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contributor timestamp revision shrugged lincoln comment username align title category states right language anthropology aristotle center united characters africa american australia philosophy andorra preserve which anarchism redirect alabama people government state archaeology image conversion achilles population taggart agassi algeria small world abraham national space apollo autism other academy austria alchemy however history animation political character rearden culture university minor anarchists archaeological information president including first transcontinental social autistic general european english century french anarchist science thumb different countries between samoa while section altruism society after flagicon cultural francisco system politics about years greek constitution america country illinois established movement philosophical south sometimes modern western style would through called important early research ancient alchemists often considered dagny because natural atlas things being present automated include developed although objectivist austin central human territory development economic several these since bgcolor europe groups public their second mdash community traditional robert against france companies slavery archaeologists dhabi democratic party references production association philosopher tennis anthropologists economy though alchemical individual before knowledge aircraft british anconia historical north capital great where those surveillance universal demographics largest appears later awards physical anarcho especially studies children continent christian commonwealth script became control possible features military anthropological washington technology resources alchemist popular roman county independent material family particularly mythology published scientific there chinese library members company foreign german albedo action music works known union territories aristotelian semitic alexander theory three property official common masters eastern january nations final article institute metaphysics environment objectivism independence professional behavior religion point indigenous margin reconstruction certain asiatic power values described wimbledon communication edwardes egyptian computer february harvard college kingdom meaning sampras without usually afrika arabic living hollister disorders tradition label civil could based structure support original william empire church ethics aristoteles group significant under islands various federal proudhon influence novel berber branden physics index every remains eventually particular excavation transportation confederate railroad controversial authoritarian position writings religious following proclamation native organization little writing million discipline colorado earth december times major still spectrum techniques disorder sebastian education gutenberg classical places mentioned singles spanish created current believe areas found services literature today never study further evolution geography reason press chemical increase surface climate himself emancipation summer cities nathaniel societies ground authority themselves reference metal famous intellectual statistics practice libertarian universe specific lillian 32utism special short movie richard traffic ethical person around chemistry fictional interests grand principles discovered psychological assassination cushitic michael medicine contemporary institutions version relationship election black local books house place burkhardt career survey financial middle joseph communism halley thomas relations federer project service written burckhardt parliament categories scientists relatively successful trade concepts standard industrial began syndrome moral contributions nevertheless encyclopedia george island nature means class players looters linguistics communities cooperation effects subject process example childhood something continued colonies students speaking together virginia congress distinct industry interest minister governor prime california having simple management experience august ideas leader until award algiers pacific workers brought sites ndash director secretary proposed provided patroclus biography available question produced philosophies indian school universities increasingly wikipedia perspective theoretical syndicalism additional oscar court paris force anarchy 146archism death field working either behind simply nation border letter colonial campaign accepted complete conflict feminist business spiritual centuries steel petroleum given match prominent child large among morocco details fountainhead museum census within effect motion slaves method functioning hyacinthus transmutation television settlement river white lower psychology publishing discussion coast story using alphabet currency approach numerous actually rothbard analysis separate executive element unicode direction earlier speech awareness pervasive region fiction racial itself necessary existed limited october better fields outside towards related above below views named surrounding sovereignty legislative cincinnati province restrictions rational determined compromise bibliography logic extended construction occupied academic difficulties widespread followed change causes chance recent strong evidence former wrote associated member saharan complex bakunin hollywood altruists estimated september diagnosis typically electoral rebellion democracy potential level words actor sahara anthem issues online return father chadic period making turned topics during patrick factbook studied scholars kentucky catholic objects context consider rejected strategy private violence problems website writers implementation council doctrine theories internet divided similar asperger defeated altruistic films engineering nicomachean foundation grant games legislature mississippi commercial discoveries observation activities conditions seven controversy afghanistan round codes capability dfe2e9 sterreich astrology mountains record growth situation magnus phenomena treatment mainly kropotkin etymology author beginning introduction produce experimentation program douglas animals symbols latin cause instead claim friends picture reached located interpretations strikers benefits football koyaanis emirates estimate patterns magazine entirely received products remained feminism contrast literary learning collapse hermes future sexual trojan office taking edited spoken should portuguese criticized names increasing introduced texts developing value might motor water tournament difference total range order sense links champions broadcast inhabited mountainous coordinated astronomy opportunity suggested existence attention principle democrats communist influential operation according lindsay benefit phoenix tourism started administration married closely disintegrative interpretation edition purpose defined perhaps provide primary ability numbers applications odysseus valley requires respectively almost conservative manske events global effort experimental formed activity active labour origin health regarded ragnar branches mines birth thing forms fifth 300px parts quarter approximately stadler peikoff actress islamic biology density medical beliefs fascism chapter critics develop receive elected highest opposed journal omotic melbourne substances linguistic copper generation virtue amendment gettysburg frequently tennessee 250px inaugural third mexico dedicated destroying historians highly always front resistance egoism etext young series months search belief difficult diversity become ranked battle department punctuation encoding portugal inhabitants mountain animated descendants november historic ethiopia victoria legislation documentary achievement reported families becoming fundamental detailed function concerto immigration probably expected alien serve whole learn labor terms amerika guinea sacred species distribution winning senate hector mobile technologies average identification intelligence parents enough voting preservation advance growing higher classic market widely participated radical policy partly signed sources desire whether reports affairs settled victory success killed concept despite appear source player slovenian equipment districts collected peninsula candidate landscape radiation sociology 798stance extensive initially receiving discovery armenian 146imation laboratory invented brakeman industries sanction corruption rhetoric heritage miles 44lso night stations ocean phenomenon alpha frame diagnostic archives identify money 146archist federation occupation whose beneficial internal benjamin media makes continue medieval slave importance previously danneskj involved connes animal sports flight arthur sector normal predominantly compatibility saying follow mostly volume result establishment number astronomers looting antropologi mercury angeles charity england essentially contributed address albania exclusively treated appropriate ecology parties russian liberty definitions adopted stories durango figures transformations album start goods chief taken pages votes radar nowiki printable amoeboids olympics carinthia vienna technique significance destroyed improving economies pennsylvania sciabarra philadelphia primarily happiness quantitative divisions practical golden aristotel artifacts philip colonization agreement qualities homepage required athens cattle postal desert tropical winter overview abstract bringing taught cannot conversation possibly twentieth symptoms ethnic thinkers occasionally coming existing portrayed thinking struggle respected tucker predecessors escape course essays single critical square domestic featured dispelling astronomer olympic abs2005 administrative geographic vietnam studios basic cinematography legends atlanta chicago reading cabinet account magic plant ended britain already airport truth johnson sensory mainstream definition infobox 3refore forum italian responsibility collective lives explicitly encouraged freedom herbert connection archive lines goals leading covered require leonard derived close autonomous restricted aspects product stone collection colspan applied comparative constantine length substantial speculation report device implemented corporation review capita dollar symbol binary greece choice temperature london reciprocity terminology determining stereotyped fourth skills destruction primitivism soviet russia politicians strike competition twenty pierre toward murray mutual portal played passed heroes affair helped likely energy rather entertainment radio practitioners rules investigation contradiction score distinguished gives daily scale model 1960s notes light focus exist moved champion fagatogo canberra aviation columbia bracelet mulligan painting progress valuable ceremony maryland nebraska sangamon dramatic directed dominant policies counties captured argument 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protection vowel definitive millennium artificial trees hypothesis facilities discussing aggressive vocabulary quite holds criticisms attachment bolsheviks liberation propaganda maintained subsequent experiment conference doing issue upper repetitive conclusion describing translated accessdate going argue navigation marsyas artemis burundi strauss scudder bertram emperor matthew willers pushing selfish heavens passion statues sherman beating 152come citizen freeing ulysses montana jackson florida aynrand cartoon persian warming visible depends achieve genetic evolved looking content network broader variant problem leaving mexican tolstoy mikhail stirner justice violent biscayne helios tanzania angola zimbabwe overseas transmission platonic mystic agronomy extraterrestrial paleoethnobotany repatriation variable muslim carthage mayhew canadian screenwriter contributing oldest accurate atomic contains remove theophrastus obtained epistemology except suffered buried retained audience invasion arkansas carolina chosen solution survived compared buchanan oracle thetis stanford peleus statue festival bishop ancestry income district soldiers presence height ending string league vertical austro abbreviation stamps reverted offset edward intervention disabilities visual teachers favorite improved boston relevant negotiations contrary ideology papers security consequently explains gender confused platform proved manual syndicalists figure incorporated earliest advocate spirit troops treaty secret fighting create thousand status reform refers double leucothea bilingual perceived hitchcock nagarjunacharya arkeologi norwegian opera gladstein portrayal noblesoul essay brokeback crouching sacrifice assistant directing cambridge honor fragments strategic vicksburg editorial 140lready doubt declaring peace destroyer convinced delivered migration emphasize jefferson mount sequences 238ok satellite urban frequency describes specified challenge enjoyment extremely apart fully diagnosed professor coalition eight theorists green armed cases offer owned shown noted tells abolition shall recognize basis expansion along hemispheres netherlands assignments territorial switzerland performance distinguish archeologie christopher participant illuminatus inquisition discovering cultivation 826nstitute positioning instruments meteorology chattanooga destructive minesweeper speculative spontaneous qualitative illustrated institution lewrockwell cellpadding connors nigeria hamitic liberia bracket efefef hungary rosicrucianism concern bodies quentin mystery wesley dragon carpet husband mathematicians holland covers galileo correspondence connor manner wilson managed regard brooke quickly martin remote taylor fellow sought imposed morrill zealand odyssey capture object disambiguation inside billion conduct running memory agency sheikh trucial showed ranging clouds forests measure palace begins teacher extreme phrase unusual seemed kanner howard formal degree newman centre defines reader losing profile gained victor banking profit russell taoism defense engels answer failure opinion master unique drawing pursuit budget latter across scottsdale kafelnikov mythologie prophecy seychelles djibouti cameroon 140px endangered austrija burgenland landlocked equipage airborne geographer paracelsus esoteric sampling examined trans reflection oriented structural instrument illustrate finished referendum populous minerals separation designated compatible economists convincing performing buddhism gershwin composer circular supposed finds empiricism breaking heard cemetery ultimate threatened judicial declined acceptance prosperous admitted treasury explored kings identity asked seats asian senators sessions maveric149 identifies pronounced decision assistance comprise ideal guardian margaret suggests sequence strictly types older voice signs literate feelings clinicians occur absolute manifest continuing software dates patriarchy tendencies pacifism expelled solidarity identified embraced price ruler template drive alliance creating straight revealed villages opponent reducing creative daughter consists external anthropologie 60nthropology mediterranean eclecticology comprehensive consciousness bennettsnider metamorphoses pronunciation fertilization corresponding miscellaneous principality sweden rendering canary highlands uganda sierra rwanda telescope dependencies soccer kilometre gallipoli dreamtime australis governing sydney temperate styria hungarian automatic greenberg frankenstein elixir microcosm macrocosm coptic newton contribution ignorance excavated endeavour achieving gathering agreed radcliffe dominated dictatorship conceived rejecting invention victim concentrated salvation beautiful colonists principal defenders testimony virtually greenspan architecture kelley establishing organisms indefinitely mathematical illustration oxford contested establish treatises residence companion appreciation dialogues heroic integrity qualified bronze writer assassinated harbor criticism capturing confiscation perpetual kansas ownership encourage tariff mitologia johansson aeschylus lycomedes moving winner agamemnon rivals raised cotton burial camera dating revert secure 447lso alaska behavenet providing seeing diagnoses merely rising severe cognitive injury engage determine solely infantile psychiatrist anarkisme routinely catalonia impact funded voluntaryist cryptography rejection exploited listed primitive component errors synthesis hierarchy responded damage bolshevik argentina consensus moment godwin access wikiquote opened lesser accept insurrection publisher ellmist fleming courier namibia khoisan somalia ranking defence terra statute nominal panacea phase meant deliver signals kellogg owner algerie fertile drought outline ignored track enjoyed cells serving initial editing organon inquiry faith morning weeks planned admired hopes 200px hunting acres poverty spent martial rallied descent homeric troilus healing stopped gregory reduced calhoun supreme solid assumed seceded grammar chamber nahayan revenue neutral grass reflect happens getting trained funding train turns hearing intense comfort delay heavily portion blogs protest topic chomsky utopian statist digital alone killing jacques women roles 1990s pursued seealso heads statism marxism trading diverse knows seems decided willing prevent mixed favor protect seeking perform devoted promote artists least motto tools reformation topographic predominate transceiver 502troduced renaissance arheologija spectacular antiquities resistivity amalgamated flourishing enterprises bureaucracy connecticut celebration degradation emphasizing corrections surrendered exaggerated hodgenville argonautica everlasting neighboring 60ctivities consistency frustration imperialism nonetheless predictions syndicalist application discouraged sympathetic communicate cambodia mercedes medvedev troilius illusion botswana plugwash johannes malaeloa australi anglican genocide orthodox dialects velocity obsolete duillier wolfgang sulfuric remedies outreach flinders spelling 146thropologists situated durkheim benedict phaethon atlantis terminal capacity settlers attacked monetary spanning expanded schwartz pagename organism protists disambig database bankrupt compiled premises plutarch theology michigan pulitzer watching purchase restored punished contract probable democrat missouri marriage johnston belonged atlantic prepared disguise calendar commerce acquired mainland enhanced recovery retrieve neuropsychiatric accuracy responds sometime societal gestures appleton carrying taxation tendency entering lysander 44dopted bertrand critique relation positive thailand addition creation erythraean ethnologue season frica extensions delete microscopy reticulose containing sport attendance eucalyptus calculated vorarlberg confidence govern commission homunculus norton franciscan nitric gnosticism physicists deity fertilizer practicing safety descendant collectors neighbours supplement 60rtifacts dimensions genus comics enterprise poorly liverwurst electrical cigarettes static eubank negligible bouteflika fourteenth remarkable piece alive watch shtml brand slowly dostoevsky binswanger evolve rider cover dance print associates differ intent andronicus copernicus leads accumulate realm xenocrates nicomachus substitute chronology marble attend wilderness suggestion shows freed collecting struck donald thirteenth arrest corpus boundaries plans pederastic thesis wound lover embodiment travel mining 60rea stage prefix horizontal cross arabia inland atmosphere carbon planet choose reach crops rainforest globe forest solar colour plague trial prevalence lists longer daniel photograph dubbed decade loved indicating accomplish share impairment items facilitate contribute hours verbal 60lso avoid tremendous prefer indicators fairly evaluation psychiatry mechanisms anarquismo employment unrealistically criticizes agree weapon explaining acting proponents broad seeks praxeology oppose needed berlin decide johann cited 448archism failed ensure writes repudiated wiktionary adding notion sight takes write route consisting attributed expect theme bureau domain refer lleyton coronis melilla comoros senegal recommendation macfarlane1998 biggest municipalities default improve nicolas epsilon cryptic solomon updated sahlins equated diamond turning mankind reveals playboy possess journey raising 52lands gallons mission tribute decline finnish banquet wedding partner helpful precise contain generic fitness carries regular macedon zoology scholar theatre invited fredericksburg potomac arrived egalitarianism balance herndon deities channel revenge triumph survive passing blessed passage selling xanthos knowing orestes evident windows decimal dialect bahrain lasting massive attacks tropics farming discuss surname therapy injured forming exhibit gallery 122deed ireland expense marxist genuine harmony toronto refuses variety feeling diakonoff davydenko guillermo cassandra kidnapped beardless animators mauritius swaziland wrestling eaglemont isolation judiciary belvedere innsbruck implement proximate gunpowder gradually cosmetics antiquity 829alysis diffusion cigarette pritchett indicates 469tually mechanism obstacles tamazight advantage guerrilla fifteenth diversify requiring vandalism promoting brilliant maintains reverence taiwanese detectors volunteer precision orchestra aesthetic cornelius composite cosmology deductive prejudice gymnasium allusions adventure brunswick surviving wisconsin curiosity irritated nominated exceeding surrender exemption populated neighbors consisted witnessed louisiana homestead competing secession interwiki byzantine 60rguably consuming seriously myrmidons producing akhilleus nutrition athletics depicting residents sponsored therapies conscious imaginary exclusive alternate scientist baltimore incidence speculate prevalent historian frederick temporary sixteenth corrupted kronstadt organised zapatista pacifists desirable terrorism announced organized worthless attempted pioneered chandrasekhar heliocentrism gillespie2002 privatisation interrogation 448thropology mathematician sophisticated multicellular extraordinary contemplation williamapercy conspicuously concentration communicating unintelligent collectivised circumstances tears aeiou layer fauna staff build ruled fruit tight wider sysop comic multi false expla horse added rebel broke arrow spear tried wrath towns waste valid heavy 52sue spend hears adult files helps roots faced unity equal truly deals prove bring stolbova bahnaric bruguera baseline philostratus orchamus yalouris mosaic dionysus lambda animator yamoussoukro bloemfontein hampered belgians rhodesia angles singular keyboard heliozoa foraminifera marine filose amoeba cepheids heliocentric warships ausstats streeton floating disaster convicts wittgenstein landmass croatian republik squitter alchemie multhauf purification rendered muriatic hydrochloric sodium oxygen hellenic occult 60lchemy trismegistus agronomi linked modified elders typology 272formation filled stratigraphy detectorists treasure minute artefact artifact ethnographic clifford alfred holistic opposite superstition switches thompson moochers weakness customer helplessness collectivist instinct liaisons deliberately relies tribes tensions kassaman finances rescheduling facility burdened engineer 44warded britting villains impotent launched illustrating hinduism populace vehicles machines prisoner survival manipulation ethology rewarded integral design releases mortimer fanciful goodness lectures constituents relied poetical thirteen murdered unfavourably nominees thorough administrati repeated losses quoted advice relieved sheridan showcase asserted deemed imprisonment attack boundary delaware strength breckenridge fredrick remnants patent beckwith educated farmer 58tory naconkantari divine olympian promised ancestor heracles polyxena breath pushed armies chryseis mythographer refuge mentions withdrew thessaly analyzed defender christ annually bridge yellowhammer digits document orthographic rainfall sporadic released piracy pirate withdraw earnings fossil equation nearby cooler lowest absorbed detail capsules caught facets athletic refuse quotient demand suddenly 122formation leaves facial attached epidemic overwhelming dwardmac thriving sympathizers landauer lasted mainta inherent neighborhood monopoly illegitimate affinity editor molinari primitivists resist strict 146archo whatever ruling assert lahontan arrive hunter instance charge crisis describe attempts inspired nickname interact converse trying reliable emphasis afroazijski stoltenberg bollettieri griechische apollinares brazzaville etymologies telegraphic actinophrys hertzsprung mapusagafou overlapping grammatical grosseteste pythagorean acupuncture sendivogius encompasses arqueologia initiatives inspiration antropoloji demonstrate consumption penetrating inestimable anniversary sacrificial prestigious reconstruct superiority inheritance demographic boumedienne arabization endorsement purportedly dimensional unrealistic sensibility aspirations 392dividual communalism falsifiable benevolence obligations competitive repudiation continually spontaneity ingredients refutations sophistical preliminary philosophic peripatetic hephaestion circulation permanently bibliotheca interrupted bundesstaat affirmative expatriates concessions reminiscent distasteful 122troduced participate psychiatric anarchizmus 44ssociated entertainer celebrities hierarchies confederaci influencing forerunners omnipotence realization preparation interpreted navarre yevgeny rockets jealous boasted madeira eritrea fastest village cession extinct amateur heading strands 60nimal storage middens examine alluded employs shocked spoiler opening torture warfare annexed imports begging divorce herself harmful scratch dilemma derives counter advised vicious hostile promise suicide replied holiday removal accused educati holding impetus correct signing forever putting charter circuit wartime achille visited warrior refined outputs longest mandate alcohol license battery numeral expired driving nomadic perfect minimum overall clothes 143pics testing savants finding crucial overlap mention implies sustain gesture unaware respond varying omicron summary sharing absence 326lped secular setting leftist belongs priests explore convert helping capable consist destroy attempt morphology suggesting schuettler basketball 32nimation claymation violations remarkably glyph hipparchus fatumafuti faganeanea prominence sutherland vocational parham2002 recognised fabricated windischen carpathian klagenfurt eisenstadt vernacular regulatory monitoring canterbury numerology monotheism diocletian witchcraft postulated allegories miraculous charlatans deciphered distributi deviations antropolox monographs relativity locomotive struggling livelihood appreciate mostaganem abdelkader quantities musketeers farmbrough arithmetic posthumous affiliated resentment noble enthusiasm naked gains reputation decreasing prescribes catechisme biologists continuous teles 60ctuality xenophanes committing deficiency keeps dependence substratum spite assumption 272fluence facts empiricist lying dispatches telegraphy stunningly insistence crittenden manchester flourished diplomatic androphile prophesied telamonian ships scene 60bandoned prometheus trail 122terests rutherford tuscaloosa board metre speed plate adjectival indefinite antarctica angle ratio query autoimmune paediatric yalepddnos calculator consulting profession pediatrics triggering regressive fulfilling integrated persistent disturbing unfamiliar vocal chimpanzee grasp physicians 449archism brief plain lands elite legitimate 32narchist minarchism aggression 60uthority persecuted 60narchist 60ctivists imprisoned event anglophone bolshevism overthrown 32narchism limit exploiting accusation anabaptist britannica agent enter fight elect obligation redir inclusion yagdif infant 60thletic betraying fashioned dispel flocks prophetic 703uthern passenger paulschou bottom sucker permit endoplasm ectoplasm pseudopod diffluens 272volved replacing navigator merchants ustria foothills babenberg equipping 60irborne saltpetre charlatan associate postulate purifying potassium turbulent committed creatures powder millennia procedure esoterism essential emergence intensive pesticide ologie conferred rescue permanent detect condemned relevance traced extension philology variation blasphemy 44ctually suffering ambitious embody burden suffer compounds indicator activated engine demonized demise counts relief obtain tolerates horror footsteps exploring looter whistling distantly sensitive 122crease relate prompting longEW machinery phosphate vineyards fertility hosted chronicle format realizing criticize crippling marker architect banned analyzing imaginati deeply featuring ambitions 60dvocate justified tolerated canonical charities exclusion clocks rarely hardbound analytica purely extant employ firmly sphere happen involving archetype posterior deduction fishermen expounded requested traceable libraries insurance physician assembled prospects exercised telegraph excess offensive finish judgments servitude convicted promising warned bodyguard threat fusion murder impose 493tually 762volved candidacy owning fledgling lawyer sentiment obscurity martyr habeas blossomed shield honour priest beauty ransom consulted countless cradle saving aspect majuscule stroke minuscule varieties resembles linear abbeville enjoys shaped 822crease traits 10mselves entrez triggered gifted expert incentive explosion continuum 60utistic intensity explosive stress extend schedules resort monologue looked interpret affection finger wildly varies descri sigmaf 272cludes revolt pitzer artist regime franco absurdity ambiguous adherents handle syncretic reject construct concluded appeal denounced earned dangerous pseudo predicted heterodox freely bourgeois mirror believing voluntary abolished generator defend proximity weaken suffixes cognates thriller assyrian tiebreak tortoise blankets pregnant connects shepherd talented textures isolated scramble airplane hardware skeletal granular galaxies adjacent entrance athletes assisted televisi wind2001 sterrike yugoslav partisan imperial segments carriers climbing tartaric deprived rigorous stemming exterior caduceus 44lready penchant entities prestige mythical consumer nitrogen excluded redcedar convened reliably 146cient excavati magnetic balloons exercise proposal allotted antropol vanished pondered paradigm pierssen futility allegory dropping baseness adhering flagship supplies dictator evolving approval compares secluded endeavor handedly somebody organize cemented veterans extracts quarries antimony imported backbone geometry coaching pathetic frequent exposing interred chairman emerging fiercely appendix realized aspiring resolved detested payments homeless adherent 122clude presumes rotation realtime symphony starring 826ndian pleasure compound realised analytic dialogue departed 60dopted grieving jokingly hometown rushmore admirers concrete laughter generous fragment complied planning constant surprise crushing nominate 4mselves outbreak listened steadily wrestler sickness 122spire handling seceding comrades competed enormous infected stripped persuade hispanic criminal aperture inverted postmark supplied offshore cautious hardship droplets farmland feedback incident siblings chldstdy changing citenews depicted flapping cocktail routines regulate cuddling initiate patients triggers downtown dogmatic coercion imposing 44pplied coherent eclectic embraces opposing militant familiar armoured pacifist quickest disliked inclined lifetime nihilism sitename siteinfo ignorant edict grain break pupil anima allen ready bound raise rites stood trace extra abuse visit afroasi tamuutu contest graphic revival replica 122tent pioneer precede gnostic babylon keeping succeed algebra parable alleged listing suppose creator witness caution forbear abolish tellers peddler chariot wearing concert illness telling primate compete propose schedu retire patron wanted corner parity divide 000000 mapped gustav decree discip emerge exceed cereal cement racing stance treats motive reward favour advent submit depict street bullet orphan 60fter secede pledge couple borrow brutal ironic rating parted depend reduce repeat affect jacque egoist insult assist count franc inter treat ologi craft tries socio trait ounce alter versa genes super shell seize rival
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§6<&5>/* &&49 &&19C */§2too many brackets</&5>
§6#4#{{&&19}}
'''&&19''' &32Fated as &81B of &F27 &666 &92 &6D [[&130]] [[&3A7]]s &5B [[Diggers]] &0 [[&&46 R&15D]] &3 [[sans-culotte|''sans-culottes'']] &0 [[&&48 R&15D]].[#2#uk.encarta.msn.com/&1B3_761568770/&&19.html] Whilst &10E &72E &1BE a pejorative way &58D ''#0#any act that used &67B &1B7 to &116 &13C of &53#0#''&lt;ref&gt;[#1#cas.sc.edu/socy/faculty/deflem/zhistorintpolency.html &&2B Inter&2A Police &&1BD], &5 &ED &5C9cols &0 #0#Inter&2A &&643 of Rome &10 &&42 &&789 A&D0Ft &&3B#0#, 1898&lt;/ref&gt;, it &17Dlso been &419 up as a &983 &113 by self-&319 &3B.

