Inquiry into &&13 &&C3F
#{{note|DIMIA2}}&&99&&41F &&A9A52&35FAffiars. (1995). [#1#immi.gov.au/&A9A52_inc/&A2tions/&107B04/&DD8htm &&DD0&&B9 &&DD0&&B&&442]
#{{note|NCLSatt&165} [#1#ncls.org.au/&9AAaspx?docid=2250#3#&A9682083 NCLS &B5Clatest &26D of &147&8D1, &&2A&&147Life &&165 &&536release, [[28 &&DF] [[2004]]
#{{note|AFC}}&&13 Film &&8D7 What are &&13s Watching?, [#1#afc.gov.au/gtp/freetv.html Free-to-Air, 1999-2004 TV]


!B6!

== #EB#
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|}
'''&&10&&5B'' ([[&&5B &B&&5B]]: '''&&312&&5B'') &5F[[&50D&91&50D], [[&61F&91un&61F&91] &0[[&&19&&9] &32F&1&&89[[&&1E4&&3DB] &89ast &0&A60&164[[&&5B].§2&&F3(&12C&1FC&886 isl&B1[[&&C63], &B{{&&20C[[Manua|Manu'a]]}} &&106 [[Rose Atoll]], and [[&&AFA&&18B] also &71 &1&91 &&10&&5Bis part &0&&5B &&106chain, &32Fwest &0[[Cook &&106], &10Aof [[Tonga]], &1F3300 [[mile]]s (500 km) &75E[[Tokelau]]. &&4west are t&&B41&0[[Wall&5F Futuna]] &10F

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&&DDU.S. took &C70on &C7&&5B &18&&9Navy|U.S. Navy]] &66Aa [[coal|coaling]] &4EBon Pago Pago Bay &5AC&&1E4&&F39&60&125d a &1F2&&199 The navy &9CEa &&7CBCession of &&C63in [[1900]] &60&&7CBCession of {{&&20C[[Manua|Manuʻa]]}} in [[1904]]. &&1E1sove&73A{{&&20CManuʻa}}, the {{&&20C[[Tui Manua Elisala|Tui Manuʻa Elisala]]}}, was &247sign a &&7CBCession of {{&&20CManuʻa}} &1AAa &6B5US Naval &94F, &111&A#0#Trial &0Ipu&&688Pago Pago, {{&&20CTaʻu}}, &60oard a &&1E4&&F39gunboat.

&&221[[&&4DWar II]], U.S. Marines in &&10&&5Bout&365d the &1F2&27 &1E8a huge &52&17C &&DDwar, Organic Act 4500, a U.S. [[&&19&&9&&2FC&0&&F9E&&99&&F9E]-&A51&ECincorporate!10A!was &274in &&22F &456&53&40E &C7&&5B &432, &504[[Tuiasosopo Mariota]].§2&&7C&432' &40E led &4&117a &1F2&51E &E6&&5B''Fono,'' &17meets &1vill&1C1[[&&5DA], the &91s &&1079&523&C4§2(&&82C&&EB9&49&243f&5C0&F2&&5DA)

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&lt;li&gt;[[Aoloau|Aoloau]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Asili|Asili]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Atu'u|Atu'u]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Aua|Aua]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Auasi|Auasi]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Aumi|Aumi]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Aunu'u|Aunu'u]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Auto, &&10&&5BAuto]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Avaio|Avaio]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Faga'alu|Faga'alu]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Faga'itau|Faga'itau]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Fagaili'i|Fagaili'i]]
&lt;li&gt;[[&&F38&&F38]
&lt;li&gt;[[&&CF5&&CF5]
&lt;li&gt;[[Fagasa|Fagasa]]
&lt;li&gt;[[&&5DA&&5DA]
&lt;li&gt;[[Failolo|Failolo]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Falenin|Falenin]]
&lt;li&gt;[[&&CF4&&CF4]
&lt#F4#
!B5!
&lt#D6#
&lt;ol &58F33&gt;
&lt;li&gt;[[Futiga|Futiga]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Ili'ili|Ili'ili]]
&lt;li&gt;[[&&F37&&F37]
&lt;li&gt;[[&&705 &&10&&5B&&705]
&lt;li&gt;[[Leuli'i|Leuli'i]]
&lt;li&gt;[[&&F36&&F36]
&lt;li&gt;[[&&875&&F35&&875&&F35]
&lt;li&gt;[[&&875Ituau|&&875Ituau]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Maloata|Maloata]]
&lt;li&gt;[[&&C04&&C04]
&lt;li&gt;[[Masausi|Masausi]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Masefau|Masefau]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Matu'u|Matu'u]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Mesepa|Mesespa]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Nu'uuli|Nu'uuli]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Nua|Nua]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Onenoa|Onenoa]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Pago Pago|Pago Pago]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Pava'ia'i|Pava'ia'i]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Poloa|Poloa]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Sa'ilele|Sa'ilele]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Se'etaga|Se'etaga]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Tafuna|Tafuna]]
&lt;li&gt;[[&&F34&&F34]
&lt;li&gt;[[Tula, &&10&&5BTula]]
&lt;li&gt;[[&&DCF&&DCF]
&lt;li&gt;[[&&AF9East|&&AF9East]]
&lt;li&gt;[[&&AF9West|&&AF9West]]
&lt;li&gt;[[&&DCE&&DCE]
&lt;li&gt;[[Vaitogi|Vaitogi]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Vatia|Vatia]]
&lt#F4#
!B5!
&lt#D6#
!5F!es1.png|&41&D7AMap &0&BF4&C7&&5B]
!B5!
&lt#B7#
&lt#EF#
!5F!es2.png|&41&A&2C0Map &0&BF4&0Manu{{okina}}a &39Aand Swain's Atoll]]
&&458&10[[Manu'a]] &73Aare:

#[[&&F33&&F33]
#[[&&F32i|&&F32i]]
#[[Luma, &&10&&5BLuma]]
#[[Maia, &&10SAmoa|Maia]]
#[[Ofu|Ofu]]
#[[Olosega|Olosega]]
#[[Si'ufaga|Si'ufaga]]
#[[Sili|Sili]]

&&B7one &C62on &&AFA&&18B Rose &&18B&5Fun&399wildlife &B9E

!ED!
* &&10&&5B&F&774of [[Rose Atoll]], &4BBost &125&1&&19&&9(if [[insular area]]s &DF&4D5luded); see [[Extreme &&125 &0&&19&&9&C82&125]] f&5C0&3F.
* &&5530 &4AD&&5Bs, many from!10A!&1B2y play &1[[&&2A&&395&&604]. A 2002 &116from [#2#espn.go.com/gen/s/2002/0527/1387626.html ESPN] &26D &70C&&5B male (&21B&522&&5B, or a &&5B &FC&150 &&19&&9 is 40 &171more &56Dto play &1NFL &345non-Samo&522 A &365&EBso ventured into &ED&A08(see &9F[[:&&8Anoai &A08&E0Anoai &A08&E0]).
* &&1D5 born in &&10&&5Bare &&19&&9[[&2Aty|&2A]s, &5C5&&19&&9[[&6AC]s. This &&&818circum&108B&110&17&12D&2CAone &83C&4E
* The [[&&10Samo&1E3&AF8team]] &65Ean unwanted &4D&276in &10B12A[[&395(&AF8|&AF8]—the &276&7DD&44B&10B12A&2F4 a 31-0 &FBFby [[&&8761E3&395team|&&13] on [[&&14211]], [[2001]].
* &&433&5D1d &136&3C1 list the &862vill&1C1[[Pago Pago]] &A&C4 [[&&5DA] &F&&1079&523(i.e., &6Ally &71B cf. &&1165, &&499) seat &12E§2&&1F5y, the &351s &2A5&1ED&1vill&1C1&&DCF &32F&8opposite &7D0&&5DAfrom Pago Pago.§2The &1A3why many &3C1 list Pago Pago is &68&5APago Pago, &31&12Dport of call in!10A!has &4EBsociated &B&B74&1E9 thus Pago Pago &464&5Cy &3FD&4&B74area &3&C4§2&&28 &744port &1E9&3&51E&C7&&5B&111&AFono—&287in &&5DA a &C62&C1adjacent to (and &EDl &45B&37B in&677ble from) Pago Pago.§2(Cf. &&1AB&969for [[Pago Pago]].)
*In &&78E1889, a [[&&D5|&&D5] naval &1AFshelled a &C62in [[&&5B], &1C0&772&63Csome [[&&19&&9&&10] &10C &&117&&10&F31then &526[[&&5B]] harb&7BA were &B97to fire &8&117&&D5&F31&1DC&B7 &&90guns were fired, a hurricane blew up and sank &DCships, &&10and &&D5 A &588[[armistice]] was &8C&68&0&10D&F31

#F8#
[[Aloha &&268&&F30in &&10&&5B&&F30in &&10&&5B] 

===&&1F==
* [[List &C7&&5B&&351]]
* [[&&1E1 in &&10&&5B]

===&&403==
* [[&&10&&5B&1F2000 &&1E5&&394]
* [[&&10Samo&1E3rugby &604team]]
* [[&&10Samo&1E3&AF8team]]

===CIA &&29DData===
''&&5[[CIA &&4D&&29D] 2000:''
* [[&&13D&C7&&5B]
* [[&&92&C7&&5B]
* [[&&4F&C7&&5B]
* [[&&BB&C7&&5B]
* [[&&12E in &&10&&5B]
* [[&&FEin &&10&&5B]
* [[&&CC&0&&19&&9&&CC &&840&F&6DA&0US]]

!12!
{{wikinewscat|&&10&&5B&&10&&5B}
!34!2tions/&29Dgeos/aq.html CIA -!F8!--!10A!-!5E!&10&&5B* [#1#nebraska&141unl.edu/bookinfo/4883.html #0#The Passive Resi&108Bof &&5Bs to US and &&3A&&29Csms#0#], &116in #0#&&A60y &&6FA#0#, ed. Joanne Barker, &&12B&&4DE&&141 2005.
*[#1#&35f&B9net/&3DBa/&10amoa.html &&2B&&10&&5B- Essay &17looks &1F&35&0&91&1B3cient to more &86&171 
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* [#1#map&89acific.com/&10&5B&F9html Map &C7&&5B - Map &4DDthe &494layout &C7&&5B
* [#1#asbar.org/Newcode/rcas.htm Revised &&6A&C7&&5B - Provides the text &0constition &C7&&5B
*[#1#asg-gov.net/ The &&11BWebpage &0&&10&&5B&&1F - Lists &3F&8&84B&1F&34&11B and &2AE&36F
* [#1#un.org/Depts/dpi/&3CEdocs.htm &&19&&B9&&3CE&&4AB] - &&278&&19&&B9&&3CEDocuments &34&1B2and past &&210&&4AB on &&10&&5B* [#1#choohoo.com/ ChooHoo!] - An &278&438&&5Bs. &&B8&71&4BD, chat, &96A etc.
*[#1#&98B.org/rula1.html#&10&5BRulers.org — &&10&5B &&276&98B for &&10&&5B
{{&&10&&5B}
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[[&&8Insular &163&0&&19&&9]
[[&&8&&3DBc &789]

[[zh-min-nan:Bí-kok &&5B]
[[ca:&&5BNord-&10]]
[[da#89#
[[de:&&312isch-&&5B]
[[et:Ameerika &&5B]
[[es:&&5B&&10]]
[[eo:Usona Samoo]]
[[fr:&&5Baméricaines]]
#35#아메리칸사모아]]
[[id:&&5B&&312]
[[is:Bandaríska Samóa]]
[[it:&&5B&&10]]
!17!סמואה האמריקנית]]
[[lv:&&A85m&5B]
[[lt:Amerikos &&5B]
[[hu:&&312 Szamoa]]
#9F#Американска Самоа]]
[[ms:&&5B&&312]
[[nl:&&312ns-&&5B]
!14!アメリカ領サモア]]
[[no#89#
[[nn#89#
[[pl:&&5BAmerykańskie]]
[[pt:&&5B&&10]]
!19!Американское Самоа]]
[[sm:&&312&&5B]
[[&1CE&&10&&5B]
[[sk:&&EFEá &&5B]
[[sl:Ameriška &&5B]
[[fi:&&312 &&5B]
[[sv:&&312ska &&5B]
[[tr:&&312 &&5Bı]]
!2C!Американське Самоа]]
#22#美屬薩摩亞#1A#
!1!
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§4<id>579</id>
!4!
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!C!-03-02T19:59:23Z</&1
!3!
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§8<id>1008143</id>
!0!
§6#7#{{&98Car|&30E}
'''&&30E'' or '''&&30E''' may mean:
* [[&&5E1life]], in &E5&463* [[&&5E1&7F3&3E]
* [[&&30E(film)|''&&30E' (film)]] (1979), by Ridley &&923* [[&&30E (1986 film)|''&&30E'' (1986 film)]], the sequel &4&263film
* [[xenomorph]], the &30Ecreatures &5''&&30E' &1B1
* [[&&30E (&101A]], a &16E&101Abook &2F0* [[&&30E(&2C8]], &89C&158&3CC* [[&&30E(&568]], a &2C9that &F2F&48&5ALinux package &314file &E36
* [[&&30E(law)]], &1F6&331n&21Ba &158nor a &6AC&0r &BAof &7AF* [[&&30E(signifier)]], use in &15Eand &7B5&Aembodiment &146&37F&1CD&1B5&2C1&0&3A* [[The &&30E]], Roky Erickson's backing band
* [[&&30E(game)]], a 1982 DOS text &A38
{{&88F}

[[de#88#
[[es#88#
[[fr#88#
!14!宇宙人]]
[[nl:Buitenaards wezen]]
[[pl:obcy]]
[[pt:&&30Egena]]
[[fi#88#
#22#外星人#1A#
!1!
!2!
!5!
§4<&7&&3C6/&7
§4<id>580</id>
!4!
§6<id>42138169</id>
!C!-03-04T01:52:54Z</&1
!3!
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!0!
!6!
§6<&4&40C &3C6 are &23 &450l &3C6 do &60</&4
§6#7#An '''&3C6'' or '''astrophysicist''' is &1F6&389area &583is [[&2E0] or [[astro&12A].
[[&&1B&&874Helvelius.jpg|&A&41180px|[[&&874Hevelius]] was famed &FD&5A6[[sunspot]]s, and &7D&23&752the &190&0[[moon]].]]

&&4CB &24B&7F &9Cbegun in [[&78&35&78] [[&&103B] &11[[&&6BF&&F5&&6BF] [[Zoroastrian]] &CDE(the ''[[magi]]''). &&2AE&AFof &&103Ban &276 have &664them &1B&A24&87C&10&78&385sky. &&208&&103Bans, the [[&&124]ians also &140 &113&283 &0sky.

Mixtures of &1A5&269&0sky &3&86&297&42E &EDp&101D&7C&269 &241a [[duality]] &386now &4F7as [[&281]. &&26&A3&253that &90&55[[1750]], &184no &1A6on &48[[&281] and [[&2E0].

&&3C6, &56&10B5&1D8 can&4BDeract &B&2CA&15 &1B4 They &29Amust &ED1to &4DA[[&283] in &102make &284 &&5Cy, &3C6 use [[&788&788]] &4FDimaging &397&26Bsuch &283. The job &1E9&&F2Ewith &938to &7BC&774 &752&F6

== &&1B8&3C6 ==
{| &1D4|-
!&&3C6!Contribution
|-
|-
|[[&&CF3(&3C6|&&CF3] and [[Ptolemy]] 
|Determined &3F6&2D31,000 b&A&51D &AACto &D361puzzles of &2E0&E8refuting only &184geocentric &42Eof &506and &1C2fied &51Dby [[&&751&63D&63D].

|-
|[[&&A9Erchus of Samos]] 
|&&57&111&72Bpropound the [[&&A72&AF7&42E] of &506|-
|[[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]]
|This &&6BF&3C6gave &23extant ex&128&0&526&3E1plane and spherical [[trigonometry]]. Made very &87C&645 of [[&948ry]] &5D and &244many [[star]]s. His &948ry &4Bw&&&83B&3A4&1D&6F5&14Aused &377&195&38&0[[&AF7] &42E [[Tusi-&1099] resolves &107F&279in&4sum of two &723&279. &&10A&CFDthe &2EAof 51' &10[[precession]] &0[[equinoxes]] and &370to constructi&89B us&1C1[[astrolabe]].
|-
|[[copernicus|&&FA4&&912]
|W&7BEluential in reintroducing &2ACof &&A72in &86&171
|-
|[[Tycho Brahe]]
|Did &478many &A3&4CBcal &67D and w&A&2C7do &87Crepea&645measurments &0heavens. The &9E6ents &0orbit of Mars were very &A3&4&86&2E0
|-
|[[&&874&&AF6] 
|Suggested the [[&&AF6s &&830&&948ry &&279elliptical orbits]] of &948, and propounded his ''[[&&AF6s &&830&&948ry &&279&&830&&948ry &&279]''.
|-
|[[&&6A0&&C99]
|W&A&2C7&1C6[[&788] to ob&3E0the sky.§2Condemned to &170&E77&FD&284by [[&&C15&&C15l]] &1014 &61lifted 359 &62&D2by [[Pope John Paul II]].
|-
|[[&&982&&794] 
|Published ''Philosophiae &&84s Principia Mathematica'' ([[1687]]), &8D0the #0#[[&&794s &830&279]&&B0are &530to &498&12A and &17&7DB&&AF6s &830&948ry &279§2Pr&1014d the orbits &0[[&&948&948]].
|-
|[[Subrahmanyan &&A71]
|&&470work &8&44A&967of &51D &BE&6C8&52Bthe &2F5of [[&15C&D18] on &51D &34&7D&23to calculate the [[&&A71&1024], &D9did, &3CDcalculator, on a boat &C7E
|-
|[[Henrietta Swan Leavitt]]
|Catalogued [[Cepheid &5E4] &51D&1[[Magellanic &&6C2], in [[1912]] &18Dthe &90luminosty and &6F5city in &&AF5-- &654[[Ejnar &&C03Hertzprung]]'s &D2work.
|-
|[[Ejnar &&C03]
|&2DC&457to &AE[[Cepheid &5E4&&AF5], when &&AF5were &1081d &2C3[[galaxy|galaxies]] such &A[[Andromeda galaxy]], &457&477galaxies &11Dthen be &2DC
|-
|[[Edwin &&AF4]
|Dis&479the &66E&&39F ([[&&AF4s Law]])§2[[&&AF4&&25&&788The &&AF4Orbiting &&25&&788] &6EB&58&91F
|}

!D8!
* [[Amateur &2E0]
* [[&&276&3C6]]

----

&&B7&4Aa well-&111&4CEby [[&&874Vermeer]] &7 ''The &&3C6', &3A&7A&B1Cto Vermeer's ''The [[&&8D9]''. &&7C&4CE are both &7F &E7the &3E5&17Cand &83Fprominence &3FE&104C&413&1Ftime &0r &4CE [[1668]]-[[1669|69]].

----

[[&&8&&3C6| ]]
[[&&8&&47&3E9]]

[[als#87#
#7F#Астроном]]
[[da#87#
[[de#87#
[[eo#87#]
#35#천문학자]]
[[it#87#]
[[hu:Csillagász]]
[[nl:Astronoom]]
!14!天文学者]]
[[no#87#
[[nn#87#
[[pl#87#
[[&1CE&&3C6]
[[sk:Astronóm]]
[[sl#87#
[[fi:Tähtitieteilijä]]
#69#นักดาราศาสตร์]]
#22#天文学家#1A#
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[[&&1Blive_Ammonia_tepida.jpg|&41&&AF2 (''Ammonia tepida'')]]
[[&&1B&&C02sol.jpg|&41Heliozoan (''&&C02sol'')]]
'''&&453'' are [[cell (&2C8|cell]]s that move or feed &2D9of &E9A&1C5ons, &8C[[&DCC]s (&D48feet).§2They &EBpeared in a &2D&5A&7B§2Some &90Bin &A75&3D7&5D&8BF f&7BCtance our [[&23C&743cell]]s, &17consume pathogens.§2Many [[protist]]s &665&419&8BF&90B or take such &264&7DC&125&1r life-&D72§2&&31&1B8such &B1Dis ''[[&&AF3&&AF3proteus]]''; &5A&5B6is &20Ey &&D77its &53B&504, &3A&A2E&142it, &1B5&453&145

&&453&5D&158&AEmorpho&261l &187&FD&8form and &103&0&8CE§2&&DB&24A&8CEare &149by &9C7arrays of [[microtubule]]s are &8Cactinopods, &7D6s &24A &9Dare &8Crhizopods, &12B&158lobse, &DCB and &8CF&5B6§2&&B7&4Aa st&2F9&16Egiant &1078&453 the [[xenophyophore]]s, that &73fall &323y &0e &187

* Lobose &8CEare blunt, &3e &5D&86F&AEon a cell, &3A&108&158a &A87of &66F&DCA&23Dmore &F2D&DC9§2Most, &34''&&AF3' &1E9 move &11body mass flowing &323 anterior &DCC§2The vast &193ty form a monophyletic &10F&1FF[[&&DC8], &17also &71 most [[slime mould]]s.§2A &8D&10F the [[Percolozoa]], &71 &88C&7AA&D1Borm &48&8BFand [[flagellate]] &2F3

* Filose &8CEare &B52and tapering.§2The vast &291&DCB&5B6 &34all &DBthat &369shells, are &1C1 with&1[[Cercozoa]] &19Ewith &20Eflagellates that tend &9C&8BF&2F3§2The naked &DCB&5B6&746two &3A&7B the [[vampyrellid]]s and [[nu&66Fid]]s.§2&&1E8&420&1B&53B&504 of [[&400]s and [[fungus|fungi]].

* Reticulose &8CEare cytoplasmic &C6Cthat &4C1and merge &7DAa net.§2&&107&1DC&45C&AA[[&&AF2], &1B7&16E&1078&88Cthat &5Cy &369&A9A&820d shells.§2&&B9only &449&77Anaked &8CF&453 &507the [[gymnophryid]]s, &3r &16D &9D&11F

* Actinopods are &2D1in&4[[&48Baria]] and [[&AF1].§2The &48Baria &60E&1078&88Cwith &297&44Askeletons, &34&83&BBFthat &1077the &90Binto &F2D&DC9and frothy &DCAthat &D43them buoyant.§2The &AF1&71both fresh&2BEand &1078&2F3that &1C6r axopods to &9CD&20prey, &739have &1CE&52E or spines for &F2C&228.§2Both &7B&420&1B[[polyphyletic]].

&&99y the &8BF&52Foa are &10Fd &19E&ASarcodina, &20Ey &3C3from &1C2to phylum, with each &0&263&187as &264l subtaxon.§2&&28 &DE &3A1&A9form &51phylogeny, newer &4B &5Cy &35&755out or aband&8 &307§2Most &453are now &71 &722&193super&7B- the [[&&DC8], &34most lobose &5B6and slime moulds, &3[[Rhizaria]], &5BCercozoa, &&AF2 &48Barian &1C2s and &11F&AF1§2&&28 &453&EBpeared &352y &C3&3A&7B &34&20E&5A&796algae not &7E0&263

== #EB#

* [#1#bms.ed.ac.uk/&60&3A/smaciver/&5B6htm The &&AF3] &231&DA6 &19E&3Ffrom &C9&3C1.
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[[&&8Protista]][[&&8Cell &2C8][[&&8&&453*]][[&&8Motile &90B]
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'''&&&3B'' ('''''A'''merican '''S'''tandard '''C'''ode for '''I'''n&E36on '''I'''nter&35F'), &5Cy [[IPA for &&42&940] {{IPA|[#3##712;æski]}}, is a [[&36&393] &FD&8[[&&42&2A4]. &&&3B&245re&8B[[&36(&568|text]] in [[&102]s, [[tele&12E|&12E]] &397 &4D&5C8that work with text. Most &86&36&393 &EB&9Dbas&273&&&3B

&&&3B&6C0&C9as &64Cin 1967 &14Alast &9B0in 1986. It &1B2y &6D7&245for 33 non-&90Cng, &41D&B0C[[&B5&36]s &70Cfect how text is &26Ad, plus &5995 &452&F(&4CF&B&25&36:

&lt;pre&gt;
 !#0##$%#3#'()*+,-./0123456789:;&lt;=&gt;?
@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_
`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~
&lt;/pre&gt;

Asteroid [[3568 &&&3B] is &244&DD&36&393

==&&3AA=
Like &3A&36re&8Btion &102[[code]]s, &&&3Bspecifies a &9AC&48&833bit &2A7&3&31E[[&CF2]s of a &1EE&B thus &60F[[&833] &5C8&BFwith &137&23A&26A &D23 and &86C&36&712&3F The &&&3B&36&393lt;ref&gt;Inter&2A&&1A0for &&1BCzation ([[&&13F1]], [[1975]]). #0#[#1#itscj.ipsj.or.jp/ISO-IR/001.pdf The &885&21Dfor ISO 646]#0#. ''&&631As&41C&&365 &&155Registry''. Alternate U.S. &179 [#1#itscj.ipsj.or.jp/ISO-IR/006.pdf]. &&502[[&&19D&35C!BA!#!11F!— or a &D07&E0D(see &243#!11F!— &7D9on n&9Aall &1A9&102, &9F[[&1D5l &102]s and [[&C7ation]]s. The &473[[MIME]] name &50B&393is #0#US-&&&3B#4#.&lt;ref&gt;&&631As&41C&&365 &&155([[&&C328]], [[2005]]). #0#[#1#iana.org/&673&36sets &&36Sets]#0#. &&502[[&&19D&35C!BA!

&&&3Bis, &74D a &426[[bit]] code, &E6&87uses the bit &2A7re&8Bble with &426&406&BA7(a &1CE0 to 127 &9DF &E7&4E5ormation. &&1Ftime &&&3B&50Aroduced, many &102 dealt with &970bit &7B([[byte]]s or, more &1BElly, [[octet (&568|octet]]s) &A&20st unit of &3F &5DBb&71&41Das a [[&1076bit]] for error checking on &12E&5A4&4FD&5E6&1BE&34F. Machines &17&DBuse &1076&259set &5DBb&667zero, &7Fsome &4B &C[[&&218&102&&218] &B51&6B9[[PRIMOS]] set &5DBbit of &&&3B&Fto one.

&&&3Bonly &6D7a &90&1BE&Fand bit &653 aside from re&809&449&3F5for line-&712&E36ing, it &7Ddefine any &A23for &368&103or &420nce of text &46Fdocument. Such &160are with&&B67&1CB&4B such &A[[markup &B]s.

!2A!
&&&3B&75from [[&&D4D&C01&245] and &57&50B&347use as a &426bit tele&90Cr code &88Bby [[AT#3#T|Bell]] data &11C The [[Bell &&4B] &397&9D2&84Fa six-bit code, &482[[&&248ta]], &70Cded punctuati&89B &23Ecase &1EF &4&31Ffive-bit [[&&AF0code|&&AF0] tele&90Cr code, but was persuaded &29Ato jo&1[[&&10&&2A&&197&&C8ASA]] sub&466&788&31B&65C&&&3B &&AF0&41E&1automation of s&6BCand &339&C01&508, &23Ak many &B8from [[Morse code]]; &28 &565Morse code, &&AF0used constant-&496&245 Compared to &31F&E79&245 the &2A1Bell code and &&&3Bboth &110ent re-&353ng f&5C0convenient sorting (&9F&2A4zation) of &950 &60ded &B8for &5C8&3Athan tele&90Crs. [[Bob Bemer]] &34B&B8such &A'[[&41A&BA8]'.

&&E6&&197&&98(ASA, &D2&1Bome [[&&10&&2A&&197&&C8ANSI]]) &57&C9&&&3Bas &64Cin 1963. &&&3B1963 lacked the &23Ease &1EF, and &140 up-&1011(#3##8593;) &29A&0caret (^) &60left-&1011(#3##8592;) &29A&0&110core (_). The 1967 &179&D4Bthe &23Ease &1EF, &35F &5A of &449&21Dand &53A&149&B5 ACK and ESC &5&23Ease &1EF area in&4&3F5area.

&&&3Bwas &79C&9B0&443as &&&21C1968, &&&21C1977, and &18Ey, &&&&&&68F

&&3A&10B12A&197&8EChave ratified &36&393 &D7&7EFor n&9A&49A&&&3B &&7C&393 are &59&78as &&&3B even &7F&&&3Bis &74D&325only &11ASA/ANSI &197

* The [[&&51&&102Manufacturers &&98] &C9&2CD &1B8&&&3Bclone, ECMA-6, in 1965, 1967, 1970, 1973, 1983, and 1991. The 1991 &2CD&Fsame as &&&&&&68F&lt;ref&gt;ECMA Inter&2A(&&13F1991). [#1#ecma-&10B12Aorg/&A2tions/&AC3ECMA-ST/Ecma-006.pdf &&1BCECMA-6: 7-bit Coded &&36Set, 6th &2CD] &&502[[&&13F1&35C!BA!
* The [[Inter&2A&&1A0for &&1BCzation]] &C9its &179 ISO 646 (&D2[[ISO/IEC 646]]) in 1967, 1972, 1983, and 1991. ISO 646:1972, &3F7 &58a &885&BA&1BE&179 with &2FE&F&434non-&&42&1EF. ISO/IEC 646:1991 Inter&2A&&136Version &Fsame as &&&&&&68F
* The [[Inter&2ATele&12E&&11E] &C9its &E4&&&&&&68F [[ITU Tele&12E&&1BCzation Sector|ITU-T]] &&9A7T.50, in 1992. &&1&9A&975 &110&5ACCITT, &B4&1A0&C9a &179as CCITT &&9A7V.3.
* [[DIN]] &C9a &E4&&&3Bas DIN 66003 in 1974.
* The [[&&631&&282Task &&1AFIETF]] &C9a &179in 1969 as RFC 20, and &58the &&631s &1BC&179 &A9&&&&&&68F &B&A2tion of RFC 1345 in 1992.
* [[IBM]]'s &E4&&&&&&68Fis &242IBM &559&15Eas [[code page 367]].

&&&3B&17Dso &2F8embedded &869&B7Fre&1C1ent, [[&&20C], &A'&EAE 128 &F Some ob&3E0s &26E&&&3B&31#0#&1FE#4# &8B0&1BCever promulgated.

==&&&3B&21D=
&&&3Bre&3E0 &2332 &245(&2D00–31 &9DF for [[&B5&36]s: &245&1BDy int&429&493carry &452&3F but &4C9&339&5C8(&C[[&102&90Cr|&90Cr]]s) that make &5C&&&3B &&37&3610 &39A&&35B#4# &34F(&17ca&87B&90Cr to &5CAits &4AB, and &3627 &39A#0#&41A&3B3&7A&1DC&1top left &1075&227[[&&102&AEF&AEF]s.

Code 127 (all &426bits on), an&3A&15C&36 equates to #0#&8CC&6C#0#rubout#0#. &&7Fits &34F&EB7that &1CB&21D the &49E&&&3Bused this &5B8so &87&11D#0#erase&&7C9&49of [[punched tape|&4ABtape]] (&729&103C&8FB&8E&1017 by punching all &127holes at a &14C&36&128 thus &2F5vely &DD2any &627&3F &&74Code 0 (null,all bits off) &44so &808&71&533leave gaps &3 make &C2Bby &10BFng &F&90or &DDgap &3 &8B4new &F&1gap.