&&2D1 '''&19''' is [[&2BE|&47E]] the [[&&5C &C|&&5C]] ''[[&&A28:#3##945;#3##957;#3##945;#3##961;#3##967;#3##943;#3##945;|#3##945;#3##957;#3##945;#3##961;#3##967;#3##943;#3##945;]]'' (#0#&10B [[archon]]s (&7F3, &418, king)#0#). &&19 as a [[&35 &15]], &F &2A2 ''&7F3s'' are un&240 and &B6 &E55, &7D &B9 &9C3ing &125 wh&5AF &1B7. &&19 also &11E &248 [[&42 &62]]s) &6F0dvocate the elimi&200 of &135 &18D, &CF the [[&1E]].&lt;ref&gt;[#2#en.&894.org/wiki/&&40F_of_&19 &&40F &&1F9] on Wikiquote, &893ed 2006&lt;/ref&gt; &&2D1 #0#[[&1F8]],&&505 most &3B use it, &7D imply [[chaos]], [[&F16]], or [[anomie]], but &4BF a harmonious [[anti-&135]] &53. In &794 what are &331 as &135 &35 &117s and coercive &84 &18D, &3B &6D4 &42 &19F &116 upon [[&E54 &9C]] &444 &A3s, [[&4B6 aid]], and [[self-&996ance]]. 
§4
&&50 &504 most &552 &608 what &26 &92, &3B also &716 &983 &609s of wh&1Fy &154 &1B a &B37 free &53. &&32, &1D7 &267 &501 &53 &2F3 work vary &28Dably, &B8 with &60C &84s; &D3 &4A dis&435 &267 &809 &53 &78E &1DE &5A. 

== &&32Fs and &452 ==

[[Peter &&2BD|&&2BD]], &4Ds, &C4 &A4 &2B6ed [[&33]], &81 &53 was &AFC &829archist &185.&lt;ref&gt;[[Peter &&2BD|&&2BD]], Peter. ''#0#[[&&4B6 Aid: A F&278 of &&15D]]#0#'', 1902.&lt;/ref&gt; Most &9F &3F7 Kropotk&448d &&78A in &E53 that &C12-ga&D3r bands were egalitarian and lacked di&3E4 &32E, &9C8d &55A, or &F54d law, and had &B36 &893 to &C7.&lt;ref&gt;[[&&603 &&78A|&&78A]], Freidrich. ''#0#[#1#&59E.org/&482/marx/&DD/1884/&32F-&CE/&12B.htm &&32Fs &0 &&CE, Private &&E6, &3 &&1E]#0#'', 1884.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[&&20:&&11A&&892.jpg|&4B|&B|&5CC|&&11A &&892]]

&&3B &5B [[The &&1F8 &&551]] and [[&&4B5 &&231|&&231]] find &49 attitudes in [[&&788]] from [[&&2B China|&&6F China]].&lt;ref&gt;The &&1F8 &&13C (&&A8E). ''&&788 and &&1F8.'' [[April 14]] [[2002]] [#1#toxicpop.co.uk/&D5/taoism.htm Toxicpop &E52] [#1#geo&168.com/SoHo/5705/taoan.html Vanity site &E52]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[&&4B5 &&231|&&231]], &&4B5. ''#0#[#1#&73B.com/&231/&6F-chinese.html The &&6F &&D4 &&174 &&112]#0#'', an &F26ct from ''#0#[#1#mises.org/&34Ds/jls/9_2/9_2_3.pdf &&1AB &0 Role of &&171s in &&42 Change Toward Laissez Faire]#0#'', The &&64E &&174 &&B9, 9 (2) Fall 1990.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Peter &&2BD|&&2BD]] &156 &29B &726 [[stoicism|stoic]] [[Zeno of Citium]]. &&29 &&2BD, Zeno #0#&A27 the &C6D &0 &1E, its &F79venti&829d &E3Fntation, and pro&2CBed the &24E &0 &1B0 law &0 &A3#0#. &lt;ref&gt;[#1#&191crayon.com/page.jsp/&D5/britt1910.html &&19], &1A3 by Peter &&2BD, from &&613 &&D6A, 1910]&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[&&D69]]s of 16th &3AD are &65 &72 &1B &138 &C6C &124 &19. [[&&980 &&787]], &58 ''&&2B &&67 &&15'', &A26 &15 &&D69s #0#&A27 all law, &DEy held &15 good man &152 &5C4d at &12C &891 by [[the Holy Spirit]]...[f]rom this premise they &C11 at [[&19C]]....#0#&lt;ref&gt;[[&&980 &&787|&&787]], &&980. ''#0#&&6F &15#0#'' in ''A &&2B &&67 &&15, &278 &481 with &35 &340 &B11 &5 &6D3 &144 &4 &79 day'', 1945.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Diggers (True Levellers)|The Diggers]] or #0#True Levellers#0# were an &6D &309ic &62 &2A time &0 [[&&46 Civil War]], &60re &72 &5B7 as &C6C &124 &19.&lt;ref&gt;[#1#zpub.com/&4CD/aan-hist.html An &&49 Timeline], from &&613 &&D6A, 1994.&lt;/ref&gt;

&&1 [[&66 era]], &23 &7F1 &10E &5B8 &1C3 &2E than chaos was [[Louis-Armand de Lom d'Arce de &&C10, Baron de &&C10|Louis-Armand, Baron de &&C10]] &58 ''Nouveaux voyages dans l'Amérique septentrionale'', (1703), &176 &FF the [[&&13B &&13s &1 &&10 &&A|&F8 &&13]] &53, &192 no &1E, laws, prisons, &CCF, or &290 &E6, &745 &448archy&lt;ref&gt;[#2#&365.lib.&1C9.edu/cgi-&192#6E#-12 &&550 &0 &&2B Ideas - ANARCHISM]&lt;/ref&gt;. [[&&787 Means]], a [[&174]] and &1D8 &1 [[&&13 &&1EB &&62]], has &54F &1Ed &41 is #0#&501, &703 &39E [his] &602.#0#

In 1793, &1 thick &0 [[&&48 R&15D]], [[&&11A &&892]] &D1 ''An Enquiry Concerning &&35 &&67A'' [#2#web.bilkent.edu.tr/&&27C/www.&46.upenn.edu/jlynch/Frank/&&892/pjtp.html]. &&7D &&892 &DB &1C6 word ''&19'', many &B4 &191 &331 t&4A3 &A &40 maj&796archist text, and &&892 &A #0#&665 &63 &19.&&713 &5AF &F7 no &266 yet &241, &3 term ''&49e'' was &DE &2BC &276 &F75 hurled &11 [[&E51]] [[Girondins]] at more &3A7 &235s &1 [[&&48 r&15D]].

==&&23 self-&113led &49==
[[&&20:&&4B3_&&19B_&&125.jpg|110px|&4B|left|&&4B3 &&19B &&125]]
{{ma&80Cicles|[[&&4B3-&&19B &&125]] and [[&&4B6ism (&84 &E4)]]}}

&&26 &E8ly held that &71n't &1D9 [[&&4B3-&&19B &&125]] &D1 ''[[&&84 &&E6?]]'' in 1840 &15 term #0#&49#0# &&97F as a self-de&BEion. &&26 &503 &15F &3E5 &2CB &&125 &A fo&121 &124 &49 &E4. In [[&&84 &&E6?]] Proudh&829swers &B &170 &D68 #0#[[&&E6 &Fft]].#0# &&14D work he &588 &73A of &F54d #0#&E6#0# (propriété), &AD &8ABs have &206 &Bs to #0#use &60buse&&11Dir &E6 &Ay wish, &C &D67 &1DD for &786.&&175#0#&125-prop#0#&gt;[[&&4B3-&&19B &&125|&&125]], &&4B3-&&19B. ''#0#[#1#&59E.org/&16E/&1BF/&84s/&125/&E6/ch03.htm &&346 3. Labour &A &601 &2C9 &0 &712 &E6]#0#'' from ''#0#[[&&84 &&E6?]]#0#'', 1840&lt;/ref&gt; In its &195 &&125 &118ed &7EF &6B '&A4Dion' - &A3s can have &242 &Bs &7F1 &C7, &AB and &417 in accor&9C0 with &185 of e&56F and &67A. 