Many &0&&&3B&3F5&3E0(or &3E0) to mark data packets, or &339&84E&B07&52Fol (e.g. ENQuiry [&2F5vely, #0#any &348&7D1e?#0#], AC&&A1 &&602Ac&&A1 Start Of Header, Start of TeXt, &&159TeXt, etc). ESCape and SUBstitute &DC7a &12E &52Fol to, f&7BCtance, mark &406data &1BFif it &5EC&245&Bsame &5B8as a &52Fol &36 the recipient will &26Athe code as data.

The &49E&&&3Bint&429the separator &F(#0#&&276&&540#4#, etc.) for use with &F63tape &4B.

Two &0&5E6&21D &1A9y &FF[[XON]] and [[XOFF]], &5Cy &53B[[flow &B5] &Fto throttle data flow to a slow &5E6(&Ca &90Cr) &1B3fast &5E6(&C&5D8 - so data &7Doverrun and get lost.

&&9A&80Bof &&&3B&37Csome &0&3F5&E7#0#meta &3F#4# &Cend-of-line, &58F&159&84E&228 &720on. &&7C&673&7A&1E0 so part &0&40Ein &CF1&68Bone &E36&44Cther &4FA&622&1055meta &3F&489 &&37&20Cs) re&8Bng end-of-line (#0#[[newline]]#0#) in text data &AC3streams vary from [[&468&4B] to &468&4B When &7C6&AC3&737&4B&44Cther, the &1A&26Amust &7F1&7C&Fas end-of-line &E3A and &EE4them &529y.

&&14A &&&3B&80B&1C6&21Dless and less—&B&5F0on of #0#carriage &323&40or &&35B#4#.§2&&86markup &B, &86&12E&52Fols, the &682text-&FDto &1033l &5C8 &3demise of tele&90Crs, punch-cards, and &4ABtapes have &B1&10C6&0&21D&B0C

!25!!D2!-&&9A6
|-
!!BF!!&56&&&392|Oct
!!D1!
!!D0!
!&56&&&392|Abbr
!&56&&&392|PR{{ref 1}}
!&56&&&392|CS{{ref 2}}
!De&95on
|-
|0000#!11F!0000
|000
|0
|00
|NUL
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9216;!11!
|^@
!9!-&&CD&&&151|[[Null &36]
|-
|0000#!11F!0001
|001
|1
|01
|SOH
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9217;!11!
|^A
!9!-!5C!Header
|-
|0000#!11F!0010
|002
|2
|02
|STX
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9218;!11!
|^B
!9!-!5C!Text
|-
|0000#!11F!0011
|003
|3
|03
|ETX
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9219;!11!
|^C
!9!-&&CD&&&151|&&159Text
|-
|0000#!11F!0100
|004
|4
|04
|EOT
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9220;!11!
|^D
!9!-&&CD&&&151|[[End-of-&B07&36&&159&&D1BC89]
|-
|0000#!11F!0101
|005
|5
|05
|ENQ
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9221;!11!
|^E
!9!-&&CD&&&151|Enquiry
|-
|0000#!11F!0110
|006
|6
|06
|ACK
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9222;!11!
|^F
!9!-&&CD&&&151|Acknowledgment
|-
|0000#!11F!0111
|007
|7
|07
|BEL
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9223;!11!
|^G
!9!-&&CD&&&151|[[Bell &36Bell]]
|-
|0000#!11F!1000
|010
|8
|08
|BS
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9224;!11!
|^H
!9!-&&CD&&&151|[[Back&25]{{ref 3}}{{ref 7}}
|-
|0000#!11F!1001
|011
|9
|09
|HT
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9225;!11!
|^I
!9!-&&CD&&&151|Horizontal [[Tab]]
|-
|0000#!11F!1010
|012
|10
|0A
|LF
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9226;!11!
|^J
!9!-&&CD&&&151|[[Line feed]]
|-
|0000#!11F!1011
|013
|11
|0B
|VT
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9227;!11!
|^K
!9!-&&CD&&&151|&&605Tab
|-
|0000#!11F!1100
|014
|12
|0C
|FF
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9228;!11!
|^L
!9!-&&CD&&&151|[[Form feed]]
|-
|0000#!11F!1101
|015
|13
|0D
|CR
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9229;!11!
|^M
!9!-&&CD&&&151|[[&&AEE&323]{{ref 6}}
|-
|0000#!11F!1110
|016
|14
|0E
|SO
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9230;!11!
|^N
!9!-!5B!!5A!5Out]]
|-
|0000#!11F!1111
|017
|15
|0F
|SI
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9231;!11!
|^O
!9!-!5B!!5A!5In]]
|-
|0001#!11F!0000
|020
|16
|10
|DLE
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9232;!11!
|^P
!9!-&&CD&&&151|Data Link &&41A|-
|0001#!11F!0001
|021
|17
|11
|DC1
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9233;!11!
|^Q
!9!-!24!1 (oft. XON)
|-
|0001#!11F!0010
|022
|18
|12
|DC2
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9234;!11!
|^R
!9!-!24!2
|-
|0001#!11F!0011
|023
|19
|13
|DC3
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9235;!11!
|^S
!9!-!24!3 (oft. XOFF)
|-
|0001#!11F!0100
|024
|20
|14
|DC4
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9236;!11!
|^T
!9!-!24!4
|-
|0001#!11F!0101
|025
|21
|15
|NAK
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9237;!11!
|^U
!9!-&&CD&&&151|[[&&602ac&A1&36&&602Ac&A1ent]]
|-
|0001#!11F!0110
|026
|22
|16
|SYN
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9238;!11!
|^V
!9!-&&CD&&&151|Synchronous Idle
|-
|0001#!11F!0111
|027
|23
|17
|ETB
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9239;!11!
|^W
!9!-&&CD&&&151|&&159&&D1B Block
|-
|0001#!11F!1000
|030
|24
|18
|CAN
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9240;!11!
|^X
!9!-&&CD&&&151|[[Cancel &36Cancel]]
|-
|0001#!11F!1001
|031
|25
|19
|EM
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9241;!11!
|^Y
!9!-&&CD&&&151|&&159Medium
|-
|0001#!11F!1010
|032
|26
|1A
|SUB
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9242;!11!
|^Z
!9!-&&CD&&&151|&&917|-
|0001#!11F!1011
|033
|27
|1B
|ESC
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9243;!11!
|^&lt;&!122![&lt;/&!122!
!9!-&&CD&&&151|[[&&41A&36&&41A]{{ref 5}}
|-
|0001#!11F!1100
|034
|28
|1C
|FS
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9244;!11!
|^\
!9!-&&CD&&&151|File &&540|-
|0001#!11F!1101
|035
|29
|1D
|GS
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9245;!11!
|^&lt;&!122!]&lt;/&!122!
!9!-&&CD&&&151|&&10F&&540|-
|0001#!11F!1110
|036
|30
|1E
|RS
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9246;!11!
|^^
!9!-&&CD&&&151|&&276&&540|-
|0001#!11F!1111
|037
|31
|1F
|US
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9247;!11!
|^_
!9!-&&CD&&&151|Unit &&540|-
|0111#!11F!1111
|177
|127
|7F
|DEL
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9249;!11!
|^?
!9!-&&CD&&&151|&&8CC{ref 4}}{{ref 7}}
|}

# Prin&645Re&8Btion, the [[&&20C] &CF2 re&3E0 for re&8Bng &21Dwhen &26&3B7to &90Cor &6F7them &51&73D per&4DFr int&429&34F
# &&B5key &&BA8 &2F0key &653f&7BCutting &21D§2The caret (^) &39A#0#&&B5&6C#0#Ctrl&&3B3that &151held down &43&141ng &91key &1&BA8§2The caret-key re&8Btion &4Aused &5C9&8B0&E7&21D
# The Back&25&36&16Abe &2EF&141ng the #0#Back&25#4#, #0#Bksp&&17E←!DA!
# The &&8CC&36&16Abe !59!8CC&6C#0#Del&&3B3§2It &16Abe &2EF&141ng the #0#Back&25#4#, #0#Bksp&&17E←!DA!
# The &&41A&36&16Abe !59!41A&6C#0#Esc&&3B3&7C7&4B.
# The &&AEE&&323&36&16Abe !59!323#4#, #0#Ret#0#, #0#Enter&&17E↵ key on most &4B.
# The ambiguity &23Dthe Back&25key &139&4B that &5A9the DEL &B5&36&323BS (back&25 &90&B08it.§2Some &8B0was un&C0&26A&20C&6AC&6F7#0#^H&&77tead.§2#0#^H#0# persists in &508 &14Aas a deliberate humorous &5E6 e.g. [[&B7s a &DC6born &139&B22#0#&B7s a &DC6H^H^H^H^H^H&290&B35born &139&B22#4#]].§2A less &1A9&5CC&63&4FAthe &5C#0#^W&&B0&272[[text &EE8text &EE8]] &194#0#&8CC&627word#0#. The &191sentence &67&B7ore also work as #0#&B7s a &DC6W &290&B35born &139&B22#4#.

==&&&3B&452&F=
Code 32, the [[&&25(&2FE|#0#&25#4# &36], de&4BAthe &25&48&2FA as &1BA&11&2BF&25bar of a &AEF Codes 33 to 126, &111&A&452&F re&8B&1EF, &BA7 &2FE&D4A &60few &77F&31E

Seven-&681&1B9&426#0#&2A#4# &Fand, &4F9&89A&F2B&720tware &DC7 can use over&412 to simulate some &1F5&10B12A&F in &49Bscenario a back&25can &1037a [[grave accent]] (&17&E6and &&B4&197 but only &DB&197 also call #0#&C80&571quotation mark#0#), a [[tilde]], or a &B9Amark (&FDC[[vel]]).

{| 
|- v&6#0#top#0#
|
!25!!D2!-&&9A6
|- 
!!BF!!!D1!
!!D0!
!Glyph
|-
|0010#!11F!0000
|32
|20
|[[&&25(&2FE|(&10BF]] (#3##9248;)
|-
|0010#!11F!0001
|33
|21
|[[Exclamation mark|!]]
|-
|0010#!11F!0010
|34
|22
|#0#
|-
|0010#!11F!0011
|35
|23
|[[&&365sign|#]]
|-
|0010#!11F!0100
|36
|24
|[[&&553sign|$]]
|-
|0010#!11F!0101
|37
|25
|[[Percent sign|%]]
|-
|0010#!11F!0110
|38
|26
|[[Ampersand|#3#]]
|-
|0010#!11F!0111
|39
|27
|[[Apostrophe (&2FE|']]
|-
|0010#!11F!1000
|40
|28
|[[&&68E(]]
|-
|0010#!11F!1001
|41
|29
|[[&&68E)]]
|-
|0010#!11F!1010
|42
|2A
|[[Asterisk|*]]
|-
|0010#!11F!1011
|43
|2B
|[[Plus sign|+]]
|-
|0010#!11F!1100
|44
|2C
|[[Comma (&2FE|,]]
|-
|0010#!11F!1101
|45
|2D
|[[Hyphen|-]]
|-
|0010#!11F!1110
|46
|2E
|[[Full stop|.]]
|-
|0010#!11F!1111
|47
|2F
|[[Slash (&2FE|/]]
|-
|0011#!11F!0000
|48
|30
|0
|-
|0011#!11F!0001
|49
|31
|1
|-
|0011#!11F!0010
|50
|32
|2
|-
|0011#!11F!0011
|51
|33
|3
|-
|0011#!11F!0100
|52
|34
|4
|-
|0011#!11F!0101
|53
|35
|5
|-
|0011#!11F!0110
|54
|36
|6
|-
|0011#!11F!0111
|55
|37
|7
|-
|0011#!11F!1000
|56
|38
|8
|-
|0011#!11F!1001
|57
|39
|9
|-
|0011#!11F!1010
|58
|3A
|[[Colon (&2FE|:]]
|-
|0011#!11F!1011
|59
|3B
|[[Semicolon|;]]
|-
|0011#!11F!1100
|60
|3C
|[[Less &5DDlt;]]
|-
|0011#!11F!1101
|61
|3D
|[[Equals sign|=]]
|-
|0011#!11F!1110
|62
|3E
|[[&&C6r &5DDgt;]]
|-
|0011#!11F!1111
|63
|3F
|[[&&200mark|?]]
|}
|#!11F!
|
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!!D0!
!Glyph
|-
|0100#!11F!0000
|64
|40
|[[@]]
|-
|0100#!11F!0001
|65
|41
|A
|-
|0100#!11F!0010
|66
|42
|B
|-
|0100#!11F!0011
|67
|43
|C
|-
|0100#!11F!0100
|68
|44
|D
|-
|0100#!11F!0101
|69
|45
|E
|-
|0100#!11F!0110
|70
|46
|F
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|0100#!11F!0111
|71
|47
|G
|-
|0100#!11F!1000
|72
|48
|H
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|0100#!11F!1001
|73
|49
|I
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|0100#!11F!1010
|74
|4A
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|0100#!11F!1011
|75
|4B
|K
|-
|0100#!11F!1100
|76
|4C
|L
|-
|0100#!11F!1101
|77
|4D
|M
|-
|0100#!11F!1110
|78
|4E
|N
|-
|0100#!11F!1111
|79
|4F
|O
|-
|0101#!11F!0000
|80
|50
|P
|-
|0101#!11F!0001
|81
|51
|Q
|-
|0101#!11F!0010
|82
|52
|R
|-
|0101#!11F!0011
|83
|53
|S
|-
|0101#!11F!0100
|84
|54
|T
|-
|0101#!11F!0101
|85
|55
|U
|-
|0101#!11F!0110
|86
|56
|V
|-
|0101#!11F!0111
|87
|57
|W
|-
|0101#!11F!1000
|88
|58
|X
|-
|0101#!11F!1001
|89
|59
|Y
|-
|0101#!11F!1010
|90
|5A
|Z
|-
|0101#!11F!1011
|91
|5B
|[[&&68E&lt;&!122![&!3C!
|-
|0101#!11F!1100
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|[[Backslash|\]]
|-
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|93
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|-
|0101#!11F!1110
|94
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|-
|0101#!11F!1111
|95
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|}
|#!11F!
|
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|-!C8!
!&56#CA#
!!D1!
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!Glyph
|-
|0110#!11F!0000
|96
|60
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|-
|0110#!11F!0001
|97
|61
|a
|-
|0110#!11F!0010
|98
|62
|b
|-
|0110#!11F!0011
|99
|63
|c
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|0110#!11F!0100
|100
|64
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|0110#!11F!0101
|101
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|0110#!11F!0110
|102
|66
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|0110#!11F!0111
|103
|67
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|0110#!11F!1000
|104
|68
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|0110#!11F!1001
|105
|69
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|0110#!11F!1010
|106
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|0110#!11F!1011
|107
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|0110#!11F!1100
|108
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|109
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|110
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|0110#!11F!1111
|111
|6F
|o
|-
|0111#!11F!0000
|112
|70
|p
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|0111#!11F!0001
|113
|71
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|0111#!11F!0010
|114
|72
|r
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|0111#!11F!0011
|115
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|0111#!11F!0100
|116
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|0111#!11F!0101
|117
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|-
|0111#!11F!0110
|118
|76
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|-
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|-
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|-
|0111#!11F!1110
|126
|7E
|[[Tilde|~]]
|}
|}

==&&D1D&B8=
* The &BA70-9 are re&8Bd &Br &105in &406&BA9d with 0011 (this &194that [[&&406coded &9DFbcd]]-&&&3Bis &2F1&1E6of &2E2each bcd nibble &352y and pre&98D0011 to it.
* Lowercase and &849ase &1EF only &90Fin bit &5B8by &2CCbit simplifying case &1Ato a &2F9test (to &AC0&CF1&Fthat &9D&1EF) &60&571[[bitwise &33B].

==Aliases for &&&3B=
RFC 1345 (&242June 1992) &3[#1#iana.org/&673&36sets IANA registry of &36sets] (on&66C, both &7F1&59case-in&E21aliases for &&&3Bas sui&645for use &8&&631

!F7!-1968 (&E48name)
!F7!-1986
* &&&3B* US-&&&3B(&473MIME name)
* us
* ISO646-US
* ISO_646.irv:1991
* iso-ir-6
* IBM367
* cp367
* cs&&&3B
&&0e, &474aliases #0#US-&&&3B&40#0#&&&3B#4# &EBhieved &3CFuse. &&2Cen &727them &1optional #0#charset#0# parameter &1Content-Type header &154[[MIME]] &508, &1&711#0#meta#0# &228&154[[HTML]] &541 and &1&393decla&1021 part &0prolog &154[[XML]] &541

==Variants of &&&3B=
As &102&AC&624&69ut &4B &5A&197&8ECand &51B &75many &4A9of &&&3Bin &102facilitate the &40Bnon-&&42&B that used &&10B&FD&2A4. One &11D&1C&755&0e &4A9as #0#&&&3B[[&&229&&&3B&8CB]#0#, &20Emis-apply that term to c&506l &5CC, &34&DBthat &73&12&&&3Bs &36map &17-&5DC
[[ISO 646]] (1972), &23&ECremedy the pro-&&42&Bbias, &1C8&576&2B0 &74it &6727-bit &36set. It made no &1F5&245&255 so it reas&41Csome in &B&1BE&5CC. It thus &BFim&533&717&36a code re&8Bd &E8&103E&17&5CCto work with, and text-&26Ang &4B &11D&5Cy cope with only one &5CCanyway.

&&13A &618&AC&1E7out-of-band &194&E7the &3F&4E7encoded &1&970 bit of each byte, &5BDthis b&667add an&3A128 &1F5&36&245for new &673 &&37[[IBM]] &758-bit [[code page]]s, &C[[code page 437]], &17re&1C1 the &B5&Fwith &1033&31E&C[[smiley]] faces, and &107A&1F5&1033&F&4&849128 bytes. Ope&109D&4B &C[[DOS]] &426e code-&3F0 and manufacturers of [[IBM PC]]s &426 in &F2B

Eight-bit &197&C[[ISO 8859|ISO/IEC 8859]] and [[Mac OS &&10B] &75as true &8CBof &&&3B &6DB&456&36mapping intact and &865ding &1F5&105&263the 7-&5DCThis enab&816re&8Btion of a &7FE&1CE&B, &1BAe &197&AFsuffer from incompatibilities and &510 &&152 [[ISO-8859-1]] its &5CC[[&&9DE1252]] (&7Amis&E3d as ISO-8859-1) and &1BD7-&681rema&1&574&36&393 in use &14A

[[&&20C] &3ISO/IEC 10646 [[&&D7&&36Set]] (UCS) &EBmuch &D31array of &F &3r &20E&393&2F3have &7A3sup&428ISO/IEC 8859 and &&&3B&4E8&C3&13E. &&43&&&3B&494lly uses 7-bit &245 &&20C&3UCS use &1D9&4ED#0#code &125#0#: non-&602integer &2D0that map, &219&5A&393&2F3and schemes, to &653&4CE&5C08-bit bytes. To &DC7backward &576 &&20C&3UCS assign &23128 code &125 &4same &Fas &&&3B One can &B7ore &779&&&3Bas a 7-bit &393scheme &EDvery &20sub&885&&20Cand &0UCS. &&2AE[[UTF-8]] &393form &D3Bthe &5Cone to four 8-bit code &105&768code &125&36 and equates &4DCto &&&3B&10code &105&243128. &&3A&393&2F3&C[[UTF-16]] resemble &&&3B&858they re&8B&23128 &Fof &&20C but &1C2use 16 or 32 bits per &36 so they &503&1Afor &576

The [[blend (&173|blend]] word ''&&&3Betical'' has &6C9to &10A5266[[collation]] of data in &&&3Bcode &353&51#0#&1BC&7C9phabetical &353&lt;ref&gt;Jargon File. [#1#catb.org/~esr/&DEFhtml/A/&&&3Betical-&353html &&&3Betical]. &&502[[&&13F1&35C!BA!

The &607&&&3B or ASCIZ &11Ea [[&&36&6BD(&102&47|null-terminated &&&3B&6BD].

#F8#
*[[&&10&&2A&&197&&C8ANSI]]
*[[&&&3Bart]]
*[[&&&3Bgame]]s
*[[Text file]]
*[[Bob Bemer]]
*[[EBCDIC]]
*[[&&20C]
*[[&&&3Bribbon]]
===&&&3B&8CB==
(&94all &&&3B&452&Fare &49A&&&3B
*[[&&229&&&3B]
*[[UTF-8]]
*[[ISO 8859]]
*[[ISCII]]
*[[VISCII]]
*[[&&9DEcode &3F0]
===&&&3B&5CC===
(&94some &&&3B&452&F&22re&1C1)
*[[ISO 646]]
*[[AT&&&3B]
*[[PETSCII]]
*[[ZX &&10D&36set]]

!1E!
===For &1BE&125===
!101!

===&&5C==
*[#1#unicode.org/&1013/PDF/U0000.pdf &&20Corg &1013&8&&&3B&2F9
* Tom Jennings ([[&&20F29]] [[2004]]). [#1#wps.com/&1C5/&245&F9html Annotated &&2B&&36Codes.] &&502[[&&13F17]] [[2005]].
*[[Alt &245]

!12!
#5C#--*[#2#&10B3eydotnet.&3C1orge.net/ Quick Key &&36Grid], a [[FOSS]] [[&&869&8B0&&869] for [[Microsoft &&9DE] inserts any &36&4C1click. &gt;&gt;&gt; not &8AF&5A0page [[User:&&74EChittleborough]], [[8 &&DF] [[2006]] --&gt;
*[#1#&277cs.cmu.edu/~sburke/stuff/&A70&522txt A &A70&522for &&&3B&F #5C#--good info but i'd like &1EAmore &2EFtive &345&E35&1D5l &231if at all &127[[User:&&873&&873] &521&&13F] &&&35A-&gt;
*[#1#jim&83Dcom/jim-asc.htm &&&3BChart, &6B3send &541#0#in &&&3B#4#, etc]#5C#-- i &666this can stay &1F4for now it doesn't seem to &9C2mis&281what &&&3Bis or &229&&&3B&7F&B7a &20&766&172#0#IBM PC &&229&&&3B#4# &49(its only &1055for &&42&179 &1F3imes not &7A7&DB [[User:&&873&&873] &521&&13F] &&&35A-&gt;
*[#1#&DC5com/&AD2xlate/ &&278Encoder/Decoder for &&&3B HEX, &&406 Base64, etc with MD2, MD4, MD5, SHA1+2, CRC, &4Dhashing algorithms] #5C#-- note: this &231&1BDy &31Bas a &1B7&1C5 I wanted &26B&1EA&270&4E&1BB&1&1C2&897&666&87E&5F2help &3A.§2I in&1C2&932&1B6t&760and &873find any error &561don't hesitate to notify me &0. -user:&DC5--&gt;

[[&&85-&1EFacronyms]]
[[&&8&&36&393]
[[&&8&&36sets]]
[[&&8&&2E8&2A4re&8Btions]]
[[als#F#
[[ar#F#
[[ast#F#
[[bg#F#
[[ca#F#
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!EE!skio]]
[[es#F#
[[fi#F#
[[fr#2F#
[[gl#F#
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[[hu#F#
[[ia#F#
[[id#F#
[[it#F#
[[ja#2F#
[[ko#F#
[[ku#F#
[[lv#F#
[[ms#F#
[[nl:&&&3B(tekenset)]]
[[nn#F#
[[no#F#
[[pl#F#
[[pt#F#
[[ro#F#
[[ru#F#
[[sk#F#
[[sl#F#
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[[sr#F#
[[sv#F#
[[th#F#
[[tr#F#
[[uk#F#
[[vi#F#
[[zh#F#
[[zh-min-nan#F#!B!
!1!
!2!
!5!
§4<&7&&4E/&7
§4<id>587</id>
!4!
§6<id>42091980</id>
!C!-03-03T19:50#49#
!3!
§8<&5Acjelen</&5
§8<id>107326</id>
!0!
§6<&4&7CC&BE1&DC4/&4
§6#7#'''&&4E'' &1EB&A8Bas &21B

* The [[&&4E]], &7A0 &7B&&B92and &&1E4&&3DB, &108sub&158
**[[&&10A&&4E]
**[[&&89&&4E]

* &&18&&9] &13E

''&&166 [[&&4E (&40C]], [[&&19&&9endnote_&&4EUse &&726&&4E], and [[Use &&726&&10Use &&726&&10]''

----

&&4E&4A
* [[&&4E &&672] in Limburg
* &&4E a part &0&241 of [[Sutton-in-the-Isle]] in &&646hire, &&4DF
&&4E&F&7or &383&lt;br/&gt;

''&&422''
* [[América (Perales song)|#0#América&&&9A5&344singer and &720[[José Luis Perales]]
* [[&&4E(Paul &&920song)|#0#&&4E&&9A5by Sim&89B Garfunkel
* [[&&4E(&&49Bsong)|#0#&&4E&&9A5by &&49B* [[&&4E(Neil Diamond song)|#0#&&4E&&9A5by [[Neil Diamond]]
* [[&&4E(band)]], a rock and roll band
** ''[[&&4E(&742|&&4E]'', &232&0r de&44Abum
* ''[[&&4E(&&F2A&742|&&4E]'', an &742&11band &&F2A* ''[[&&4E(&1B1|&&4E]'', a 1924 film &440by [[D.W. &&FB1]
* ''[[&&4E(The Book)]]'', &857&1EE&11&D20of ''The &&527Show with Jon Stewart''
* ''[[&&4E(book)|&&4E]'', &857by [[Jean Baudrillard]] exa&93Cthe &2B5&10B6261lly
* #0#&&4E&736song from [[West Side &&246] by &&3F4&&E11 also per&35E&11UK rock &10FThe Nice
* [[&&4E(XM)]], [[XM &&656&&48B] &9D610
*''[[América (soap &713|América]]'', a &&BBCan tele&2F7 (soap &713.
* [[&&4E(&1FB&4EB]], an [[&&7E7Argentinian]] &1FB&4EB* ''[[&&4E(&2A9|&&4E]'', a &E67&&10B&&226&2A9

''&&403''
* [[Club &&4E], &&839&395(&AF8 team
*[[América de Cali]], a Colombian &395(&AF8 team
* ''[[&&4E(yacht)|&&4E]'', a &108Ayacht that w&8&57ever &&4Es Cup in 1851

''&&FE''
* ''[[&&4E(&F29|&&4E]'', a &A9A&E17&F29used &630E. Byrd &9Ecrew on a 1927 &D1Btlantic &358* ''[[&&4E(&347ship)|&&4E]'', a &DC3liner &469d by [[&&1A2Fried]] &1A4&4BEsea &E02in 1929
* [[USS &&4EUSS ''&&4E']], &5Aof &117&&19&&9Navy ships
* ''[[SS &&4E(1940)|SS &&4E]'', a &DC3liner &843&11&&19&&9Lines.

&&4E&5Falter&158&7for:
* [[My &&BA 'Tis of Thee|#0#My &&BA 'Tis of Thee&&135patriotic song &0&&19&&9* [[Our &&4E], an &71Aby [[Jose Marti]]

#F8#
*[[&&312(&6B5]]
*[[&&4E#Naming &13ENaming &13E]


{{&88F}

#5C#-- &A46--&gt;

[[cy#E9#
[[de#D5#
[[fr#E9#
[[hr#D5#
[[nl#D5#
!14!アメリカ (曖昧さ回避)]]
[[no:&&312(&D9betydninger)]]
[[pt:América (desambiguação)]]
[[sq#E9#
!2D!Америка]]
[[fi:Amerikka]]
[[tr:&&312#B0#
!1!
!2!
!5!
§4<&7&&11/&7
§4<id>588</id>
!4!
§6<id>42098769</id>
!C!-03-03T20:46#C1#
!3!
§8<&5BanyanTree</&5
§8<id>137674</id>
!0!
!6!
§6<&4rv &150Ashmoo</&4
!3A!
!104!
[[&&1B&&11&656&BAAjpg|&41280px|A &656&E5Cim&1C1&&11] 

'''&&11'' &F&4Ds &8D&12Cand &8Dmost &886[[&198], &46[[Asia]].§2At &5530,370,000 [[&3C5&78Akm#3#sup2;]] (11,730,000 [[&3C5mile|sq mi]]) &34its adjacent &106 it &7AD5.9% &0[[&&192]'s &3FB&19&10C3 and 20.3% &0&3FBl&60ea. With over 840,000,000 &23(as of 2005) in 61 &153 it &46E&12312% &0&4Ds [[&9C&27].

!E9!
[[&&1B&&774&11png|&41&2DF&&4Dmap &4DD&&11(&3CBlly)]]
&&5A'''&&11'' came into &&7Euse &53[[&&78Rome|&&10B]], who used &5A''&&11&7F8' — #0#land &0Afri#0# (plural, or #0#Afer#0# &F28 — &10&10Arn part &0&198 &A[[&&11(&222|&222&286&172&C4[[&&715], &77Eto &86day [[&&50A].

The Afri were a &D63— &445[[&&123] — who dwelt in [[&&10A&&11] &1&&715area.§2The &694''Afer'' &5D&573with [[&&4A3&B|&&4A3] ''`afar'', [[dust]] (also &1F7most &3A[[&&E7&B]]); &33Cetym&E01 that &22&DEE &10&78name '&&11 &D7&257deba&645&71

:*the [[&&2E8] word ''aprica'', &E6#0#sunny#0#; 

:*the [[&&6B&B&&6B] word ''aphrike'', &E6#0#&E8cold#0# (&166[[&&276&99&&6B&1C1&311]). The &E6C[[Leo &&11us]] ([[1495]]-[[1554]]) &995the &361&4&&6Bword ''phrike'' (φρίκη, &E6#0#cold and &1073#4#), &89A&Bnegating &BA9a-, so &E6&853free of cold and &1073 &&4F1&6E1&71Ffrom ''ph'' to ''f'' &77Dis dat&C0&AC[[&57&3C], so &85&565y &1Bthe &361

&&78&&11&229into &&A89&79Asia.§2&&B7&850line &51C&7Btwo &198 &8E&8D9[[Ptolemy]] ([[85]] - [[165]] AD), &22D[[&&580] as [[&&218Meridian]] &735the [[Suez &&CF0isthmus of Suez]] &3[[Red Sea]] the &B7C&48[[Asia]] and &&11 As [[&&A8]ans &7D2&110t&3real &E12&0&198 &2C8of ''&&11' &B49&Br &A1

#F6#
''Main &1E9&286'

[[&&1BThe &&192seen from &&2917.jpg|&41&2DF&&11&1[[Blue &91A] &2CE with [[&&D70] &4&89 &3[[&&29E] and [[&&945 &3A3] &1Ftop &0&D33]

&&11&F&12C&0&117&C6&89ard &1C5ons &5main mass &0&&192s &190 It &71 with&869remarkably &9C7&1043&74Bof c. 30,360,288 [[&3C5&78Akm#3#sup2;]] (11,722,173 [[&3C5mile|mi#3#sup2;]]), &34t&&B41

&&352 from [[&&A8] &11[[Medi&7F8ean Sea]], &26&6F3to Asia at its &10Aast extremity &11[[Suez &&CF0Isthmus of Suez]] (&D1Bcted &11Suez &&CF0, 130 km (80 &384 wide. ([[Geo&39]ly, [[&&124]'s [[Sinai &&3A3] east &0Suez &&CF0&7A&16&3B2 &F6) &&&10B5&10Arly &125§2[[Cape Blanc]] (Ra’s al Abyad) &359(37#3#deg;21#3#&218 N), &4most &89rly &125 [[Cape Agulhas]] in [[&&89&&11] (34#3#deg;51#3#&21815#3#&&218 S), is a &769&2C5of 8,000 km (5,000 &384; from [[Cap-Vert|Cape Verde]], 17#3#deg;33#3#&21822#3#&&218 W, &292ost &125 to [[Ras Hafun]] in [[&&7F7], 51#3#deg;27#3#&21852#3#&&218 E, &3&810rly &1C5on, is a &769(&4F6&DE5y) of 7,400 km (4,600 &384. The &496of &266&83426,000 km (16,100 &384 &3absence of deep indentations &0shore is &664&11&B3&&A8 &17&7ADonly [[1 E12 m²|9,700,000 km#3#sup2;]] (3,760,000 &3C5&384, &17D&266&80D32,000 km (19,800 &384.

&&F3&D1D&5A4&0&198show &744east-to-west &212&36stic, &1F4&1&143hemisphere, &&97E&10Arn &53D&0&4D &3&10Ato-&89&212seen &1&80&3A3. &&11is thus &72Cof two &F48at &A&DC2 the &10Arn &6B9from east to west, &4BBfrom &10Ato &89 the subordinate &5A4&77E&1main &4e two &212.

!2A!
''Ma&&40D [[&&2B&&11]''
[[&&1BAfryka 1890.jpg|&A&41&2DFMap &3B21890]]

&&11is home &4[[&109Bof &&9Cind|&E4D&399&91] on &192 &B[[&9C] race [[mitochondrial Eve|&361ting]] from this &198 &&2Amid &22F [[&&D&BC] &18Dmany [[&BB6]s and &235&92&3E9&327as &2BD7 &3F4ago. Fossil &121of &AE&3CCof &9Aape-like &9C &7F &9C[[&B53]d into &86day man, &C''[[&&A85lopithecus afarensis]]'' ([[&48Betrically dated]] to 3.9-3.0 &3F4[[&&90&&74E|BC]]), ''[[Paranthropus boisei]]'' (2.3-1.4 &114BC) and ''[[Homo ergaster]]'' (c. 600,000-1.9 &114BC) &28&18D

The [[Ishango Bone]], dated to c. 25,000 &31E&D1C[[tally stick|tallies]] in [[&7AAnotation]]. &&69ut &9Cty's [[pre&35], &&11(like all &3A&198) had no [[&2B5&31]s, &14A&29A&399by &726[[&BEBga&B7s]] such &A[[Khoi]] and [[San]] (&4E7&79[[bushmen]]).
 
A&27E3300 BC, the &9D&276opens &6F0&B&7DD&616in [[&&124], &17&17Ewith &CD0&3DF&17Cover &3A&163&195343 BC. &&3A&291[[&146zation]]s &71[[&&346], the [[Nubia]]n &107 [[&&715], the &107 &0[[&&CEFan &107&&CEF] ([[&&8CA&&F5&&8CA], [[Mali &&F5Mali]], and [[Songhai &F5Songhai]]) and [[&&C6&&5D9].

In 1482, the [[&&2FF&&2D5] &58&23&7D5&CDC&348&3CB&&354&266at [[Elmina]]. The &432commodities dealt in were &2B7 gold, ivory and spices. &&455&481&13Ein 1492 was &22Cby &802&8A&0[[&38D&1DB], &17 &30A&&2D5era, &ABan overland &1DB&2E3&682 and &1F3confined &44C one &198

But &1Fsame time that &115was &6BCin &&A8 &1&9A&265&455[[Imperialism|&F46] &F3 &AB2 a &105F#0#[[scramble for &&11]&&40&3A&10B5&0&198 &8B7many [[&549&29C] &2B5&9 and &6DBonly two &E2&B9 [[&&68D], the &&16E&&10&549 and [[&&346]. This &3E9&189&DD&76C&0[[&&4DWar II|&&8D&&4DWar]], when all &29C&9&DE8&B64&910&131

&&14A &&11is &5BBover 50 &E2&6D &8322 &162&152&73D[[&1D4]s &51Cup &2Aera &52B[[&29Csm]].

!D4!
[[&&1B&&29C&11png|&386''Map &4DD&&51&2BDnts &4&&11 &198&1F&4C9[[&&4DWar I]]'']]
===Pre#E1#
{{sect-stub}}
===&#E1#
[[&&29Csm]] &140destabilizing &3C7what &ABa &2D&4AD&7B&C1&152&7Dfelt &6F0 &4F &&174&&51&17C &2A&1D4 &2C6&26Aa &692 with &&11s &5Cy &208&2AB&1CB&163&0&4D such &A&&945 &3A3 &94a &10Fs &91was congruent &172&CCor &1DB&17C &&455insistence of &6F2&1D4 &16C&153to isolate them from &DB&1CB&29C&F3 &7A&815&2F5of sepa&109D&3Aise contiguous &39&7B or &4E9&99&6A7&7E2side by side &7E6buffer &7B. &&37the [[&&421&&260], &288&A5&1Ba &84&3CB&B7C had &7Bthat &3Aise &6ABa [[&B], [[&3E] &4FD&2D3ty who resided on both sides. The di&56F&0land &48[[Belgium]] and [[&&8F] &3CB&260&F27&7C&7Bfrom &137 &&120&5A6in &&25Cor [[Sub-&&25C&&11] and &1DB &1E5&198for &251&7A&1DC&135&A8Ang #0#&1D4&&2FA&264only on &&51maps.

In &B9&788&519&&51&27, for &191[[&&AEC] and [[&&89&&11], &5F9&8D&1C2&6AChip were &7A&707in &102give &&51 [[&39&F3] far in &E7A&0r &2D0 &&4F1&5A4&2C6&7A&51C&74D&6FB&21C&5A4 In [[&&68D], the &6AC &4BC&36C&C7&2B7&80F&9Ca &39&4Bfor over 100 &62that gave ex-&2B7and &158 &4area &5C1&AC9[[&249&F3] &&9B6the ex-&2B7were out&365d ten to one &1&5C&27 The inspi&1021 &50B&4Bw&A[[&&19&&9&&6A4], &192&CAB &687of free and &4BA&297much &2BF &27&&82A

&&51 &7A&541&CABof &F3 &1C8&4AD&1077 &24A &DB&5A8&665 &&D86&5D9dichotomy detri&6F4&4&158&368&1are&A &B5ed. &&37in &&A89[[&&787] and [[&&5AD], two &4AD&7B[[Hutus]] and [[&&A84]] had merged into one &3E&&7BABelgian &A07had &434&B5&0&2E5&1&265 No &EC5&2D1by &4ADty &7BEermingling, &10B1&89F and &106A&52D&2AB &106&251&4B0&74erased &5C6&752of a &3E&1077 the &&AEB&C8 a &6B4&21Ccategorization, upon &2E2&B5&0&2E5 as &21C&FDcategorizati&89B &202&44fixture &0&&51&3Eof &3E6 &&10E[[Hutu]] &1BDy &AD1ed &4agri&52&FD&&57D&1DF&B3Fthat &53Ainto &8Bday &&787 and &&5AD&5West, &3term [[&&A84] &78&&10A&&143&552&FD&B3Fthat migrated in&4&2E5&D2 &&10E &4&FB&23 &13Acame &595&1F6s &81&1C2 &&DB&E4who &843&5C110 &5C0&552were &C0&&A84 &183with &CFFwere &C0Hutu, &499&146estral &35 This &153a &BDEline &44A&5C&7ED&41 &828&11D&682Hutu to &&A84and vice &10BD

The &&AEB&34Ba &21Csed &4B &&DB&E4&38F&36stics &455 &811- &D9F skin, ample &6BB &B52noses, etc. - were &207&F3&1C3t the colonized &23. The &&AEB&2DC&7C&B8were more ideally [[&&68C], &&68Cin turn &7Dmore ideally &&51and &8A2&477&23&53Bt to &&A84&44Bestry. They &C8 a &6B4issuing &B96cards &A9t&385 &&DB&53Bt &5A0ideal were pro&2BDd &&A84&183not were pro&2BDd Hutu.

===Post-#E1#
&&74&131 &&11 &9have &2DDbeen &AEAby inst&3FA &341 &271 and [[&119sm]]. The vast &193ty &134&520[[re&A2]s that &713e &110some form &0[[&3Dal &4B] of rule. Few &2EE&&11&22&C0&1065[[&&216&9E] &1F, &29Acycling &68E&6B5brutal [[Coup d'état|coup]]s and [[&CC&B2C]s.

A &2D&&11s post-&29C&39&27B were &8F1&B87and &100Don &6AFof &AD3nce; &C6inst&3FA &28 was &2ADthe &3D9&997lization &1CB&4AD&1FBgraft &8De &27B. 

&&F6 many used &3F6of &F3to ignite &4AD&1E0 that &ABexacerbated, &37B&1C8 &110&29Crule. &&C3&6D the [[Armed &1AF&CC] was &635&765&1D7&10Fthat &11D&2F5vely &BD5105and &A90most &2EE&&11&2A[[&97570s]] &697[[&101780s]].

&&2A&6F5&5&9A[[&93F] &4late &1017&&11had over 70 coups and 13 &3Dal [[&167]s.

[[Cold War]] &1E0 &48&18&&9] &3[[&&4B1&&11E] also &7B4role &1inst&3FA When &6F9&BF&E2&10&542&71&7A&298&6&4C1&0two [[super&F3]s. Many &6Din [[&&10Arn &&11] &309&&4B1&CCaid, &43&812&&83and &&80&&11were &149&11[[&&19&&9] and/or [[&&8F]. The &975saw an escalation as newly &E2[[&&5D8] and [[&&486] &6d &135&B[[&&4B1&&11E] &3West and [[&&89&&11] &7BEto &9C2&&4B1&17C

&&1D4and &84B&4FB &EBso been &1A9 &B&&51&6AD&1D4 of &454&7D&55E&A34&68Emed &1E0. 

Failed &1F&442and &39&341&EBso &570d &C3&3CF[[famine]]s, and &178&9ED &3B2&6CBwith &314&4B un&C0disseminate &320food or &2BE&10&27to &CB6 The &680[[&46F] &4Arampant, &9Fthe &624&0[[&&9CImmuno&D41Virus]] (HIV) &3&27F[[Acquired Immune Deficiency &&183] (AIDS), &182&4EBdeadly [[&BCD] &8&198

&&32D&227&FE3, &B7&2&755&752the &198has hope &10&6A5 [[&&216&&9E&1F]s seem &1Bsp&3D6 &7F&9Dyet &AE(&&2A&&3CB&2BD 13 &&11 &B9&57&C0&ACA&9E. &&F6 &454&EB &AD0&7FBy &57E&494[[&9C&A]s &EDl [[&6AC]s, &7Fin &2AB&7C&9D&40F&57E &45E&1C8&1A3bly &E2[[&A0Ajudiciaries]].

&&B9&66F&752of &20A net&210&1C3&&11 &579and &9 &&1&18F&1[[&&9E&&51F&&421] (&999[[Zaire]]), &51rich, non-&&27B&10B1ening, &55half-a-dozen &79F&&27Bgot &3C4(&166[[&&8D&&421War]]). The &310toll &28&26D &5C9&1B3.5 &114&DE&1E0&1B3in 1998. This &2EEplay &851&142&396[[&&4DWar II]] for &&A8 &46&188&23&1&79F&6D&BE3&891egrate &72&19Cin &49Bway that war &7B &2F8 as un&666ble as a war &48 say, [[&&8F] and [[&&D5]] &2CA&14A

&&39&98 such &A[[&&11 &&11E] &170&764ng hope for &C6r co-&3F8&924&7B&198s many &6D

&&470&24D&1025 &152&ABAin &AE&95&&11 &7A&8Dover&DA1&0&31 &&70such violations &ABAfor &39&1A3, &7A&171as a 'side-&2F5 of &18F &&6D&94&193&24Dviolations &22&446&6A0&171&71the [[&&9ERe&A2&0&&421], [[&&786&&705], [[&&68D], [[&&586], and [[Cô&3F0

===&&86&&11==
Most &7E&6D&1C1&510on aid to &&11 &B9 &9F&1A&&9 &&7C&510&3D6&83&B5&FB &0e &&11 &B9 as &698&7C&520&C79&882&99&626&19Aaid. [[&&4BB] h&7BEreasingly &1B9&19Aaid to &&11in &102&BB0&899 on [[&&84&349&84&AA], &C[[&1E6oil]], [[gold]], and [[&9B4]]. &&B7&108&7B9&39pre&95on. &&6Dthe &&AD&4D5esting in &71
&&83&&11 Re&A2(&428tions), &&515a ([[&1E6oil]] #3# [[gas]]), &&786&&705([[&2C4]), &&A83([[&1E6oil]]), &&421&&C00([[&1E6oil]] #3# wood-&209, &&421([[&315] #3# [[cobalt]]), &&5D8([[&126]-&4B, &&8FA([[&1E6oil]]), &&586([[&1E6oil]]), &&785([[coffee]] #3# [[&9FC]-&209, &&704([[Tele&12E&12E]]-&5CB, &&787(&A2&C7, &&5AD([[Nickel]]), &&5D9(infra&103, &&89&&11([[coal]] #3# [[gold]]).

!12!
''Ma&&40D [[&&BB&286'

&&11&F&4Ds poorest &399&198 &18&&2B5]s' [#2#hdr.undp.org/ &&9C&&8A&&54B [[2003]] (of 175 &6D &1DCthat &128 151 ([[&&8C9]) to 175 ([[&&786&&705]) were &434up &307by &&11 &B9

It &5A5(&12&755ways &74D&1E8 a shaky and un&11F&D1Btion from [[&29Csm]], with &20A in [[&39&341&341] and [[despotism]] &7D&193&5EAf&280 &234poor &81&544 &&43rapid &254in [[&&4BB] and now [[&&42D], and &4E0&254in [[&&2E8&&4E], has lifted &114 &55Fsubsistence &FC &&11has gone backwards in &1F8&109[[&1DB], [[&4C7], and [[per &404] [[&6B7]. This [[&CB0] has &3CF&1C6 &34&23E[[life &BF7ncy]], [[&271], and [[inst&3FA] - f&280 &10B1wined &B&198s &CB0 

&&193&81&32As are [[&&872] and [[&&89&&11], &3A&75&4&E12&87has &59Dmature [[&&874urg Stock &&34Dstock &34D]. &&85&625&5Eits &56Aof [[&84&349]s, &7D&4Bs &5D0&369 of both [[gold]] and [[&9B4]s, &655&5Eits well-&58&733&4B &&89&&11also &17Dcess to &19A&C4 &227&3B9 and s&3BF&38A &&3A&&27Bare &21Ecom&1044&4D1 &C[[&&8CA], &1F3 like &&124 &EB&EC5&2B&347and &81&32A

[[&&515a]] sits &860&0&12C&B56oil re&3E0 &1&3C5h&A&9FD&27&1C3&2EE&&11 &4C1&&F26&3E5&542&1&4D &&26&4C&B&BAs &4E8expanding &BB&122reasing &D6 &87&341 &&515a's &7F0as &&11s &81&F3ouse will soon be &1094&58

!D7!
&&11s &5D&10Fd &29&57B live &10Aor &89&0[[&&29EDesert]]; &7C&7Bare &8C[[&&10A&&11]]s and [[Sub-&&25C&&11]ns, &2A3 #104#-&&EA] &1DF&23 &C06in &&10A&&11 &43Sub-&&25C&&11is &79Aby a &2D&27 &10Fd &292&4r &B--[[&&515&&421] &42Fin West &&11 [[Nilo-&&25C] &1&&143&DC1and [[&&9A4] &1&89

Speakers of [[&&57D&B]] (part &0&&515&&421&E0 are &AEin &80 &83and east &&11&6CE but &B9also &AENilotic &25DEast &&11 &60few &669[[&&FB&23 &3B2&FB] &&9A4('[[San]]' or '[[&&C61]') and Pygmy &23 in &80&51D&&11 &2A3 &&57D&1DF&&3F3&C06in Gab&89B &&57C&&354 &60e &1F7&95&80&&703&&F25&&7F7 &&1[[Kalahari Desert]] o!C7! the &1A6&23&111&A&&C61(also #0#San#0#, &4E3&143 but &41B#0#[[&&F24Hottentots]]&&51Clong been &8B The San are &CBy &41B&3A&&11s &60e the &FB&18E&80&&11 [[Pygmies]] &104pre-&&57D&FB&23 of &83&&11

&&1D5 of [[&&10A&&11] &746two main &7B [[&&123] and [[&&F8]-&1DF&23 &&AA4 and [[&&92of_&&124&&23&&EC]] &&810 The Arabs who &9CF&17th &3C&34Bthe [[&&F8&B] &3F2to &&10A&&11 The &&E7[[Phoenicia]]ns, &3&&51[[&&78&&4A2&&6B]] and [[&&78Rome|&&10B]] &505in &&10A&&11&F6 &&123 &152make up &AEin [[&&223], &DA are &12F&30ty &1D3[[&&26]. &&107also &8B&359and [[&&8FA]. The [[&&E25] &4D&7A&CC6&23 &&B44&368&0&&25C&F9E&797&&11 [[Nubians]] are a [[Nilo-&&25C]-&1DF&10F(&7Fmany also &537&&F8, who &75an &78&146zation in &&10Aast &&11

&&2Apast &3Cor so, sm&832&81lly &A3&1F9of [[&&92of_Lebanon#The_&&F23Diaspora|&&F23] and [[&&5DC&&AD&&AD] &EBso &75&1&2BF &266l &19Bof [[West &&11West]] and [[East &&11], &2A3

Some [[&&346]n and &&C60 &7B(&4F7[[Amhara]] and [[Tigray]]ans, &3E6y &79#0#[[Habesha]]&&51C[[&&E7] (Sabaean) &5FF The Somalis as a &23&361ted &1[[&&346 High&1023], but most Somali clans can &1020some Arab &5FF&F6 [[&&586] and [[&&491] are &2D1&48a &41DArabized &10A&60&158&&11 &89(&168#0#Arabs&&108&&586cl&9A&EB&42F&158&&11 &5FF&135. Some &2DEEast &&11 &BEt&52&728[[Zanzibar]] &3&&704 &67FLamu, &309Arab &&7A1and [[&&89est Asia]]n &AE9and &DD6&BC[[&&35BAges]] &122&DFA

&&33A&1[[16th &3C], &&51 such &A[[&&2FF&&2D5] and [[The &&672&&AC2] &10Cestablish [[&CDCpost]]s and [[Fortification|forts]] &3CB&266 of &7E&&F25&&11 &&13A &1B7&2D&&AC2 augmented by &&50[[Huguenots]] and [[&&D5&23&&D5]] &505in &84&14A[[&&89&&11]. &&72&36C the [[&&D3ers]] &3[[&&BBDds]], &104&12C&&51desc&429&25D&&11&14A &&1[[&265], a &8D&8E7of &49D&1E7&1B7&2D&&50and [[&&19&&107of &&C6Brita&44B &&9F2&&B4] &AE9to &&11 The &&2D5&505&2ADin &&5D8 &44Aso in &&486 The &&50&505in &2BF&2D0in [[&&26] &24A &25B&3E6y as ''[[Pied-!CB!-noirs]]'', and on &684&52E&2C3&2DE&&10Aand West &&11as &BEin &&57B &&569&505&432y in &&89&&11&F6&A&549of [[&&AEC], and &1&DC1of &&A89[[&&704]. &&D5 &505in &&A89[[&&5D7] and [[&&9A3], &3e &74Da &27&3B5&1DF&23C&&9A3s. &&20r &1EA&&51&600 &232en, &728icials also &58&135in &3C9&C &C[[Nairobi]] and [[Dakar]]. &&3CE&2A&93F&7A&570d &1mass e&64F&52Bdesc&429&AE9out &3B2#3#&6F &9Ffrom &&26 &&5D8 &&704and &&AEC(now [[&&5D9]). &&1A3&&89&&2ED&&9A3 the &23C&30ty &270&39y &725&46&131from &&A8 &60&178&42F&23C&&11s &270&1e two &6Deven &46[[&4D9&216&216] was &18Ey &C8 &1Fend &0[[Cold War]]. &&89&&11&17Dso &2F8the &473desti&2B5of &23CAnglo-&&5D9ns, &728mi&25F &1B3l over &80&&11

&&51&49Dalso &1E7sizeable &726[[&&93B]], &BE&23&5[[&&1D1sub&198], to &&B4&1F9 Large [[&&1D1diaspora|&&1D1&175] are &1F7&&89&&51E&20r ones are &8Bin &&704 &&5D7 &1F3&3A&80and east &&27B A &1092&2BF&&1D1&85in [[&&785] was &760&11dictator [[Idi Amin]] in 1972, &7Fmany have &74re&220 T&&B41&1[[&&1D1&&3DB] &170&E8F&456by &18E&&93B&361 &7A&5DA&&11s &4FE. The [[&&F22] &18E[[&&57B] are a [[Malay &23], but &DB&3CB&266are &5Cy &5DA&&57D Arab, &&1D1&4FE&361. Malay &897dian ancestries &170&A3&7E1 &1&16E&23&743&&89&&11as [[&&BBDds]] (&19F&361 &722&5C0races and &198).

==&&B==
[[&&1B&&11 &B&306png|&A&2C0&41Map &4DDthe &314&134&B&306&1F3&193&&11 &B. #104#-&&EA&B|Afro-&&EA] ex&1029&5[[&&CEF] to [[&&89est Asia]]. [[&&515&&421&B|&&515&&421] is &2D1&392the size &0[[&&57D&B|&&57Dsub-&E0].]]

''Ma&&40D [[&&11 &B]]''

By most &26D &&11&5ECwell over &2FF[[&B]s. &&B9four &193[[&B&E0&B&306] &158to &&11

* The #104#-&&EA&B|''Afro-&&EA']] &3EAa &B&E0&2D3240 &3F1285 &114&23&3CF&69ut &&10A&&11 [[East &&11], the &&CEF and [[&&89est Asia]].
* The [[Nilo-&&25C&B|''Nilo-&&25C']] &B&E0&110&123a &4FD&2B3by 30 &114&23 Nilo-&&25C&3EA&2AD&67E[[Chad]], [[&&586], [[&&346], [[&&785], [[&&704], and &10Arn [[&&5D7].
* The [[&&515&&421&B|''&&515&&421']] &B&E0&7AD&26ASub-&&25C&&11&B1&62Cthe &12C&B&E0&1&4Din &1F8&5A&B. A &519&365&0 &104[[&&57D&B|&&57D] &2B3in &26Asub-!109!
* The [[&&9A4&B|''&&9A4']] &B &365&5550 &60e &67E&&80&&11by &2C5120 000 &23 Many &0&&9A4&3EA[[&707&B&707]. The [[&&F24Khoi]] and [[&&C61San]] &23 are &36D&1BD&368&63&49&&11 

&&32few no&645&5F0ons in [[East &&11], n&9Aall &&27B&EBopted [[&11B&B]s that &361ted &514&198and &624&69[[&29Csm]] or [[&9C&64F]. &&37in &227&6D[[&&42&B&&42] and [[&&50&B&&50] are used for &12E&1&A2sphere &C&1F &BB1 &133&3&536 [[&&F8&B&&F8], [[&&2D5&B&&2D5], [[&&D3ns]] and [[&&F22] are &3A&58A&1BDy non-&&11 &B &D7&7D4&114 &134 &14A both &1&A2and &299spheres.

!105!
&&11&17D&2D&1064ing &3E. &&31&58Dl &1A6on &1BB&48sub-&&25C&&11&3&10Arn &6Dfrom [[&&124] to [[&&223], who &2BFy &DED&135with [[Arab]]ic &3E &&14Dcom&241n, the &B9&4&89&0[[&&29E] &384to &304many &52&163 &3F7that &0[[&&57D&B|&&57D] &3CD&10F

&&45A&1CFbe made &48[[&&1070hone &&11] &3rest &3B2 &3F7&1D8&&B4&1F9of [[&80&&11&80] and [[East &&11]. An&3A&52fault-line &1BB&48&DB&&11s &FC&99life&56 and &&ECC&405&86 &&2F0sts are &59sub&158[[pastoralism|pastora&950] and [[agri&3Eagri&52sts]].

[[&&11 art]] &9E3 the &A6E&134&3E. The &E4D&448art from &&11are 6000-year old carvings &1F7[[&&515], &DA[[&&C6Pyramid of Giza]] in [[&&124] w&A&4Ds tallest &E3Cral &D7Dent for four &62B&62&8E&100F&0[[Eiffel Tower]]. The &&346 &297of [[monolithic &147]es at [[Lalibela]], &162the [[&&147of St. &&1A2] is re&8Btive, is &44B&277ther marvel of &282

The [[&D8&286is &2C&74Adynamic art &2F3 &&124has long been &5D9&663&0&&60F &43remembrance &0rhythms &84D!109!&3F7west &&11 was &D1Bitted &53[[&&B92&38D&1DB] to &86[[blues]], [[jazz]], [[reggae]], [[rap &D8rap]], and [[rock and roll]]. &&86&D8&0&198&451&61B&297choral singing &51B&&11&3&A9Drhythms of [[soukous]], &79A&11[[&D8&0&&9E&&51F&&421]. A &2AE&8A&021st &3C&Femergence of [[&&11 hip hop]], &3F7&264from [[&&9A2] is bl&429with &99[[mbalax]]. &&2AEy in &&89&&11 &&AC7&D8&143[[&170&D8] &111&110&5A[[Kwaito]] has &75 &168&BA&28home &&E08&278[[&&89&&11 jazz]] &7B2time, &43[[&&D3ns]] &D8is &30By &1A6and &746 &41Dof &99[[Boere musiek]], and &500[[Folk &D8Folk]] and [[Rock and roll|Rock]].

* [[List &134&D8ans]]
* [[List &134&2CF]
* [[&&11 &&7AC]
* #104#logy]]

!11E!
&&11s profess &863&346&1A5&322 with [[&&B3ty]] &3F2&7D&31&3CF &&2C540% &244&&11s are &&B3 &60&3A40% &&7A1. Roughly 20% &134 &456&418&FB[[&&11 &EF]]. A &20&2D&&3F3have &322[[&&11 Jew|&5Judaic &120], such &A[[Beta Israel]] and [[Lemba]] &B3F

The &FB&&11 &EF &1C2r&B53&16C[[animism]] and [[&F21&69A]. &&755thread in &99&362&4B w&Adi&56F&0[[&24E&4D] into #0#&9C0&40#0#&1032#4#. Helpful [[&&622al &7D&622]] &55B&1084&891lude &F21&622 &41p &72&36C and &F3ul &622 that &649&7C7&175from &84&AFFor &9E1from &6A7 &94s &1032&622 &71the [[soul]]s of &B69&C9E&4BC&B23&594&6CE[[Funeral|&4E1&101F], and &622 &7D4&104D&622[[Medium (&24Ety)|&8FB]] to &38B&1063&AAr &6A7 &&DA&2F5&0e &9A&500&69A&629 &9Ca pro&1F7luence, &362&4B have &6C9&A &43D&3A&EF.

&&1FAtion &0[[Old &&107] of [[&&124] &1[[&42A&597BCE]] &55A&23&111&297&1A5&4B&8&198 &&1F0[[ninth &3CBCE]], [[&&715] (in &8Bday [[&&50A]) was &1C7&11&&4A3, and went on &1Bome &59Bcosmopolitan &C&94[[&8E0deities]] from &862&&124 [[&&78Rome|Rome]] &3[[&&4E4&146zation|&&4E4city-&9] were &69Aed.

The [[&&346 &&879&&147] &11By &75B&5[[&55D&3C], &B1thus one &0&57&58[[&&B3ty|&&B3] &147s any&94 At &57&&B3&&879 made &D38in &86day &&586&4D&79F&262 &28&208&680&&53C &254was slow &3A4&4&DC1

&&53C&50B&&11as &&7A1 &64A&&10A&&11&48640 and 710, &33Awith &&124 They &58&&DC0 Melinde, Mombasa, Kilwa, and Sofala, &208sea &1DB&781&486[[East &&11], and diff&219&53&&29E&4A5in&4&F9E&3B2-- &1AA&3F7the paths of &&7A1&1DBs. &&7A1 &3C4&AA&&93B&23 &719&505in &&B4&A90&&11

Many &&11s were &E27to [[&&7E&&B3ty|West &&51&500&&B3ty]] &2A&29C&6F5 &&1last &5B1&0&EDC&3C &20Esects of [[charismatic &5DCharismatic &&B3ty]] &4E8grew. A &2D&&10B&&226&&11 &BA3 were even &2FDas &127[[Pope|papal]] &336 in 2005. &&11 &&B3 &420&1Bmore &4Ay &319&785r co-&EFsts in much &0&162zed &4D &182&ABD&2AEy &241&F80&1D3[[&&1A5denomi&2B5denomi&B9] such &A[[&&877&&147&&877] and [[&&2B9sm|&&2B9st &&147s]].

==&&153=
[[&&1B&&11&262png|&41&2C0&&2E5 &3B2 Blue: &&10A&&11 &759 West &&11 brown: &&83&&11 o&2F9 Horn &3B2 m&1027: East &&11 red: &&80&&11]]
[[&&1B&&AB4CIA-HiRes.jpg|&41&2C0&&39Map &286[[&&1Btopography_of_&11jpg|&41310px|&&CBmap &286===&&E2&9==
'''[[East #72#

East &&11&6CE* [[&&5AD] (also &59&!27!
* [[&&704]
#5C#--* [[&&486] (&108&16o!C7!--&gt;
!58!&!27!
* [[&&5D7]
* [[&&785]

[[&&10AEast &&11] ([[Horn &286
* [[&&702]
* [[&&C60]
* [[&&346]
* [[&&7F7] (&34[[Somaliland]])

'''[[&&83#72#
#5C#--* [[&&5D8] (&108&16o!C7!--&gt;
* [[&&5AD] (also &59&!42!
#5C#--* [[&&703] (&108&!108!--&gt;
* [[&&83&&11 Re&A2]
!57!&!108!
* [[&&9ERe&A2&0&&421]
* [[&&57C&&354] (also &59&!108!
!56!&!108!
!58!&!42!
* [[&&51F&&421]
#5C#--* [[&&AE8] (&108&16o!C7!--&gt;

'''[[&&10A#72#
* [[&&26]
* [[&&124] 
* [[&&8FA]
* [[&&491] 
* [[&&223]
* [[&&586]
* [[&&50A]

'''[[&&80#72#
* [[&&5D8] (also &59&!27!
* [[&&872]
* [[&&C5F]
* [[&&DBF]
* [[&&486] (also &59&!42!
* [[&&9A3]
* [[&&89&&11]
* [[&&A06]
* [[&&AE8] (also &59&!27!
* [[&&5D9]

'''[[West #72#
* [[Benin]]
* [[&&C5EFaso]]
* [[&&703] (also &59&!27!
!57!&!27!
* [[Cô&3F0* [[&&57C&&354] (also &59&!27!
!56!&!27!
* [[The &&8C9]
* [[&&8CA]
* [[&&354]
* [[&&354&&AE7]
* [[&&68D]
* [[Mali]]
#5C#--* [[&&491] (&108&16&797&&11--&gt;
* [[&&515]
* [[&&515a]]
* [[&&9A2]
* [[&&786&&705]
* [[Togo]]

'''&&11 &&18B&&B9''
* [[Cape Verde]] (West &&11
* [[&&9A1] (&&80&&11
* [[&&57B] (&&80&&11
* [[&&A05] (&&80&&11
* [[Sã!B8!íncipe]] (&&83&&11or West &&11
* [[&&701] (East &&11

===&&153 pos&73F départements===
* [[&&8C8&&106] ([[&&F4])
* [[Ceuta]] and [[&&9A0] ([[&&F4]/&2BDd by [[&&223])
* [[&&C5D] ([[&&2FF])
* [[&&C5C] ([[&&8F])
* [[Ré&11E] ([[&&8F])
* [[&&424&&8C7] (&34&789[[Ascension &&18B] and [[Tristan da Cunha]]) ([[&&19&&107])

===Disputed &153==
* [[&&7E&&29E] is &2BDd &1FCy [[&CC&3E9&!55!!54!&!53!!52!&A2].