&&125's &609 &146archy, &D9 &6B [[&4B6ism]] (mutuellisme), &3EC an ex&25F &A0 &AD &A3s and &8A &115 &1AA the &2DB &0ir &38D &22B ''lab&813es'' &18 re&79ed &32D of &1FC time &1A4 &9B. &&148 &A25 that &257 &69 &786 &5 &38D &1CBs. &&1DD &115 &E50 join &1C8 in co-&6E7tive &DDhops. An &1CD-free bank &2C9 &6EB &34A &12Cone &32ccess &4 &1B7 of &9B. &&125's &1D7 were &30A &219 &&48 &130 &62s, &9E fol&225s were &32D &1 [[R&465 1848]] in &&93.

&&125's &15 of &E6 is &26A: &71 &7C in a &2D &DD over his &F15, &3re are &9C3ing &125 some &1D &1D7. ''F&5B1 &383 &228 see [[&&4B3-&&19B &&125|here]].''

==Max &&679's Egoism==
{{ma&80Cicles|[[Max &&679]] and [[Egoism]]}}

&&58 ''The Ego &826ts Own'' &&679 &19D &56Cly &205 &42 &18D - &5B &711 &&1E, &E6 as a &B, &75 &Bs &145, &3 very &711 &53 - were mere &931s or ''ghosts'' &1 mind, &3F6 of &53§2that #0#&1C5s are its &59D.&&793 &600 &364 &60 &277 a&1B0ism, &97 &A3s &69 unite in '&9Cs of &F74s' only when &71 &1ir self &1CD &622 so.§2For him, &E6 &1FF &5D3 &5A &6A &2F3: #0#Whoever &8F9 how &38B, &6E5, the &336, &710 &CCE &E6.#0# And, #0#What I have in my &FD, &C1 my own. So long as I &C0F myself as h&7DF, I am the proprietor &0 &336.#0#

&&679 &15A &6B &165 &501 - he &205 &471 &113 '&F74'. &&1B2, &70F were &30A on &7CEdividualistically-&F14 &3B, &7D &2D0 &1D &A1t are &8F8.

==Americ&12Dist &19==
[[&&20:&&3E3&&451.jpg|&4B|&5CC|left|[[&&3E3 &&451]]]]
{{ma&80Cicles|[[&&A3ist &19]] and [[Americ&12Dist &19]]}}

In 1825 [[Josiah &&5FF]] had &3A6 in a [[communitarian]] &642 headed by [[&&91 Owen]] &6B [[New Harmony]], &18 &A24 in &446 &5B amidst much &3E2 &207. &&5FF blamed the &8F's &664 a &10D [[&A3 &24E]] &60 &10D &290 &E6.§2&&5FF proceeded to organise experimenal &49 &1BC &18 &450 &7EF &6B #0#the &24E &0 &A3&&79Ft [[Utopia (&49 &8F)|Utopia]] and [[&&66 Times]]. In 1833 &&5FF &266 &440 ''The Peaceful R&15Dist'', &18 some have &719 &1B &23 &1FE ever &D1. &&3E3 &&451 says that &&5FF #0#w&A &40 man to expound &7A7mulate the &297 now &79 &&19.#0# (''&&40E'' XIV (&&143, 1900):1)

[[&&3E3 &&451]] &BF &1CDed &&A23 &6A &59C Josiah &&5FF &441 B. Greene]]. He &2E8 &440 ''&&40E'' from &&1D6 1881 to April 1908; &26 &3A5 &72 &1B the finest &A3ist-&1FE ever &645d &1 &&46 &C.§2&&451's &3B4ion of &A3ist &19 &6D2 &2C7s of a &A90 &0orists: Greene's &792 [[&4B6ism|&4B6 &785]]; &&5FF's &792 [[cost the &D66 of &7F2|cost &A &D66 of &7F2]] (a [[&E4F &84s|&E4F]] &344 [[&32E &11A &2F2]]); [[&&125]]'s &3A4 &19; [[Max &&679]]'s [[&364]]; and, [[&&480 Spencer]]'s #0#law of &B36 &47F#0#.§2&&451 &263ly &118ed &1C5's &767 own the &48E &1D or her &32E as #0#[[&290 &E6]]&&5EB &1A2 a &&175#0#&451-pay#0#&gt;[[&&3E3 &&451|&&451]], &&3E3. ''#0#[#1#&191crayon.com/page.jsp/&D5/&451/&45137.htm Lab&796d Its Pay]#0#'' &&A3 &&40E: S&190s &&5 &&295 &&3E3 R. &&451, Vanguard Press, !14F!, 1926, Kraus Re&9C1 Co., Millwood, NY, 1973.&lt;/ref&gt;[[&3A4 &A0]] for &8F7 this &E6. He &19D in a &B37 free &3A4 &58 &10B &74, the abun&9C0 of§2&4B1 &69 eliminate &786s and &A25 &169 &1DD &2DA the full &2F2 &0ir &38D. 

&&2E &264 &A3ists &7Bd [[&&97E Spooner]], [[&&512 Pearl &&5EDs]], and [[&&784 Yarros]].

==The &&40 Inter&2A==
[[&&20:&&26Bfull.jpg|&4B|&5CC|&B|[[&&26B|&&678 &&26B 1814-1876]]]]
{{ma&80Cicles|[[Inter&2A &&1FCmen's &&9C]], [[&&43E &&8F6]]}}

In &&89, harsh re&DB &25E the r&15Ds of 1848. Twenty &5B &B4 in 1864 the [[Inter&2A &&1FCmen's &&9C]], &65 &1FD '&&40 Inter&2A', &10 some &8F8 &&45 r&15Dary &153s &3F &19. &&5E its &A8C &2FC to &32D &1DD &62s the Inter&2A &BF signficiant. 

&&5 &416 [[Karl Marx]] &44 &485 &6D1 &1 Inter&2A: &81 &62B &12C &F35ing &&44 &&296 &0 &9C.§3&&23 &763ions to Marx came &5 [[&&4B6ism|&&4B6ists]] who &34C &19C and &8F5.§2Shortly &54 [[&&678 &&26B]] &9E fol&225s &606 in 1868, the &&40 Inter&2A &BF polarised into two camps, with Marx &2AF &Air &5A0ive &6D1&8F4. The &5D2est &2F7 &7B camps was over &28F. The &3B &180 &&26B &F5Fed (in &&2BD's &277) #0#&54E &84al &44F &92 &ABism, &10B &F79fering &1 &35 &1A5ary agitation.#0#§2At &3E3 Marx &9E fol&225s &1FB &1A5ary &32C.

&&26B &36ised Marx's &1D7 as [[&135]], and &E4E &3AC a &&A8B &99 &783 to &FD its &1D8s &69 end up as bad &A [[&C0E &1B8]] &727 &54D &92.&lt;ref&gt;[[&&678 &&26B|&&26B]], &&678. ''#0#[#1#litencyc.com/php/adpage.php?id=1969 Statism and &&1F8]#0#''&lt;/ref&gt; In 1872 &500 climaxed &32 &ED &5CB &7B two &8A &1F [[Hague &&1CA (1872)|Hague &&1CA]]. This &7A &A22 &A &32F &0 [[&&49_&763ions_to_marxism|&207 &4E &3B and &&A8Bs]]. From this &891 the ''[[&&42 &274|&42 &98]]&7F5 ''[[&&174 &42ism|&174]]'' &153s &3E1ism had &1CB &551s &3F &F87 [[&&275 left-wing &F79&2As|'&F79&2As'.]]

==&&49 &&19C==
{{main|&&49 &19C}}
[[&&20:Peter&&2BD.jpg|&4B|&5CC|&B|Peter &&2BD]]

&&125 &2AF both &34C [[&19C]], associating it with &8F5. &&32, &1 1870s many &3B &663 from &&26B's &84 &44E (&6B #0#&54C&&147 &7F1 &309 &1AB. &&309s &154d the &1B7 of &9B &B6 &717 &47Bly, &6D &417 be dis&A53d by need, not &38D. [#2#nefac.net/node/157]

An &6D &49 &309 was &&19B Dé&F73, &23 &17F &58D &662 #0#[[&174 &42ism|&174]]#0#.[#2#re&490&193.com/bleed/&&1B3/De&F73&&19B.htm]&lt;ref&gt;[#2#joseph.de&F73.free.fr/ecrits/lettreapjp.htm De l'être-humain mâle et femelle - Lettre à P.J. &&125 par &&19B Dé&F73] (in [[&&48 &C|&&48]])&lt;/ref&gt; &&5FE &&125, he &19D #0#&26 &273 &48E &1D or her &38D &15 &5FD &17D &767, but &4 satisf&DB &1D or her &555, &C0D &5D &8C &1B6.&&793 &AFB &70F &58 US &D1 &34D Le Libertaire (1858-1861).

Peter &&2BD, &71 seen &A most &6C theorist, &8AFd his &84 &726 The Conquest of Bread and &&245, F&278ies and &&DDhops. He felt co-&30B &5A2 &3E1 than &4B1, &739 in &1B6 in &&4B6 Aid: A F&278 of &&15D (1897). &&641 &49 &309s &7B Emma &&5A6 and &&E3 Berkman. Many &1 &B7-&1C4 (see &24A) saw &49 &19C &Air &763ive. Isaac Puente's 1932 Comunismo Libertario &&97F &11 &&151 CNT as its &511 &ED post-r&15Dary &53.

Some &3B &F13 merging &19C &&D65. &&85 &A3ist &3B &640 that &4B2 &290 &E6 &153 &54B with &40E. &&37 &&3E3 &&451, whilst professing &5A0 for Kropotk&448d &227 &740[#1#zetetics.com/mac/lib&5FBs/apx1pubs.html], &FF &309 &19 as #0#&E4D-&19#0#.&&175#0#&451-pay#0#/&gt;

==&&63F &0 deed==
[[&&20:&&A21Most.jpg|left|&5CC|&4B|[[&&A21 Most]] &44n out&2E9 &6D4 &58B]]
{{main|&&63F &0 deed}}

&&3B &661 been &44D as &E4C and &67B, due &2BC to a &2D high-&782 &67B acts, &3F [[riot]]s, [[&188]]s, [[&898]]s, and [[&AFA]] &5B7 &3B. Some [[r&15D]]aries &0 late &264 &47E acts of &35 &291,§2&C [[bomb]]ings &3 [[&188]]s of [[&26E &1E|&8F4 of &1E]] to &15C &19. Such &DBs have &65 been &6B '[[&63F &11 deed]]'. 

One &0 more out&2E9 &6D4s &63 &28F was [[&&A21 Most]], who said #0#the &44C &58 &152 &F12 &1FA &3A7ly &D64 &11 annihilation &1B8 exponents. &&D3fore, mass&8C1 &0 &59B &0 &1C &151 set in &21B.#0#{{fact}} Most's &510 &21D of &AFA, dynamite, &E4B &5A7 moniker #0#Dynamost.#0#§2

&&32, &B7 no [[&890]] &8 legitimacy or utility &58B &145. [[&&678 &&26B]] and [[Errico Malatesta]], &37 &266 &58B as a &240 &1F1&144 &AF9 &1F7 in r&15Dary &CCCs. But &1F &660 they &E4A acts of &A3 &AFA. (Malatesta in #0#On Violence&&40 &&26B &109 refuted Nechaev).

&&2E &3B, &65 &7F0 as [[&B7-&AF8|&F11 &3B]], &600 &206 [[non&291]]. [[Leo &&677]], &3E0 &15 &7A &67F &263 of [[&&BC &19|&&BC &19]] ''(see &24A)'', &44 no&544 exponent of [[non&67B &363]].

==&&19 &1 &32E &62==
!138!-&1F2}}

[[&&20:Flag of &&B7 &1F2.svg|&4B|175px|The red-and-&191 flag, &44B &5 &1D5 &&3DDs &1 &32E &62, is &CF &267 &32narcho-&1F2.]]

!15B!-&1F2]] &44n &6D &22D &130 &62 &348 overthrow &ABism &3 &1E &822stitute a &5FD &C0led &53. The &62 &8F2 [[&1AD &DB]]s, &C [[&44 &4B0]], as a &31C &28F. Many &B7-&6D0 &1A2 [[&49 &19C]], &A1 &44Dll &309s &1A2 &1F2.

&&DD [[Paris Commune|1871 re&160ion]] &&48 &19 re&573, &C6B the ''Bourses de Travails'' &444 &1DD &1F9 &1AA &DFs. From this &62 the [[Confédé&D3Fn Générale du Travail]] (&&44 Con&3DE of Work, CGT) was &32B in 1895 &A &40 maj&796archo-&928 &62. [[Emile Pataud]] and [[Emile Pouget]]'s &13E &10 CGT saw [[&174 &19C]] &2F1 &1B3 [[&44 &4B0]].§2&&54 1914 the CGT &663 &1B3narcho-&1F2 due &4 &E49 of [[&&D63]].§2&&48-&68 &1F2 &44 &120 &62 in &&89 &174 1921, and &2DC &12F &62 in Spain &8E mid 1940s.

The [[&&1AD &&1DD &0 &&28]] (IWW), &65E 1905 &1 US, espoused [[&1AD &DFism|&DFism]] &703ught a [[&44 &4B0]] to usher in a &1Eless &53. In 1923 100,000 &D6 &241, &B &65D &823 300,000. &&A1 not &47D &49, they &AFC by rank and file &274, &DADing a &70D &363 &4FF &C18 many &&D62 &6D0.

[[&&20:CNT_tu_votar_y_ellos_&A20n.jpg|&4B|175px|CNT &63F from April 2004.§2Reads: Don't let the &4AF rule our &47C/ You vote &3y &A20/ Don't &5CD it/ Unity, &&DB, Self-&1D4.]]

&&151 &49 &1AA &DF &3DEs were &32B &1 1870's, 1900 and 1910. &&31 &1A9 w&A [[&&C6Aón Nacional del Trabajo]] (&&2A Con&3DE of Labour: CNT), &65E 1910. Prior &4 1940s &7ED w&A &145 &1F7 in &&151 &130 &59.§2With &2C3ship of 1.58 &13F in 1934, &7ED &4B8 &593 role &1 [[&&151 Civil War]]. ''&&166:'' [[&&19 in Spain]].

Syndica&9F8 like [[Ricardo Flores Magón]] were key &413 &1 [[&&676 R&15D]]. [[Latin &&5E|Latin &&13]] &19 was &EE, ext&6B2 &4 [[&&AF7 Army of &&2A &&63E|&&AF7]] &273 &3 [[f&278y &3DF &62s]] in &&88F. In &&A1F in 1922 &7ED was &606 &B [[Inter&2A &&1DD &&9C]], an &B7-&928 &3B2or &4 [[&&40 Inter&2A]].

&&18C &B7-&1F2 &3E6s as a &3A &1F7 &C3 so&168; much &27er than &1 1910s, 20s and 30s.§2

The &B2 &AF6 &266 &159 &272 Spain, &1 form &0 [[&&C6Aón &&44 del Trabajo]] &3 [[CNT]].§2The CGT &2CBs a paid-up &D6hip of 60,000, and &2DA &4FE &13F &4FD &&151 [[syndical]] &190s.§2&&2E &32D &1C4 &7B &173 [[&&1DD &&7EF &&7F6]], &3 UK [[&&7EF &&3DE]].§2The r&15Dary &1AD &DFist [[&&1AD &&1DD &0 &&28]] also &4D0s, &2CBing 2,000 paid &D6.§2&&18C &347 &&C0C-&1F2 and r&15Dary &1AD &DFism &2CB &15y are [[&5FDist]] and fail &5B6 with &84 life &246 work.§2Post-&CCD &347 &C [[Bob Black]] &2CB &B7-&1F2 &6D4s op&160ive &42 &117s, &C [[&&6CF &32E|work]] &3 [[work&195]].

&&B7-&6D0 &145 uphold &185 of &1DD &8CFarity, [[&54E &DB]], and self-&1D4.

==The &&40D R&15D==
{{main|&&40D R&465 1917}}

The [[&&40D R&465 1917]] &44 seismic &D61 &1 &86 &19 as &7F3ment &60s a &15.