===&&645of &153and &262==
{| &1D4#0#1&&&7C94&&&5550&&&601&1D41px &93E#aaa; &1D4&30D&30D#4#
|- &6C#0##ECECEC#0#
! Name of &91&!114!with [[flag]]
! [[&&276&6Dby area|Area]]&!114!(km#3#sup2;)
! [[&&276&6D&3EF&&27]&!114!([[1 July]] [[2002]] est.)
! [[&&276&6D&3EF&36E&&27&36E]&!114!(per km#3#sup2;)
! [[&&C4]
|-
!1A!;&&2'''[[&&143&&11]{{ref|&2E5}''':
|-
| {{&45&&5AD} [[&&5AD]
| &6#0#&A&227,830
| &6#0#&A&26,373,002
| &6#0#&A&2229.0
| [[Bujumbura]]
|-
| {{&45&&9A1} [[&&9A1]
| &6#0#&A&22,170
| &6#0#&A&2614,382
| &6#0#&A&2283.1
| [[Moroni, &&9A1Moroni]]
|-
| {{&45&&702} [[&&702]
| &6#0#&A&223,000
| &6#0#&A&2472,810
| &6#0#&A&220.6
| [[&&702City|&&702]
|-
| {{&45&&C60} [[&&C60]
| &6#0#&A&2121,320
| &6#0#&A&24,465,651
| &6#0#&A&236.8
| [[Asmara]]
|-
| {{&45&&346} [[&&346]
| &6#0#&A&21,127,127
| &6#0#&A&267,673,031
!C6!
| [[Addis Ababa]]
|-
| {{&45&&704} [[&&704]
| &6#0#&A&2582,650
| &6#0#&A&231,138,735
| &6#0#&A&253.4
| [[Nairobi]]
|-
| {{&45&&57B} [[&&57B]
| &6#0#&A&2587,040
| &6#0#&A&216,473,477
| &6#0#&A&228.1
| [[Antananarivo]]
|-
| {{&45&&DBF} [[&&DBF]
| &6#0#&A&2118,480
| &6#0#&A&210,701,824
| &6#0#&A&290.3
| [[Lilongwe]]
|-
| {{&45&&A05} [[&&A05]
| &6#0#&A&22,040
| &6#0#&A&21,200,206
| &6#0#&A&2588.3
| [[Port &&5A2]
|-
| {{&45&&C5C} [[&&C5C] ([[&&8F])
| &6#0#&A&2374
| &6#0#&A&2170,879
| &6#0#&A&2456.9
| [[Mamoudzou]]
|-
| {{&45&&486} [[&&486]
| &6#0#&A&2801,590
| &6#0#&A&219,607,519
| &6#0#&A&224.5
| [[Maputo]]
|-
| {{&45Ré&11E} [[Ré&11E] (&&8F
| &6#0#&A&22,512
| &6#0#&A&2743,981
| &6#0#&A&2296.2
| [[&&424Denis, Ré&11E&&424Denis]]
|-
| {{&45&&787} [[&&787]
| &6#0#&A&226,338
| &6#0#&A&27,398,074
| &6#0#&A&2280.9
| [[Kigali]]
|-
| {{&45&&701} [[&&701]
| &6#0#&A&2455
| &6#0#&A&280,098
| &6#0#&A&2176.0
| [[&&303 &&701&&303]
|-
| {{&45&&7F7} [[&&7F7]
| &6#0#&A&2637,657
| &6#0#&A&27,753,310
| &6#0#&A&212.2
| [[&&DC0]
|-
| {{&45&&5D7} [[&&5D7]
| &6#0#&A&2945,087
| &6#0#&A&237,187,939
| &6#0#&A&239.3
| [[Dodoma]]
|-
| {{&45&&785} [[&&785]
| &6#0#&A&2236,040
| &6#0#&A&224,699,073
| &6#0#&A&2104.6
| [[Kampala]]
|-
| {{&45&&AE8} [[&&AE8]
| &6#0#&A&2752,614
| &6#0#&A&29,959,037
| &6#0#&A&213.2
| [[Lusaka]]
|-
| {{&45&&5D9} [[&&5D9]
| &6#0#&A&2390,580
| &6#0#&A&211,376,676
| &6#0#&A&229.1
| [[Harare]]
|-
!1A!;&&2'''[[&&35B#72#:
|-
| {{&45&&5D8} [[&&5D8]
| &6#0#&A&21,246,700
| &6#0#&A&210,593,171
| &6#0#&A&28.5
| [[Luanda]]
|-
| {{&45&&703} [[&&703]
| &6#0#&A&2475,440
| &6#0#&A&216,184,748
| &6#0#&A&234.0
| [[Yaoundé]]
|-
| {{&45&&83&&11 Re&A2} [[&&83&&11 Re&A2]
| &6#0#&A&2622,984
| &6#0#&A&23,642,739
| &6#0#&A&25.8
| [[Bangui]]
|-
| {{&45Chad}} [[Chad]]
| &6#0#&A&21,284,000
| &6#0#&A&28,997,237
| &6#0#&A&27.0
| [[N'Djamena]]
|-
| {{&45Re&A2&0&&421} [[Re&A2&0&&421&&421]
| &6#0#&A&2342,000
| &6#0#&A&22,958,448
| &6#0#&A&28.7
| [[&&C00]
|-
| {{&45&&9ERe&A2&0&&421} [[&&9ERe&A2&0&&421]
| &6#0#&A&22,345,410
| &6#0#&A&255,225,478
| &6#0#&A&223.5
| [[Kinshasa]]
|-
| {{&45&&57C&&354} [[&&57C&&354]
| &6#0#&A&228,051
| &6#0#&A&2498,144
!C5!
| [[Malabo]]
|-
| {{&45&&A83} [[&&A83]
| &6#0#&A&2267,667
| &6#0#&A&21,233,353
| &6#0#&A&24.6
| [[Libreville]]
|-
| {{&45Sã!B8!íncipe}} [[Sã!B8!íncipe]]
| &6#0#&A&21,001
| &6#0#&A&2170,372
| &6#0#&A&2170.2
| [[Sã&7B8]]
|-
!1A!;&&2'''[[&&10Arn #72#:
|-
| {{&45&&26} [[&&26]
| &6#0#&A&22,381,740
| &6#0#&A&232,277,942
| &6#0#&A&213.6
| [[&&1E3]
|-
| {{&45&&124} [[&&124]{{ref|&&124}
| &6#0#&A&21,001,450
| &6#0#&A&270,712,345
| &6#0#&A&270.6
| [[Cairo]]
|-
| {{&45&&8FA} [[&&8FA]
| &6#0#&A&21,759,540
| &6#0#&A&25,368,585
| &6#0#&A&23.1
| [[Tripoli]]
|-
| {{&45&&223} [[&&223]
| &6#0#&A&2446,550
| &6#0#&A&231,167,783
| &6#0#&A&269.8
| [[Rabat]]
|-
| {{&45&&586} [[&&586]
| &6#0#&A&22,505,810
| &6#0#&A&237,090,298
| &6#0#&A&214.8
| [[Khartoum]]
|-
| {{&45&&50A} [[&&50A]
| &6#0#&A&2163,610
| &6#0#&A&29,815,644
!C6!
| [[Tunis]]
|-
| {{&45&&7E&&29E} [[&&7E&&29E] ([[&&223]){{ref|WSM}}
| &6#0#&A&2266,000
| &6#0#&A&2256,177
| &6#0#&A&21.0
| [[El Aaiún]]
|-
| &3815 | ''&&80&&A8&789in &&10Arn &&11':
|-
| [[&1BFlag &0&&8C8&&106png|20px]] [[&&8C8&&106] ([[&&F4]){{ref|&&8C8}
| &6#0#&A&27,492
| &6#0#&A&21,694,477
| &6#0#&A&2226.2
| [[Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]],&&3Dgt;[[Santa Cruz de &&F20]
|-
| {{&45Ceuta}} [[Ceuta]] (&&F4{{ref|&&F4}
| &6#0#&A&220
| &6#0#&A&271,505
| &6#0#&A&23,575.2
| —
|-
| [[&1BMadeiraFlag.png|20px]] [[&&C5D&&106] ([[&&2FF]){{ref|&&2FF}
| &6#0#&A&2797
| &6#0#&A&2245,000
| &6#0#&A&2307.4
| [[Funchal]]
|-
| {{&45&&9A0} [[&&9A0] (&&F4{{ref|&&F4}
| &6#0#&A&212
| &6#0#&A&266,411
| &6#0#&A&25,534.2
| —
|-
!1A!;&&2'''[[&&80#72#:
|-
| {{&45&&872} [[&&872]
| &6#0#&A&2600,370
| &6#0#&A&21,591,232
!CF!
| [[Gaborone]]
|-
| {{&45&&C5F} [[&&C5F]
| &6#0#&A&230,355
| &6#0#&A&22,207,954
| &6#0#&A&272.7
| [[Maseru]]
|-
| {{&45&&9A3} [[&&9A3]
| &6#0#&A&2825,418
| &6#0#&A&21,820,916
| &6#0#&A&22.2
| [[Windhoek]]
|-
| {{&45&&89&&11} [[&&89&&11]
| &6#0#&A&21,219,912
| &6#0#&A&243,647,658
| &6#0#&A&235.8
| [[&&AE6], [[Cape Town]], [[&&F1F]{{ref|SCcaps}}
|-
| {{&45&&A06} [[&&A06]
| &6#0#&A&217,363
| &6#0#&A&21,123,605
| &6#0#&A&264.7
| [[Mbabane]]
|-
!1A!;&&2'''[[&&7E#72#:
|-
| {{&45Benin}} [[Benin]]
| &6#0#&A&2112,620
| &6#0#&A&26,787,625
| &6#0#&A&260.3
| [[Porto-Novo]]
|-
| {{&45&&C5EFaso}} [[&&C5EFaso]]
| &6#0#&A&2274,200
| &6#0#&A&212,603,185
| &6#0#&A&246.0
| [[Ouagadougou]]
|-
| {{&45Cape Verde}} [[Cape Verde]]
| &6#0#&A&24,033
| &6#0#&A&2408,760
| &6#0#&A&2101.4
| [[Praia]]
|-
| {{&45Côte d'Ivoire}} [[Cô&3F0| &6#0#&A&2322,460
| &6#0#&A&216,804,784
| &6#0#&A&252.1
| [[Abidjan]], [[&&AE5]{{ref|ICcaps}}
|-
| {{&45&&8C9} [[The &&8C9&&8C9]
| &6#0#&A&211,300
| &6#0#&A&21,455,842
| &6#0#&A&2128.8
| [[Banjul]]
|-
| {{&45&&8CA} [[&&8CA]
| &6#0#&A&2239,460
| &6#0#&A&220,244,154
| &6#0#&A&284.5
| [[Accra]]
|-
| {{&45&&354} [[&&354]
| &6#0#&A&2245,857
| &6#0#&A&27,775,065
| &6#0#&A&231.6
| [[Conakry]]
|-
| {{&45&&354&&AE7} [[&&354&&AE7]
| &6#0#&A&236,120
| &6#0#&A&21,345,479
| &6#0#&A&237.3
| [[&&AE7]
|-
| {{&45&&68D} [[&&68D]
| &6#0#&A&2111,370
| &6#0#&A&23,288,198
| &6#0#&A&229.5
| [[Monrovia]]
|-
| {{&45Mali}} [[Mali]]
| &6#0#&A&21,240,000
| &6#0#&A&211,340,480
| &6#0#&A&29.1
| [[Bamako]]
|-
| {{&45&&491} [[&&491]
| &6#0#&A&21,030,700
| &6#0#&A&22,828,858
!CF!
| [[Nouakchott]]
|-
| {{&45&&515} [[&&515]
| &6#0#&A&21,267,000
| &6#0#&A&210,639,744
| &6#0#&A&28.4
| [[Niamey]]
|-
| {{&45&&515a}} [[&&515a]]
| &6#0#&A&2923,768
| &6#0#&A&2129,934,911
| &6#0#&A&2140.7
| [[Abuja]]
|-
| {{&45&&424&&8C7} [[&&424&&8C7(&&3DA|&&424&&8C7] ([[UK]])
| &6#0#&A&2410
| &6#0#&A&27,317
!C5!
| [[&&D0own, &&424&&8C7&&D0own]]
|-
| {{&45&&9A2} [[&&9A2]
| &6#0#&A&2196,190
| &6#0#&A&210,589,571
| &6#0#&A&254.0
| [[Dakar]]
|-
| {{&45&&786&&705} [[&&786&&705]
| &6#0#&A&271,740
| &6#0#&A&25,614,743
| &6#0#&A&278.3
| [[&&FFC]
|-
| {{&45Togo}} [[Togo]]
| &6#0#&A&256,785
| &6#0#&A&25,285,501
| &6#0#&A&293.1
| [[Lomé]]
|- &56#0# font-w&970bold; #0#
| &&3FB| &6#0#&A&230,368,609
| &6#0#&A&2843,705,143
| &6#0#&A&227.8
|}

''&&4BA''&!114!
#&lt;&20gt;{{note|&2E5} &&198l &262as per [[:&&1B&&19&&B9&3CBl sub&262png|UN categorisations/map]].&!114!
!30!124} Dep&6BCon &535 [[&&124] has &91in [[&38&2B5&86Fboth of]] &&2ED[[Asia]].&!114!
#&lt;&20gt;{{note|WSM}} [[&&7E&&29E] is &2BDd &1FCy [[&CC&3E9&!55!!54!&!53!!52!&A2]. &lt;/&20gt;&!114!
!30!8C8} The [[&&F4&&15D] [[&&8C8&&106], &162[[Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]] are [[Santa Cruz de &&F20] are co-&C4, &3D6&16&797rn &&11due &4r &504&45D[[&&223] &204&&29E]; &27&!50!!119!
!51!15D] &358[[Ceuta]] &3EEon land§2by &&223in &&10Arn &&11 &27&!50!!119!
!30!2FF} The [[&&2FF&&2D5] [[&&C5D&&106] &3D6&16&797rn &&11due &4r &504&45D&&223 &27&!50!!119!
!51!15D] &358[[&&9A0] &3EEon l&1C0&&223in &&10Arn &&11 &27&!50!!119!
#&lt;&20gt;{{note|SCcaps}} [[&&AE6] &F&89D&C4of [[&&89&&11], &43[[Cape Town]] is its &249seat, and [[&&F1F] &F&BAs &3C9seat.&!114!
#&lt;&20gt;{{note|ICcaps}} [[&&AE5] &F&11B&C4of [[Cô&3F0 &43[[Abidjan]] &F''[[de facto]]'' seat.&!114!

#F8#
{{&7822C2&&11}
*{{&584}
*[[2005 &10F- [[2006 &10F*[[31st G8 summit]]
*[[AIDS &10F*[[&&11 &&18]
*[[&&11 &16]
*[[&&11 &&11E]
*[[Cuisine &3B2&&11 cuisine]]
*[[Con&3E8&134&&395]
*[[&&421craton]]
*[[Ecology &286*[[&&133&10F*[[&&2B&&11]
*[[&&9C&A &10F*[[&&2E5 &286*[[Sub-&&25C&&11]
*[[&&1A7&10F*[[Heart &3B2(game)]]

*[[List &134&6D&3EF&36E]
*[[List &134&6D&3EF]
*[[List &134&6Dby GDP]]
*[[List &134stock ex&326]

!12!
;News
* [#2#all&11com/ all&&11com] &1B2news, &35Aand &20B
* [#2#news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/&112005/&11&9AAstm BBC News In Depth - &&112005: Time for &&8C2?]
* [#1#&8A7co.uk/hearafrica05/0,15756,1399090,00.html &&8A7Un&265- &&15C&&54B Hear &&1105]

;&&1DEes
* [#2#&11atabase.org/ &&204&&11&&890
* [#1#&D3no/&F9 The &&F9on &&11 &1DE from The &&A1E&&268for &&11* [#2#dmoz.org/&&2E5l/&&11 Open &&1DE &&1C5- &&11 &1DE &8*[#1#columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/&11 &&439&&2F- &&11 &&AF
*[#1#loc.gov/rr/amed/ &&5DE&&22F- &&11 #3#amp; &&35B&&143Reading Room]
*[#2#www-sul.&5FCedu/depts/ssrg/&11 &&5FC&&2F- &&11&&89&0&&29E
*[#1#lib.uchicago.edu/e/su/afr/ &&12B&&464- &&157Regenstein &&C2 &&11 &&AF
*[#1#sas.upenn.edu/&&11_&&AF &&12B&&493- &&11 &&AF&&C
*[#1#&11omepage.org/ &&11&&3A6

;&&4F*[#1#&11ction.org/&F9php ''&&11&&D6']§2&&11&&D6&F&E4D&1A0&1US &210on &&11&3F2§2&&26&1E3&1A0that &C7for &39 &81&342&6E5&6F0 
*[#1#zabalaza.net/&2BC&11_&18&6D3.htm &&11 &&18 The &&2Ba &&5D
* [#2#flag.&16Ened.net/&EDD&11&3D9/chekov.html An &&AAF&4C&6F0, &7E&&11&1B3archist &1CD
* [#1#com&C89or&11org/&42htm§2&&8D7for &&11 
* [#1#&11&388com &&11 Unification &&388 
* [#1#libcom.org/&35&11php &&210&1C2&35&6F0 - &23s and &826oots hi&47D
;&&DBE&2F5*[#1#junglephotos.com/&11&F9&903''Jungle &&DBE']§2Jungle &&DBE&&11&47E &1B and &F2&20E&6Din sub-!109!
*[#1#&11.com &&11 - &&11 Wildlife Webcams]
*[#1#&D3no/&42&F9html &&D3no News]
*[#1#afrol.com/Afrol News- &&11 News Agency]
*[#1#ips.org/&11&903Inter &&141&&172&&11

;&&403*[#1#caf&278com/ Con&3E8&134&&395 in &&42and &&50

;&&2C4* {{&584}
{{&&11}
{{&&198}
{{&&2E5}

#5C#--!D3!--&gt;


[[&&8&&11*]]
!E7!

[[tk#14#

[[af#14#
[[am:አፍሪቃ]]
[[ang#E8#
!26!أفريقيا]]
[[an#E8#
[[ast:Á!C4!
[[az#14#
#7F#Африка]]
[[zh-min-nan:Hui-chiu]]
!B4!আফ্রিকা]]
[[bs#14#
[[br#14#
[[ca:À!C4!
[[cs#14#
[[cy:Af!C4!
[[da#14#
[[de#14#
[[et:A&D3]
!3D!Αφρική]]
[[es:Á!C4!
!EE!friko]]
[[eu#14#
#E6#آفریقا]]
[[fo#14#
[[fr:Afrique]]
[[fy#14#
[[ga:An Afraic]]
[[gd:Afraga]]
[[gl:Á!C4!
[[gu:આફ્રિકા]]
#35#아프리카]]
[[ht:Afrik]]
[[hr#14#
[[io#14#
[[id#14#
[[ia#E8#
[[is:Afríka]]
[[it#E8#
!17!אפריקה]]
[[jv#14#
[[kn:ಆಫ್ರಿಕ]]
[[ku:Efrîqa]]
[[kw#14#
[[sw#14#
[[la#E8#
[[lv:Āfrika]]
[[lt#14#
[[lb#14#
[[li#14#
[[hu#14#
#9F#Африка]]
[[mg#14#
[[mt#14#
[[ms#14#
[[nl#14#
[[nds#14#
!14!アフリカ]]
[[no#14#
[[nn#14#
[[pl:Afryka]]
[[pt:Á!C4!
[[ro#E8#
!19!Африка]]
[[se:Afrihkká]]
[[sm:Aferika]]
!E1!अफ्रीका]]
[[sq#14#
[[sh#14#
[[scn:À!C4!
[[&1CE&&11]
[[sk#14#
[[sl#14#
!2D!Африка]]
[[fi:Afrikka]]
[[sv#14#
[[tl:Aprika]]
!AA!ஆப்பிரிக்கா]]
#69#ทวีปแอฟริกา]]
[[vi:Châu Phi]]
[[to:Aferika]]
[[tr#14#
!2C!Африка]]
[[yi:אַפֿריקע]]
#22#非洲]]
[[so#14#!B!
!1!
!2!
!5!
§4<&7&&C6FAnd Cartier &&106/&7
§4<id>589</id>
!4!
§6<id>15899120</id>
!7!-02-!2E!
!3!
!10!
!0!
!6!
!F!
§6#7##&&&15[[&&C6Fand_Cartier_&&106]
!B!
!1!
!2!
!5!
§4<&7&&65/&7
§4<id>590</id>
!4!
§6<id>41665486</id>
!C!-02-28T22:56#49#
!3!
§8<ip>129.186.159.125</ip>
!0!
§6#7#'''&&65'' is a word that may &103&20E&6E
'''&&65'' &16Abe &83Ename.
== &&13C&1U.S. ==
'''&&65'' &5D&5Aof a town or city &1U.S.:
*[[&&65 &&93D], the &C4of &&93D(&614city &706name)
*[[&&65 &&5F7]
*[[&&65 &&11A]
*[[&&65 &&1D1]]
*[[&&65 &&26B]
*[[&&65&&F1E &&896]
*[[&&65 &&648]
*[[&&65&&F1E &&648]
*[[&&65 &&54F]
*[[&&65 &&10A&&5F8]
*[[&&65 &&493]
*[[&&65 Utah]]
*[[Port &&65 &&896]
*[[&&65urg, Ohio]]
&&3A&13C&1U.S. &244'''&&65'':
*[[&&65 &&464], a &BD6in &&464*[[&&65#4F#, a &DDin &&5BA &&93D*[[Lake &&65]

== &&13Cin &&4B2==
*[[&&65Flat,!F6!
*[[&&65&&6BB,!F6!
*[[&&65Subdi&56FNo 1,!F6!
*[[&&65Subdi&56FNo 2,!F6!
*[[&&65 Manitoba]]
*[[&&65 &&C8B]
*[[&&65 Quebec]]

== &&1DB&23&244&&65==
*[[&&65&&F3]], a &17A&1B1spy
*[[&&49F&&65]
*[[&&476&&65], Sir &&476&&65 fo&110&0&&65&&34E&&E9*[[John &&65(&733&16]]
*[[J. L. &&65], &9B*[[John Arnold &&65], &&19&&9Navy warrant &2A5
*[[Phil &&65], &331&0Firesign Theatre
*[[Sherrie &&65], &D8an
*[[&&475F. &&65], &678&&93D*[[&&AB8&&65(&17A&36]], &232&4E5&&7B8Caidin's &2F7''Cyborg'', &17&4CBTV &2F0#0#The Six &&114&&553Man#0#
*Col. [[&&AB8&&65(&17A&36]],§2the lead &36&6EBby Lee &&193 &1TV &2F0#0#The Six &&114&&553Man#0#.
*[[Stone Cold &&AB8&&65], a &&ED&FC9&220&280*[[&&19Dne of Hippo|&&424&&19Dne]], noticeable &1&&42&179#0#&&65Friars&&4FA&AD1&4'''[[&&19Dnians|&&19Dnian Order#9D#.

:''&&166[[Jane Austen]], the &2EF''

== &&6E&244&&65==
*[[&&65&&34E&&E9], a &&B4make of car
*[[&&10&&65Car &&E9], &59A&5A6&&19&&9make of auto&3A9*[[&&65(&A97]], a &A97&843&11[[&&801&&E9]
*[[USS &&65(sloop)|USS ''&&65']], a sloop-of-war (&1BDy &1&&93DNavy)
*[[USS &&65(DE-15)|USS ''&&65' (DE-15)]], a &64Cescort
*[[USS &&65(LPD-4)|USS ''&&65' (LPD-4)]], an amphibious &556dock
*[[&&65&228ry &1B7]

{{&88F}

[[da#65#
[[de#65#
[[fr#65#
[[io#65#
[[it#65#
!14!オースティン (曖昧さ回避)]]
[[pl#65#
!19!Остин]]
[[sv#65#!B!
!1!
!2!
!5!
§4<&7&&340/&7
§4<id>591</id>
!4!
§6<id>15899122</id>
!7!-02-!8!
!3!
!10!
!0!
!6!
!F!
§6#7##&&&15[[&&2E]
!B!
!1!
!2!
!5!
§4<&7Ascii Art</&7
§4<id>592</id>
!4!
§6<id>15899123</id>
!7!-02-!2E!
!3!
!10!
!0!
!6!
!F!
§6<text &A0art]]
!B!
!1!
!2!
!5!
§4<&7&&2E/&7
§4<id>593</id>
!4!
§6<id>41836622</id>
!C!-03-02T01:37#B8#
!3!
§8<&5Kuru</&5
§8<id>764407</id>
!0!
§6<&4&7CC vanity link</&4
§6#7#{{rootpage}}
&&&&96B&D67 &A &4CA 30%; &997 1em#0#&gt;
[[&&1BAnim&191gif]]&&3Dgt;&lt;&20gt;''Th&5Fmation moves at 10 &386 per &8D''&lt;/&20gt;
&&3Dgt;[[&&1B&&D04ample2.gif]]&&3Dgt;&lt;&20gt;''Th&5Fmation moves at 2 &386 per &8D &&5BDrate, &1C5&386 &B6discernible.''&lt;/&20gt;&&3Dgt;[[&&1BAnim&D27gif|&812]&&3Dgt;&lt;&20gt;''12 &386 per &8D&F&4F5rate &ED [[&340&5C3].''&lt;/&20gt;
!B6!

'''&&2E'' &F&F1Bof &279&1C8&11&670&2F6&1B of &B36&228. In film and &901&A0 this &11E&13B&750each &386of a [[film]] or [[Film|&1B1] is &1BA&14Dy. &&7C&386 &5D&7BDby &102, &7BB&953ng a &51Cor painted &1B &7BB&985&21E&20&326to a &42Eunit (see [[&CEE] and [[stop &279]), &3 &953ng the &570&32&15C[[&2E&8E5]. &&FA&386 are strung &19E&3&570ng film is &6ED &B7&5F&F1Bof &D3E&5Ddue &4&598&79[[persistence of &56F]. Gene&109D&49Bfilm &1029&1Bvery &414&DFDand tedious, &7F&38of [[&102&2E] has &C6y sped up &C8

[[&&AE4file &E36]s like [[GIF]], [[MNG]], [[Scalable Vector &&AE4SVG]] and [[Macro&536Flash|Flash]](SWF) &768&2E&1B&6EDon &5D8or &106&&631

[[&&1B&&D04ample3.png|&386none|''The &2E &664&90&CE6&0e 6 &386.'']]
__TOC__

== &&2E&13B==
[[&&99&2E] &1B3with each &386&7Dpainted &3 filmed. [[&&99&2ECel &2E], &75by [[Bray &&A0|Bray]] and Hurd &11910s, sped up &C8by &219&D1Barent overlays &1BF&F&15D&53A&594&275repaint the back&1A1for &139&386 &&41A &56 &&390&A9&4CE&536have &6C9 such &Aminimalist [[Simpsons]] &5C3, &1B5&5C1sketched [[The Snowman]].

[[&&102&2E] &17Dvanced &4E8 &B1now &22Ang the &125&94&1B1 &57&1C8with &Fso lifelike as &1Bhard to &677from real &280. Th&&F2Ea &6822D to 3D, &390&7D&3952D &101Ci&8&2F5of &1CDis &1C8&10A6cally, &24C3D &2CAare &42Ed &44B&44A3D re&8Btion with&1&102 &60e then 'lit' and 'shot' from &6A8&DC2 just &7BEreal life, &90&7D'&B11 to a 2D bit&107A&386 Pr&1014ons that &1B8dead &280 &2EEeven be '&1E7&150life' to &269new &1B1 &90long have &241&67E&AC&6CDcopy&A&321&3C4 The &5C&102&2Eas a &336&A18&4Eise im&127in &58Dlly shot &1B1 has led &4term #0#[[&102&7BD&1By]]#0# &7Dused, &7F&10E&5EDhard to &677from &102&2Eas &26now &1BE&AD1ing to 3D &1B1 &D7&307&340

&&102&2E&4FA&42Eing, &279&33E &22C&11&100Eof &190 &3 [[&784]. &&190 are &2C9ed to stretch and bend automatically in &2AF&5D of a '[[wire &386&42E]', &3&18E&784&F2Fsuch &5D to a [[Raster &1033|bitmap &1B]. It &F&2AE&8A in &784&297&190 like fur and clo&433&F1D&71Cenabled &D4Flife-like &36&42E, &34&190 that even ripple, fold and blow &1wind, with &139fibre or hair &14Dy &CFDfor &784§2&&28 &70Ctually has &16B&636&B&2E&1E9§2&&2E&F&26Aof &4F0a lifeless puppet to life &53&5C&279§2&&2A4confuse fancy &1C6and high-res &F1D&&DBD &24Cfact life-like &279&57&1C8&219the &1CEt of &42E.§2Pixar's work is a testament &5A0§2The goal &146&F1C&6B&2F1to #0#copy&&11Dreal &4D &875enhance &23A&4EF&4D8&0&279that &Fe, and &85&890imation &57elevated &4&24Aof art.

&&B7&1B7mis&5D4on &1&A2mind that &102 &6F6&2E&14A§2This &11D't be &12B&5&4A6§2A &102&6Bing more (&7Falso no&433less) than &329&7BBfancy pencil, &1AD&1B&697as such &EDy &4D4work &1Bacheived.§2The &407 &5D8&3EEwhen &10B1o&2E8 &279are &2E3&40Fthe &721ones, beca&1C6&102&7D&717&80A&10AD&3BB§2Even if a &297&12A&4Bwere &1C8&30B&320to &4DCmimic &2BB&4D &14F&570&6F3&266&EF6one, &68&1B7&49&2E&4FCthe &407 an &F1C&3EE§2When &5D8tries &26Bthe &407 for you, &AFF&F&5C&570

!2A!
{{see|&&340&5C3&&2B&2E}

&&3E5&5C&2E&17Dways been for &422 &&28 &B7&3E5&5C[[instructional &2E] and [[&133l &2E] &644&D36ati&89B &2BA

The #0#&1C2c&&70A &&390 the #0#[[&340&5C3]&&736 &75&1&9A1900s and &CBAby [[Ub Iwerks]], [[Walt Disney]] &4D, &2A2&89224 &1A6&6F2 for one &8D&&390 This &79Dis &156in &BBE&1&116[[&&99&2E].

&&68&2E&809time-&A48&6E&&139&7BBto &369 &AE&&390for [[&&1FBTV]] and &1B1 &139&ED&2E&457 &&28 &22Bof [[&E2&2E] has &264&1F4&DE[[1950s]], &&DBD&7D&1BAby &E2&457(&1F3imes by &2CC&1D5. &&AE&E2&2E&369s have gone on &749the &ED&2E&209§2[[Bill Plympton]] &1AF&&387well &743ependent &A04&14A

[[Limited &2E] is a &336&3DD&482&89B &D3Acosts &&390by &219#0#&18Ccuts#0# &1&2E&26A This &2B9was &A6Dby [[&&19&&A0 &13EUPA]] and &12Dzed (some say &7DF by [[Hanna-Barbera]], &60apted &73F&457as &5C3 &53Afrom [[&1B1&5BB]s to [[&1FB].

==&&2E&457=
&&2E&&457 like [[&&1B1studio|&&1B1&&457] &5D&A0&599 or &19A&F58 &&272&ABC &404[[&&D04] &18C&6E&693with [[Studio|&9FF&457] &94a &&7EDor &16E&10A0d &E4over&82Cwork of &992&28C&10B4 &1D5 in realising &72&56F

==Styles and &13B&&390=
{|
!23!!BE!
*[[&&99&2E]
**[[&&36&2E]
**[[Limited &2E]
**[[Rotoscope|Rotoscoping]]

!23!!BE!
*[[&&102&2E]
**[[&&A9ASketch|&&A9ASketching]]
**[[&F2C&2E]
**[[Morph target &2E]
**[[Cel-shaded &2E]
**[[Onion skinning]]
**[[Analog &102&2E]
**[[&&279&9CD]
**[[Tra&833&2E]

!23!!BE!
*[[Stop-moti&89Bmation]]
**[[Cutout &2E]
**[[&CEE]
**[[Pixilation]]
**[[Pinscreen &2E]
**[[Puppetoon]]

!23!!BE!
*[[Drawn on film &2E]
*[[&&15C&1C6&2E]
|}

==Branch &3F0=
* [[&&102&2E]
* [[&&102&7BD&1By]]
* [[&&99&2E]
* [[&&340&5C3]
* [[&&279&9CD]
* [[Avar (&2E&5E4]]
* [[Wire &386&42E]
* [[&&340&2F0]
* [[&&4D6&&2E&&D04] (&&4D6&2E
* [[List &&390&457]
* [[&&1B8&311&44Bmation]]

#F8#
* [[&&276film-&&EC4&&276&37A&2BB]
* [[&&276&1B1genres]]

==&&12BReadings==
*[[&&533&&15A] and [[Ollie &&8A1], [[The_&&F1BOf_Life|Disney &2E The &&F1BOf Life]], &&EB81981
*Walters Faber, &&931Walters, Al&25F(Ed.), ''&&2EUn&265 Innovative &&18C&&383&&741940'', HarperCollins &&49E2004
*Trish Ledoux, Doug Ranney, Fred Patten (Ed.), ''&&30B&&D04&&522 &&4D6&&2EFilm &&1DE and &&349&&522', &&71C&&300&&1411997
*The &&F1Cs Survival Kit, &&144&&DE
*&&2E&&95to Screen, Shamus Culhane
*The &&2EBook, Kit Laybourne

!12!
#5C#-- &&7C&2C2need annotation to &677the true &136&1F8&5ones &955&219&&1ABto &844&232&4r ad-&149site --&gt;
{{&1A9|&&2E}
* [#2#mag.awn.com/&F9php?ltype=&32Camp;sval=jean%20ann%20w&A&&174for &&2E
* [#1#awn.com/mag/issue3.2/3.2&3F03.2&6F0html Animating &&110the Camera]
* [#2#&34Aever&759edu/curricular/eat/handouts/&&2CE/CutSandPaint&&517pdf &&2AA&&2E&&13B
* [#1#abc.net.au/arts/st&2F9&C7op/&56htm Drawn &&110Camera Style &&2E
* [#1#matt&4D2ya.com Matt &&4D- Web-&FD&2E &1B3imator Matt &&759ood]
* [#1#key&386278com Key&386- the &&2E&&349
* [#1#nfts&2Eorg The &&2E&&2FC&0&&2AFilm and &&1FB&&1B7UK ]
* [#1#&2Eation.com &&2E&&2B5- &845for &ED&A04
* [#1#&A2ia&31edu/~rllew/chronint.html &&918of &&2E
* [#1#fh-wuerzburg.de/petzke/zagreb.html Zagreb Film]
* [#1#safcakovec.com/ SAF], [[Cakovec|#3##268;akovec]] &1B7&&390* [#1#dmoz.org/Arts/&&2E &&2E&&1DE]
* [#1#toonopedia.com Don Markenstein's Toonopedia]
* [#1#bcdb.com/ Big Cartoon &&890
* [#1#goldenage&5C3.com/ &&3A0&&1C1Cartoons]
* [#1#saunalahti.fi/&101Co Hints and tips &10&2Ehobbyist]
* [#1#acme&2Eorg ACME &&2E
* [#1#awn.com &&2E&&4DNetwork]
* [#1#&2Erena.com/&14Bof-&2Ehtml 28 Principles of &&2E
* [#1#&2Eeat.com &&2Eeat.com - &&4BAModel Sheets and &&136&101by &&ED&&F1C]
* [#1#&DA42001.com/animtech.htm &&536#3# &&13Bin &&2E


[[&&8&&2E&&2E]
[[&&8Film]]

[[bs:Animacija]]
[[cs:Animovaný film]]
[[de:&&2E]
[[eo:&101Cio]]
[[es:Animación]]
[[et:Animatsioon]]
#E6#پویانمایی]]
[[fi:Animaatio]]
[[fr:&&2E]
[[gl:Cine de &101Ción]]
!17!אנימציה]]
[[hu:Animáció]]
[[it:Cartone &101Co]]
!14!アニメーション]]
#35#애니메이션]]
[[lv:&&A9Alikācija]]
#9F#Анимација]]
[[nl:Animatie]]
[[pl:Film animowany]]
[[pt:Animação]]
!19!Мультипликация]]
[[&1CE&&2E]
[[sq:&&2E]
[[sv:&&D04ing]]
#69#แอนิเมชัน]]
#22#动画#1A#
!1!
!2!
!5!
§4<&7&&29/&7
§4<id>594</id>
!4!
§6<id>41703674</id>
!C!-03-01T04:13#BE#
!3!
§8<&5Tom Lougheed</&5
§8<id>450264</id>
!0!
!6!
§6<&4fixed typeo</&4
!3A!
[[&&1B &&5FE&3B1jpg|&41&812&A&&5FE&3B1&1F[[&&B4&&1FA].]]

In [[&&6B&A9&&6B] and [[&&10B&A9], '''&&29'' ([[&&6B&B&&6B]: #3##913;#3##960;#3##972;#3##955;#3##955;#3##969;#3##957;, '''''Apóll#3##333;n'''''; or #3#Alpha;#3#pi;#3#&9AD#3#&AE3#3#&AE3#3#omega;#3#nu;, ''Apell#3##333;n'') &44&21B&662 &9DAand &554 &&29w&A&878[[Zeus]] and [[Leto]], &3twin br&3Aof [[&&7F6], goddess &0hunt. &&Aprophetic &8E0&0[[&&485 Sibyl|&&485 &&6B3], &&29w&4F3&&387&A3&485sided &0[[Twelve &&B93|&&B93deities]]. In [[&&4E4&A9], &81&79[[Aplu]].

In &D2&171 &&29&BF&625&BE1or &C77with [[&&68B], [[&D71&8E0god &0sun]], &9E&782&2D3y &C77with [[Selene]], [[lunar &8E0god &0moon]], &33A&1A5con&2BC &&28 &&2EA&&68B&270&352&7D in &2B6and mytho&261l &2BC

==Domains and &31E=
[[&&1B&&29II (&&6B&&A9.jpg|&41left|&812&&519&878[[Zeus]] &3&B9F[[Leto]].]]

&&29&391&9Cdominion over &46F &1072 &662 &9DA [[&549&A07], [[&15F], [[archery]], [[&554], [[&F1A], [[&A9D], [[&1A3], [[&1A8sm]], and [[shaman]]s, and w&Apatron &BA2&235s and &1071

&&29s &574at&9BB &2CDlyre &3bow. &&3Aat&9BB &1D&71 the [[kithara]] (an &3A4&179&0&1A9[[lyre]]) and [[plectrum]]. An&3A&1A9emblem w&Asacrificial tripod, re&8Bng his prophetic &F3. The [[Pythian &&239] were &5B7&&29s &91F&139&5E6at [[&&485]. The [[laurel tree|laurel]] bay &428was &1BEexpiatory &643 &122&622crown of &3F3&1Fe &239 The palm-tree &44so &313to &&29&321&ABborn &110one in [[Delos]]. &&3D7&313to &&67Dluded wolves, dolphins and roe, swans and &826oppers (&603zing &D8&720g), hawks, ravens, crows and snakes (&AD1ncing &&29s &34F&A&21B&F1A, mice, and [[griffin]]s, mythical eagle-lion hybrids of &&143&361

As &21B&49D &&29gave gui&A9Don &1F9 &9F&2A&6BBof &49D [[750 BC|750#3#&196550 BC]].§2&&29&&6B&120 he &41E[[Crete|Cretan]] or [[Arcadia]]n &A07find &167&827 &&28 this &246may &9E3&5D9&17C&192the reverse &212 [[Hittites|Hittite]] [[Cuneiform &95cuneiform]] &2BC&CCCa &&30&&93Bgod &8C''Appaliunas'' or ''Apalunas'' in &4A7&B&80F''Wilusa'', &3Anow &44B&765&7EF&B&&6B[[Troy|Illios]] by most &224 &&14D&3E1 &&29s &7of ''&&DBC' can &2F1&896d as #0#born in Lycia&&B0&2F5vely severs &357s &B61link with wolves (&445a [[folk &28E]).

&&29&12Dy (e.g., in [[&2B6&7B5]) re&8B &CDD &353 and &1A3#3#&6F&36stics &2B2d with &2DC[[&&AE2], &21Bwine, who &12Dy re&8B emoti&89B &129 The &2B2&7B&D94&0e gods is &558&1adjectives ''[[&&29ian]]&856''[[Dionysian]]''. &&28 &121 &7F &0two &465as complementary: &149gods are br&3A, and when &&29at &6C4left for Hyperborea, &160leave the &&485&&6B3to &&AE2

==Worship==
&&29&140&1B8[[&6B3] in [[&&485], &4Dno&645ones in [[Clarus]] and [[Branchidae]]. &&29&15B&A&27B&0[[Muse]]s ('''''musagetes''''') and &1DE&0r choir. Hymns sung to &&29&52C[[Paean]]s.

&&692&69A&3B1&&9F7&5&&6B. &&B7a &120&15&&485 &6B3was &EA6&7AF&A&6F5&0[[&&10B&&107&933] &2A&73A[[Tarquinius Superbus]]. In [[430]], a &60Dwas &3AFto &&29&8&5E7of a pestilence. &&2A[[&&8DPunic War]] in [[212]], the Ludi &&BFFwere &C8 &58&91F &&1&1B2[[&&19Ds]], who &225&8D&15C&744&3B1&14Aeven said &1Bhis son, His &69A&75&15E&640&0&432gods &7B3&&DD[[&364of Actium]], &&19Ds en&2BF his old &60D &3AFa &9ED&0spoils &72D &122tituted quinquennial &239&58honour. &&10Aerected &303&60D&8Pa&2E8 hill and &88Eed the &CD8&239 for &17&&E87&72Chis ''Carmen Saeculare'', to &&2EA[[Diana]].

The &432&739 &5B7honour &3B1&2CD[[Carneia]], [[&&AE0horia]], [[Delia]], [[&&5D6a]], [[Pyanepsia]], [[Pythia]] and [[Thargelia]]. The [[Ludi &&BFF] were solemn &239held to &91Fhim.

The &69A&3B1has re&220&B&7DD[[revivalism|revivalist]] [[&&B17polytheism]], &3&204Pagan &5D One &191&63revival &F&10F[#2#&6C4capes.com/kyklos&29 Kyklos &&29]. Also, &19Ewith &&E9F &&29(&110&5APhevos) was &118y &71Bas a mascot &02004 &&1E5&&394in &&41B

!E9!
&&5A''&&29' &2EE&22&847&1B3Pre-&&B17&FA7''Apo-ollon'',{{fact}} &56D&143an archaic verb ''Apo-ell-&856literally &E6&&51Aelbows off#0#, &C1#0#the Di&B25One.#0# &&543 he &842&9C&1D5fied &484&F3 &570relate &327&98&Bdarkness-&484&F3&0&CA8sun and§2the &79B&F3of reas&89B &F1Ato dispel &91Eand &A15 
&&57F

* The &751expelling &A7city walls &71Arways as bulwarks &87trespassers
* &&1D5&484&263disembarkations and [[expatriation]]s to &1F9* The &46F&484&A7&9DA* The predator-&484&A7a &F19t&6BChis &1071* The pest-&484&263a &B8C&3E5&AB7* The &F3of &D8&3&801dispel discord and [[barbary]]
* &&748y &A3&F3of fit and s&3BF&4BE&6F8dispel intruders &122ading &EA0* The &61Bfore&DA1in&4&6A5
An &D362B5&207by [[&&B68] in ''[[&&1DDa]]'' &1BB&&29 signified a [[&AC6], &74''pollon'' &A8B#0#many,#0# &3[[&BA9] ''a-'' &44&602 Thus, &&29 &15Dread as &E6#0#&F51of &A9Aude.#0# &&29was consequently &27F&B[[monad]].

[[Hesychius]] &F18&5A&&29&BDoric #3#&34C#3#pi;#3#&9AD#3#&AE3#3#&AE3#3#&34C, &17&194assembly, &1BF&&29&67&266&21B&39life, and &10A&52D&18B#3#sigma;#3#eta;#3#kappa;#3#&CD2#3#&EDB (#0#fold#0#), &97case &&29&67&266&21B&1071&15Eds.

[[&&1B&&29&DBBjpg|&41366px|&A&&29&32radiant [[halo]] in a &&10Bfloor &DBB [[El Djem]], &&50A lare 2nd &3C]

== &&67Dart ==
In art, &&29&1EB&1095d as a &668me &DBA&6FE&6EE&32lyre or bow in hand. &&&D6E2nd &3Cfloor &DBBfrom [[El Djem]], &&10BThysdrus, (''&7AB &A'), &52identifiable as [[&&68B&&29&&68B] &4CFeffulgent halo, &7Fnow even &7BDs &E99nakedness is concealed &4CFcloak, a mark of &3DD&58D of modesty &1&D2&&F5 Anther haloed &&67D&DBB from Hadrumentum, is &1&1FAat Sousse [#1#tunisia&278com/&DBB/mosaic05b.html].The &58D &63re&8Btion, head tilted, lips s&662y &109E &2BFeyed, curling hair cut in locks grazing the neck, &367&13rd &3CBCE to &1095[[&&F1the &&C6] (Bieber 1964, &&AE11980).§2Some time &46this &DBBwas executed, the &B8B&1095ons of &&74E &152&DBAand haloed.

== Appellations ==
[[Epithet]]s &3FDto &&67Dlude:
*'''Phoebus''' (#0#shining one#0#), for &&29&1&463&0&21B&662*'''Smintheus''' (#0#mouse-catcher&&147'''Parnopius''' (#0#&826opper&&2ECgod &0&109Aand &BA2&87rats and locusts.
*'''&&485ios''' (#0#delphinian#0#), &E6#0#&0womb&&736sociating &&29with ''Delphoi'' ([[&&485]). An [[aitiology]] &1[[&&591c hymns]] &F18the epitheton to [[dolphin]]s.
*'''Archegetes''', (#0#&1DE&0&1DCtion#0#) for &1F9
*'''Musagetes''' (#0#&27B&0[[muses]]#0#).
*'''Pythios''' (#0#Pythian#0#) at [[&&485]
*'''Apotropaeus''' (&&51Aaverts evil#0#)
*'''Nymphegetes''' (#0#[[&D61]-&27B#4#)
*'''Lyceios'&856'''&&DBC'' (#0#wolfish&&6C#0#of [[Lycia]],#0# &94some &DEEhis cult &361ted)
*'''Nomios''' (#0#wandering#0#), &Apastoral &F19god
*'''Klarios''' from Doric ''klaros'' #0#allotment of land#0#, &FDsuper&56Fover &19Band &1F9§3
*'''Kynthios''' &5Fther epithet, &F55from his &430on Mt. [[Cynthus]]
*'''Loxias''' (#0#the obscure&&2EC&&29a &21B&F1A&1BElly.
*'''Argurotoxos''', (#0#&B&699bow#0#) &EDchery.
*'''Aphetoros''', (#0#god &0bow#0#) &EDchery.
*'''Alexikakos''', (#0#res&82Dr of evil&&2EC&&29the healer.
*'''Akesios''' or '''Iatros''', #0#healer#0#

== &&430==

When [[Hera]] &333Leto was pregnant &6DHera's &807 Zeus, w&A&2B1 she &E3DLeto from &613&430on #0#&7F8firma&&17E&F3and, &7BA isl&60 sea.§2In her wanderings, Leto &1DC&14Cy &1C8&AFE&67F[[Delos]], &61n&21B&BB2nor a real &18B and gave &430&B7§2T&52&14Asur&27Ed by swans.§2&&46ards, Zeus &9CEDelos &4&1074&0&3DB &&85&22C&BF&313to &&29§2Alter&158y, Hera &A03[[Ilithyia]], &357ess of &2F6irth, &632Leto from &66Cinto &38A§2&&4Egods tricked Hera in&881ing her go by &764ng her a necklace, nine yards long, of amber.§2Either way, &&7F6&F9&57&3 &F3B&B&430&3B1§2An&3A&179&29B&&7F6&F9one day &90&&29 &8&67F[[Ortygia]] &6Dshe &41ELeto &A8Athe &876Delos &740day &59F&430to &&29 &&29&F9&87th day (#3#eta;#3##788;#3#beta;#3#delta;#3#&CD2#3#mu;#3#&34C#3#gamma;#3#&9AD#3#nu;#3#eta;#3#&EDB) &0month Thargelion &29Delian &120or &0month Bysios &29&&485n &120 The 7th and 20th, the days &0new and full moon, were ever &46ards held &313&72D

== Youth ==
&&58&539 &&29&2EBvicious dragon [[&&8C5(&A9|&&8C5], &17&5A6in [[&&485] beside the [[Castalian &&939], &&E4A&68&&8C5&140tempted to rape Leto &43s&81pregnant with &&2EA&&7F6This w&A&939&17emitted vapors that &38B the [[&&6B3] at &&485&59Fher prophesies.§2&&29&3BF&&8C5&822&1Bpunished &87F &74&&8C5&44&2F6of [[Gaia (&A9|Gaia]].

== &&2EA&&5AC==
When Zeus &92Bdown &&29s son, [[&&53F], &32&662ing bolt for resurrecting the dead (and thus stealing [[Hades]]'s &230), &&67D&CB5&2EB[[Cyclops]], &38F&104Ad the bolt for Zeus. &&29&67&22banished to [[Tartarus]] &1031 but &50Atead sentenced to one year of hard &414as &58B thanks &4&10B1ession &1Dm&3A [[Leto]]. &&&9B3he &3E0 &6C4herd for [[&&5ACKing &&5AC] of [[Pherae]] in [[&&BA1]. &&5AC&697&&29well, and, in &323 &357&107Bed &C6&29Fon &&5AC

&&29&41E&&5ACwin [[Alcestis]], the daughtor of [[Pelias|King Pelias]] &22C&7C4the [[Moirae|Fates]] &881&&5AClive past his time if an&3Atook his &1C1 But &5A9came time for &&5ACto die, his &101By &374 &80E&140sumed &67gladly die for him, ref&83co&713e. &&29A Alcest&335k his &1C1 but [[&&B98] &80Fto #0#persuade#0# [[Thanatos]], the &21B&310 to &323her &4&4D&0&FC

== &&29&2A[[&&401War]] ==

&&29shot &1011 &FD2&B&109Ain&4&&6Bencampment &2A[[&&401War]] in rage &68&121 had &A03&&B9C the &284&&29s &EA1 He &BC8d her &323 &3&&6B &13A&FBD

When [[&&F17] &9E9[[Aeneas]] &2A[[&&401War]], &&29&E02 him.§2&&57 [[&&E9E] &AACto &E02Aeneas but &&F17&9E9her &F6§2Aeneas w&A enveloped in a cloud &573(god)|&&29], who took &4DE[[&&F16(troy)|&&F16], a &313spot in [[Troy]]. [[&&7F6] healed Aene&Ae.

&&29&140ded &&241&1&9F1of [[&&22], if &&241&DB&D7Dthe task &12F

== Niobe ==

A &&75F[[Thebes (&&4A2|Thebes]] and wife of [[Amphion]], [[Niobe]] &C5B&235superiority to Le&1Bause s&31Bfourteen &B2([[Niobids]]), &426male and &426&62A &43Leto had only two.§2&&29&3BFher sons &A &2AB &A4C &Blast &C90&FDlife, and &&7F6her &8BD.§2&&2EAArtem&7D9poisoned &1011 &599them, &7F&&E4A&179 &0myth, &B8&0Niobids were spared ([[Chloris]], &108.§2Amphion, &1F&DA1&1Ddead sons, &21B&3BF&12For was kil&504&&29&46swearing &CB5§2A deva&31 Niobe f&241[[Mt. Siplyon]] in [[Asia &&30] and &285&4C6&6C4wept.§2Her &CED&35Ethe &260[[Achelous]].§2Zeus had &220&DC&18EThebes to &4C6&720&258&B23the Niobids &8Eninth day &DDr &310 &FAgods &135entombed them.

== &&29s &10Bic &4AE&B2==

===Female &550==
&&29&AA6 the &D61[[&&AE0], &284[[Peneus]], &38Fscorned him. H&273atuation was &38B &44F&1011from [[Eros (god)|Eros]], &1B4jealous &356had made fun &1Darchery &55C§2Eros also &2BDd &1B&E7Cby &&29s singing. Simultaneously, &28 Eros had shot a hate &1011into &&AE0 ca&219her &1Brepulsed by &&29 &&1AAa &622d &AA6by &&29 &&AE0prayed to M&3A&192(alter&158y, her &2B1 a &260god) &270her &15E&35F her &323Laurel tree, &17&BF&313to &&29

&&29&140 &628&32&B9F&49Bs &244[[&&783], &284[[&&ADF] and &782of [[&&ADE]. &&783&ABB&&29who &8A3 &675&&783s m&3A&7D8entrance to her &820. &&ADE jealous &235&782&28Fwanted &&29&7F2elf, told &&ADFthe &4A6 &DB9her &782s &AB9and &8D6in her. Enraged, &&ADF&353d &&783&1B&B23&A94 &&29ref&83forgive &&ADEfor &DB9his be&ABB &60grieving &&ADEwilted and &1080died. &&29&35F her &323 incense &428 &21Bheliotrope or sunf&23E &17&418 &7FC&139day.

[[Marpessa]] was &A03by [[Idas]] but was &ABBby &&29&F6§2[[Zeus]] made her &E50&7B, and she chose Idas &8&4A2&&29 &7Dim&B9F &67tire &235&769grew old.

[[Castalia]] &44[[&D61] whom &&29&ABB§2She fled from &5BAdived in&4&939at &&485 &1Fbase of [[Mt. Parnassos]], &17w&A &567her. &&2BEfrom this &939was &313 &71&83clean the &&485n &60D &122pire poets.

By [[&&ADD(&A9|&&ADD], &&29&140son &244[[&&A9Eeus]], who &E9patron &21B&552 [[&D29&749], &813 &807y and [[bee-keeping]]. He &44so a [[&3Ehero]] and &55B&9Cty dairy &55C&3&5Cnets and traps in &813 as &BE&6B3cultivate o&431

With [[&&EA3], wife of King [[&&817] of [[Troy]], &&29&140son &244[[&&871].§2An [[&6B3] &D5Bthat Troy &67&690&274as long as &&871&47Fthe &1C1&6E0&A94§2He &9E&782 [[&&B99] were ambushed and kil&504[[&&22].

&&29also &7C4&6C6[[&&A02], &284&&EA3and &&817 and &&871 half-&782§2He &B94&&A02the &7E9&F1Ato seduce her, &5A7&26F&899terwards.§2Enraged, &&67Deed &EC8her &B&65A&77B&6A5 &32curse that &258&67ever &1C9her.

[[&&C5A], &284[[&&F15], King &0[[Lapiths]], &44&3A&3B1s &B3C§2Pregnant with [[&&53F], &&C5A&7C4&6C6[[Ischys]], &878[[Elatus]].§2A crow in&35E&&29&0&628 When &57in&35Ehe dis&184the crow and &220all crows &16E(&94&186&5A8&23C as a &58Bfor speading un&4A6. &&109&70Bthe &4A6he sent his &782 &&7F6 &599&&C5A As &778&10Amade the crow &313and &45B the task &146ouncing &A3&310. &&29&E02 the ba&44F gave it &4[[centaur]] [[Chiron]] to &10C1 &&F15was irate &DD&310&1D&8BDand burned the &&60D&3B1at &&485 &&29then &3BF&394what &4C3

===Male &550==	
[[&&1B&&27Cjpg|&41&2DF'''&&2EA&&27C''&!114!Jacopo Caraglio; 16th c. &&471engraving]]

&&519eternal &DBA[[kouros]] &12F had &31male &550of &DC[[&&6Bgods]]. That was &1B&62D&1B3god &1B4god &0[[palaestra]], the athletic &A19&1C1for &539who all &FD1[[Nudity in &CF6&1nude]], &7BDsaid &E7&2C8 educator &&4B0&2C8 [[erastes]], or &D5Fof a boy (Sergent, p.102). All his &550were &4BEr than him, &1&56&0[[Pederasty &326&&4A2&&6Bpederastic &16D]] &&D44 Many &3B1s &4BEbe&ABB died #0#&4AA&736&8F3&8&34F&0e &990as &49[[rite of &CB8&101Fof &CB8], &97&705died &105&1Breborn &277&10C5	 

[[&&5D6(&A9|&&5D6] w&4F3&1Dmale &550 &&27C&44[[Sparta|Spartan]] &49B &7A2&&F14 The pair were &8E2throwing the [[discus]] when &&27Cwas &92B&1head by a discus blown off &569by [[Zephyrus]], &1B4jealous of &&2EA&ABB&&27C&F6 When &&27Cdied, &&29&5AF&272&3D9 to &22so &E04with &736&41cursed his own &50F wishing to jo&58&D5Fin &B9F&310 Out &0&743&1Dsla&829 &&29&1C8the [[&5D6(f&23E|&5D6f&23E] as a &4DB&327&310 &9E&CED&104Fthe f&23Epetals with ''άί'' ''άί'', &E6alas. The &&739of &&27C&44&C21of Sparta.

One &1D&3A&B3Cwas with [[Acantha]], the &622&0[[Acanthus (&8EE|acanthus]] tree. Up&245&310 &81&D1B35E&323sun-loving herb by &&29 &9Ebereaved &782 Acanthis, was &285a thistle finch &11&3Agods.

An&3Amale &D5Fwas [[Cy&241us]], a &8E6of [[&&B98]. &&29&45Bboy a tame deer as a &7B0but Cy&241us &4AA&3BFit &32[[javelin]] as it lay asleep &1&110rowth. Cy&241us &936&&29&881his &CEDfall &1031 &&29&220the sad boy &323[[Cu&141ceae|cy&141] tree, &61said &1Ba sad tree beca&1C6sap &2F3&FE4like &CED&8trunk.

== &&29&3&&430of [[&&275] ==

&&275&F9on [[&&652Kyllini|&&652Cyllene]] in Arcadia. &&3CE&335d &1[[&&591c Hymn]] to [[&&275]. His m&3A [[Maia]], &AB&6EFy impregnated by [[Zeus]], in &76B&628 Maia wrapped the &DB8in &10BFts but &&275&41A &43she &44leep. &&275ran to [[&&BA1], &94&&29was grazing his &552 The &DB8&&275stole &B8&1Dcows &23Ak &37Fa cave &1woods near [[Pylos]], &A9Cng &72&A96. &&1cave, he &1DCa [[tortoise]] and &3BFit, then re&53Athe &6B6. &&818one &0cow's intestines &3tortoise shell &735&23[[lyre]]. &&29com&D8Ed to Maia &41 son had stolen his &552 but &&275&&72Fre&1C1 &12F&1&10BFts s&31Bwrapped him in, so Maia &ECB &1Bieve &&29s &2BD Zeus &10B1ened and, &2BDng &9Cseen the &35A sided with &&29 &&275then &10Cplay &D8&8lyre &31B&43B &&29 a &21B&D8 &7C4love &Binstrument &728ered &4D0&34Dthe &552&10lyre. Hence, &&29&163&7ED&0lyre and &&275&43Ba &5C7pipes-instrument &8Ca [[syrinx]].

&&D2 &&29&34D a [[&F56] &ED[[syrinx]] from &&275

== &&42D==

=== &&D8l &1030 ===

==== [[Pan (&A9|Pan]] ====

Once Pan &815audacity to compare his &D8with &396&&29 &23A&DB7&&29 &357&0[[lyre]], to a &94Fof &D85§2[[Tmolus]], the &300god, was &6A8to umpire.§2Pan blew &245pipes, and &161rustic melody gave &C6satisf&D6&72Delf &9E&91Cul fol&23E [[&&63A], who &E59d &1B&8B§2Then &&29&92Bthe &6BD &1Dlyre.§2Tmolus at once &1B5d &518to &&29 &60l but &&63A&8D5&Bjudgment.§2He dissented, and &200d the &6E5&0&1B5§2&&29&6F3suffer &49Bdepraved pair of ears any &EC5 and &38B them &1Bome the ears of a [[donkey]].

==== [[&&7F5] ====
[[&&1BThe &&5D7&&7F5jpg|&41230px|''The &&5D7&&7F5' by [[Titian]], c.1570-76.]]
&&7F5&44[[satyr]] who &934&&29to a &1030of &D8 &&31B&1DCan [[aulos]] &8&1A1 tossed away &517&43Bby [[&&E9F] &2FDmade her cheeks puffy. &&7F5lost &14A[[flaying|flayed]] a&5A1a cave near [[Calaenae]] in [[Phrygia]] &FD[[hubris]] to &DB7&7BD His &743&220in&4&260&&7F5

An&3A&E0F&1BB&&29&6EBh&273trument (the lyre) upside down. &&7F5&11Cdo this &161instrument (the flute), &720&&29hung him &1B3tree and flayed &899ive. [&434from ''MAN MYTH #3# MAGIC'' &630Cavendish]

=== Miscellaneous ===

When Zeus &3BF[[&&53F] for &9B7the dead and vio&2E8 &28&&1D4of &6E &&29&2EB[[Cyclopes]] in &44D§2They had &104Ad Zeus' th&110olts, &D9&83kill &&29s son, &&53F As &58B &81condemned by Zeus to year's &E82to King &&5AC

&&29&45&&1D4 &53&&6B3at &&485 for [[&&9DB(&A9|&&9DB] &599&19E[[Clytemnestra]], &15E &D5F [[Aegisthus]].§2&&9DBwas punished &F8C&11[[Erinyes]] &50Bcrime.

&&1[[&&816], [[&&304] &9Esurviving crew landed &89B&18B&313to &&68B&7FCgod, &176kept &313&552 &&7F&&304&E85his men &493(as [[Tiresias]] and [[kirke]] &4CAd him), they &3BF&60e some &0&552and &&68Bhad [[Zeus]] &116ship &60l the men save [[&&304].

&&29also &140[[lyre]]-&4F2&1030with [[Cinyras]], his son, who &DF3&CA2when &FC

&&29&2EB[[Aloadae]] &FA &46Bstorm [[Mt. Olympus]].

It &44so said that &&29rode &8back of a swan &4land &0[[Hyperboreans]] &2A&6C4&324 a swan &41also lent &327be&ABB&&27Cto ride.

&&29&220[[Cephissus]] &323[[sea monster]].