&&3B &3A6 &720side the [[&&63D]] in both &&105 and &&243 r&15Ds, many &3B &3C4 &118ing the &&88E coup. &&32 the &&63D soon &282 &2AA &3B &4D left-wing op&136, a &207 &18 culminated &1 1918 [[&&AF5 &273]]. &&3B &65B &&4AE were &D60 or &7F5n &121&16B, or &606 the &784ious &&63D. In [[Ukraine]] &3B &54D &1 [[&&40D Civil War|&18F]] &92 both Whites and &&63D with&1 Makhnovshchina peasant army &4FC [[Nestor Makhno]]).

Expelled Americ&501s [[Emma &&43F [[&&E3 Berkman]] &A4 &675 &&4AE were &213st &AE agitating in &2AE &&88E &3A8 &3 sup&160ion &0 &&AF5 up&874. Both &266 &1B8ic &46As &0ir &1D5s in &&4AE, aiming to expose &2BAity of &&88E &C0. &&10m, [[&&26B]]'s &927 &AC con&702 of &&A8B rule had &6CE all too true.

The &3B1 &0 &&63D &1 &&243 R&15D &3 &3FAing &&40D Civil War did serious &88D to &266s &F79&2Aly. Many &1DD &&D5F saw &&88E &65A &CCC &5E3; &&309 &40C grew &1F &A8A &&1F9 &4D &42ist &62s. In &&93 &3 US &37 &3E2 &1C4 &0 [[CGT]] and [[IWW]] &10C re&7 &16D away &1B3narchism &238wards the [[Com&F79n|&&309 Inter&2A]].

In Paris, the [[Dielo Truda]] &16E Russi&501 exiles &1C3 [[Nestor Makhno]] &E48 &6F0narchists &A1E &648 new &4F8 &551 in &4ED &4 &117s of &&D63. &&8C 1926 &511, &DE &A [[&&6CDism|&&551al &&6CD &0 &&174 &&309s]], was &118ed &5B7 &309 &3B, &A1 &34C &39C &2Es. 

The ''&&6CD'' &46D inspire some &18C &49 &8A &54B &448 &266 &AF6 &180 its &185 of '&1F1 &B35', 'tactical &B35', '&47B &47A' and '&124ism'. &&6CDist &8A &159 &7B the [[&&1DD &&7EF &&62]] in &&A89, the UK's [[&&49 &&3DE]], &3 late [[&&AA &&EA &&3DE of &&49 &&309s]] &1 &AA&EA &&10 &&C2 &201ing &&54A.

==The &D6D &92 &345==
{{ma&80Cicles|[[Anti-&345]] and [[&&19 in Spain]]}}
[[&&20:CNT-&F10-car-f&278y.jpg|&B|&4B|270px|[[Spain]], [[1936]]. &&D6 &0 [[CNT]] &E47 [[&F10 car]]s &4FB &2AA [[&59A]]s &81D &0 [[collectivisation|&B10]] f&278ies.]]
&&1 1920s and 1930s the &F0F dynamics &&1F9's &207 &B &1E were &7A8&32B &11 &7AD [[&345]] in &&89. &&C3 &715, &&89&501s &B34 &36B &4A2s - &2EA they join in [[&C9 &362]]s with &6DDist &308 and &&4AD-led #114#9s]] &92 &736 &59A enemy? Luigi Fabbri, an exile from &&479 &345, &44mongst &AE arguing that &345 was &1C3 &4C:

:#0#Fascism &6B &803n&2E form &12E &18, like all &2Es, uses &291. It &F most &135 &3 most &67B form &12E imaginable. It &397 utmost glorification &0 &E4 and &173 &0 &307 of &16C.#0# {{fact}}

In &&93, &249 &59As came &472 &898 &1 &&105 1934 riots, &3B &29A &4FE '&10 &362' &3A8. [#2#melior.univ-montp3.fr/ra_&478/en/&1C/berry_david/&345_or_r&15D.html] In Spain, the [[CNT]] &3C4 ref&83 join &70C &362 &272 &7F6, &60bstention by CNT &118ers &23F a &B wing &190 &3B1. But in 1936, &7ED &25Fd its &3A8 &&D5E &41B &4BC &B3A &2AD &362 &150 &FD. Months &B4, the &C0E &1B8 &88C &32n &AFE coup, &3 [[&&151 Civil War]] (1936-39) was &121way. 

In reponse &4 army &273 [[&&19 in Spain|&501-&C18]] &62 of peasants and &1DD, &118ed by &714 militias, took &C0 &0 &145 [[city]] of [[Barcelona]] &70B &212 &2DD rural Spain &249y [[collectivization|collectivized]] &77E. But even &308 &D61ual &59A &659 1939, &43Cs were &781 &16B in a bitter &44F &B§2[[Stalinists]]. The CNT &1D8ship &71 &3B6ed &6CC and &29A, with some &D6 &134ly &97D &FB. Stalinist-led &6D6 sup&160ed the &47Bs, and &D5D both [[POUM|dissident &59E]] &&D5Es.

&&87 &D8 &5CA &3B &22 &1A4 &6D9 &1F7 of [[neo-&345|neo-&59A]] &8A. In &&D9y &3 &&10 &&108 some &3B &549 &219 [[&F0E]] [[anti-&345|anti-&59A]] &8A &720side &D6 &0 [[&&A8B]] left. They &600 &54Ely combating &59As with &B6 &1F7 &51 re&D23 &8 &1E.§2&&87 &D8 &8F1, a &29B &97C has &7C &219 US &19. ''&&166: [[Anti-Racist &&DB]] (US), [[Anti-Fascist &&DB]] (UK), [[Antifa]]''

==&&138 &19==
[[&&20:Leo&&677.jpg|&4B|&5CC|[[Leo &&677|Leo &&677]] 1828-1910]]
{{ma&80Cicles|[[&&BC &19]] and [[&&43E &F6]]}}

Most &49 &38 tends &1B [[&CCB]] &81E out&B [[&F0E athiesm|anti-&138]].§2&&4E9 &395 &138 &42 con&4A, &A9 &138ity &213st op&160ed &42 &1B8es, &3 &3F5 &154 &125 &138 &112s &&D65 has &3FAed in &138 &19.

[[&&BC &19|&&BD9i&501s]] &154 &15re &795 &3A2 &16C than [[God]], and &A1D &142ly &16C &C [[&1D]] and &61 &11Ces. They &B2 Jesus' &58Es were cl&6D &49ic, but were &AF4 when #0#&&BCity&&190 &4EE the &E7 &F6 &790 &&BD9i&501s, who &3F7 Jesus' &54Eive to #0#turn &4E cheek&&719re &C0B [[&7ED|&AF8]]. &&31 &170 &6D4 of &&BC &19 was [[Leo &&677]], &2BF of ''[[The &&108 &70A is Within You]]'', who &6B &ED &53 &A9 com&65B, non&67B &185 and &47F.§2&&BD9i&501s &1C2 form [[&32A &1BC]].§2They also &44A [[tax &363|&C0A &97B]].§2Many &&BD9i&501s are [[vegetarianism|vegetarian]] or [[veganism|vegan]]{{fact}}.

&&BC &1F8 &57 said &9C &B33 as old &A &F6's &335, &A [[&6D &11C]] &A86s many &49ic &7EC, &C communal &417 and &55A. By aiming to obey utterly &FB &0 Bible's &58Es &FB [[anabaptism|&D69]] &709 &AF3 &3AD &468 emulate the &6D &11C's &42-&84 organisati&829d &15 by &756ing it &A only &42 &117 &347 true obediance to Jesus' &58Es, and utterly &28E (&1ory) all &142ly &C69 &&D5C (&&A88 non-&D69s &145) and &291 as ungodly. Such &8A, for &1C1 the [[Hutte&F23]], &271 went from &3C4 &49ic &2C0s to, &Air &62s stabalised, more &135 &42 &4CBs.

[[&&D4 &&19]] was most &30A &1 1920s.§2Strands of &&D4 &19 &7Bd [[Tai-Xu]]'s [[Buddhist &&19]] &61 &404 &&677 &3 [[well-&1FB &58]].

[[Neopaganism]], &172 &4CF &8 &F1 and e&56F, &13B its &71 de&80ized &1B6, has lead to a &2D neopag&501s. One &0 most &210 is [[Starhawk]], who &A26 &3C3ly &5A both [[&20Aity]] and [[activism]].

==&&43E &2DD==
[[&&20:&&5A6-4.jpg|&4B|left|&5CC|[[Emma &&5A6]]]]
{{main|&&599-&&2DD}}

&&6D [[&&48 &2DD|&&48 &208s]] &C [[Jenny d'Héri&1F5]] and [[Juliette Adam]] &548 the [[mysogyny]] &1 &19 of [[&&125]] &2A 1850s.
 
&&599-&589 a &5B5 [[&3A7 &2DD]] that espouses the &2A2 [[&7EB]] is a &382 &674 in &53.§2&&50 &49 &2DD has &241 for &123 a &50F &5B, its explicit formulation as ''&599-&2DD'' &7EA back &4 &6D 70s&lt;ref&gt;[#1#&599.org/sallydarity/&&B7-&&2DDTwo&&1Ements.htm &&B7-&&2DD - Two &&1Ements - Who we are: An &&B7-&&208 &&511]&lt;/ref&gt;, &2A [[&8D-wave &2DD|&8D-wave]] &208 &62.§2&&599-&2DD, &24B [[&7EB]] &A &40 manife&586 of &88B in &81 &33; thus, &23 &277 op&160ion &598 &1 dominance of male over &605.§2&&599-&208s then conclude &3AC &208s are &92 &7EB, they must also be &92 all &4F8 [[&88B]], &&477 must &E46 the &135 &1B6 &0 &708 &ABism. {{fact}}

&&B7-&C09 &7DF &117 &6CB &8F0 and &7EB a &986 &0 &416 of [[&114iz!153!, &&477 &28D &4AC to also be &501 &6C2 &261 &406es &208 &597.§2[[Eco-&2DD]] &7A &72 a &208 &673 of &713 &49 &208 &A1t.§2

&&599-&589 &70ten &A4 &349-&47 &2BFs &3orists &C [[Emma &&43F [[Voltairine de Cleyre]], &7D even &6D &40-wave &208 [[Mary Woll&48F&F7C]] held &5C9-&49 &24B, and &&11A &&892 &7A &72 a &208 &49 precursor. It &B6 &657 &&5A6 and de Cleyre, &5D7y both &34C &74, had &F0D &1EA, as de Cleyre &6CA: #0#Miss &&5A6 is a &309; I am &12Dist. She wishes to &116 &B &4F7 I wish &44Bsert it. I make my war upon privilege &&D5C, &AD&11 &B &4F7 the true &B &7EC &3A &5FC &4 &A3, &5Fnihilated. She &12A co-&30B &69 &2D9 sup&46C &4B1; I hold that &4B1 &81D form &796&2E will &361 &4D0, &6D &26 &360 &AF9 it &2EA.#0#§2&&1 [[&&151 Civil War]], an &599-&208 &11F, #0#Free Women&&17Eganized &6E5 both &49 and &3AB.

&&1 &66 day &266, many &3B, male or &605, &28D &16D &208s, &60narcha-&3AB are &3A1.§2The &227 of Quiet Rumors, an &599-&208 &780, h&&CCA to &559 &123 kinds &146ti-&135 &&D5E &3AB &4 &672 &62. Wendy McElroy has &C9ized &12Dist-&19 take on &2DD in her &193, &EEs, &&5B6ist &208 &293.&lt;ref&gt;[#1#i&208s.net I-&208s.net]&lt;/ref&gt;

==&&B7-&ABism==
[[&&20:&&4B5 &&231 Smile.JPG|&4B|left|&5CC|[[&&4B5 &&231]] (1926-1995)]]
{{main|&&B7-&ABism}}
&&B7-&ABism is a &3F4 &&10 &&A-&116 &1F1 &112 that &3ACs a &1Eless &53 &B &84 &3DE [[free &3A4]] [[&ABism]]. &&5FE &2E &333 &&1F9, it &7D &A1D [[&786]] or &ABism. &&6C9, most &3B &73 recognise &B7-&ABism as &263 &&1F9.

[[&&4B5 &&231]]'s &88A of [[&14D &4F9ism]] and #114#n &84s]] was germinal &10 &86 &18C &B7-&ABist &E4. He &77F &B7-&ABism &2DC &0 [[non-&D5B &307]], &116 &8 &5FE [[&&75 Law]]. Competiting &712 use &364, [[utilitarianism]] (&7A5 [[David Friedman]]), or [[&962arianism]] (&7A5 [[Jan Narveson]]). Some [[&D5A|minarchists]], &C [[Ayn Rand]], [[&&91 Nozick]], &22F A. Heinlein]], have &126d &B7-&ABism.

Some &B7-&ABists, &13B some &B-wing &174 &35F &C David Hart &587 Raico]], &72 &29B &1EA &44C &174 &&231 &1B &B7-&ABist, &C &2DB [[&&F53e de &&C08]] and [[Auberon &&480]] &lt;ref&gt;[[&&F53e de &&C08|&&C08]], &&F53e de. ''[#2#&A1C.net/MR-GM-PS.htm Pre&7D9 #0#The &&9B of &&6C8#0#]'', &64A by J. Huston McCulloch, Occasional &&6C7 &&367 #2 (&&17C M. Ebeling, Editor), !14F!: The &&F for &&174 &&B9, May 1977.&lt;/ref&gt;&&175#0#david-hart#0#/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Ralph Raico|Raico]], Ralph [#1#mises.org/&22A/1787 ''Authentic &&D9 &&4F9ism &0 19th &&47''] Ecole Poly&423, Centre de Recherce en Epistem&D9E Appliquee, Unité associée au CNRS (2004).&lt;/ref&gt; &&7FBs &&C0C-&ABists &596 &86 &2CBs.&lt;ref&gt;McKay, Iain; Elkin, Gary; Neal, Dave ''et al'' [#1#&4EA.org/faq/append11.html Replies to Some Errors and Distortions in Bryan Caplan's #0#&&49 &&E4 FAQ#0# &18E 5.2] ''An &&49 FAQ Version 11.2'' &&59F &&105 20, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;

The &195 &&C0C-&ABism with&&A23, &&A88 &3AD &26 &263 &&1F9 at all, is &360 &134. F&5B1 on this &5FB &6EDnarchism &60narcho-&ABism]]''.

==&&19 &3 &F1==
!138!-&4AC|Green &19|Eco-&19|Eco&2DD}}

&&87 &D8 &5CA &3B in &&D62 &4F6 &4D &22 &2E7 &DB &10 &75 &F1. [[Eco-&19|Eco-&3B]] or [[Green &19|Green &3B]] &154 in [[deep &40B]].§2&&85 a &28view that &F0C [[bio&36C]] and [[&CC1&31D]]. Eco-&3B &71 use [[&54E &DB]] &92 wh&1Fy &81A &142-&35E &18D. Of &12F &3E9 &F [[Earth &&40!]] &62, that &A2C &DB &C [[tree sitting]]. An&2E &6C &888 is [[eco&2DD]], &18 sees the &43D &1B6 as a metaphor &10 &43D &8EF. Green &19 also &4E9 &655 of &1AD &ABism, and, &78F &713 &3B, &114ization &23F.{{fact}}

&&4AC is a &3F4 &&25F &6F0dvocates a &6AB a pre-&3AA &10C pre-agri&56 &53.§2It &348s &655 of &1AD &114ization.§2&&14D &981 [[&C6]] and [[&83]] have [[alie&200|&389ated]] &1C &5 &75 &28. T&383 &348s &A32s &79 &1 &35 &DB &0 [[Luddites]] &3 &295 [[Jean-&&8EE Rousseau]]. &&4AC &7C &1 &28C &0 [[Re&2CB the Streets]], Earth &&40! &3 [[Earth &&63E Front]] &62s. [[John Zerzan]] &266 that [[&114iz!153! #3#&8E; not just &74 #3#&8E; &69 &274 fall &EDnarchy &1B &66Cd.{{fact}} &&B7-&C09 &F7 &4 anti-&135 &262 many '&887' or &C12-ga&D3r &16A &6Aout &4B's &33, as &1C1s &&3DD &16A.

==&&2E &333 &70Bfshoots==
&&19 generates many &F0B and &E45 &1EA and &62s.§2&&DE &&67 &42 formet &1 &4CC and &5CA &B8 new of &62s and &1ECs &EBppeared.§2Most &0se &F5Bs are &654 even &27er &31E &763 &1ECs and &62s &886 &249.