'''Consorts/&&B2''

# Male Be&ABB
## [[Acantha]]
## [[Cy&241us]]
## [[&&5D6(&A9|&&5D6]
## [[Hymenaeus]]
# Female Lovers
## [[Arsinoe (&A9|Arsinoe]]
!E6!
## [[&&A02]
## [[Calliope]]
!3B!
### [[Orpheus]]
## [[Chione]]
### [[Philammon]]
## [[&&C5A]
!E6!
## [[&&ADD(&A9|&&ADD]
### [[&&A9Eeus]]
## [[&&AE0]
## [[Dryope]]
### [[Amphissus]]
## [[&&EA3]
### [[&&871]
### [[&&B99]
## [[&&783]
## [[Manto (&&6B&A9|Manto]]
### [[Mopsus]]
## [[Psamathe]]
!3B!
## [[Rhoeo]]
### [[Anius]]
## [[Terpsichore]]
!3B!
## Un&111M&3A### [[Cinyras]]
### [[&&E9D]
### [[Phemonoe]]
## [[Urania]]
!3B!

== &&3C0&646- audio &AC3==
!9E!!11A! 
|-
!!9D!ad;&&2&&29Myths &26Dd &78Ftellers
|-
|[[&&536&&2EA&&5D6- wiki.ogg|1. ''&&2EA&&27C'' &821Timothy &&EAF]
|-
|'''&&252of &F7''' [[&&591], ''Illiad'' ii.595 - 600 (c. 700 BC); Various 5th &3CBC vase &4CE; [[Palaephatus]], ''On Unbelievable Tales'' 46. &&27C(330 BC); [[&&29orus]], ''&&C2' 1.3.3 (140 BC); [[Ovid]], ''&&77C' 10. 162-219 (AD 1 - 8); [[&&DB6(&8D9|&&DB6], ''De&95on of &&4A2' 3.1.3, 3.19.4 (AD 160 - 176); 	[[&&ADCthe Elder]], ''&&1B'' i.24 &&27C(AD 170 - 245); [[&&ADCthe Younger]], ''&&1B'' 14. &&27C(AD 170 - 245); [[Lucian]], ''&&A36&0Gods'' 14 (AD 170); [[&&57Vatican &&B9D], 197. Thamyris et Musae
|-
|}

==&&29&31D&3E=
&&1''[[Star Trek]]'' episode #0#[[Who Mourns for Adonis?]]&&7C9man &2BDng &1B&&29is seen on a [[&&6B]-&ACF &948that [[Captain Kirk]], [[Pavel Chekov]], [[Mr. Spock]], and [[Dr. McCoy]] &BEAon.

&&1''[[&&364tar_&&DB5&&364tar &&DB5]'' &2F0 one &&D50&Fis &715call-sign &3B1

&&82B #0#[[Cygnus X-1 Book II: &&671]&&171[[Rush (band)|Rush]] is &AC&763&7B&2D4&0two &&671 &&519God of &&1A3 and [[&&AE2], the God of Love. &&82B &A5&0[[1978]] &742''[[&&671(1978 &742|&&671]''.

&&1sixties, [[NASA]] &244its [[&&29&2C9&&29Lunar &2C9] &356was &36D&21Ball wisdom. &&2A4mis&434y &1C9&15&102Fthat &5D2astronauts &4Moon &52C&&29&102F &186[[Saturn V]] &102F

== &&8E==
* [[F. L. W. &&889], ''De antiquissima &&DB4Natura'' (&&EF5 1843)
* [[J. A. Schönborn]], ''Über das Wesen &&29s'' (&&EF5 1854)
* [[&&359Milchhoefer]], ''Über den attischen &&29'' (Munich, 1873)
* [[Theodor Schreiber]], ''&&29 Pythoktonos'' (&&C59 1879)
* [[W. H. Roscher]], ''Studien zur vergleichenden &&700der Griechen und Romer'', i. (&&C59 1873)
* [[R. Hecker]], ''De &&DB4apud &&10Bs Cultu'' (&&C59 1879)
* [[Gaston Colin]], ''Le Culte d'&&29 pythien à Athènes'' (1905)
* [[&&5A2Dyer]], ''&&AF&0Gods in &&4A2' (1891)
* &116 in [[Pauly-Wissowa]]'s ''Realencyclopädie'', W. H. Roscher's ''Lexikon der &&700', and [[Daremberg]] and [[Saglio]]'s ''Dictionnaire des antiquités''
* [[L. Preller]], ''&&BFEund romische &&700' (4th ed. by [[C. &&76])
* [[J. Marquardt]], ''Römische Staalsverwaltung'', iii.
* [[G. Wissowa]], ''&&EFund Kultus der Romer'' (1902)
* [[D. Bassi]], ''Saggio di Bibliografia mito&261'', i. ''&&29' (1896)
* [[L. Farnell]], ''Cults &0&&6B&&9', iv. (1907)
* [[O. Gruppe]], ''&&BFE&&700und &&EFgeschichte'', ii. (1906)
* {{1911}}
* M. Bieber, 1964. ''&&F1the &&C6in &&3B8&&10BArt'' (&&464
* N. &&AE1 1980. ''The &&2F9&&F1' (&&6D1 Exhibition.§2

2. &&10iconography &0&&F1&&68Btype, see H. Hoffmann, #0#&&68B#0# &&332&0Arnerican &&60&&Cin &&1242 (1963) 117-23; cf. &&AE1 no. 42.

!12!
{{&1A9|&&29}
* [#2#&3A6mac.com/cparada/GML/ &&6B&&A9&349
* [#1#gregoryferdinandsen.com/FCO2003/&29htm The &&60D&3B1 Rome]
!9C!&C2&&A9&&6B The &47Dof &&2EA&&27C and &&2EACy&241us; and &&2EAOrpheus]
* [#2#janusquirinus.org/&3BC&&29&&A9AacetedGod.html &&29&3&&10B]

{{&&6Bmyth (&&B932}}
{{&&10Bmyth (&193}}

[[&&8&&6Bgods]]
[[&&8&&10Bgods]]
[[&&8Solar gods]]
[[&&8#CF#

!26!أبولو (إله إغريقي)]]
#7F#Аполон]]
[[ca:Apol·lo]]
[[cs:Apollón]]
[[da#86#
[[de#86#
!3D!Απόλλων]]
[[es:Apolo]]
!EE!polono]]
[[fr#86#
[[gl:Apolo]]
#35#아폴론]]
[[hr:Apolon]]
[[it#AC#
!17!אפולו]]
[[kw:Appolyn]]
[[la:&&29]
[[lt:Apolonas]]
[[hu:Apollón]]
[[nl:&&29(god)]]
!14!アポロン]]
[[no#86#
[[nn#86#
[[pl#AC#
[[pt:Apolo (&7C1]]
[[ro:&&29(mit&E01]]
!19!Аполлон (мифология)]]
[[sk:Apolón]]
[[sl:Apolon]]
!2D!Аполон]]
[[fi#86#
[[sv#86#
[[vi:&&29(thần thoại)]]
[[tr#86#
!2C!Аполлон]]
#22#阿波罗#1A#
!1!
!2!
!5!
§4<&7&&D9&&1D/&7
§4<id>595</id>
!4!
§6<id>41929306</id>
!C!-03-02T18:14#7A#
!3!
§8<ip>86.52.13.177</ip>
!0!
§6<&4/* 2006 */</&4
§6#7#{{&&3E3&&202|&1B [[&&1B&&1D&&F13jpg|&2DF&&1D&&F13]
|&363ame= &&D9&&1D|&BA [[&&19&&9]
|&7AF [[Las &&6FF &&54FLas &&6FF], [[USA]]
|date&430 [[&&14229]], [[1970]]
|&1C1irth= [[Las &&6FF &&54FLas &&6FF], [[USA]]
|&6BB 5'11#0# (180 cm)
|w&970 177 lbs (80 kg)
|&220ro= [[1986]]
|&D5A &&A|grip= 
|&1CBrize&4AC $31,006,875
|&1407= 60
|&9FD140anking= &&88A([[&&14210#62#)
|&&13Open&570 '''W''' (1995, 2000, 2001, 2003)
|&&50pen&570 '''W''' (1999)
|&&DAesult= '''W''' #EE#
|USOpen&570 '''W''' (1994, 1999)
|&633&7= 1
|&9FD633&1034 No. 123 ([[&&19D17]], [[1992]])
}}

'''&&D9Kirk &&1D'', (born [[&&14229]] [[1970]], in [[Las &&6FF &&54FLas &&6FF], [[&&54F]) is a [[&ED] [[male]] &999'''[[&&276ATP &365&734&1AD&&4D&&88A]''' [[&96] &363&5[[&&19&&9]. He &598&970[[&&1F1Slam (&96|&&1F1Slam]] &140&7, &B1&2Conly five &1AD&9C&7C3four &&1F1Slam &35A &&52&C0&AAall-time &C6&202. 

&&5D6&4EF&4&317[[&&6A6&&C58] from 1997 to 1999. &&742001, he &28&4EF&4&999&&4D&&88A&64E&202[[Steffi Graf]] and had two &B2

!B1!
&&1Ds &2B1 (an &&38Ffrom Iran) Emmanuel #0#Mike#0# &&1Dn (who re&8Bd [[Iran]] in [[boxing]] &1F1948 and 1952 [[&&3C7&&239] &90emig&109D&4[[&&19&&9]), &50Aent on &1E8&7C5w&49Dfour &96&&1F1&&A82 He &8C&&1Ds two &95Asiblings #0#guinea pigs#0# &1&8A&1Dcoaching &13B He honed &&D9s eye-coordi&2B5&109&44 &DB8by hanging &96balls &263his crib. He gave &&1Dpaddles and &F64when &81&152in &6E4chair. When &&1D&31B&4F2&96 his ball &4C8&E0460 garbage cans with 300 balls per can, and &&1D&67hit 3,000-5,000 balls &139day. When &&D9was five &62&81D&44ready &8E&101Epros &C[[&&AB1&&68A] and [[Roscoe Tanner]].

Mike &&1D&528d &96by &898tapes of &2D4 Mike &&516&329&4Btic &22A&4&12Aand &1DAof &96 and &152&121&2EC&1&CF6 (More &3F&57&1F7Mike &&1Ds &550&&1D&&246'.)

At &1C114, &&D9was shipped off to &617guru [[Nick &&BFD]'s &&96&&2Cin [[&&5C0]. He &220&EDwhen &8116.

==&&96&1CB=
===1986-1997===
&&1D&220&EDin 1986, and w&245&2C7-&24A&140&7in 1987 at [[&&DB3]. &&4C0six &12B&366in 1988, &1C0&&13F&6B7&31Bsur&4BFUS$2 &114in &1CB&49C&4AC&46&4F2in just 43 &366– the &10B3st &363&&D57&&984

As a &4BEup-and-&4B5&363 &&1D&F91a &D51&1B He grew his hair to rock-star &496 &CF6d an ear-ring, and wore &99Aul shirts that &B9B&96 &152&BDEsartorial &92F He &C5Bof a cheeseburger-&D6Fdiet and endorsed the Canon Rebel &8E5 #0#&&1Bis &139hing#0# w&Aad's tag line, &69F&BF&&D9s &F6

Strong &675 &8tour &A8Bthat &&5D6&9CAtipped as a &6A5&&1F1Slam &436 But he &1B3the &A91&32&6B5near-misses. &&2E9&3C2&&1F1Slam &18Ein 1990 &1F[[&&50Open]], &94&FC&7C1sets &4&8C4d veteran &363[[Andrés Gómez]]. &&D2&6B7&FC&1&18E&0[[U.S. Open (&96|US Open]] &44Cther up-and-&4B5teenaged star, [[Pete &&FA]. The &10CAy &7Be two &&10&1ADwas &1Bome the &725&10CAy in &96&106rest the &0&BC5 In 1991, &&1D&47Fhis &8D&670&&50Open &18E&176&D97h&86Cer &&BFD&&2Cmate [[Jim &&7F4]. &&7F4&698the vict&7BCa &5F1rain-&10B1upted five-&5D5

&&1Dchose &493&7C2[[&&DA&&2D4ips|&&DA] from 1988-90, and &A2y &31 &41&DBwish to play &B7&68&0&10C9s &99sm, &BEits #0#&42F&23C#4# dress code &17&1AD&1F&10C9are &3A7to conform to. Many ob&3E0s &1Ftime &A5B that &&1Ds real &724was th&6ED&3C2&ADBgame &67&690well suited to &&DAs [[&826&23A] &190 &&1D&63D&7C2&&DAin 1991, &654&AA3of &67E&1&536&55what &160wear – &3ED&698&10&57&27Ein a &30By &23Coutfit. &&2E9the &316&18E on that &5E7 

&&4surprise &7D5 &&1Ds &&1F1Slam &10BB69came at &&DAin 1992, &109beat [[&&A81&&A80ević]] in a &A92five-&5D5

&&1AAwrist surgery &731&&1Dcame back &3C2y in 1994 and &73C&173Open, &5BC[[&&15BStich]] &1&18E &&7E8&73C&3C2[[&&13 Open]] &7in 1995, &5BCSampr&7BE&854&5D5&&4C0a &1CBhigh &426&7 &6B7&15E&47F&21F&&88A&1034&10&57time that &&142 He held it for 30 &AA3on that &5E7&69to &&344 He &B63a &1CBbest 26-&2F4&36Dstreak &2A&1E5[[hard&23A] &CAF &17&429when &FC&1US Open &18E&515

In 1995, &&1Dwon &426&140&7, the &9A9&7D&66Open]], the [[&&1F4&&C1], the [[&&50C&&C1], &3[[&&4B2&&C1]. In &1F8win/loss &276 1995 was &&1Ds best year (72/10) (&71 &&657Cup). &&85s&662y &18Cof§2&&FAs best &8C4 1994, &97he (&&FA won 77 &2F4s and lost 12. 
In 1996, &&1Dw&8men's &140Gold Medal &1F[[1996 &&1E5&&394&&3C7&&239] in [[&&45F &&467&&45F], &5BC[[Sergi &&ADA] of [[&&F4] &&C57&1&18E &&10A&FB8&1F[[&&1F4&&C1] &3[[&&50C&&C1].

1997 &44poor year for &&1D &&4C0no top-&24A&7 &9E&1034sank to &&4DNo. 141 in &&344 H&86C was &327&4F4&11&CCF&A2ty &23Dhis high-&6DEand turbulent &16Dand &89Fto &317&&6A6&&C58

===1998-2004===
In 1998, &&1Dre&3AF&12Fto &96 He shaved his balding head, &1B3a rigorous &65Cng &2C9 and &563&80Bback &24Eran&933by &4F2in &&DB7 &&2F0&366(a &CAFfor &ED&1AD&3C3&37F&4Bs top 50). Perhaps most remarkably, &5ABtime &D51&698as a gracious and &7Fful athlete, &ED6&892&5FB&1AD &&46&36D&2F4s, &5B9to bowing and blowing a two-handed kisses to spectators on each side &0&23A a &1051seen as a &4C9humble acknowledgment &0r &56D&5BAfor &96

In 1998, &&1Dwon five &7 and leapt from No. 122 &8ran&933&1F&58F&0year, to No. 6 &1F&159it, &3BE&748st jump in&4Top 10 made &44F &363in &96 &&4C&1022&7 in ten &18E, and &714runner-up &1F[[&&50C&&C1]. 

&&1D&526&35&18Ain 1999 &109beat [[&&D9 &&870] in a five-set &&50Open &18E&1Bome &474&4C4male &363&9C&7C3four &&1F1Slam &140&7 (a feat last &6C6 &1&93Fby [[Roy &&C91]). He &22Cthis up by &AB6ng the &&DA&18E &94&FC&515&&7E8w&8US Open, &5BC[[Todd &&7B8] in &67C&1&18E and &714&733&3C3&21F&&88A

&&1D&1B32000 by &7B7his &8D&&13 Open &7 &5BC[[&&C56&&6FE] in &854&5D5He w&A&57male &363&9C&47Ffour &670&&1F1Slam &18E &74[[Rod Laver]] &6C6 the &&1F1Slam in 1969. 2000 also saw &&1D&AB6the semi-&18E at &&DA &94&FCin five &597[[&&293R&46] in &329high &4D4&364&C0&39F&1Bone &&AA8&2F4s ever &7B4 &&DA[#2#news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/&96&DA&353742067.stm]. &&1F&462[[&&96&&C1Cup]] in [[Lisbon]], &&1D&7E4&DCway &4&18E&46&7DDng [[&&A7F&&8C3] 6-3, 6-3 &1semi&18E to end the &&3E7s &922&1Bome the &4BEst &&4D&&88A&1&2B&96§2&&1D&13A&355[[Gustavo &&C55] 6-4, 6-4, 6-4. This loss &6F1&&C55&1Bcr&843year end &&4D&&88A 2000 &40D&39F&1Dfans &1Ba disap&125ng &8C4for &&1D &328&80F&32Donly one &3F6(2000 &&13 Open).

&&1D&98F2001 by &1FEy def&6BChis &&13 Open &7&32&8B8sets &18Ewin over [[Arnaud &&C54]. At &&DA he &364 R&46&585&1semi-&18E and lost 8-6 &1&5D4&&1FUS Open &FC&1&316&18E to Sampr&7BE&84&C0&1B&2C&3F6s all-time &C6st &2F4s. &&FAwon 6-7, 7-6, 7-6, 7-6 in a &2F4&7E6&10BB of &3E0 

&&1Dand &&FA last duel came &1&18E&0US Open in 2002. The &364&7Btwo &F82saw &&FAemerge &6E1ous &7C1sets, &4DA&&FA&3220-14 edge &1r 34 &1CB&4FF. (&&67A&59E&7E6&1B&1E1of &&FA &1CB He &DB&269an &10C9&8&EDtour &585 &&CFB&E22his &58Cin 2003.) &&1Ds US Open &E7E &13Bhis &6E1es &1F&&50C&&C1 [[Rome &&C1], and [[Madrid &&C1], &41Ehim &E7E2002 &A&E4Dyear-end No. 2 at 32 &3B78 &324

In 2003, &&1Dw&8&970 &&1F1&&5D3&1D&1CB&1F&&13 Open, &176beat [[&&DDBSchüttler]] &&C57&1&18E In May &6B7 he re&73C&21FNo.1 &1034&1Bome &5B4st No. &734male &202&&D57at 33 &3B713 days. He held the &&88A&1034on that &5E7for 13 &AA3 &&1Fyear-end &&96&&C1Cup, &FC&1&18Eto [[&&2F2&&18F] and &714&733&3C3&&4DNo. 4.

In 2004, the 34-year-&5D2w&8[[&&1F4&&C1] &2D4his &1CB&3FBto 59 top-&24A&140&7 &60&27617 ATP &&C1&&2F0&7. He &BF&91&E4D&140&436in &&1F4s storied &35(the &3F6&1B3in 1899), sur&4B&&818by [[Ken Rosewall]] who w&8&7in 1970 &6AE35.§2

&&1D&17Dso w&860&633 &7(&1F[[&&1F4&&C1] &731&C88ng [[Petr Korda]]). &&52&2Conly five male &1AD&9Cwon &DC&&1F1&&A82– &13B&45E[[Don Budge]], [[Roy &&C91], [[Rod Laver]] and [[Fred Perry]]. &&52&59E&23male &202to w&1four &&1F1&&A82on four &5A&190. The &627&1ADw&8&&13 Open, &&DA &3US Open on &826&23A &3&&50Open on [[clay &23A]s; &94s &&1Dw&8&&13 Open on [[Re&10BCAce]], &1DAOpen on clay, &&DAon &826 &3US Open on hard&23A. &&46&36D[[&&50Open]] in 1999, &&1D&BF&23male &202to w&1[[&&1CB&&3A0Slam]]. &&1D&535&1A&&9w&1[[&&657Cup]] in 1990 and 1992. &&81&6A2[[BBC &&403&&1D5lity &0Year &&5DC&&1D5lity|BBC &&5DC&&403&&1D5lity &0Year]] in 1992. &&5D1&10A8&123US$30 &114in &49C&4AC&69ut his &1CB &8D&382&&FA In &198this, &10Aearns over US$25 &114&85B&69&C1F, &31&44F &202and &55D&49D&403(&57&1C1is [[&&71CWoods]] at US$70 &114&85B.

===2005===
&&1D&31Boff 2005 &538runs, &70&17were cut &18C&5D0&&18F]. &&FCto &&18F&1&31618E &0&&13 Open &3semi&18E at Dubai. &&2E9the &31618E at &&1D1Wells &46a &725&4B5&&DB2Coria, &7A5rew from his &2F4with &&99E&&AD9&32swollen big toe. &&1Dlost &1semi&18E at &&50Cto &&18Fin a &A92&2F4 &&168clay&23A&8C4&Ftoughest &8body, &&1D&6EBin Rome and &47Fthe semi&18E &D9&355Coria in a tough &364 &&1F2005 &&50Open, &&1D&355[[Jarkko Nieminem]], &1r &57&27E&2F4&46en&221back pain &143a pinched [[sciatic nerve]]. &&FCin &67Cwith 6-0 &1&4C4 &&46much &536&67E&55&58C the 35-year-&5D2won in Los &&36B&735&180at &&F12&90falling to &4DNo. 2 [[&&AD8Nadal]] in &117long sets &41&2EE&49Cif &449&125 had gone &5Ay. His coach Darren Cahill and &53B&60A&1D5l &82Dr [[Gil Reyes]] &563with &&1D&BC&1E5&65F&10[[2005 US Open]]. &&1Dmade a &850run &1FOpen, &5BCRazvan Sabau 6-3, 6-3, 6-1, [[Ivo Karlovic]] &1&8D&27E7-6(7-4), 7-6(7-5), 7-6(7-4); [[Tomáš Berdych]] 3-6, 6-1, 6-4, 7-6(7-2); and [[Xavier Malisse]] 6-3, 6-4, 6-7(5-7), 4-6, 6-2. His &31618E&3EC&E8D&&10[[&&D0Blake]] &28&8Cone &&AA8&2F4s in US Open &35 &&46&F73&23&732 3-6, 3-6, &&516&740two, 6-3, 6-3. &&1&4C4set, Blake &3E0 &10&2F4at 5-4, but &&1D&AA7his &3E0 then w&8tie&10BB8-6 to &BB0&518at 1:15 a.m. He &274[[Robby &&C53], an&3A&94E &10A0d &&10&32&971&ADBgame, &58&42A&67&1022set &2F4to earn a spot &1&18E&87&&4D&&88A[[&&2F2&&18F]. &&46&6D8&23set 6-3, &&1D&AA7&&18Ftwice to w&1&8D 6-2. He &AA7&&18F&585&60 this &125&ED6&1Bthe &328&363 &&1D&14030-love lead but &32few costly &977was &AA7 to &1AFa tie&10BB &17&&18Ftook, 7-1. &&D9ran &880gas &17&6F1&&18Fto reel off five &8B8&239§2Being down 5-0 &1&55Dset, &&1Dheld &26Bit 5-1 &90&&18F&53B it out to w&1&2D4ip. &&DD&2F4 &&1Dthanked New York &1020 &1DDmemories, hinting at &290&58C &&28 &&5D1made &66F&&B37only retire &245&3FC &109feels &41&40A&CE5at &4A8&8&23A &&596&56D&629&ED&3Ayear, &328has &A2A&102005 &&C1Cup (&3A&265&4&97&AA8&1AD&1&4D &B1schedu&241play the lead-in &3F6&42006 &&13 Open.

&&4B5in&42005 &&C1Cup, &&1Dis 29-5 on hard &23A (&161only &B75&4B5to [[&&2F2&&18F] and [[&&AD8Nadal]]), &B15-4 on clay (wins over Gasquet, Ljubicic, and Hrbaty, &B75to Coria and Lopez).

In 2005, &&1Dleft [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] &4617 &3B7&41Can &C1Fdeal with [[Adidas]]. [#2#&403espn.go.com/&403&96news/&246id=2116135]

Hampered by a &42A&BD9ankle &7D2&721&AEtorn ligaments, &&1Dlost his &C80&3ECNikolay &&A01&1&&C1Cup &14A&247&FE1 The &D81list also &71 &&AD8Nadal, Andy &&C52 &&99E&&AD9 and &&A7F&&8C3

===2006===

&&1D&BA0&5&&13 Open beca&5Can ankle &7D2 Once he &BA0 he im&536ely &E63a wildcard &749the Delray Beach Inter&2A&&96&&2D4ips, &176&13A&714as a &31618Est &6D8to [[&&DB2Garcia Lopez]] 4-6, 2-6. 
He w&A &247retire from SAP Open beca&5Ca &23Eback &7D2ca&219him &957pain &58&23Eback &71An his legs. 
&&7E8&6EB&1Dubai Open &176won &&C57over [[Greg &&F11] &1&57&27E&90&6D8&513 to &&D5[[Bjorn Phau]] in &8D&27E
&&3BD&DC7ing, &&1Dis schedu&241play &366in &&1D1Wells and &&50Cto &53B&7D1&6C4hard&23A&8C4 &&5D1&11By said &41is skipping the &7C7clay &8C4 &74it burdens his body. &&596do &4A8&1Bready for &&DA &&28 &&1Ds top &66Dty in 2006 will once &585be &21Eyet an&3Arun &1FUS Open in &&19D Expect all scheduling decisons &1B&70Dthat &803mind.

==Playing &56=
&&1D&C7A&866ine &56of play, but &56&10B5such &1AD he &259&3EE&4F3&Bball ''&6B6' the &ADB-- &5F0onally &572&7A7&ED. &&85&127&68&1D&18Cbackswing, &17also &AC4him &323fast &3E0. He &4A&105A&Bbest h&60d eye coordi&2B5 &10CAd only &5D0&&18F].§2[[John McEnroe]] &4D have &8C&&1D&16B&172&323r ever to play &ED&96

&&46&&1Ds rededication to tenn&2731998, &6AA&663d more on &CB&65Cng than &&525&B1now one &0fittest &1AD&8tour. His &849body &F3D&6CA&4DE[[bench &141] 350 lbs. &&6AAremarkable endurance and &E51&A5tired on &23A As long as &52&4BDured, he &EE4 long, grueling &2F4s arguably &328&345y &3A&363&8tour (even &&2F2&&18F&28&790tire &11&4C4set). &&543 &&1D&7Aready to &58F&740&125when &453is catching his &B9A One &1D&750&335wear down &453, continually &CAA&141re &8 by &323ng the ball &9Aand deep &88Fles. &&1Dwill try to st&122n&9Aone spot and hit the &1075 &26B&453scramble. &&596&7Apass &24E&B6Eand hit a s&662y less &59Bshot &26B&453run a &16B&7C0&BC0&449more shots. His &F57for &6B9&1AD&16C&125&46&125has &10A8him &49F#0#The Punisher#0#. 

&&1Ds &9A9&B34&1B2y is his &10D&971&D69 and &1AD&1BD&C0&971y hit at sharp &DC&101Epace give him &82E &&1Dused &1Bone &&F26&1ADon tour; &28 his &2AEinjuries have &1AF &4DE&971y &7E7fastest s&DA5vely, &108in &&1F1&&A82and &&96&&C1&&2F0&35A§2To make up &50B&2AEy-&37C&B34 &&1D&5Cy &D43&453&8&840 (&&18F&&&818&363&32long &36Dstreak &87&&1D even &&FA&355&&1Dmany &171.

==&&1D5l and &E0life==
&&46&854year &23Ahip, &&1D&4EF&317&&6A6&&C58in a lavish &43Eon [[&&14219]] 1997. That &&DF &746filed suit &87''[[The &&2AEnquirer]]'' &2BDng it &90Cd #0#&D48and &CF9#4# &31ents: &&6A6was &110oing counseling, binge-eating and &2E2pills; &&1D#0#lashed into#0# &&6A6&15Eand &&6A6s m&3A#0#t&10C4 like wildcats#0# &769&BC8d a [[prenuptial &461prenup]]; &747was dismissed. &&1Dfiled for &C92 &61&25Fd on [[&&1429]], 1999. 

&&&7BAthe &C92was &18E &&5D6&943&5E4&96&8F2Steffi Graf.§2With &474r m&3A as &104Es, &186&4EF&6EDhome &4BF22]], 2001. &&72son, [[Jaden Gil &&1DJaden Gil]], &F96 &AA3prematurely &4BF26]] &6B7 &&72&8BD [[Jaz Elle &&1DJaz Elle]], &F9&4BF3]] [[2003]].

&&1Ds &95A&782Rita &4EF&1D8&96&8F2[[Pancho &&F10]. In 1995, when &&F10&5A2Las &&6FF &&D9paid &FDbr&3Ain-law's &4E1

&&D9h&38Ccipated &C3&3D5&1A0, and &1C7the &&D9&&1DChari&645&&98 &17&10AE &705of Las &&6FF In 1995, he &5981995's ATP &&359Ashe's &&9Ctarian &1B5in &685&1D&40E &CE1dis&A27 &539in LA. 

The &&D9&&1DChari&645&&1DCtion &17Dways &793&54Afund &1A0 &17&764&2C9 that &971y carry &7D1&C89&0&&1DCtion. The &&1DCtion's &C89&335&47E&133l and re&100Fl &169&&958&EDandoned, &1025, &60-risk kids. &&59&1A0 are fine &191:

===The &&D9&&1DBoys #3# Girls Club===
In 1997, &&1D&98Fthe Boys #3# Girls Club, a 25,000-&3C5foot &B47that &B8an indoor &CEC&23A outdoor &96&23A, &5D8lab, &C2and teen &6D6 It sees as many as 400 &B2a day &1&1E5and well over 2,000 &2Ayear. 

Its junior &96team, Team &&1D &71 &41D&1ADwith &56B&96&1FF As of &&C32006, the team &C5Bfour &2Ay &3C3&1ADas &BEa &2D&2E5lly &3C3&1AD Coached by Tim Blenkiron, the &10F&2AB &9C7y, &B71 &1B4&73F &6EE&938 to &269&20E&366 The &2C9also &8F0&C5to &5D1&137&60preciate the &951of &36Dand &6D8

A &CEC&2C9 the &&1DStars, &1B3in 2000. Headed by Coach Jermone &&AB3 the Stars are &3A7to &B71&1B4hall &73F &DA4to &1A7they &7B0&180d in att&6BC and &CAB&A4Cand &133

The &&1DCtion &922&26B&7C&2C9 a &DDrecruiting &1A1for kids &32ademic as &BEathletic &290 In a &85&94drugs and gangs are &A5D&1AF, the &&1DClub &9FE &2BAand &52Dkids a safe &1C1&898&46&1B7

== Ethnicity &200==
&&1Ds &4ADty, &55F&7D&522&6AC &28a &334&27Dby fans &16C&4B &&641Mike &&1Dis of [[&&38F&23&&38F] and [[&&F0F&23&&F0F] &4ADty &5&164Iran, &3e &22&568#0#&2BD#4# &&1Dby &744&&38F&897anian &175&1&&19&&9&60road. &&5D1&7A&7D3&72Eambivalent, &37joking &6FA#0#All-&&38F#4# &3EC[[Sargis Sargsian]] &1FUS Open in 2004, #0#Well, I'm only half-&&38F#4# [#1#&6D1com/&403&3A&403&96&116/2004/09/07/&38Fsupremacy_for_&1Dmode=PF], &7Fhe &8D5to &420in a [[PBS]] &523&55[#1#wliw.org/&A0/&38Fhtml &&38F&&10]. &&641has &1EE&58&550&&1D&&246', &55his &1FFof &82A &37F in &&7A1Iran, but &&D9&17Dso &664&180&1Iranian &EB1&1D&3A8 in &&DF2005 ex&141ng a &56C&490Iran, &17&65E#0#a &15C&1C1#4# &58&ACE[#1#payvand.com/news/05/feb/1171.html]

==Quotes==
&&55Pete &&FA &58C #0#You grow up &32guy, you &1068&87&394&848 he's &49Bbig &49your &1CB &1EAthat's pretty &15C so you do have that &F4&1D5l regret &41s &450ound any more. You miss &1E8&70Cound.#0#

&&2A2005 US Open: #0#I've been &54Dby over&4B5&DB7and over&4B5the hurdles and &A25that face me. &&B7&152is plenty &7D1e &85C&54Dby.#0#

(from [[Mats Wilander]], &936to name &8335 &202 &244time; he &1C1 &&1D &&FA &&18F and Borg &1top 4 (in no &353 and tied McEnroe, Lendl, and &&68Afor &4C4&1C1: ON AGASSI: “&&6AAsome &510 like he can’t &3E0and volley, yet he &598all four &&A82 He &17Dvery high &4C3&24A &ABDlike Borg. &&52on &4C4gear &5&64A&125 &&B7some ab&611ty &58eyes, &3Aise &160’t &480&49B&2E6 &323 He sees the ball like none else and just &522 it &94er &75Bto. He’s just &7B4&&1F1Slam &18Eat 35, that &667me &81ed &23five &62&1D&1CB &3Aise &4C5’&859&EE1this long. No one has done &7C0&96than &&1Dand Borg.”

==Video &239=
* ''[[&&D9&&1D&&96]'' &10[[SNES]], [[Sega Genesis]], [[Game Gear]], and [[&&3A9phone]]
* ''[[&&1D&&96&&33E]'' for [[PlayStation 2|PS2]] and [[Game Boy &&5CAGBA]]
* ''[[Smash &&23APro &&3F6]'' for PS2

==&&1F1Slam &276=
[[&&13 Open]]
*'''&&140&436 1995, 2000, 2001, 2003
!4F!-&18Est: 1996, 2004
*&&140&316&18Est: 2005

[[&&50Open]]
*'''&&140&436 1999
*&&140&2E81991
!4F!-&2E71992
*&&140&316&2E62001, 2002, 2003
*&&633 &316&18Est: 1992

[[&&DA]
*'''&&140&436 1992
*&&140&18Est: 1999
!4F!-&2E62000, 2001
!4E!91, 1993

[[U.S. Open (&96|U.S. Open]]
*'''&&140&436 1994, 1999
*&&140&2E81995, 2002, 2005
!4F!-&2E71989, 1996, 2003
!4E!92, 2001, 2004

==&&1F1Slam &18E==

===Wins (8)===

!4D!!4C!B'''&&42B&512 1992§3&&DA10&&A81&&A80ević§C6-7, 6-4, 6-4, 1-6, 6-4
 1994§3US Open§12&&15BStich§F6-1, 7-6, 7-5
 1995§3&&13 Open§APete &&FA104-6, 6-1, 7-6, 6-4
 1999§3&&50Open§E&&D9 &&870D1-6, 2-6, 6-4, 6-3, 6-4
 1999§3US Open§12Todd &&7B8116-4, 6-7, 6-7, 6-3, 6-2
 2000§3&&13 Open§A&&C56&&6FEA3-6, 6-3, 6-2, 6-4
 2001§3&&13 Open§AArnaud &&C54E6-4, 6-2, 6-2
 2003§3&&13 Open§A&&DDB&&CEBB6-2, 6-2, 6-1

===Runner-ups (7)===

!4D!!4C!B'''&&42B&512 1990§3&&50Open§E&&D9 Gomez§106-3, 2-6, 6-4, 6-4
 1990#44#-4, 6-3, 6-2
 1991§3&&50Open§EJim &&7F4113-6, 6-4, 2-6, 6-1, 6-4§2
 1995#44#-4, 6-3, 4-6, 7-5
 1999§3&&DA10Pete &&FA106-3, 6-4, 7-5
 2002#44#-3, 6-4, 5-7, 6-4
 2005§3US Open§12&&2F2&&18FF6-3, 2-6, 7-6, 6-1

==&&1B8&2F4s==
* US Open &31618E1989: &274[[&&AB1&&68A] 6-1, 4-6, 0-6, 6-3, 6-4. &&1A5five-set win. At one &125&221a &35Fver, &&1Djoked &327box &41was &6D8sets on &37Bto &102B&41&11Dwin in five. The &627time he &6EB&&68Awas &1F1988 US Open &31618E&97he beat &&68A&900y and &DBlose a set.
* &&50Open &18E1990: &355[[Andrés Gómez]] 6-3, 2-6, 6-4, 6-4. &&1A5&&1F1Slam &18E
* US Open &18E1990: &355[[Pete &&FA] 6-4, 6-3, 6-2. &&23&840&&1F1Slam &18E &A34&11top two &1AD&0r &33E
* &&50Open &18E1991: &355[[Jim &&7F4] 6-3, 4-6, 6-2, 1-6, 4-6. Blew 2 &5971 lead &46rain &831 Many &200d if &&5CFthe &ACE&32D&59B&2D4ip.
* &&DA&18E1992: &274[[&&A81&&A80ević]] 6-7(8), 6-4, 6-4, 1-6, 6-4. &&1A5&&1F1&&5D3&ABAing &1F&3F6&258&7F &4C5ever win. &&152h&893y &&DA&2D4ip.
* &&DA&31618E1993: &355Pete &&67B2, 6-2, 3-6, 3-6, 6-4. &&23of only two 5-&511&7Btwo (&&4Ew&A2000 &&13 Open semis).
* US Open 4th Round 1994: &274[[&&15B&&8C2] 6-1, 6-7(3), 6-3, 3-6, 6-1. Outlasts &&8C2&452&1Boming &23unseeded man to w&1US Open &2D4ip in 28 &62 Knocked off five seeded &1AD&3CBway. &&57US Open &7§2
* &&13 Open 1995 &A2Pete &&FA4-6, 6-1, 7-6(6), 6-4. &&1Ds only &&1F1Slam &&18E&4B5&&FA
* &&45F&&1E5&&394Gold Medal Match 1996: &274[[Serge &&ADA] 6-2, 6-3, 6-1. Demolished two-time &&50Open &&436to &6C6&A3&1D5l &39D&36Dan &&3C7Gold Medal.
* &&50Open &5CE&355[[&&A7F&&8C3] 7-5, 5-7, 2-6, 6-3, 2-6 in what w&A&&3E7s &57&&1F1Slam &2F4 &&8C3s win foreshadowed his win over Pete &&FA&12000 US Open &18E
* &&50Open &18E&354[[&&D9 &&870] 1-6, 2-6, 6-4, 6-3, 6-4.§2A &850come-from-&1B6&3F3that &414&1CB&&1F1Slam &1F#0#&3A4#4# &1C129, &9E&323&4&877&96&517as &87D#141. Referred to &A#0#Miracle in &&241#4#. &&5D1&31 &41&26E this his &C6st &986on a &96&23A
* US Open &18E&354[[Todd &&7B8] 6-4, 6-7(5), 6-7(2), 6-3, 6-2. An&3Acome-from-&1B6&F0E
* &&13 Open 2000 semi-&A2Pete &&67B4, 3-6, 6-7(0), 7-6(5), 6-1. En &994&327&8D&&13 Open crown.§2[[&&96&&2A9] &31: #0#''This'' was &&FA&&1D&10ages.#0#
* &&353&18E2000: &355[[&&293R&46] 7-5, 4-6, 7-5, 4-6, 6-3. This &2F4was &D7y p&937&5ACasthetic &1072&A&4Ds &C6st &ADB batt&816game's most fluid &&F14volleyer over five tense sets.
* &&13 Open 2001 semi-&A2&&293R&467-5, 2-6, 6-7(5), 6-2, 6-3. Exacted some &CB5for 2000 &&353loss to R&46 Rallied from 2 &5971 down to stun R&46in &388&146energized &&13 crowd. 
* &&353&18E2001: &355&&293R&462-6, 6-3, 3-6, 6-2, 8-6. &&61not &C0&127 the re&2F4topped the &1BCset &11r &64D&5year &90
* US Open 2001 &316&&CEAPete &&67B7(9), 7-6(2), 7-6(2), 7-6(5). Match &450no &10BB of &3E0 Many &26Eth&Fbest &&1D&&FA&2F4&6EB
* US Open 2002 &&CEAPete &&67B3, 6-4, 5-7, 6-4. &&FA &18E&C2C&2F4
* &&50Open 2003 2nd &27E &274[[Mario Ancic]] 5-7, 1-6, 6-4, 6-2, 7-5. Rallied back from two &597love &2AB&4BEand &F3ul Ancic to w&1&2F4 &&2Conly six &2F4s &&1D&598&517down two &597love. &&117&0 &22&1F[[&&50Open]].
* &&50Open 2004 &5CE&355[[&&E34Haehnel]] 4-6, 6-7(4), 3-6. Shock &57&27Eloss to lowly &&50&1CB&C7Ean. Arguably &246upset in &&50Open &35
* US Open 2004 &316&&CEA&&2F2&&18F3-6, 6-2, 5-7, 6-3, 3-6. 5th set marred by &276&72Bwinds. By far &&2F2&&18Fs most &572&2F4&452&4&7
* &&13 Open 2005 4th &27E &274[[Joachim &&7C2] 6-7(4), 7-6(5), 7-6(3), 6-4. Won &32D&&7C2s &4D&27651 aces.
* &&50Open 2005 &5CE&355[[Jarkko Nieminen]] 5-7, 6-4, 7-6, 1-6, 0-6.§2Possibly &&1Ds last &2F4&1F&&50Open.§2He led two &597one &C69in&4&55Dset, &44Apinched sciatic nerve &AEAAgasi's &5Dvery noticeably. &&1Dlimped &39C&23Awith &CED&58eyes &DD&2F4 &&67A&44maj&7BCicat&88Cmany that &&1Ds &1CB&7B0&4B5to &7DEsoon.
* US Open 2005 &316&A2[[&&D0Blake]] 3-6, 3-6, 6-3, 6-3, 7-6(6). &&5CF&1F3&6D3from &732down &1US Open. &&16F&8C&16B&2F4&02005 Open &828&&AA8in US Open &35
* US Open 2005 semi-&A2[[Robby &&C53] &58&42A&67&1022set &F0E 6-4, 5-7, 6-3, 4-6, 6-3. At 35 &62&81D&6EB&4A8&96&1&5D4* US Open 2005, &&CEA&&2F2&&18F&58sixth US Open &18E &&1&18E of &&1Ds &427run &1FOpen &1C33 five-&511in a row, &&1Dmet &&18F&60peared &9C&3D3hand, &7Dup a &10BB&1&42Aset &B&2F4tied at one set each.§2&&28 &&18Fwithstood the &141re and &814&1Bt &&1D6-3, 2-6, 7-6(1), 6-1.
* &&96&&C1Cup 2005, Round Robin: &355[[Nikolay &&A01] 6-4, 6-2. &&5D6suffering &1B3sprained ankle &9E9&43&81&4F2racquetball &117&AA3&90 &&168&2F4&1E9was unremarkable, the &46ard was, when one &0&3F6organizers absurdly &1045&&1Dof faking &7D2and &6D8on &37B&321(&&1D was &4F2in Shanghai. It &220out &15same &7D2&67&38B&&1Dto &FE1the 2006 &&13 Open.

==&&7 (60)==
!B3!
|-!C3! 
|'''&&8F2(&&140'''
|-!15!
| &&1F1Slam (8)
|-!BD!
| &&96&&C1Cup (1)
|-!CE!
| &&3C7Gold (1)
|-!D! 
| ATP &&C1&&2F0(17)
|- &6C#0##ffffff#0# 
| ATP Tour (33)
|}

===&&140(60)===
!B3!
|-!C3!
!107!
!F5!
!F4!
!F3!
|'''&&76A#F3#
!F2!
|-
|1.§2
|[[&&34423]], [[1987]]
|[[&&DB3], [[&&BBC]
!E!
|[[Luiz Mattar]] ([[&&BBC]) 
|7-6 6-2 
|- 
|2.§2
|[[&&DF&352|[[Memphis, &&2DEMemphis#64#
!E!
|[[Mikael Pernfors]] ([[&&781])
|6-4 6-4 7-5 
|-
|3.§2
|[[&&142&351|[[&&5B9on, &&89&&5F8&&5B9on#64#
!B2!
|[[&&AB1Arias#5F# 
|6-2 6-2 
|-
|4.
|[[May 2#AA#
|[[Forest Hills#64#
!B2!
|[[Slobodan Zivojinovic]] ([[Yugoslavia]])
|7-5 7-6 7-5§3
|-
|5.
|[[July 11#AA#
|[[&&DB1&&DB1Outdoors]], [[&&D5]] 
!B2!
|[[&&D9 Gomez]] ([[Ecuador]])
|6-4 6-2
|-
|6.§3
|[[July &351|[[&&F0D Vermont|&&F0D#6B#
!E!
|[[Paul Annacone#5F#
|6-2 6-4
|-
|7.§2
|[[&&19D&352|[[&&FCton#64# 
!E!
|[[Jeff Tarango#5F#
|6-2 6-4
|-
|8.§3
|[[&&20F2]], [[1989]]
|[[&&C51 &&5C0#6B# 
!E!
#2C#
|6-2 6-1 
|-
|9.§3
|[[&&DF5#A9#
!F1!
|&&69D|[[Todd Witsken#5F#
|6-1 6-3
|-!D! 
|10.§2
|[[&&138&350!3E!, [[&&19&&9USA]]
!E!
!4B!781])
|6-1 6-4 6 6-2
|-
|11.
|[[July 16#A9#
!4A!&&9USA]] 
!E!
|[[Jim Grabb#5F#
|6-1 6-4
|-!BD!
|12.
|[[&&344&350|[[&&96&&C1Cup|Tour &&2D4ips]], [[&&533urt]], [[&&D5]]
|&&69D!4B!781]) 
|5-7 7-6 7-5 6-2
|-
|13.
|[[&&1421#A8#
|[[&&C51 &&5C0&&C51#6B#
!E!
|[[Derrick Rostagno#5F#
|6-2 1-6 6-3 
|-
|14.
|[[July 15#A8#
!4A!&&9USA]]
!E!
!49!zechoslovakia]])
|6-3 6-4 
|- 
|15.
|[[&&14227]], [[1992]]
|[[&&45F#6B# 
!B2!
#17#
|7-5 6-4 
|-!15!
|'''16.'''
|'''[[June 22]], [[1992#9D# 
|'''[[&&DA&&2D4ips|&&DA]'''
|Grass
#71#ć]] ([[Croatia]])
|6-7 6-4 6-4 1-6 6-4
|-!D!
|17.
|[[July 20]], [[1992]]
!E5!
!E!
|[[Ivan Lendl#5F#
|3-6 6-2 6-0
|-
|18.
|[[&&C32#63#
!F1!
!E!
#2C#
|6-2 6-7 6-2
|-
|19.
|[[&&DF22#63#
!E4!
!E!
|Marcos Ondruska ([[&&4B3])
|6-2 3-6 6-3 
|-
|20.
|[[&&DF2#A6#
!E4!
!E!
|Luiz Mattar ([[&&BBC])
|6-4 6-3
|-!D!
|21.
|[[July 25#A6#
!E5!
!E!
|Jason &&BFC([[&&13])
|6-4 6-4
|-!15!
|'''22.'''
|'''[[&&19D29]], [[1994#9D#
!F0!
!E!
#3F#
|6-1 7-6 7-5
|-
|23.
|[[&&20F17#A6#
|[[&&3FE], [[&&32] 
|&&69D#3F#
|7-6 4-6 6-2 6-3
|-!D!
|24.
|[[&&20F31#A6#
|[[&&241], [[&&8F] 
|&&69D|[[Marc Rosset]] ([[&&674])
|6-3 6-3 4-6 7-5
|-!15!
|'''25.'''
|'''[[&&C316#62#'''§3
!2B!
!E!
#17#
|4-6 6-1 7-6 6-4
|-
|26.
|[[&&DF6#62#
!C2!
!E!
#1F#
|6-2 1-6 6-3 
|-!D!
|27.
|[[&&13813#62#
!3E!
!E!
#17#
|3-6 6-2 7-6
|-
|28.
|[[July 17#62#
!E3!
!E!
|[[&&8D3&&AD7]([[&&781])
|6-4 2-6 7-5§3
|-!D!
|29.
|[[July 24#62#
|[[&&F12]
!E!
#17#
|3-6 6-2 6-3§2
|-!D!
|30.
|[[&&19D7#62#
!E2!
!E!
#1F#
|7-5 6-2 
|-
|31.
|[[&&19D14#62#
|[[New Haven]]
!E!
|[[&&144Krajicek]] ([[&&672])
|3-6 7-6 6-3§2
|-!D!
|32.
|[[&&13818]], [[1996]]
!3E!
!E!
#71#ć]] ([[Croatia]]) 
|3-0 40-0
|-!CE!
|33.
|[[July 22]], [[1996]]
|[[1996 &&1E5&&394&&3C7&&239], [[&&45F#6B#
!E!
|[[Sergi &&ADA] ([[&&F4])
|6-2 6-3 6-1
|-!D!
|34.
|[[&&19D5]], [[1996]]
!E2!
!E!
#1F#
|7-6 6-4
|-
|35.
|[[&&DF9#32#
!C2!
!E!
#17#§2
|6-2 6-4 
|-
|36.
|[[&&1382#32#
|[[&&6FD]
!E!
|[[Jason &&BFC] ([[&&13])§2
|6-4 7-6
|-
|37.
|[[July 20#32#
!E3!
!E! 
|[[&&923Draper]] ([[&&13]) 
|6-2 6-0 
|-
|38.
|[[July 27#32#
!48! &&36B]
!E!
|[[Tim Henman]] ([[&&19&&107UK]]) 
|6-4 6-4 
|-
|39.
|[[&&20F19#32#
|[[Ostrava]]
|&&69D|[[Jan Kroslak]] ([[&&F47]) 
|6-2 3-6 6-3 
|-
|40.
|[[&&1425#A5#
|[[Hong Kong]] 
!E!
|[[Boris Becker]] ([[&&D5]])
|6-7 6-4 6-4 
|-!15!
|'''41.'''
|'''[[May 24#70#
|'''[[&&50Open#9D#
!B2!
|[[&&D9 &&870] ([[Ukraine]])
|1-6 2-6 6-4 6-3 6-4
|-
|42.
|[[&&19D16#A5#
!E3! 
!E!
#42#
|7-6 6-1 
|-!15!
|'''43.'''
|'''[[&&19D30#70#
!F0!
!E!
|[[Todd &&7B8] ([[&&!EF!
|6-4 6-7 6-7 6-3 6-2
|-!D!
|44.
|[[&&3441#A5#
|[[&&241]
|&&69D|[[&&A7F&&8C3] ([[&&4B3])
|7-6 6-2 4-6 6-4 
|-!15!
|'''45.'''
|'''[[&&C317]], [[2000#9D#
!2B!
!E!
#42#
|3-6 6-3 6-2 6-4
|-!15!
|'''46.'''
|'''[[&&C315]], [[2001#9D#
!2B!
!E!
|[[Arnaud &&C54] ([[&&8F])
|6-4 6-2 6-2 
|-!D!
|47.
|[[&&13812]], [[2001]]
|[[&&1D1Wells &&C1&&1D1Wells]]
!E!
#17#
|7-6 7-5 6-1 
|-!D!
|48.
|[[&&13819]], [[2001]]
!3E!
!E!
|[[Jan-!BC!
|7-6 6-1 6-0 
|-
|49.
|[[July 23]], [[2001]]
!48! &&36B] 
!E!
|[[Pete &&FA] ([[&&19&&9USA]]
|6-4 6-2 
|-
|50.
|[[&&1384#A4#
|[[&&6FD]
!E!
|[[Juan Bal&90B] ([[&&F4])
|6-2 7-6
|-!D!
|51.
|[[&&13818#A4#
!3E!
!E!
|[[&&2F2&&18F] ([[&&674])
|6-3 6-3 3-6 6-4
|-!D!
|52.
|[[May 6#A4#
|[[Rome &&C1Rome]], [[&&655]
!B2!
|[[Tommy Haas]] ([[&&D5]])
|6-3 6-3 6-0
|-
|53.
|[[July 22#A4#
!47!
!E!
|[[Jan-!BC!
|6-2 6-4 
|-!D!
|54.
|[[&&20F14#A4#
|[[Madrid]], [[&&F4]
!E! 
|[[Jiri Novak]] ([[Czech Re&A2])
|W/O
|-!15!
|'''55.'''
|'''[[&&C313]], [[2003#9D# 
!2B!
!E!
|[[&&DDB&&CEB] ([[&&D5]]) 
|6-2 6-2 6-1
|-
|56.
|[[&&DF10#A3#
|[[San Jose, &&201San Jose#64#
!E!
|[[&&203 Sanguinetti]] ([[&&655]) 
|6-3 6-1 
|-!D!
|57.
|[[&&13817#A3#
!3E! 
!E!
|[[&&B3AMoyà]] ([[&&F4])
|6-3 6-3
|-
|58.
|[[&&14221#A3#
|[[Houston#64#
!B2!
|[[Andy &&C52] ([[&&!EF!
|3-6 6-3 6-4
|-!D!
|59.
|[[&&19D2]], [[2004]]
|[[&&1F4&&C1&&1F4#6B#
!E!
|[[&&99E&&AD9] ([[&&13])
|6-3 3-6 6-2
|-
|60.
|[[July 31]], [[2005]]
!47!
!E!
|[[Gilles Muller]] ([[Luxembourg]])
|6-4 7-5
|}

===&&633 (1)===
!B3!
|-!C3!
!107!
!F5!
!F4!
!F3!
|'''Partner'''
|'''&&76A #F3#
!F2!
|-
|1.§2
|[[&&19D16#63#
|[[&&1F4&&C1]
!E!
!49!zech Re&A2]) 
!4B!781]) #3# [[Henrik Holm]] ([[&&781])
|7-6 6-4 
|}

===&&675timeline===
!B3!
|-!2F!
! &&3EB[[2006]] !! [[2005]] !! [[2004]] !! [[2003]] !! [[2002]] !! [[2001]] !! [[2000]] !! [[1999]] !! [[1998]] !! [[1997]] !! [[1996]] !! [[1995]] !! [[1994]] !! [[1993]] !! [[1992]] !! [[1991]] !! [[1990]] 

|-
#85#
!A!-
!A!QF
!A!SF
!A!'''W'''
!A!-
!A!'''W'''
!A!'''W'''
!A!4r
!A!4r
!A!-
!A!SF
!A!'''W'''
!A!-
!A!-
!A!-
!A!-
!A!-

|-
#96#
!A!
!A!1r
!A!1r
!A!QF
!A!QF
!A!QF
!A!2r
!A!'''W'''
!A!1r
!A!-
!A!2r
!A!QF
!A!2r
!A!-
!A!SF
!A!F
!A!F

|-
#55#
!A!
!A!-
!A!-
!A!4r
!A!2r
!A!SF
!A!SF 
!A!F
!A!2r
!A!-
!A!1r
!A!SF
!A!4r
!A!QF
!A!'''W'''
!A!QF
!A!-

|-
#3C#
!A!
!A!F
!A!QF
!A!SF
!A!F
!A!QF
!A!2r 
!A!'''W'''
!A!4r
!A!4r
!A!SF
!A!F
!A!'''W'''
!A!1r
!A!QF
!A!1r
!A!F

|- 
#A2#-L
!A!
!A!10-2
!A!9-3
!A!19-3
!A!11-3
!A!20-3
!A!14-3
!A!23-2
!A!7-4
!A!3-1
!A!11-4
!A!22-3
!A!11-2
!A!4-2
!A!16-2
!A!10-3
!A!12-2

|-!2F!
!BB!
!A!
!A!'''1'''
!A!'''1'''
!A!'''4'''
!A!'''5'''
!A!'''4'''
!A!'''1'''
!A!'''5'''
!A!'''5'''
!A!'''0'''
!A!'''3'''
!A!'''7'''
!A!'''5'''
!A!'''2'''
!A!'''3'''
!A!'''2'''
!A!'''4'''

|- 
#DF#-L
!A!
!A!19-3
!A!37-10
!A!32-6
!A!36-7
!A!35-10
!A!25-9
!A!41-9
!A!47-10
!A!11-10
!A!34-7
!A!53-3
!A!29-6
|&6#3#amp;#4#&C#4#|27-8
!A!19-7
!A!17-7
!A!26-5
|} 

!B3!
|-!2F!
! &&3EB[[1989]] !! [[1988]] !! [[1987]] !! [[1986]]

|-
#85#
!A!-
!A!-
!A!-
!A!-

|-
#96#
!A!3r
!A!SF
!A!2r
!A!- 

|-
#55#
!A!-
!A!-
!A!1r
!A!-

|-
#3C#
!A!SF
!A!SF
!A!1r
!A!1r

|- 
#A2#-L
!A!7-2
!A!10-2
!A!1-3
!A!0-1

|-!2F!
!BB!
!A!'''1'''
!A!'''6'''
!A!'''1'''
!A!'''0'''

|- 
#DF#-L
!A!20-6
!A!33-6
!A!21-10
!A!4-5

|}

==Head-to-Head==
*vs. &&FA Pete: 14-20
*vs. &&C52 Andy: 5-1
*vs. &&C53 Robby: 4-0
*vs. Blake, &&D0 4-1
*vs. Dent, &&6AA 5-0
*vs. Kiefer, &&9AB 6-0
*vs. &&F11 Greg: 8-2
*vs. Henman, Tim: 2-1
*vs. &&7C2 &&15A 6-1
*vs. Novak, Jiri: 5-1
*vs. Gaudio, Gaston: 4-1
*vs. &&A01 Nikolay: 2-1
*vs. Coria, &&DB2 5-2
*vs. &&8C2 &&15B 15-7
*vs. &&A80evic, &&A81 4-3
*vs. R&46 &&293 10-5
*vs. &&68A &&AB1 2-0
*vs. McEnroe, John: 2-2
*vs. Becker, Boris: 10-4
*vs. &&8C3 &&A7F 3-3
*vs. &&AD9 &&99E 4-4
*vs. &&7F4 Jim: 5-7
*vs. Muster, &&15A 5-4
*vs. &&18F &&2F2 3-8
*vs. Nadal, &&AD8 0-1
*vs. Grosjean, Sebastien: 4-3
*vs. Nalbandian, &&203 1-0
*vs. Ferrero, Juan &&B3A 2-3
*vs. &&C55 Gustavo: 7-4
*vs. Corretja, Alex: 5-3
*vs. Costa, &&49F 4-1
*vs. Moya, &&B3A 3-1
*vs. Malisse, Xavier: 5-0
*vs. Pioline, Cedric: 3-0
*vs. Haas, Tommy: 6-3

!12!
*[#1#atp&96com/en/&1AD&363ro&AC3default2.asp?&363umber=A092 &&11BATP &6DE
*[#1#&96orner.net/&F9php?&1075M#3#&D6&1A#9C#&363d=AGA001/ Profile on &96orner.net]
*[#1#daviscup.com/teams/&363asp?&36310000009 &&657Cup &276
*[#1#&1Doundation.org/ &&D9&&1D&&1DCtion]
*[#1#olympic.org/uk/&F3A&6DE/bio_uk.asp?PAR_I_ID=96979/ IOC &6DE
*[#1#&1Dpen.com/ &&1DOpen]

{{&&96&&4D&&365Ones (men)}}
{{Footer &&3C7&&2D4&&96Men}}
{{&&13 #54#
{{&&50#54#
{{&&DAmen's &140&2D4}
{{US #54#

[[&&81970 &430|&&!118!
[[&&8&&FC&23&&!118!
[[&&8&&10&202|&&!118!
[[&&8&&202 &1F1996 &&1E5&&394&&!118!
[[&&8&&38F&&10|&&!118!
[[&&8Irani&522|&&!118!
[[&&8Las Vegans|&&!118!
[[&&8&&13 Open &2D4&&!118!
[[&&8&&50Open &2D4&&!118!
[[&&8&&DA&2D4&&!118!
[[&&8US Open &2D4&&!118!

#7F#Андре Агаси]]
[[da#21#
[[de#21#
[[et#21#
[[es#21#
[[fr#21#
[[it#21#
!17!אנדרה אגסי]]
[[nl#21#
!14!アンドレ・アガシ]]
[[no#21#
[[pl#21#
[[pt#21#
[[fi#21#
[[sv#21#
#22#安德烈·阿加西]]

[[&&8&&276&&F0F|&&1D &&D9#B0#
!1!
!2!
!5!
§4#8F#
§4<id>596</id>
!4!
§6<id>15899127</id>
!7!-07-21T02:57#49#
!3!
§8<&5&&B3/&5
§8<id>899</id>
!0!
!6!
§6<text &42&B#B0#
!1!
!2!
!5!
§4<&7&&606&&A1§4<id>597</id>
!4!
§6<id>39114113</id>
!C!-02-10T20:32#5D#
!3!
§8<&5Visviva</&5
§8<id>123395</id>
!0!
§6<&4link Khmuic.</&4
§6#7#[[&&1BMK map.gif|&41&&606&&EA&B]]
The '''&&606&&1C7are &1B7[[&B&E0] of [[&&89ast Asia]] and [[&&42D]. &&5A&76F&5[[&&6B&194for [[&&89Asia]]. &&AAe &B, only [[Viet&311 &BViet&311]], [[&&99C&B&&99C], and [[Mon &BMon]] &EBlong &276d &35 &739Viet&311 and &&99Chave &2F4(in &&3D1and &&86E &2A3. The rest &0&3EA&3C0by &30ty &7B 

&&606EA&B &EBdisjunct &314&6FB&&42Dand &&89ast Asia, &352 by &262&94&3A&3EA&3C0 &&26&55E&184&15&&606EA&B &104[[autochthonous]] &B of &&89ast Asia and &143&&42D and &15&3A&B &0&2E5 &5B[[Indo-&&51&B|Indo-&&51], [[Tai-Kadai &B|Tai-Kadai]], and [[Sino-Tibetan]] &B, &104&3D9&D2[[&9C&64F&64F &69E]. (&&B9 &37&&606EA&2FA&1Tibeto-Burman &B &650Nepal.) Some linguists &EBtempted to &319&&606EA&3EA&143[[&&606esian &B]], thus &9EAthe [[&&A85c &B|&&A85c]] super&E0

Linguists &99y &7F1two &193&45Aof &&606EA the [[Mon-&&131of &&89ast Asia &3[[&&2E4] of east-&83&51D&&42D [[&&8C1] &741168 &&606EA&B, &162147 are [[Mon-&&131and 21 are [[&&2E4]. &&28 no &235&50B&1C2fication has ever been &C9 &69F&121&681 

Each &0sub&45A&0&1C2fication &243&C1&1D6boldface &7D7&22Das a &D6C&E0 &&28 &423ips &7Be &306&1D3&&606EAis &6D5. It &B6&66B&16B&0data used for &A44&1C2fications has ever been &C9 &&4B0can&690evaluated by peer &402 The &1C2fication used here &1BBof Diffloth (in &141, &17&7D&BF6&99Mon-&&99Cas a &D6Cunit. 

* [[&&2E4] ([[&&42D])
:* '''Koraput''' (7 &B)
:*Core &&2E4::* '''Kharian-Juang''' (2 &B)
::*&&10A&&2E4::: '''[[Korku &BKorku#9D# (1 &B
::: '''Kherwarian''' (12 &B)

* Khasi-&&2B1:* '''[[Khasi &BKh&93B]''' (3 &201&143[[&&42D] and [[Bangladesh]].
:*&&F0C&&2B1::* '''[[Khmuic#9D# (13 &201[[Laos]] &27A
::*&&F0CPakanic &B
::: '''Pakanic''' or '''Palyu''' (2 &201&80[[&&4BB]
::: '''Palaungic''' (21 &201[[Myanmar]], &80[[&&4BB], and [[&&8BE], plus Mang of [[&&3D1].