[[&&20:Hakim Bey.jpeg|&4B|&B|[[Hakim Bey]]]]
*'''Post-left &1F8''' - Post-left &1F8 (also &6B &F74-&19) &A1B to &5A5 &23F &5 &90 #0#left#0# - &309s, &4F9s, &42 &308, etc. - &238 &453 the confines of [[&6C6]] &145. Post-&CCDs &C4 &19 &28 &E59ed &706 long &63C to &6C5 #0#&CCD#0# &62s and &456 &645 &260 ([[anti-war]], [[anti-nu&5D2]], etc.). It calls &ED &88A &&3DD &A1t &60 &176ally anti-&135 r&15Dary &62 &246 &0 &CCD milieu. It &71 &4CFes &8 &A3 &51 &1C7 in &1F6 &1B8 &4F5 &A1A &44izations and shuns &13Cal &7EC in &8FF &0 &206 &CC9 of§2explicit &88B. &&6C &8A &&5B6s &A4 Post-left &1F8 &7B: [[CrimethInc]], the &2D8 [[&&1F8: A &&64E Desire Armed]] &278 &C07 [[Jason McQuinn]], [[Bob Black]], [[Hakim Bey]] &4Ds. F&5B1 &3D, see [[&&4EA.org]]'s ''&&1F8 &&54 Leftism''&lt;ref&gt;[#1#&4EA.org/&54leftism.html &&4EA.org - &&1F8 &&54 Leftism]&lt;/ref&gt; &51, &3 [#2#&19.ws/postleft.html Post-left &51] on [#2#&19.ws/ &19.ws.] ''&&166:'' [[Post-left &1F8]]

*'''Post-&612''' - &&10E post&19 was &32Fated by [[Saul &&77D]], &40 &3C5 &C9 &306 &58 book ''[[From &&26B to Lacan]]'' to &103 a &1F1 &25E a &88A of &14D &49 &E4 and [[post&7ABist]] &A1t. &&641 to &&77D's use &0 term, &32, &31A &419 on a life &1B8 own &60 wide &1CE &726cluding [[autonomism]], [[post-left &1F8]], [[&2B8ism]], [[post-&203ism]] and Zapatismo. By its very &1B6 post-&19 &E46s &2C7 &87 &B6 a &F0A &81C &297s and &344. As such &26 &36B, &81E im&C1, to &1E &32ny &77C of &FBty who &2EA or &2EAn't be &11Fed &8D rubric. &&926 key &449 &A4 post-&19 &7B [[Saul &&77D]], [[Todd May]], [[Gilles Deleuze]] and [[Félix Guattari]]. ''External &16E: Post&19 Clearing&194''&lt;ref&gt;[#1#post&19.org/ Post &49 &5D2ing &194]&lt;/ref&gt; ''&&166'' [[Post-&19]]

*'''&&547 &19''' - &&547 &504 &263 of r&15Dary &19 &294 &77B &49 &38D &DFs and &3DEs. &&547 &3B &6D4 in&77B &13C, &3F &27 &C06 &8A, &97A out acts of &363 in &123 &44Fs, and mass &13Cs &6B base &117s, &18 can &7B &885 &A3s who &9D &3B. Proponents &7B [[Wolfi Landstreicher]] and !15B!Bo M. Bonanno]], &2BF of &743cluding #0#Armed Joy&&40 #0#The &&49 Tension&&585 &97C &10B &1 US in &2D8s &C [[Willful Disobedience]] and [[Killing King Abacus]]. ''&&166:'' [[&&547 &19]]

*'''Small &2DA - '''Small &2DA is &81B &1BE two &4C, &5B4 un&517 &28Cs. Dave Neal posited &10E in &12C big 'A' &&19 &1 &EE [#1#spunk.org/&D5/intro/&173/sp001689.html &&19: Ideology or &&21Dology?]. &&50 big 'A' &&19 &78 ideo&257al &&3B, &27 'a' &19 &&F09 &4ir &21Do&257al &C93&33A; &120 &558 &19 as #0#a &334 &A18, or a &A9 &97C &92 &C05 &16C.#0# As an anti-ideo&257al &136, &27 'a' &19 &A01s some &29Bities with [[post-left &1F8]]. [[David Graeber]] and [[Andrej Grubacic]] &716 &3A9 use &0 term, app&D23 &653 &1F9 &62s organising &29 or &A18 in &825ner &54B &&D59 &185 of de&80isation, &E54 &9C, &4B6 aid, the &671 &4CB, and &CBDly, #0#the &884 &146y idea &15 end justifies the &1B7, let &8EC &15 &209 of a r&15Dary &333 &F86 &1E &FD &3n begin &F08 one's &609 &1F &F7 of a gun.#0#[#1#zmag.org/&670/show&EE.cfm?&&51ID=41#3#ItemID=4796]

==&&2E &27B==
*'''Conceptions &146 &49 &53''' - Many &35 &9Ds justify &118 &0 &1E as a &1B7 of regu&2C8g &291, so &15 &4AB &704 &81 &207 is minimized and fair &18Fs are &61. &&3B &C4 &791 &0se ends &7D justify &282 of a &1E; many &64D &15 &1E &272&7B4 with &AE &484 &3 ''&2C9'' of chaos, &291, and war. &&3B &64D &15 &1E &B32 &3B8 a [[Monopoly &8 &D58 &5C &B6 &1F7|&C04 on &291]], and uses &291 to &3A0 &D57 &183.§2Much &329 &28 &35D to &A17 &821narchist &16A &69 &E44 &EECity.''&&166:'' [[&&43E &&53]]

*'''Civil &Bs and &56 &24E''' - [[Black &19]] &A1Ds the &305 of a &1E, &ABism, and subjugati&829d &43D &18E &5D0, and &8FFs &82A-hierarchical &13C of &53. Theorists &7B [[Ashanti Alston]], [[Lorenzo Komboa Ervin]], and [[Sam Mbah]]. [[&&49 &&18E Color]] &1A1 as a &478 for non-caucasi&501s to ex&160 &8C &A1ts &5A &23E &27B with&1 &266, &CF with&1 &&10 &&A. [[&&2A &19]] is a &35 view &18 &A1B to unite &56 or &448 &39F &&D59 &24B. Its &E43 &F49 that &AE &8FDing &448 &8A (or [[races]]) from &187 &233 &48B &11Fings &B6 &C0Aed. [[Anti-Racist &&DB]] &6B &501 &11F, but many &3B &4CFvolved.§2It &345 &8Bly con&362ing racist agitators. The [[&&AF7]] &62 of Chiapas, &&35C is &5C6 &24E &11F with some &49 proclivities.

*'''Neo&203ism and &&328ization''' - N&6D all &3B &A1D [[neo&203ism]] &276 &EC use &84 &F07 on a &328 &4CA, &584 &6A &1E &18D such &A [[&&28 Bank]], [[&&28 Trade &&13C]], [[G8|Group of Eight]], &3 [[&&28 &&84 Forum]]. [[&&328iz!153! &5F &E42 term &4FF &4C &109s &4F3 &49 f&DBs. Most &3B use &10E &5B8 neo&203ism and/or [[&56 &925]] (&188y may &81A &248). Many are &32D &1 [[anti-&328iz!153! &62. &&2Es, &CF &B7-&ABists, use #0#&328ization&&4F2 mean &4Bwide &71F &0 di&3E4 lab&796d &1AA, &188y &81A &3E1 so long as &1Ds &73 &F79vene.

*'''Parallel &117s''' - Many &3B try to &6EB &F81&13Bs to &1E-&118ed &18D and #0#outposts,#0#§2&C [[Food Not Bombs]], [[&4EA]]s, &14Bal &58s &C home-&1ECing, &C03 &3E4tion/arbit&D3Fn &8A, &703 on.§2The idea &333 &6DA the &117s &ED new anti-&135 &53 &1 &F85 &0 old, &135 one.

*'''&&C6''' - &&262 techno&257al &83s &702 &43C &2C9 both &701 &3A0 &2D9 conceiv&C0 &1C. &&2A3 &1C6 &&299 &7AA on-line &1BC. [[&&171 &E6]] is &121mined &60 gift-&38 &118ed by [[file &CC8|&CC8 &DC &B31]],§2[[open &3B7]] &2C4ming, &3 [[free &7E9 &62]]. &&86 cyber-&1BC &7B the [[GNU]], [[Linux]], [[Indy&3E4]], and [[Wiki]]. #C0#-- ***NEEDS SOURCE THAT E-GOLD IS USED BY ANARCHISTS*** [[&&8B key &883]] has made anonymous &8EB currencies &C [[e-gold]] and [[Local Ex&25F Trading &&58s]] an &360 &8EA [[fiat &3DC]]. --&gt; Some &3B see [[&3D &C6]] &A best &A16 to &5FA &135ism. Some even &55D the &3D age &3E5 &D61ual &1F8 inevi&544.&lt;ref&gt;[#1#modulaware.com/a/?m=s&D6E#3#id=0684832720 The Sovereign &&A3 -- Mastering the &7A8ition &4 &3D age]&lt;/ref&gt; ''&&166'': [[Crypto-&19]] and [[Cypherpunk]].

*'''Pacifism''' - Some &3B &28D [[Pacifism]] (&12C [[war]]) &1B &C02 &1ir &15. !15B!-&7ED|&B7-&AF8]] take it &15C and &3F7 [[Leo &&677]]'s &6C1 [[Non&291|non-&291]]. &&3B see war &276 &32C &97 &74 &A1B to ga&448d con&8CFate &FD, both &459ally &122 &D8 &D56, and subscribe to [[Randolph Bourne]]'s view that #0#war &F &330 &0 &1E#0#&lt;ref&gt;[#2#&44F.ws/hist_&2F0/war&330&1E1918.html War &F &&330 &0 &&1E]&lt;/ref&gt;. A lot &&3DD &32C &28 [[anti-war]] &116.

*'''&&1A5arianism''' - In &44 &38E, &43C ethos &A1Ds &39E in &190s, &74 &39E a&701s to condoning &74.&lt;ref&gt;[#2#&D6.aol.com/vlntryst/hitler.html The &&882 - Why I &6D7 vote &92 Hitler]&lt;/ref&gt;. [[Voluntaryism]] &5F &49 &1EC &652 &18 &6FFs #0#t&6B2 y&7C6 garden&&40 #0#n&1FD ballots nor &F64s.&&B5 &49 case &92 &39E is &5F8 in ''The &&11D of Voting''&lt;ref&gt;[#1#&E54ist.com/non&39E/&11D_of_&39E.php &&882 - The &11D of &39E]&lt;/ref&gt; by [[&&1B4 H. Smith]]. (Also see #0#Voting &&3B: An Oxymoron or What?&&171 [[Joe Peacott]], and &137 by [[Fred Woodworth]]).

*'''Sectarianism''' - Most &49 &619 &A1t are, &3A8 &77C, [[sectarian]].§2&&D3 &7A a &2F7 &617 ''&219'' each &1EC &267 to react to, or &43A, &2E &1ECs.§2Some, &C [[p&1F8|p&3B]], &B2 &26 &C1 &ED &344 modes &3E1 life to co&4D0 and &F48. Some &3B view &F0D &1ECs as a &42 impossibility and &C0A &F79&DB; &2Es see opportunities for &710-&594, or &1F2 &AF2 &7F6s for &176 &318s. ''See [[&19 &3CAdjectives]].''

==&&63B &&1F9==
:''Ma&80Cicle:'' [[&&63B &&1F9]]

'''Violence.'''§2&&87 &19 has &71 been &A4 &291 and &4AB, some &53D seen it &745 too &67B. &&8 &2E hand hand, [[&&AF1 &&78A]] &347ed &3B for &67Aing &67B &39D:
:''#0#A r&15D is &FBly &31 &135 &336 &B7; it &F act &ADby one part &0 &23 &E02s its will up&8 &2E part &2D8 of rifles, bayonets and cannon — &135 &1B7, if such &D3 be at all; and &4F1 &784ious &99 &7D want &9C &54D in vain, it must &C01&14D rule &2D8 &0 terror &18 its arms inspire &1 re&DBists. Would the Paris Commune have &C00 &2CB day if it had not made &5C this &16C &0 &714 &1C &2AA &E51?#0#&lt;ref&gt;[#1#&59E.org/&482/marx/&DD/1872/10/&16C.htm ''On &&16C'']&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Utopianism.''' &&19 &7A &548 as unfeasible, or &D55 [[&8E9]], even &39C who &A15 &87's a nice idea in &307. &&37 Carl &&BFF &58 book ''&&45 &&42ism'' &A14 &19 &745 &A13 &8E9, and &63A that &43B a #0#&896 evil#0# &343 &53 &10B #0#re&160ive &1F7.&&793 &63A &15 &2A2 #0#ill &9C4ions will cease if re&160ive &1F7 dis&B3#0# &5F #0#&E41.#0#&lt;ref&gt;[[Carl &&BFF|&&BFF]], Carl. ''&&45 &&42ism: A &&2B Ide&276d &&62s'' (1959) (&972d from #0#&&49 &&E4 FAQ&&171 [[Bryan Caplan]] &4F0 27]] [[2006]]&lt;/ref&gt; &&586 &151 &657 &44Dll &191 &497 &8E9 view &&1F9. &&37 some, &C &&3E3 &&451, &6D4 &290ly-&881 &18D that &E57 &A3 &40E and &E6. &&32, &2E &3B, &C Sir [[&&480 Read]], proudly &897 &20Aization #0#&8E9.#0# 

'''[[&&42 &1B8|Class]] &36.''' [[&&A8Bs]] have &36ised &19 &276 ex&160ion &0 &1B8 &183 &0 [[petite &E51ie]] or &583 [[lumpenproletariat]]. See e.g. Plekhanov&lt;ref&gt;[[G. V. Plekhanov]] ''#0#[#1#&59E.org/&482/plekhanov/1895/anarch/&12B.htm &&43E &&42ism]#0#''&lt;/ref&gt; &ED &&A8B &981 of 1895. &&3B &EBlso been &36ised as spoilt [[&19A-&1B8]] [[dilettante]]s, most &2A9 &982 to [[anti-&ABism|anti-&ABist]] &8E6ers.

'''Tacit &135ism.''' &&68B &593 &19 &28 &548 by '&2B8ists', 'post-&3B' &4Ds of pre&8B4 'tacitly &8EA', &135 or &A33cratic &7EC &1FE a &F06 facade.&lt;ref&gt;[#2#&D5.no&336ness.org/&EEs/SI/en/&5A8/20 ''&&53 &0 Spectacle] Paragraph 91&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Hypocrisy.''' Some &347 &F7 &4 [[s&4D0]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Jenny P. d'Heri&1F5]], ''#0#[#1#pinn.net/~sunshine/whm2003/heri&1F52.html &&18C &208 critic of &&125]#0#''&lt;/ref&gt; and [[racist]] &24B &154 &210 &3B, &5A4 [[&&4B3-&&19B &&125|&&125]] and [[&&678 &&26B|&&26B]], as &582 [[hypocrisy]] &C02 with&&A23. &&651 &3B, &32, dismiss &15 &17Fal &AC4s of &264 &712 &126 the &344 of &79-day &3B, &2Es criticise &66 &19 for &7E8 &1B [[eurocentric]] and &16E the &880 &&3DD &449 like &&125 on [[&345]] &6A &8A like [[Cercle &&125]].&lt;ref&gt;[#1#stewarthome&53.org/ai.htm ''&&49 Integralism]&lt;/ref&gt; &&B7-&ABist [[Bryan Caplan]] &64Ds &15 &2BB of &59As and suspected &59A &BFE &342 &&3B &1 &&151 Civil War &44 &277 &C05 &F07, &60E proffessed &3B #0#&546 &803 &35B f&DB of &2F8itarians,&&79Flongside the &309s and &59As. &&10A &A14 &341 &0 CNT to jo&1 (&8EA) Re&8Ban &1D &2A &18F, &3A7 [[Stanley G. Payne]]'s§2book &8 &&E40 &E3F &18 &2CBs &15 CNT &5A9 &6C4 &B &59A &1D six &5B &DD war.&lt;ref&gt;[[Bryan Caplan|Caplan]], Bryan. ''#0#[#1#gmu.edu/&370s/&84s/bcaplan/spain.htm The &&B7-Statists of Spain]#0#''&lt;/ref&gt;

==&&56 &2BA==
[[&&20:Noam_chomsky.jpg|&4B|&5CC|&B| [[Noam &&8E8]] (1928–)]]
The kind &&1F9 &C1 most &552 &5E9ed &31B &38 &10B by &C68 who &8Bly &3DB &16D &276archists. &&20C &3B &E46 any &732 such &170 &187dividuals &799herently élitist, &59 &2A7 &582 &210 &8Bly self-avowed &3B:

* the [[MIT]] &70F of [[&#117# [[Noam &&8E8]]
* the [[&4A &23D]] &2BF [[Ursula K. Le Guin]]
* &650 &AF0 [[&&77A Zinn]] 
* &C67 &60uthor [[Hans &&B7Bsson]]
* the [[Avant-garde]] &E3E [[Nicolás Rosselló]]

In [[Denmark]], the [[Freetown &&BCia]] &1A1 in &F05 [[Copenhagen]]. The ho&7CCnd &A12 cris&272 &70 [[&&67 &&89]] led &4 &45C [[commune (&9C4ional &8F)|communes]] and squatter &62s &4EF one &146 &BFD in [[Barcelona]], in [[&&87F]].§2Militant [[antifa|&363 to neo-Nazi &8A]] in &14E like &&D9y, &3 up&874s of [[&48B &&8F6]], [[&2B8ist]], and [[Autonomist]] &25C &&93 &826taly &52D &596 &C9ity &449ti-&135, non-&ABist &1D7.§3

In &123 &DCal &68s, &19 rose &31Bity.§2Most &170 &10 linking &&3DD ide&276d &DC &28 punk rock, &7D &1 &66 age, hip hop, and folk &DC &170 &381 &6C &5DDs &10 sp&468 &0 &49 &5A7.§2&&1 [[&&10 &&108|UK]] this &&C66 &B [[punk rock]] &62; the band [[Crass]] is celebrated &5A1 &49 and [[&7ED|&F11]] &1D7. The [[Dutch &1C|Dutch]] punk band [[The Ex]] &15C exemplifies this ex&160ion.
''F&604 &215, see [[&B7-punk]]''

!25!
#C0#-- (Please take c&4CF &A29 &597 list &87 not grow &DF6ively &212, &28D &A29 &4 list &&3DD &1AB page) --&gt;
&&B9 many &1AB &6C3 &4 &8E7 &&1F9, &85 a &D54 &CC7.§2&&D3 &4A &6FF &3C3 &19 &49 &1AB]].

* [[&A3ist &19#105#-&19C#105#-&1F2#105#-&ABism]], [[&4B6ism]], [[&&BC &19]], [[&599-&2DD]], [[&713 &19]], [[nihilist &19#105#-&2Aism]], [[&191 &19]], [[&2A &19]]. [[post-&19]], [[post-left &19]] 
* [[&&174 &&42ism]]
* [[&&49 &49Fism]]
* [[&&19/Links|List &&1F9 &2FC]]
* [[List &&3DDs]]
* [[List &&3DD &13Cs]]
* [[Major &207s with&448archist &A1t]]
* [[Past and &79 &49 &1BC]]

===&&A9 &327===
*[[Paris Commune]] (1871)
*[[Hay&3A4 Riot]] (1886)
*[[The Makhnovschina]] (1917 #3#&8E; 1921)
*[[&&AF5 &273]] (1921)
*[[&&151 R&15D]] (1936) (see [[&&19 in Spain]] and [[&&151 R&15D]])
*May 1968, &&93 (1968)
*[[WTO &&1CEial &&643 of 1999|WTO Meeting in Seattle]] (1999)

===Books===
{{main|List &&3DD &193}}

&&59 is a sample &73E that &22 &16Ed &14D page, &6FF &206 list &57 &156 &1F &19 &49 &193]].

*[[&&678 &&26B]], ''[[God &3 &&1E]]'' [#2#&BFC.&E3D.edu/&&49_&&3DA/bakunin/godand&1E/godand&1E_ch1.html]
*[[Emma &&5A6]], ''[[&&19 #3# &&2E Essays]]'' [#2#&BFC.&E3D.edu/&&49_&&3DA/goldman/&&5A6CW.html]
*[[Peter &&2BD]], ''[[&&4B6 Aid: A F&278 of &&15D|&&4B6 Aid]]'' [#1#&14C.org/&365/4341]
*[[&&4B3-&&19B &&125]], ''[[&&84 &&E6?]]'' [#1#&14C.org/&365/360]
*[[Rudolf Rocker]], ''!15B!-&&1F2 (book)|&&B7-&&1F2]]''
*[[&&4B5 &&231]] ''[[The &&11D of &&40E]]'' [#1#mises.org/&231/&11D/&11D.asp]
*[[Max &&679]], ''[[The Ego And Its Own]]'' [#1#df.lth.se/~triad/stirner/]
*[[Leo &&677]], ''[[The &&108 &70A is Within You]]'' [#1#&108now.org/&219you.html]

===&&19 by &23C/&38===
* [[&&12n &&19]]
* [[&&19 in Spain]]
* [[&&19 &1 &&46 &112]]
* [[&&D4 &19]]

!1F!
!DF!-size: 85%#0#&gt;
!127!
!D8!

'''&&86 &4CD have no &80B &16E &1 &EE. They &78E re-used.'''
# {{note|bill}} [#2#ns52.&F84-hosts.com/~vaz1net/bill/&19/&D5/thelaw.html]
# {{note|&A1C}} [#2#&A1C.net/GM-PS.htm]
# {{note|&6CD}} [#2#flag.&191ened.net/&E3C/&6CD/plat_preface.html]
# {{note|&979}} [#1#&92&59.com/&3A4_&19/&979_&6C2.htm A&D0Ft &&59 - Appleton - Boston &&3B]
# {{note|Yarros-NotUtopian}} [[&&784 Yarros|Yarros, &&784]] ''&&40E'' VII, [[&&EB 2]] [[1892]].
# {{note|totse}} [#1#totse.com/en/&59/&19/161594.html Noam &&8E8 on &&19 by Noam &&8E8]

!E!
The &BFB &36C and &2D &2FC re&2C8g &&D53 is &3C3ly &486 &8 [[List &&1F9 web &C7|&2FC subpage]]. 
{{&894|&&40F &&1F9}}
*[#2#&B7&8E5.&8E6.net/ &&B7&8E5] Blogs by &&3B.
*[#2#&BFC.&E3D.edu/&&49_&&3DA/ &&1F8 &&3DA] &3C3ly &3DA &3D &581 &170 &3B.§2Th&&E3B many &0ir &193 &4D &8Bations.
*Hundreds &&3DDs are &886, with &17A &580 #3# &35D &41A [#2#re&490&193.com/bleed/&A87/&A87&12B.htm &1F Daily Bleed's &&49 &&1B3]
*[#1#&4EA.org/ &&4EA.org] ([[&&4EA.org|&1EF page]])
*[#1#iww.org/ &&1AD &&1DD &0 &&28]

#C0#-- Attention!§2The &800 link &8E4 &63 &EE &A5Fly grows far &545 manageable size.§2Please only list an &246 link if it applies &&D53 &145 &B1 &592 noteworthy.§2Links to &4ED &1DF or sub&62s &152 &87E &4D1 &4 list page &7D8 this &EE free of clutter --&gt;


[[&&9:&&19|*]]
[[&&9:Forms &12E|&&19]]
[[&&9:&&35 &6C6 entry &F7s|&&19]]
[[&&9:&&35 &298|&&19]]
[[&&9:&&42 &15|&&19]]

!32!لاسلطوية]]
[[ast:Anarquismu]]
#81#Анархизъм]]
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§6<&5>rv &36B-to-&3F7 paragraph</&5>
§6#4##C0#-- NOTES: 

1) Please &73 &57F &F64s to sub&C7Ds here &A &544 of &670s &2C9 too &212 &7EC case (&37 &7DF FAC).
2) Use ref/note combos &EDll &2FC and &47D &A22 &9A
3) &&16E any&336 you put here &7B3&544 &9A, as this &1BF &4E6 attract a lot of &2AD. 

--&gt;{{Disease&&149 infobox |
§2Name§2= &&1C2 &2D |
§2ICD10 =§2F84.0 |
§2ICD9§2=§2{{ICD9|299.0}} |
}}
'''&&2D''' is &1B8ified as a neuro&CB that &7E7s &23F in &53Ely ab&3F3 &42 &F79&DB, &101 &31D, &2D7 &57Bs, and &2D7 of &F5. 

&&168 &176 [[etiology]] &25B is un&DE, many &6Eers suspect &57E &3FAs from &66Dally &3E4ted vulnerabilities to &F1al &F04. And &50 &B7 dis&435 &AC &50E, &1B6, and &A10 for such &1A0 &6Eers have &156 &1F2 &2AC &145 &F83 &AEF &213 &A3s &70E as &43. Some &2D6 &57E &7E5s in as many &4EB [[&&10 &&A]] &211 in 166, &32 &377 &&EF &3E0 &&330]] &4C8 &6FF &325 &2D6 &4C9 in 1000{{ref|Nih&&2Dov2005}}. For &380 &6F0l&F20 have one &43 &211, the odds of a &8D &43 &211 &5D as high &4EB in &4B2.§2Diagnosis is &A9 a &275 [[&&A0F|&C64]] &591, &60 &69F &1ACized clinical tests &1CF be used.

&&2D &3A6 be [[Physiology|physio&257ally]] &50D. A &206 &B6 and [[neuro&257al]] &A0E will &271 be &49 diagnosing &2D. Some now &AEE &57E &6B &2CB &50C &447 &16E &85 &1CB &2AB that &7E7 in &29B ways.

By &475, &2D must &7E7 &8E2s in #0#&42 &F79&DB, &C as &1BE &42 &281 &2A6 imagi&13B play,#0# with #0#onset &174 &82B &5B&&719ccording &4 [[&&3D9 &33E &&6CF &3E0 &&111]]. The [[ICD-10]] also says that &447 must #0#&7E7 &308 &1C1 &E5 &5B.&&B5re &22 &212 &162s &1 &37F [[&&2D &BFA|&AED &25B]], for &15Fs &D7 &8E3 &5FBd by [[&6E]]ers in [[&226]] and &248 &1FBs with&1 [[&D2 &8F]].

Some &BA &&178 have &6C1 &8C &42 &4D &4AA &4 &F7 &249y can &70D &C63 in &474 &14B &340 &327, but &B9 lingering &597 &6F0n &7E6 cure &1B3utism is im&C1 with &153 &C6. &&32, many &C6 &60dults &1BD able &BF (&1F2 in &13E) are &311 &560 cure &8C &2AB, and see such &2AB as &49 who &107.

!28!
[[&20:&&29C_kl2.jpg|&3D8|&B|Dr. [[Hans &&29C]] &FF &263 &25B &1 1940s that &B4 &BF &79 [[&&F1#FA#

&&2D1 ''&2D'' was &666 &1 [[&&46 &C]] by Swiss &87C [[Eugene Bleuler]] in a 1912 &3FC &0 ''&&13 &&64E Insanity''. It &5D3 &5 &&5C word for #0#self#0#.

&&4E9 [[&&343 &1B8ification|&1B8ific!153! &25B &DB &7E5 &8E &19A &0 [[&446 &47]], when in 1943 &87C Dr. [[Leo &&779]] &0 [[Johns Hopkins Hospital]] in &&AEC &37F on 11 &211 &F03 with striking &F5al &29Bities, &&C62 the &113 ''&6D &87B &2D''. He &304 #0#&2D#0# &5 [[&&5C &C|&&5C]] #3#&3D7;#3#upsilon;#3#tau;#3#&CC6;#3#&E3A; (''autos''), &109 #0#self#0#, to &E39&265§2fact &15 &BA &778 to lack &299 &23A. &&7D &&779's &40 &543 &8 &1BF was &240 a (now defunct) &34D, ''The Nervous Child'', &324 &12C &36istic he &119ly &FF &72E &331 as &50B &0 &43 &2A5 &111.

&&1F same time an #114#|&&30n]] &AEB, Dr. [[Hans &&29C]], &FF a &4C form &25B &57D &79 [[&&F1]]#3#&8E;&1BA &25D &5C8 of &&29C's &4EA &8E2ed by [[&&28 War II]] in [[&&D9y]], and &11 &B3 his seminal &543 wasn't &33F &&46 &EDlmost 50 &5B. &&3E2ity &1D &4EAn't &3A5 read &1D9 1997.

Thus &86 two &2AB were &FF &60re &159 &886 &1 [[&&3D9 &33E &&6CF &3E0 &&111]] DSM-IV-TR (&4A9 &317, text &2 1) as two &0 five [[&&23B &CB|&23B &CBs]] (PDD), more &71 &78 &159 as [[&&43 &147|&330 &111]] (ASD). All &0se &2AB are &36ized by &CC5 &77Cs of &2F7 in [[&101 skill]]s, &42 &F79&DBs, &3A1, &647 and &4A8 &2D7 of [[&&81 &F5|&F5]].

Few &7E4 &159 &87A &1C6 DSM-IV &591 for &4A7 a &270 &25B, &18 &3DF &8 &CC9 or &8E2 of &FB &83al &3D1tones. Many &7E4 &2CA use an &AEA &1B7 (or a combinati&8reof) to more &691ly &879 a [[&270]].

==Terminology==
{{&A28par2|&2D|&43}}
When &A35ring &3A8one &70E &&178, &10E ''&43'' &7A used. &&32, &10E ''&17F &&178'' &57 &1BEstead. &&85 &78 as ''[[&17F-&40 &4A6]]''. The [[&43 &8F]] &44ly p&6DE &10E ''&43'' for &15Fs &D7 &A0D &134. &&4EC uses &10E ''&43'' (see [[Talk:&&2D|talk page]]).

==&&36istics==
[[&&20:kanner_kl2.jpg|&3D8|&B|Dr. [[Leo &&779]] &2EF the &113 ''&6D &87B &2D'' in 1943.]]
&&B7 &7C4 &36C &1 &4AA and &F5s &3A5 &70E as &43, and &D52 will &71 &C11 at &4C &648s &AC &40A &270. Much &63 is due &4 [[&473 &58]] &146 &43 &3A &639 &4C &5 &473 &58 &1CB &1C, &87 &FB [[stimulus|stimulations]] can &F72 an &43 &4Cly &343 non-&43, &3 &77C to &188 &473 &58 is &590 &E38 &E37 &71A &43 &17F &449&2E.

&&1B2, &F4s &219 [[pediatric]] care and &86ten look for &6D &A0C &25B in &102 &F02 &2BB as &2BC &C1.§2&&32, some &1C &73 &154 in &2BB &EDutism, &1FD beca&1C6y &73 &154 &2D is a &149 or beca&1C6y &154 &2BB can do more harm than good.

===&&42 &83===
Typically, &2F1 &D73s are &42 &78s#3#&8E;&6D &7EB they do such &77 as gaze at &1C, turn &4B4 &7E0s, &D51 a &E36, &469 smile. In &2DE, most &C6 &A0B &28B to faces and seem &9C &A0A &218 to &878 &1 give-and-take of &12Cday &81 &F79&DB. Even &1 &40 &64D of life, many seem in&4C to &23A beca&1C6y &A09 eye &58F and &73 &C1A &Bm as &71 as non-&C6.

&&BA &&178 &71 &259 &A0B &7DDlone &4 &D7 &1CBs and may passively &897 such &77 as hugs and &F01 &10B reciprocating, or &C0A &306 al&1C8. &&B4, they seldom seek &8E1 from &2Es or &CC4 to &39C' &5A8s of [[anger]] or [[&E35]] in a &50B way. &&6E has &304 &6F0l&A1 &C6 are &BF9 &4ir [[parent]]s, &8C ex&160ion &63 &63C is &777 and &258 &E34. Parents who &E33 forward &4 joys of &F01, [[&58E]], and &50A &Bir &211 may feel crushed by this &10D &388 [[&63C &E4|&63C]] &F5.

&&BA &&178 &259 lack #0#[[&&11A mind|&11A mind]]#0#, &29B &4E8 &77 &1B3n&2E &17F's &1F0, a &F5 &A22 as &AE9 to &494 &249 the &1C1 five and, &445, &2E &3A2 [[&F47]]s &C &B30 [[gorilla]]s, [[&&E8 &D50|&D50]]s and [[bonobos]]. Typical 5-year-olds can &348 in&A2Bs into &23A's &4C &A5, &7E3, &&F2Fions, &2D0 &116 upon &42 cues (e.g., &978, &BF8 ex&160ions). An &A3 &&178 &76E lack &86 &316 &4AA, an in&31D that &BF7 them un&C0 pr&F1A or &121st&4D &1C's &DBs. The [[&42 alie&200]] of &43 &1BC &1C is so &8E0 from &1C2 &3DD &0m have [[&AE8 &55C]]s as &84Cship. &&32, &1D2 an &AE8 &55C &6B &5C7 a sign &25B &&A08 &7E5s in non-&C6. 

&&7D not &B0, &26 &E8 &EDutistic &6FC not &F00 &8C &F5. This can take &1F8 of crying or &A07 outbursts that may seem &817 pro&8E4 &4 &2B8. &&A3s &&178 &44ly &A0B &54B &EFF and &F1s; they may react &581ly to &25Fs &1m. &&26 not un&E8 &10se &A3s to &A86 &D5B, &162d &3DC self-stimulatory &F5, self-&877 or &3C3 &BE5al in &BFB &2B8s.