* [[Mon-&&131:* &&99C-Vietic &B

::* Vieto-Katuic &B
::: '''Viet-Muong''' or '''Vietic''' (10 &201[[&&3D1] and [[Laos]], &451[[Viet&311 &B], &17h&&&83B&537rs &146 &&606EA&B§2&&7C&104only &&606EA&B &9C&61B&75tone &4B.
::: '''Katuic''' (19 &201[[Laos]], [[&&3D1], &27A
::* &&99C-&&AD6&B
:::* '''[[&&AD6&B|&&AD6]''' (40 &201[[&&3D1], [[Laos]], and [[&&86E].
:::*&&99Cc &B
:::: The '''[[&&99C&B]''' of [[&&86E], [[&&8BE], and [[&&3D1].
:::: '''Pearic''' (6 &201[[&&86E].

:* Nico-&&2E3::* '''[[Nicobarese &B#9D# (6 &B) &0[[Nicobar &&106], a &222&&42D

::* Asli-&&2E3::: '''Aslian''' (19 &201&3A3 [[Malaysia]] &27A::: '''Monic''' (2 &B) &451[[Mon &B] of [[Myanmar]] &3Nyahkur langu&1C1[[&&8BE].

&&B9&57F&AEun&1C2fied &B &51B&&4BB

[[&&8&&606&&EA&B|*]]

[[da:&&606siatiske sprog]]
[[de:&&606siatische &&F0B]
[[es:Lenguas &606siáticas]]
[[fi:&&606asialaiset kielet]]
[[fr:Langues &606sia!117!
[[hu:Ausztroá&2E2d]]
[[id:Bahasa &&606Asia]]
#35#오스트로아시아어족]]
[[lt:&&606zinės kalbos]]
[[nl:&&606ziatische talen]]
!19!Австроазиатские языки]]
[[vi:Hệ ngôn ngữ Nam Á]]
#22#南亚语系#1A#
!1!
!2!
!5!
!113!-&EA&B</&7
§4<id>598</id>
!4!
§6<id>15899129</id>
!7!-02-!2E!
!3!
!10!
!0!
!6!
!F!
§6<text &A5&&EA&B]]

!B!
!1!
!2!
!5!
!113!-&&A1§4<id>599</id>
!4!
§6<id>41955043</id>
!C!-03-02T21:34#C9#
!3!
§8<&5Mustafaa</&5
§8<id>57891</id>
!0!
!6!
!1D!C&&16685.250.213.76|85.250.213.76]] ([[User talk:85.250.213.76|talk]]) to &&AB5Dewet</&4
§6#7#{{Contradict-&3A''The &27Figures &1&&E7&B &&116(&4D)''}}

[[&&1BAfro-&&EApng|&A&2C0&41Map &4DDthe &314of Afro-&&EA&B]]
The '''Afro-&&1C7&728a [[&B&E0] &2D3240 &3F1over 307 &114&23&3CF&69ut [[&&10A&&11], [[East &&11], the [[&&CEF], and [[&&89est Asia]].§2&&3A&311&59&207&5A0&E0&71#0#Afr&93B#4#, #0#&&AD5&&E7#4# (deprecated), #0#Lisramic#0# (Hodge 1972), #0#&&CE9#4# (&&3BA1966).

&&59&Bsub&306&4D5luded:

* [[&&123&B]]
* [[&&2B3&B]]
* [[&&EC&B&&EC&B]]
* [[&&E7&B]]
* [[&&17F&B]]
* [[Beja &B] (sub&1C2fication &118 &55E&1C2fied as &49&&17F
* [[&&38E&B]] (&118 &59&6FC&1B&37FAfro-&&EA

The [[Ongota]] &B&7A&C0Afro-&&EA &6B8 &1C2fication with&1&E0&121&118 &625for &10Ddata. [[&&91D&&7F3] tentatively &8A9that &26an &E2&6A4non-&&38EAfro-&&EA

&&&753&5Cy &8D5on &94[[&&52FAfro-&&EA] was &3C0 [[&&11] (e.g., [[Igor &&A00], [[&&DB0&&DAF]) has &7Abeen &2E4 &BE[[&&346], &2FD&71 &AE&0&A6E&0Afro-&&EA&B&E0&1ADvery &83E&25D&53B&3CB&F06 &7A&C0a telltale sign &ED&3CD&3CB&361 &&292[[Red Sea]] &266&3[[&&29E] &EBso been put forward (e.g., [[&&679&&99D]).§2[[&&F1&&DAE] &8A9&15r homel&14A&1[[Levant]] (&1BElly, he &741them &B[[Natufian &3E]).

The &&E7&B &104only Afro-&&EAsub&E0&FD&348&&11 &28 &58orical or near-&9D&171 some &&E7&537rs &A8Ad from &&89&&945&6F6&&346 so some &86&&346 &B (&C[[Amharic]]) are &&E7&51belonging &4substrate &&17For &&38E&7B§2(A &30ty of &34A, e.g. A. Murtonen (1967), &4FB&5EEsuggesting that &&E7&2D0&361ted in &&346)

[[Tonal &B]s are &1DC&1&&38E &&2B3 and &&89#3# East &&17F&2ADAfro-&&EA &29&&99D(1996). The &&E7 &&123and &&EC&2B8&9Dtonal. 

==&&1A9&B8and &F0A=

&&1A9&B8&0Afro-&&EA&B &71
*a two-[[&C05&693&693] &4B&1&F28 &Bfeminine &55A&11/t/ &71F
*[[Verb &&230Object|VSO]] [[&3CD&B1F&B1F] with [[&&230Verb Object|SVO]] &75D
*a &885[[emphatic consonant]]s, &20Ey &F8Eas glottalized, pharyngealized, or implosive, and
*a templatic [[&CE8(&173|&CE8] &97&2FAinflect by &44A&326as &BE&BA9s and &F09


Some &F0Aare:
*''b-n-'' #0#&D21&CD*''b#3##301;n''), &510&&2B3 &&E7(''*bny''), &&17F(*''m#3##301;n''/*''m#3##259;n'' #0#&170&147&&38E(Dime ''bin-'' #0#&D21 &6F6#4#);
*''m-t'' #0#die&&CD*''maaw''), &510&&2B3(eg &&A7E''mutu''), &&EC(''mwt'', ''mt'', &&793''mu''), &&123(''mmet'', pr. ''yemmut''), &&E7(*''mwt''), and &&17F(&&52FSomali *''umaaw''/*''-am-w(t)-'' #0#die#0#), also &2D3&4&&2E8''mortis'', &956a &127&59Cdrift
*''s-n'' #0#know#0#, &510&&2B3 &&123 and &&EC
*''l-s'' #0#tongue&&CD''*lis' ''#0#to lick#0#), &510&&E7(*''lasaan/lisaan''), &&EC(''ns'', &&793''las''), &&123(''ils''), &&2B3(eg &&A7E''harshe''), and &445&&38E(Dime ''lits'-'' #0#lick#0#);
*''s-m'' #0#name&&CD*''s#3##365;m'' / *''s#3##301;m''), &510&&E7(*''sm''), &&123(''ism''), &&2B3(eg &&A7E''suna''), &&17F and &&38E(&5EB&&123form, ''ism'', &3&&38Eform, ''sunts'', are &59&6FC&1B&&E7[[loanword]]s.)§2The &&EC''smi'' #0#&54B ann&10B9#4# &1CFbe cognate.
* ''d-m'' #0#&743&CD*''dîm'' / *''dâm''), &510&&123(''idammen''), &&E7(*''dam''), &&2B3 &&B95&&38E§2&&17F*''dîm''/*''dâm'', #0#red#0#, &5Dcognate.


&&1&BCA&4B &&E7 &&123 and &&17F(&34Beja) all &47E&235&ED&BA9conjugation:
{|
|-
| &&42|| &&F8(&&E7 || &&B40(&&123
| Saho (&&17F verb is #0#kill#0#) || Beja (verb is #0#&BEA#4#)
|-
| he dies || ''yamuutu&5CD''yemmut''
| ''&DAD&5CD''iktim''
|-
| she dies || ''&102E5CD''temmut''
| ''&DAD&5CD''tiktim''
|-
| they (m.) &84C''yamuutuuna&5CD''mmuten''
| ''&DADn&5CD''iktimna''
|-
| &7BFsg.) &84C''&102E5CD''temmuted#3##803;''
!106!é&5CD''tiktima''
|-
| &7BFpl.) &84C''&102Ena&5CD''temmutem''
!106!ín&5CD''tiktimna''
|-
| I &84C''#3##704;amuutu&5CD''mmute#3##947;''
| ''agdifé&5CD''aktim''
|-
| we &84C''namuutu&5CD''nemmut&5CD''nagdifé&5CD''niktim''
|}

A causative affix ''s'' is &3CF(&1F7all its sub&306, but &4A&1F7&3A&7B such &A[[&&515&&421&B]].

The [[&C70ve pronoun]] &F09are &149by &&E7 &&123 &&17F(&34Beja), and &&2B3

==&&1C2ficati&245ory==

&&44C&224&59&B1Ctwo &5C0&2ADAfro-&&EA&19E &46B&1[[9th &3C], the &&BAB&81Fan [[Judah ibn Quraysh]] of [[Tiaret]], [[&&26] &635a &90&&123&50F(&1E8&7D&111&72D&69&&F8 &&BAB and Aramaic.)

&&11800's, &&51 &1B3suggesting such &16D; thus in [[1844]] Th. Benfey &2E4a &B&E0&8D0&&E7 &&123 and &&17F(&460&1E8#0#Ethiopic#0#).§2&&&A9Fyear, T. N. &&6D4&2E4a &90&&E7and &&A7E but &148long &6CBa &1018of &4FBand un&11Fy.§2&&2F0#0#&&AD5&&E7#4# &E0&6EBby [[&&567Müller]] in [[1876]] &58''Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft'', and &325as &432a &&E7&10Fplus a #0#&&68C#4# &10F&8D0&&EC &&123 and &&17F the &&2B3&10F&153&71.§2&&7C&1C2fications were &625&A9non-&3CD&186and &21C&4E5. (&&166[[&&68C&74B].)

[[Leo Reinisch]] (1909) &2A1to link &&17Fand &&2B3 &43urging &71Bdistant &BD8with &&EC&50F thus foreshadowing &&759erg; but his &D37was &2BFy &808 [[&&B29Cohen]] (1924) &26F&2C8of a &1A6#0#&&68C#4# sub&10F &&1046 &&A7E(a &&2B3&B &58&513&&AD5&&E7&59C§2[[&&157&&759erg]] (1950) &3C2y confirmed Cohen's &A61of #0#&&68C&736ded (and sub-&1C2fied) the &&2B3&B, and &2A1&14Cname Afro-&&EA&10&E0 his &1C2fication &88Dcame &1B&2E3&D7y &22D§2In 1969, [[&&91D&&7F3] &2A1the &685of [[&&38E] as a &4C4&4C1 &51(as &5A8&184 a sub&16E&&17F &1D4&5ED&5Cy &22D§2&&AE&224 &34&&91D&&7F3&231Hetzron]], have &74&200d &2F0inclusion of Beja in &&17F but this view has yet to ga&145&929

&&B7&16B&461&8sub&1C2fication &&1022or six &2B8&2FD &28 [[&&679&&99D] (1979), [[&&91D&&7F3] (1981), and [[&&157&&759erg]] (1981) all &D8Dthat &&38Ew&A&57&4C1to &65F&5rest. &&3Aise, 
*&&99D&7B&&EC &&123 &50F&19Ein a &&10AAfro-&&EAsub&10F 
*[[Paul &&6D4(&65D|Paul &&6D4] (1980) &7B&&123&50Eand &&ECwith &&E7 &43&200ng the inclusion of &&38E 
*&&7F3(1981) &2D1non-&&38EAfro&EA or #0#&&CE9&688o &117&7B &&17F &&E7 and &&2B3&&123&&EC he &D2&D4B&&E7and Beja &4latter, and &2A1[[Ongota &BOngotá]] as a tentative new &42A&6A4&&CE9§2
*[[&&DB0&&DAF] (1997) &621 a #0#Macro-&&17F#4# &432&&123 &&17F &50F &43&7E4&&2B3and &&38E&&&83B&7BC&2B8
*[[&&F08Orel]] and [[Olga &&AD4] (1995) &10F&&123with &&E7 &&2B3with &&EC and &65F&&17Finto five &5C0&E2&2ADAfro-&&EA &7D0&&17Fas a [[Sprachbund]] &51a &D6C&E0
*[[&&F1&&DAE] (2000), &&B4Aof [[lexico&20B], &7B&&123&50Eand both, more &E20 with &&E7 as &87&&17Fand &&38E

#F8#
* [[&&11 &B]]

==Etymo&261l &252=
Some &&D50&3C1 for Afro-&&EAetym&E01 &71
* &&B29Cohen, ''Essai comparatif sur la vocabulaire et la phonétique du chamito-sémitique'', &&436 &&2411947.
* Igor M. &&A00et al., #0#&&9D&&513&&59Cof Afr&93B#4#, ''St. &&30Fburg &&332&134&&AF' Nos. 2-6, 1993-7.
* &&679&&99D ''Reconstructing &&52FAfro&EA(&&52FAfr&93B: Vowels, Tone, Consonants, and &&59C' (''&&12B&&201&&A2tions in &&173126''), &&201 &&F681996.
* &&F08E. Orel and Olga V. &&AD4 ''&&AD5&&E7[[Etymo&261l &&4B9]: &&101 &ED&&F7', Brill, Leiden 1995.§2ISBN 9004100512. [#1#ilx.nl/bl&278bl&278earch2.php?ficheid=101010209591]

==&&3C1==
* Bernd Heine and Derek Nurse, ''&&11 &&B,'' &&646&&2F&&141 2000 - &&2CC4
* Merritt Ruhlen, ''A &&522&4&&4Ds &&B'', &&5FC&&2F&&141 &&5FC1991.
* &&DB0&&DAFet al., ''&&441&&513&&9DAfro-&&EA&&AFin &&6BAof Igor M. &&A00', LINCOM 2003.
* [#1#ethnologue.com/show_&E0asp?subid=89997 &&8C1
* &&6E6G. Schuh, ''[#1#&173ucla.edu/&23schuh/&&4AB/&&2B3&3AApdf &&2B3&&3AA''.
* [#2#&3A6ntl&4Dcom/roger_blench/&&2120data/&&1120&B20&3520text.pdf &&11 &&B&&35 (pdf), [[&&2F2Blench]]

!12!
* [#1#tufs.ac.jp/ts/&1D5l/ratcliffe/comp%20#3#%20&2B9Ratcliffe.pdf A &418Orel-&&AD4s and &&99Ds Afro-&&EA&F7]
*[#1#&47ag.org/cgi/&6D3full/306/5702/1680c The &&361 of Afro&EA by Paul &&6D4(Requires &&47&&2A9sub&95on)

[[&&8Afro-&&EA&B| ]]

[[af:Afro-Asiaties]]
!26!أفروآسيوية]]
#7F#Афро-азиатски езици]]
[[bs:&&BFBjezici]]
[[ca:Llengües afroasià!117!
[[de:&&102Dtische &&F0B]
[[es:Lenguas afroasiáticas]]
[[eo:&&D3ia lingvaro]]
[[eu:Hizkuntza &&102Dtikoak]]
[[fr:Langues afro-asia!117!
#35#아프리카아시아어족]]
[[id:Bahasa Afro-Asia]]
[[ia:Linguas afro-&EA]
!17!שפות אפרו-אסיאתיות]]
[[lt:Semitų-chamitų kalbos]]
[[hu:Afroá&2E2d]]
[[nl:Afro-Aziatische talen]]
!14!アフロ・アジア語族]]
[[nn:&&102Dtiske språk]]
[[pt:Línguas afro-asiáticas]]
[[sl:&&BFBjeziki]]
[[fi:Afroaasialaiset kielet]]
[[sv:&&102Dtiska språk]]
!AA!ஆபிரிக்க-ஆசிய மொழிகள்]]
#22#闪含语系#1A#
!1!
!2!
!5!
§4<&7&&14/&7
§4<id>600</id>
!4!
§6<id>41907777</id>
!C!-03-02T15:08#BC#
!3!
§8<ip>217.10.60.85</ip>
!0!
§6<&4&7CC&DC4/&4
§6#7#{{For|the 1961 play by Max Frisch|&&14(play)}}
{| &1D41 &6&A&6884 &86D0 &4CA300 &56&&35E0 &738back&1A1 &2B21px #aaa &93E #AD#-&32C#4#
|+&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''&&DACd'&&14''&!114!&lt;/font&gt;
|-
!32!!31!&!60!&!11A!
|-
!13![[&&1BFlag of &&14svg|125px|Flag of &&14]
!13![[&&1B&&14coa.png|&&14s Coat &7CC]
|-
!13!([[Flag of &&14Flag]])
!13!([[Coat &7CCof &&14Coat &7CC])
|}
|-
| &6#0#&C&2E1| &lt;&20&155Virtus Unita Fortior&lt;br/&gt;([[&&2E8]: &&2DA&19is &3C2r)''&lt;/&20gt;
|-
| &6#0#&C&2E1| [[&1B&&774&14png]]
|-
| '''[[&&11B&B]''': || [[&&451&B&&451]
|-
| '''[[&&C4]''':&lt;!43!- &&27&lt;!43!- [[Coordinates]]: || [[&&14&5CC!114!22,035 &lt;&20gt;(1990 est.)&lt;/&20gt;&!114!{{coor dm|42|30|N|1|31|E|type:&BA} 
|-
#84#-&&2E0&&14&&50Co-&&49B]''':
| [[&&835Chirac]]
|-
#84#-&&2E0&&14Episcopal Co-&&49B]''':§2
| [[Joan Enric Vives Sicília]]
|-
| '''[[&&26F&&1F]''': || [[&&49FPintat]]
|-
| '''[[Area#9D#:&lt;br/&g!10B!- &&3FB &lt;br/&g!10B!- % &2BE
| [[&&276&6D&35D178th]] &lt;br/&gt; [[1 E8 m²|468 km#3#sup2;]] &lt;br/&gt; Negligible§2
|-
| '''[[&&27]''':&lt;!43!- &&3FB(2003)&lt;!43!- [[&&27&36E&&36E]:
| [[&&276&6D&1C8182nd]]&!114! 69,150&!114! 144.5/km#3#sup2; 
|-
| '''[[&&131]''': || 1278
|-
| '''[[&&2ADay#9D#: || [[8 &&214]
|- v&6top
| '''[[&&EF]s''': || [[&&10B&&226] (&58&EF
|-
| '''[[&&9C&&8A&&F9HDI#9D# (2003) || [[&&276&6Dby &&9C&&8A&&F9NA]] – &&1AEray&gt;un&3C3lt;/font&gt; 
|-
| '''[[&&1FD]''': || [[Euro|Euro &lt;&20gt;(#3#euro;)&lt;/&20gt;#9D##3#sup1;'''§2= 100 [[cents]]
|-
| '''[[Time zone#9D# &lt;!43!- in [[&&51&&1E5Time|&1E5]
| [[&&83&&51Time|CET]!46!TC]]+1)&!114![[&&83&&51&&1E5Time|CEST]!46!TC]]+2)
|- v&6top
| '''[[&&2A&21A]''': || ''[[El Gran &&DABEl Gran &&DAB Mon Pare]]''
|-
#E2#-&1A7TLD#9D#: || [[.ad]]
|-
| '''[[List_of_&BA&460&245Calling Code#9D#:
| +376
|-
| &381#0#2&&A&&151&C&2&lt;&20gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; &&1741999: &&50[[&10B0] and &&15D[[peseta]]. Some &0r own &1FD 1 [[&&14_diner|diner]] of 100 centim was minted &461982.&lt;/&20gt;
|}
{{&&451&1DF&4D&6&A}
The '''Principality of &&14'' ([[&&451&B&&451]: ''&&DACd'&&14', [[&&50&B&&50]: ''Principauté d'Andorre'', [[&&15D&B&&15D]: ''Principado de &&14') is a &20 [[&70B&BA&70B] [[&780] in &89&7E[[&&A8], &32F&1&143[[&&F07] &253and &1D4d by [[&&8F] and [[&&F4]. Once &F27 &26&1B2y a &732&BA&2ADbeca&5C[[&2C4] &279&7F0as a [[tax haven]].§2&&14&6B&1B&BE1&B[[&&483Comune di &&483].

== #60#

&&5A#0#&&14#4# &62C&361tes &1B3[[&&C50&&C50e]] word ''andurrial'', &17&716as ''shrub-&479land''.

!65!&14}

&&120&65Ethat [[Charlemagne]] &6A9&1013r &4&&14 &3C9&323&10r &4B7[[Moors]]. Overlordship &0&91&4BF&4&1F2[[&10AFof &&8C0] &46Cually &4[[&BA3] &0[[diocese]] of &&8C0 &&1[[11th &3C] a &4FBarose &7B&BA3&9E&10Arn &&50neighbour over &&14

In 1278, &508was &F90&11&1057of a [[parage]], &17&1B9that &&14s &28Cbe &6AB&7B&&50[[&10AFof Foix]] (&389&7&67&59E&88E&4&&50&26F&31 &3&BA3of [[La Seu d'&&8C0], in§2[[&&7D7]. This &45B&20[[&780] its &91and &39form.

&&106&62&232&4BF&4&933of [[&&C50].§2&&46&&1BFof &&C50&BFKing [[&&1BFIV of &&8F&&1BFIV]] of &&8F &52ued an &1014(1607) that &58&75C&0&&50&31&3Bishop of &&8C0as co-&49B of &&14

&&1&6F51812–13, &1DA&&F5&102C&&7D7and &2D1it &7C1&2FC. &&14&44so &102C&735part &0&73Aof Puigcerdà (département of Sègre).

In 1933 &&8F&3A5&&14as a &3D9&4Aunrest &90&1E1. On [[July 12]], [[1934]], an &A38 &244[[Boris Skossyreff]] &766 a &130in Urgel, &64B&12FBoris I, &A60&49Bof &&14 simultaneously &64Bwar &8&BA3of Urgel. He &44rested &344&2EFties &68320]] and &59E&760from &&F4 From 1936 to 1940, a &&50detachment was garrisoned in &&14&632&17C &0[[&&15D&&146War]] and &&1070s &&F4
The &&1070&6EC&47Fthe &&14 &1D4&1&D2&AB2 &0war.

&&2A[[&&8D&&4DWar]], &&14&270&824and &44 &A3smuggling &994&48[[Vichy &&8F] and &&F4

In 1958 &&14&62F&924with [[&&D5]], &1E8been forgotten &8[[&&689Versailles]] that &429&592&&4DWar]] and &669&733y at war.

Given its &504&DD1 &&14has &264&37F&F3tream &52B&35 with few ties to &6D&3Athan &&8Fand &&F4 &&6A0&171 &28 its &BD2[[&2C4tourist]] &209&13B&8A in &556ti&89B &12E have re&53A&293&4A4&DD1&279&39&4Bwas tho&5C1&86zed &731&733&97it &18Ey &163&331&0&&19&&B9

== &&4F==
{{ma&&379[[&&4Fof &&14] and [[&&6Aof &&14]}}
{{&83A&&276Co-&&49B &64
Until very &2AEy, &&14s &39&4Bhad &79Adi&3E7&F3 into [[&&250(&1F|&250], [[&249], and [[&89D] &2B8 Ratified &60&7E6&731the [[&&6Aof &&14&6A] establishes &&14as a &A60&1AEry &216that retains the co-&49B as [[&26F&31&97Fof &31], &1BA[[head &12E] retains &250&F3 &&149co-&49B &3E0co&AC9y with &265&F3 that &73&71ve&7EF&1Facts. &&107re&8Bd in &&14by a delegate.

The way &97&149[[&49B]s are &6A8&3EEAndorr&89A&&387&39y &1A6&B9on &192 One co-&&49B&Fman or &64E&331&1B2y &809as [[&&E8&&8F], &1B2y [[&&835Chirac]] (it &2B6been any &&26F&&164&&8F &34Kings and &&9B8 of &&8F. &&4E&F&1B2[[&&226] [[&BA3] &0[[&&451] &80F[[La Seu d'&&8C0], &1B2y [[Joan Enric Vives i Sicilia]]. As n&21B&49B&431in &&14&72role is &2E3&307ceremonial.

&&14s main &249body &F[[uni&8E5]] [[&&5C&&268&0&&54E]] (''Consell &&5Cde les Valls''), a [[&1AE] of 28 &737 &55D&47Aby &4B7&12Dvote, 14 &1B3&571&2Aconstituency and 14 &E7each &07 &241es, with &C5&809four-year &3FC The &&14 &43E&35E&11&&5C&&268&DA5ng the [[&&26F&&1F] (''Cap de &&AD3'), who then ap&125 &181 &4[[&6B0(&1F|&6B0], the &&250&&268(''&&AD3'). &&1B2y, &43Eheld &11[[&&4D9&&97of &&14], with [[&&49FPintat]] as [[&&218&&181]. The [[&&4A&&9E&&97(&&14|&&4A&&9E&&97] &273op&128

&&840&0&BA&F&6DAof [[&&8F] and [[&&F4].

== &&3C9&45A==
[[&&1B&&14geohive.gif|&41&A&2C0Map of &&14]]
{{main|&&241es &64
&&14&110&426&175 &79''parròquies'' (&F28''parròquia'' ''[[&&42&&BEngl.]]:'' &241)
*[[&&14&5CC*[[Canillo]]
*[[Encamp]]
*[[Escaldes-Engordany]]
*[[La Massana]]
*[[Ordino]]
*[[Sant Julià de Lòria]]

== &&13D==
{{main|&&13D&64
Befitting its &774&1&143[[&&F07] &300&2F9 &&14&770&42Fof rugged &253&146&3DC&6BBof 1,996 m &B&9FD&22E[[Coma Pedrosa]] at 2,946 m. &&3CAdissected by &117&B52&54E in a Y shape that combine into one &Amain stream, the [[Valira]] &260 &ED4&293for &&F4(at &&14s &EAE&125of 870 m).

&&14s &371&142its &8E9 [[&A0E&14F], &6B8 &40Baltitude &194&B7on &3DCmore snow in &6C4and &26s&662y &BBAin &1E5

!64!64
[[&&1B&&14aVella.jpg|left|190px|&&14La Vella]]
[[&&2C4], &F3tay of &&14s tiny, well-to-do &BB &46E&5C180% &308Domestic Product|GDP]]. An &26D 9 &114tourists &102A&BA4 &659by &&14s duty-free &7F0&1C0its &1E5and &6C4[[&ED1]s. &&14s &513&A27has &2AEy eroded &A&542of adjoining [[&&8F] and [[&&F4] &22&98Fup, &A52&7FEavail&61B&532and &23E[[&7C0]s.

The [[&6E2] &4A4 &172[[tax haven]] &7F0 also &95B &519y &4&BB [[Agri&3EAgri&52] &A0is &265amp;&6&&8182% &0l&B1arable#3#&6F&1FC[[food]] has &1B[[&1085]ed. The &DF6&431ock &3B8is [[&771sheep]] &9B7 [[Manufacturing]] output &770&2ADof &8F6 cigars, and furniture.

&&14&6Ba full &331&0[[&&51&&11E], but &EBAa &15C&16Dwith it, &C&7D&697&277EU &331for &1DBin manufactured &532(no &7C0) &60 &89CEU &331&EDri&52&2AC &&14lacks a [[&1FD] &1B8own and uses that &1B8two &23D&B9 &&1741999 &7C&2CD[[&&50&10B0] &3&&15D[[peseta]], &17have &74been re&1C1 by &2CC&1FD the [[euro]]. &&565&3A&20&&51&29B&1C6euro, &&14&7Dyet mint &59D[[euro coins]]; in &&20F2004, &619&48&&14&3[[&&51&&11EEU]] &1B3&89B&461&570&768&&14to mint &59Dcoins. &&14s [[&84&349]s &71[[hydro&F3], [[mineral &2BE], [[timber]], [[iron ore]], and [[lead]].

!63!64{{&83A&&276&&14s}}

&&14s &728a &30ty &1r own &BA only 33% of &368hold &&14 &2Aty. The &12C&16E&109&2A &1BBof [[&&F4Spaniards]] (43%), with [[&&2FF&&2D5] (11%) and [[&&8F&&50] (7%) &2A &4Emain &7B &&3FA6% &3B4&AE&3A&2Aties.

&&1D7&11B&Bis [[&&451&B&&451], the &B&0near&344[[Autonomous &175of &&F4&3F5&2E5] of [[&&7D7], with &17&&14&D54 many &52&EC1 &7F[[&&15D&B&&15D], [[&&2D5&&B&&2D5] and [[&&50&B&&50] &170&1A9y &3C0 The pre&725&EFis [[&&10B&&226&&147&&10B&&226sm]].

!61!64{{&83A&&D8&64
&&14s long [[&35] has &1B9it &32rich [[&A9] &60 abun&A9Dof [[Fable|folk tales]], with &D15&361ting &89Ffar as [[Andalusia]] &1&89and [[&&672] &1&10A

!10E!
* [[&&12E in &&14]
* [[&&146&11E in &&14]
* [[&&109&1A4of &&14]
* [[&&408&11Cin &&14]
* [[&&2C4in &&14]
* [[&&FEin &&14]

!D8!
*[[&&276&A60&9]

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{{&&A8}
[[&&8&&14*]]

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!26!أندورا]]
[[an#13#
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#7F#Андора]]
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[[be:Андора]]
!B4!এন্ডোরা]]
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[[fr:Andorre]]
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[[gl#13#
#35#안도라]]
#9E#अन्डोरा]]
[[hr#83#
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!4!
§6<id>15899135</id>
!7!-08-04T11:16#C5#
!3!
!C1!
!C0!
!0!
§6<&4move to &&4Fof &&14/&4
§6#47#
!1!
!2!
!5!
§4<&7&&14&&BB/&7
§4<id>605</id>
!4!
§6<id>15899136</id>
!7!-08-04T11:19:13Z</&1
!3!
!C1!
!C0!
!0!
§6<&4move to &&603&&14/&4
§6#46#
!1!
!2!
!5!
§4<&7&&14&&CC/&7
§4<id>606</id>
!4!
§6<id>15899137</id>
!21!-05-25T18:56#C4#
!3!
§8<&5Ca&331</&5
§8<id>3113</id>
!0!
!6!
§6#59#
§6#7##&&&15[[&&14#B0#
!1!
!2!
!5!
§4<&7&&14&&12E</&7
§4<id>607</id>
!4!
§6<id>15899138</id>
!7!-08-04T11:19#B9#
!3!
!C1!
!C0!
!0!
§6<&4move to &&12E in Adorra</&4
§6<text &3Cin &&14#B0#
!1!
!2!
!5!
§4<&7&&14&&FE/&7
§4<id>608</id>
!4!
§6<id>15899139</id>
!7!-08-04T11:20#F7#
!3!
!C1!
!C0!
!0!
§6<&4move to &&FEin &&14/&4
§6<text &6Ein &&14#B0#
!1!
!2!
!5!
§4<&7&&14&&D1B2A&321/&7
§4<id>609</id>
!4!
§6<id>15899140</id>
!7!-08-04T11:24#BB#
!3!
!C1!
!C0!
!0!
§6<&4move to &&109&1A4of &&14/&4
!AB!14#B0#
!1!
!2!