===&&473 &58===
A key indicat&820 &7E4 &281 a &5FC assessment &EDutism &69 &7B &66F for &447 &3DB &AE &1F5 [[&&473 &&5C6 Dys&384|&473 &5C6 dys&384]]. &&BA will &A86 &292 coping &B &3F3 &473 input. Indicators &63 &149 &7B oversensitivity or &121re&32C to touch, &62, &A2Bs, or &5BBs; &B6 clumsiness or carelessness; poor body &23A; a &97C &1B &552 distracted; impulsive &B6 or &A07 &F5; an &32C &276 &C1 un&10C high or low; not unwinding or calming oneself; &218 new &62s; &36By &67B &7A8itions &71A &2B8 &449&2E; &64F/or e&21Bal &292; &8E2s in [[&&239 &8E2|&239]], [[&&C &8E2|&C]] or [[&2F4 &4AA]]; &176 &2E0 &25C/&8E2s in &25B &37E.

One &E8 &1C1 &5F &A3 &&178 [[Hearing (&2FB)|&8DF]]. &&1F4 with &&2D &2CF &58D &8DF &FB &1C &50 &23A are louder than usual. Or &33C &&178 &5D un&C0 filter out &5BBs in &FB &2B8s, &C in &1B7 crowd &689 (see [[&EFE &99 &21A]]). &&32, &85 &583 part &0 &2D that &4E6 vary &31 from &70E &17F, so &86 &1C1s &3A6 apply &78B &43.

It &B6 &657 &473 &25C, &7D &37Fly &3DA &43s, &9D part &0 [[DSM-IV]] &3D9 &591 for ''&43 &149''.

===&&101 &25C===
By &82B, &50B &BA have &4B9 predic&544 &C &2E0 &3D1tones; one &0 &6D3 is babbling. &&11 &40 &335day, a &50B toddler says &277, &8DE &109 or she &B2F his or her name, &F7s &109 or s&73C a toy, and when &58C &1C3 &C61, &3E5 &764 &15 &6B6 #0#no.#0# &&239 &83 in &1C &&178 &A2C &4C paths.§2Some &5F6 [[mute]] &BCir &47C &50 &78 &70D [[&58B|&7E2]] &60ble &BF &2C2 ways#3#&8E;&20s, [[sign &C]], and [[typing]] are far more &75 &4m. Some &D73s &6FD show &7E1 &25B coo and babble &284 &23 &64D of life, but stop &5F9wards. &&2Es &5D &8E2ed, &2F1 &C as late &A [[adolescence|teenage]] &5B.§2Still, in&646 &554 &7D mean &54F &&178 are &B0F or &CC3.§2Once &20E &40A accommodations, many will happily &C1B for &A06, and can &71 be &1F5 &27C [[chat room]]s, &228 &D37s or [[&293]]s &469 &22B &101 &499s at &2D-&8F &42 &327 &C [[Au&F7A]].

&&120 do &554 &71 use [[&C]] in &777 ways, retaining &C2 of &238 &9E4s of &C &83 for long &280s or &BCir &47C.§2Some &554 only &456 &277, &50 &2Es repe&1F same &776 &4FEnd over. Some &F71 wh&1Fy hear, a &50C &6B [[echola!F1!.§2Sing-song repetitions &3F4 are a calming, joyous &32C &3DD &43 &5F5 &878 in.§2&&2A3 &&178 &EB &263 [[tonality|tonal]] &2FB, and can &71 &121&627 &2E9 &C. 
Some &BA may &A86 only s&4CE &8E2s in &C, &379 seem &9C precocious &4E1 un&10C &212 [[&638|vocabularies]], bu&7F8 &AC &36By in &CC1ing &50B [[&444]]s.§2The #0#give and take&&108 non-&43 &444 is hard &10m, &168y &71 carry on a [[&E32]] on a &6C0 &1BF, &542 &257 else an &303 to &5. When &6F9 &69C &439 &2E &43s, they &8E1ably do so in #0#&595 &E32#0##3#&8E;&2E7 &8DE ex&160ing &24B &&BF6.§2Just as #0#[[neuro&50B]]s#0# (&19Fout &2D) have &58D &121&627ing &43 [[body &C]]s, &D4F tones, or &776ology, &1C &&178 &29Bly have &58D with such &77 in &19Fout &2D.§2&&372 &43 &C abilities tend &1B &360 literal; &19Fout &2D &71 in&40Aly at&A53 &5F4 &109 &5AA &1C &&178 say or &33B &17F &&178 to &2FB such un&1Ed &109 &1ir own &277.

The body langu&1C1 &1C &&178 &57 &36B for &23A &D0. Facial ex&160ions, &62s, and &978 &5D &552 &121&F24 &5B7 &23A &&178, but &73 &20F &AE &7A5 &23A. Also, &8C t&2C &7E0 &17D &256 subtle inflection in &8D8ing &8C &7E3, &3 [[auditory &58]] of &1F4 &3C&&2D &71 &443 &2FB the fluctuations. What &76E non-&18D like &6CB-pitched, sing-song, or flat, [[robot]]-like &7E0 is &3DA &C6. Some &C6 with &1A8 good &C &4AA &554 like &13D &5F5, &51 &B0E &1Fir &153 age &276, &3A one &0 &77 &788 lead to &292.

&&87 non-&18D &3D3 &D4E &B &43 [[body &C]], and &87 &43 &75 &C &3A6 &1C2wards &239, &18D &71 &44F &818 &23A know wh&1Fy need. As anybody &2F3 do in &497 &2B8, they may scream in &924 or &E31 to grabbing wh&1Fy want. &&50 waiting for non-&18D to &38C &BF &Bm, &1C &&178 do &C0D &4E5 &7FB &6A &4m. &&101 &25C may &A05 to &18D &381 &42ly anxious or de&160ed.

===&&647 &F5s===
&&7D &1C &&178 &10C &3B6 &B6ly &3F3 &45B good muscle &C0, &777 &647 &21Bs, &79 self-stimulation or #0#stimming,#0# may set them &70C. &&86 &F5s &78E &775 and &360 &4E8 &5B1 subtle. Some &BA and &7DF &A3s &B2E a lot &5B3 &54F &EFD &8C arms or wiggling &8C toes, &2Es &BF5 freeze in &136. As [[&211]]ren, they &2F3 &B2E &A06 lining &24Dir &787 &8DDs in a &FB way, not &22B &786 pretend play. If &58A &541 moves one &0se toys, &255 &5D &A0Aly upset. &&43 &BA &71 need, and &BF4, &7E6 &923 &1ir &F1. A s&4CE &25F &448y routine#3#&8E;in meal&144, dressing, &2E7 a bath, or &1F3 &1EC at a &FB &4E4 &11 same &A2E#3#&8E;&57 &70B &D4D. &&1C &&178 &65 &EB &D4C, &8E0 pre&3DF. &&37 &255 &78E obsessed with &2E0 all &5A [[vacuum cleaners]], [[&8DD]] &E30 or [[&4CE&194s]]. Often they show &AC &299 &4C &Cs, &31E, &2C7 or [[&4A]] &283.§2&&647 &F5s &16A &E2F in&4 &2E9 word &F6. Perseve&D3Fn of &2CB word or &776, even &ED &176 &2D &144 &16A &4E3 part &0 &211's &4C9 routine.

===&&1BE in &14B===
&&BA &&178 are &590 &Bse &447 &12C day. &&86 &777 &36istics set them &70C &5 &12Cday &3F3 &5A2. &&74 &18C &58D &121&627ing &1C’s &A1ts and &7E3, &18C &58D &121&627ing wh&1Fir &774 &5D &F46 them. They &73 &121st&6D &BF8 ex&160ions and &D4F &540 hold &109s and may mis&E34 what emoti&8ir instructor is dis&50A. Th&272&646 &70D decipher &4B &1EEm &3E5 &14B &E2Eful. Teachers need &1B aware of a &5A2's &149 so &15y are &C0 help &57C get &16B out &0 lessons &78 &442. 

Some &1C6 &38C &244 with &6BE aids &Ay are &244 &C0 &121&627 &CD &79ed t&7C8. Beca&5C this, many &6BF &6DA “&6BE &E30” &10ir &43 &1C6. This &5CDs &57C &79D &84 &64C on &BC day, so they &6FB &64B &EDnd what &32C they &152 &644 next. Some &C6 have &58D &64C &71A &32C &4 next, so this &6BE &F4Ale &784 to &F70 &E2E. 

&&6E &6FA that &64A pairs &5D &3E1 to &C6. #C0#-- cite a &3B7 here, &5F7! --&gt; &&43 &1C6 have &292 in &1ECs &4E2 with &4E1 &101, &783 &42ization &F6. They feel self-&AE7 &ACmselves &481 feel &15y will &361 be outcasts. By &5CDing &37D work with peers &4E5 make &3A4 in turn &784 them cope &B &292 &6F0rise. By &751 they &57come more &D4B in&4 &474 &F1 &0 &1B8room.

A &774's aide &16A be useful &4 &5A2. The aide is &C0 give more e&38Date &237s &15 &774 &3A6 have &5B2 &B20in &4 &43 &211. The aide &16A &A04 &16C &211 in &497 way &26C &5CD &37D stay at a &29B &276 &4 rest &0 &1B8. This &5CDs a partially one-on-one lesson &117 so &15 &211 &72E &C0 stay in a &3F3 &1B8room but be &6F9 &F26 help &15y need. 

&&B9 many &4C &148 that &6BF can use &44Bsist &8C &1C6. A &774 &555 &1Bcome &F0F &B &211’s dis&102 &6FB will work best with &339 &211. Every &211 is &64C &1B &4C and &6BF have &1B &C0 adjust with &12C one &0m.

&&1C6 with &&2D &&147 &&111 &271 have high &276s &146xiety and &E2E, &338 &42 &F1s like &1EC. If a &5A2 &A86s &637 or &E2D &F5, &26 &6C for &14Bal teams &252 the imp&6E6 &E2E &60nxiety. Preparing &1C6 for new &2B8s by &13E &&42 Stories can &225 anxiety. Teaching &64F e&21Bal &1AB &22B &58atic &58E &22Ees &C The Incredible 5-&&F7 Scale &4F5 Cognitive &&F5al &53F can &162 a &5A2's &31D &337 &DF6ive &F5al re&DBs.

== DSM &475 ==
&&2D &649 in &51 299.00 &0 [[&&3D9 &33E &&6CF &3E0 &&111]] (DSM-IV) as:
#A &782 six (&5B1) &A03 &6F8 (2) and (3), &32t &906 two &6F8 &7DC each from (2) and (3): 
##&738 &A02 in &42 &F79&DB, &438 by &1F2 two &0 &139: 
###&53E &A02 &1 &5C &589 non&A07 &F5s &C eye-to-eye gaze, &BF8 ex&160ion, body postures, and &978 to &F00 &42 &F79&DB 
###&78C &648 peer &18Fs &40A &648&55E &276 
###a &10D &737 &348 &A01 &70A, &183, or &37Es with &23A (e.g., by a &10D &509, &441, or &F7ing out &28B &57B) 
###&10D &42 or e&21Bal &4A5 
##&738 &3A3 &101 &438 by &1F2 one &0 &139: 
###&8E2 in, &820tal &10D, &38 of &2E9 &C (&44Dccompanied &44C &EC compensate &678lter&13B &75A &101 &C &CC2 or mime) 
###in &A3s &32dequate &239, &53E &A02 &1 &646 &F02 or &CC1 a &444 with &2Es 
###&4A8 &3A2 &5C &C or idiosyncratic &C 
###&10D varied, &737 make-&154 play or &42 imitative play &40A &648&55E &276
##&48C &647 and &4A8 &2D7 of &F5, &183, &&922, &438 by &1F2 one &0 &139: 
###encom&A70 &254 one &5B1 &4A8 &3A1 &2D7 &57B &C1 ab&3F3 &1FD in &E2C or &4CF 
###&4E8ly inflexible adherence to &176, non&384al &EFF or rituals 
###&4A8 &3A2 &2F4 &753isms (e.g., hand or &E36 &EFD or twisting, or &26A &38B-body &62s) 
###&D4C &254 &95 &28B
#Delays &57A &21E in &1F2 one &0 &2D6 with onset &174 &82B &5B: &647 &F79&DB, &4E0 as &1BE &42 &281 (3) &2A6 imagi&13B play. 
#The dist&705ce &6B &244 &46Aed f&797 [[Rett &1AF|Rett's &&149]] or [[&&1C2 &315 &149|&&1C2 Disintegrative &&149]].

The ''&&3D9 &33E &&6CF''#C0#-- --&gt;'s &3D9 &591 &145 is &134 for &78 vague and &1BFive.§2(See the [[DSM &F3Dary &1Ement]].) The &591 &EDutism is &256 &134 &1F1 &7E4 &159 may ignore it &206ly, &2CA &87A &658 &2E &21Ds for &4A7 the &270.

== Types &25B == 
&&2D &79s in &802 &77C, from &120 are n&6D [[dys&384al]] &60pparently [[&&83al Dis&31D|&55Ely handicapped]] to &120se &447 are mild or remedied &39D to &3B6 un&698ional (#0#&3F3#0#) &4 &44 &8B. In &1F6 both &1B8ification &3rapy, &43 &A3s &3D3 &158 &AE &32n [[&&39B &&BF3|IQ]]#3#lt;80 &78 as &1D2 #0#low-&11F#0# (LFA), &50 &AE with IQ#3#gt;80 are &78 as &1D2 #0#high-&11F#0# (HFA). Low and &2D5 are more &44ly &492 to how well &12D can &A00 &2AA of &4C9 &10F, &51 to [[IQ]].§2&&10Es low and &2D5 are &134 and &44Dll &43s &897 &86 &113s.§2&&15C, &86 two &113s &9D &153ly used or &205 &6F6 &158.

This discrepancy can lead to con&E00 &213 &1A2 &31Brs who equate IQ with &21E and may &BF2 to &38A high-IQ &18D &1BD &875ly &255d &1ir &646 &902 &4C9 &10F tasks, or may fail &252 &2B7 &275 &7A6 &18D &1BD &72 LFA. &&37 some &F4s &BF2 &252 &43s who can &554 or &A2D &745 &43 at all, beca&1C6y &146 &55D &25B as a &101 &149 so &875 &7EE &239 or &13E is &C1.

As a con&7DC, many #0#high-&21E&&79Futistic &17Fs, &&E2B &1C &32 &1A8 high [[IQ]], are &121&70E, thus &60E &606 #0#&2D &CC0 retardation#0# self-&D4A. The &2D &1C &70E with LFA &6B &874 &639 as sharply as HFA, &9FF that &1F2 part &0 &B20&200 &10 &4E8 rise &2A4 &244 &3D9s.

=== &&29C's and &&779's &1AF ===
[[&&20:Hans &&29C.jpg|&4B|&B|160px|&&29C &FF his &F03 as #0#&13D &70Fs#0#.]]
&&1 &153 [[&&3D9 &33E &&6CF &3E0 &&111]] (DSM-IV-TR), &31 &120 &2F7 &4E &&43 &&149 (&&779's) and &&F1 &1BB a &270 &0 &265 &44E &2A9 of #0#[d]elays &57A &21E in &1F2 one &0 &2D6 with onset &174 &82B &5B: &647 &F79&DB, &4E0 as &1BE &42 &281 (3) &2A6 imagi&13B play[,]#0# {{ref|bnat}} &50 a &270 of &&F1 ob&38As #0#no clinically &120 &8E2#0# &1se &155. {{ref|bnas}}

The DSM &3E5 no &CBF of &276 &336 &21E, &1BA &B3 &&29C's &43s as a &11F &1C2 &902 &579 &AE with &&779's &2D has &1E9 &70C &3B4ion that ''[[&&F1]]'' is synonymous with #0#&3A2-&11F,&&6C that &26 a &896 [[&149]] than ''&2D''.§2&&D3 &4A &70C &5B4 &5C7 true &3B4ion &169 &43 &A3s &32 high &276 &336 &21E have &&29C's &2D or &6F7 &7DE are &873 [[geek]]s &32 &343 &113 &BF9. Also, &2D has &66E &1 &8B &121&627ing, &1BA &C9 &39A &25B with &1A8 &875 &715 as &691ly &EFC in ''[[Rain Man]]'' has &47E &4EBs of &3A0 &70E &1 &43 &147 &789 &0ir &9FE ones as &1D2 &&F1 &51 &2D.

===&&2D as a &147 &149===
{{&215|&&43 &147}}

An&2E view &0se &111 is &15y are on a &E2A &79 [[&43 &147]] &111.§2A &248 &E2A is [[&&473 &&5C6 Dys&384]], &3A &267 well we integrate the &3D we &349 from our &2FBs.§2&&2D, &&F1, and &&473 &&5C6 Dys&384 &39E &314 &248 and &CBE.

&&B9 two main manife&3D4 of &14D &2D, [[&D49 &2D]] and [[&6D &87B &2D]].§2&&6D &87B &2D is &79 at &335 &50 &D49 &2D &773 &308 &1C1 3 &6D2 &180 18 &368.§2&&7D this &260 some &2AD over &FA neuro&257al &2F7s &1A4 &2D &B37 begin, some &B2 &26 only &1E5 of when an &F1al toxin &F04 the &149. This &D48 &115 &7E5 &284 ge&586 &5E a tox&7EC &D6Cs the m&2E's body &B1 &7A8fered &4 fetus. The &D48 &115 also &7E5 &54 &335 &2A &CBD &6D nervous &58 &83 &0 &211 &5E a toxin &54Ely &97D &255's body.

== Increase in &872 &25B ==
{{&215|&&2D &BFA}}

[[&&20:&2Dnocgraph.png|&B|&4B|400px|The &2D &37F &715 &25B &437 &4E0ally &106 past &9FD. &&172 in graph &5 [[&&2A &&F for &&330 &&172#FA#
&&D3 &28 an &E29 &28wide in &37F &715 &25B &106 last ten &5B, &3&&1B7ly &C60 of &162s &1 &270 of [[schizophrenia]] and [[&589 &17Fality &149]] &1 &446 &47. This has &1DE rise to a &2D &4C &298 as &4 &1B6 &0 sudden &162.

Epidemi&F7Bsts &64D &15 rise in &872 &1 &&10 &&3D9 &3A9 or &2D9 attribut&C0 &5FD &3D9 &591, re&1B8ifications, &8B &23A, &3 &E28 &633 &124ly &CADd &157. A &3A5 &A22 &15B &5 [[M.I.N.D. &&EF]] in &&1D1 ([[17 &&243]] [[2002]]), &2CBed &15 &CC &2D is real, even &54 &AE complicating f&278s are &46Aed for (see &16E &14D &51 &24A).

&&2E &6Eers &5F6 un&6FC (see &9A &24A), &3F Dr. Chris &&472, a &70F of &D47 &1F &&12B Texas &&330 &&4As &&F at [[San Antonio]] and cochair &0 [[&&13 &&335 Pediatrics]] &&2D Expert Panel, who says, #0#&&B7 a &261 we're &871 a true rise, but &B now I &578 anybody can &78B that &1E8 for sure.#0# ([[Newsweek]] &16E &24A).

The &78B &597 &1E8 has &120 ramifications &8 &237 of &6E, &87 a ''real &162'' &69 &4CF more &306 (and &6E &8DC) &8 &2F7 &1A0 &50 ''&13D or no real &162'' &69 &4CF more &306 to &66Ds. &&8 &2E hand, &26 conceivable that &FB &F1al f&278s (vacci&200, diet, &977 &25Fs) may &EB &12F &880 on &1C &32 &176 &66D &5D. &&B7 &13D &8B &6E &8 &645 [[in vitro &80A]] &8 &2D &AEDs &25B.

One &0 more &C9 &298 is &15re is a &481 &4E #0#geekdom&&40 &2D.§2&&85 hinted, f&&3C2, by a ''Wired &&2D8'' &EE in 2001 en&8d #0#The [[Geek]] &&1AF#0#, &3A a &F7 &64Dd &39C &1 &2D &Bs &62{{ref|Wired}}.§2&&4EC, many &F4s &C0F, is just one &1C1 &0 &3E4's &1B9 &55E &508 &113s to &84 &230 &673 &3F3 &F5#3#&8E;they &C4 shyness, &10D &BF1 &31D or &42 &4AA, &122tellectual &183, even &FAy seem &777 to &2Es, &9D &1mselves &7E1 &25B or &&F1. &&2Es &C0F that &26 &230 the &343 &D46 &3A app&D23 &55E &508 &113s to &BA who &1 past &E5 &1FF been &205 as a &13D &4C &379 &113ed '&E26'. See [[clinomorphism]] f&604 &228 &63 &645.

Due &4 &262 &8Bity &24D &2D &&E2B &147 &111, an &2EE &2D &5F5 are choosing &4E8k &872 of high-&11F or &&F1 in &4CE of &447 they &153ly &1D5 or &1D5d &284 &1C2. &&DE ca&5C &2D is &A1t &1B &1F2 &3A9 &66D, a pro&8E4 &0se &5F5 seek &239 &270 &176ally as &3F7-up &4ir &BA's &872. &&74 &2D falls in&4 [[&23B &CB]] &9, &7DD &1C7, &447 must &22 &79 in a &20E patient &A4 age s&7E9 &102 make a [[&4Cial &270]].

== Therapies ==
{{&215|&&2D &AE6}}

==&&3C1==
Due &4 &26Aity &25B, &B9 many &BF0 of [[&3C1]] that need &1B &72 when &636 it, such &A &38 &182 &66E &1B3utistic &17Fs connecting and &B0E &4BD an&2E.§2&&577, &B9 &85 sub&8A &A85 with&1 &43 &8F, &65 in &263 &12C one an&2E.

===&&8F and &59===
{{&215|&&43 &8F}}
{{&215|&&2D &Bs &62}}

Much like many &2E &611 &1 &28, &16C &8F &23F has spl&F79ed off &4A1 &8A.§2Essentially, &86 &8A are &120 seek a cure &EDutism, &9FC ''pro-cure'', &120 &73 &3AC a cure &EDutism &60s such &C0A it, &9FC ''anti-cure'', &3 &2A3 &BEF &1 &19A &0 two.§2&&68B &33, with &1A7 &2E0 more &5A &2D and &445 &44B &48Ar to a cure, some &D6 &0 #0#anti-cure#0# &62 [[&&43 &8F#&&5C5 &5 &2D &8F|sent a &202 &4 &&10 &&EC]] &BF4ing &1B &409 as a &3Aity &11F &51 a &11F &32 [[&55E dis&31D]] or &508. Web&1DF &C§2&43s.org{{ref|refbot.770}} &79 the view &0 anti-cure &11F.

&&B9 &22F &C7 &1E7 &EDutistics from many &8A.§2Due &4 &B3 many &43s find it easier &BF &27C than in &17F, many &0se &C7 are &1E7 &27C.§2&&577, &65 &1A9 &43 &5F5 in a &192 &8F will help out &BA &&178, much &1 way a &78E &69 help out an apprentice, for &1C1.

2002 &251 [[&&2D &&23A Year]] &1 [[&&10 &&108]]#3#&8E;this idea &502itiated by [[Ivan and Charika Corea]], &39C &146 &43 &211, Charin. &&2D &&23A Year was led &11 [[&&A7 &&EF of Brain Injured &&BA]],§2[[&&6BD Trust]],§2[[&&2A &&43 &&53]],§2[[&&2D &&4A4]] and 800 &13Cs &1 &&10 &&108. It had &33Cal bac&7B1 [[&&10 &&108|&&A7]] Prime &&1CE§2[[Tony Blair]] and &1A5arians &242 &40C &1 [[&&772 &7E0minster]].

=!121!=
{{&215|&&43 &38}}
&&B &262 &162s &6F6 recogniti&829d new &22Ees to &C9Dng &340izing &43s, an ''&43 &38'' has begun &648.§2Similar to [[deaf &38]], &43 &38 is &116 in a &2A2 &2D is a &78F &334 &7DDnd &44D &149 &1B cured.§2&&B9 some &E8alities &18 are &176 to &2D &145 as a &38, not just #0#&43 &38#0#.

&&26 &736 misperception &54F &&178 &73 marry; many do get &313.§2Often, they marry an&2E &17F &&178, &7D this &6B &361 &728.§2Many &144 &43s are &5F3 to &2E &43s &5E &5F2 &183 or ob&7D1, but more &71 than &273 attr&DB is &5E &1D3 &3F5 with &17Fality &7DE, &B4 as is true for non-&43s. &&43s who &92C have &5F8 that &84Cship is as &6C to &43s as &26 &449yone else. Multigene&253 &43 &380 &EBlso &262ly &4E3 bit more &E8.

The &25D &18D &703-&6B #0#[[geeks]]&&6C #0#[[Nerd|nerds]]#0# can &71 &CBE as &18D can &65 &36D pre&25A with &FB &1BFs, &3DB the &673 &3F3 &F5 geeks &1D5.§2&&1A3 &173 many &18D have &36By with &64A &8A, &18 impairs them even &1 most #0#&507&&108 &2B8s.

===&&43 &5F5===
[[&20:Grandin2.jpg|&4B|&B|[[Temple Grandin]], one &0 more &1A9 &5F5 &&178. 
&lt;&27&gt;&&9FB &1F5esy§2Joshua &&169 Pritik&448d &&11A Lawrence Jarrold.!123!]]

Some &43 &5F5 are &C0 work &1A9ly in &474 jobs, &10C &AE &6F4-&11F or &&F1. &&1B2, &101 &340 &574ten &2C9 &25C &C3 &155 &0 &43's life. &&2E &43s are &347 &A12 in sheltered &DDhops &8D &F84&3E4 managers &8DB in &1FC with &17Fs with &6BD. A nurturing &F1 at home, at &1EC, &22A in job &588 &60t work, &B32 &18D &542 &38C &238 &348 &BCir &47C. Some &64D &15 &299 &5CDs &43 &A3s &BF &7A7m &27C &1BC, &577 &1Bing &C0 find &3DFs &C &CC &D45, &18 does &44ly &576 much &81 &F79&DB offline.

&&1 [[&&10 &&A]], &144 &1ECs' &47A for &870 &157 ends &FA &43 &17F is &1ir 20s, dep&6B2 on &2F0. The &CE &Fn &B34 &B &709 of &CBC &10F ar&2F9ments and &A12 to &20F &78Cicular &555 &0ir &B30 &211, &F6 &A &2C4s and &635 that &575 &118 &157 to &66C &86 &484.

=== &&43 &CBB ===
{{Main|&43 savant}}
The &43 savant &3D6 &4DF seen in &18D. &&10E is &83 &C16 &1F4 &32F &43 &1AD &775 talent in a &FB &5B0 &15B.§2&&7D &B7 &736 &9C &4E &CBB &60utism (an &9C &152 &11 1988 &436 Man]]''), most &18D &9D [[&CBB]]. [[Mental &D44]]s and fast [[&2C4ming]] &4AA are &31 &E8 form. The &39B is [[&&9FA Tammet]], &559 &0 [[&37D film]] ''[[The Brain Man]]'' {{ref|&7D9brainman}} ([[Kim Peek]], one &0 &C33s for [[Dustin Hoffman]]'s &36 &1 &436 Man]]'', &6B &43). #0#B&B Spl&F79s &0 Mind&&D6 &7F6 that &CD0s &85sue &15C.

== &&2E &23B &CBs ==
&&2D and &&F1 &2D4 two &0 five &23B &CBs (PDDs). The &E5 &2E &23B &CBs are [[Rett &1AF]], [[&&1C2 &315 &149]], and [[PDD &20B &708|&&23B &CB &20B &708]]. Some &0se are &143 &2D, &50 some &0m are &2D9 &233 &2AB.

=== Rett &1AF ===
[[Rett &1AF]] is &1A8 rare, &F72ing &324 &408 &605s, one &817 10,000 to 15,000. &&54 a &3D8 &3F3 &83, &976 &4E 6 and 18 &368, &2D-like &447 &74C &3B6. The &13D girl's &55E &340 &83 regresses; she no &9F9 &975 to her &39C and pulls away &1B3ny &42 &58F. If she &28 talking, she stops; she &443 &C0 her feet; she wrings her &5CE. Some &0se &6D &447 &5D &6CC &EDutism. Some &0 &292 &A4 Rett &1AF &57 &409. [[&&B6 &A83|&&B6]], [[Occupational &A83|&3DFal]], and [[&&239 &A83|&239]] &A83 &784 with &574 coordi&200, &62, and [[&239]].

Scientists &AE5 &11 &&2A &&EF of Child &&61F &&81 Developmen&7F8 &331 a mutation &1 &7DC of &2CB gene &260 Rett &1AF, and can &B6ly test &816 &32 80% &974 rate {{ref|nihrett}}. Rett &1AF &1 past was &65 &1B8ified &276 &43 &147 &149, &32 most &1A7 &A15 that Rett &1AF is &1D2 &CB &7EA part &0 &43 &147 {{ref|b&Btotsrett}}.

===&&1C2 &315 &149===
[[&&1C2 &315 &149]] (CDD, &1F1&144 abbreviated as CHDD also) is a &50C &3B6ing in 3 or 4 year old &BA who have &7C &3F3ly &1D9 age 2. Over &85 &368, &255 will deteriorate in &171, &42, &47A &21E from &3EA &3F3 &506.§2This long &3D8 &3F3 &83 &A4 regression &B32 &4Ciate CDD from Rett &1AF (&122 fact it &151 &4Ciated &1B3utism in &CBA). The &2C9 for CDD is un&DE (thus it &5D a &147 &149) but &153 &264 &7DB &31A &1C3 &622 &B &80 nervous &58 {{ref|yalecdd}} {{ref|nihcdd}}.

===§2&&23B &CB &20B &708 ===
[[PDD &20B &708|&&23B &CB &20B &708]], or PDD-NOS, is &78 as a ''subthreshold'' &50C &74 &26 a &1B8ification &3A &20E &3A8one who &DAFs from &3A3 &42 &F79&DB, &101, and/or &4A8 &506 but &7D meet the &591 for one &0 &2E four &23B &CBs. &&5FE &4E four &23B &CBs, PDD-NOS has no &176 &5C4&483 for &270, so &33C may &EB lot of &36istics &146 &43 &17F, or few &819e at all. Note that &23B &CB &6B a &270, &803 term to &A35 &4 five &14F &2AB, &50 PDD-NOS &5F &E7 &270 {{ref|&D43}}.

!25!
* #FB#
:* [[&&2D &AE6]]
:* [[Causes &25B]]
:* [[Conditions comorbid to &330 &111]]
:* [[&&6D &&1C2 &&2D]]
:* [[Herit&31D &25B]]

* '''Groups'''
:* [[Aspies For Freedom]]
:* [[&&2A &&7F6 for &&2D &&6E]]

* '''&&2AD'''
:* [[&&611 &5A &21E &113s &1 &330]]
:* [[&&611 &6F6]]
:* [[Ethical &709s to &2D &2BB]]

* '''Lists'''
:* [[List &25B-&&CB9]]
:* [[&&275 &182 &11 &8 &43 &147]]
:* [[&&275 &18D]]

!1F!
* &1EF &742= &2E=Rett &1AF (NIH &&8Bation No. 01-4960) &21=Rockville, MD: &&2A &&EF of Child &&61F &&81 &&83 &39=2001 | work=Rett &1AF &60B=#1#nichd.nih.gov/&8Bations/pubskey.cfm?from=&2D | &250 | &893year#D6# }}
* &62 &742=Frombonne E. &2E=Prevalence of &1C2 &315 &149 &3C3=&&2D &39=2002 &484=6 &59B=2 &59A=149-157}}
* &62 &742=Volkmar RM and Rutter M. &2E=&&1C2 &315 &149: Results &0 DSM-IV &2D &1FB &9F6 &3C3=&&34D &0 &&13 &&335 Child and Adolescent &&A0F &39=1995 &484=34 &59A=1092-1095}}
* {{&&EFB&2BF | &A82=Ewald | &20E=Paul &2E=Plague Time | date=April 2001 | org=&&C9 &&4A &60B=#1#&47tel.net/tjs11/bug/ewald1.htm}}
* &1EF &2E=PANDAS (&&D42 &&D41 &&973 &&111 &&267 with Streptococci) and PITAND (&&D42 Infection-&E25 &&D41 &&973 &&111) | work=PANDAS #3# PITAND &&1AFs &60B=#1#web&D47.com/pandas.!D3!
* &1EF &2E=Closer to Truth: PBS, with Paul Ewald | work=Microbes -- Friend or Foe? &60B=#1#pbs.org/kcet/&48Arto&471/&CD0/show_05.!D3!
* &1EF &2E=M.I.N.D. &&EF Study Confirms &&2D Increase | work=U.C. Davis&60B=#1#ucdmc.ucdavis.edu/news/MINDepi_&15B.html | &64B=March 6&7F }}
* {{&&EFB | &A82=Stenson | &20E=Jacqueline &2E=As &2D &715 soar, a &2F7 clues | date=[[24 &&105]] [[2005]] | org=Newsweek &60B=#1#msnbc.msn.com/id/6947652/}}
* {{&&EFB | &A82=Goode | &20E=Erica &2E=&&2D &&172: More and More &&2D Cases | date=[[26 &&EB]] [[2004]] | org=!14F! Times &60B=#1#&43&53.org/&EE262.html}}
* &62 &742=Wing L, Potter D. &2E=The epidemiology of &43 &147 &111: &F &9F7 &874? &3C3=Mental Retardati&829d &&83al &&6BD &&6E Re&24B &484=8 &59B=3 &39=2002 &59A=151#3##8211;61}} ([#1#ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/&E24/&D40.fcgi?cmd=&&972#3#db=PubMed#3#list_uids=12216059#3#dopt=&&440 &440])
* &62 &742=Croen LA, Grether JK, Hoogstrate J, Selvin S. &2E=The &EFA &9F7 &25B in &&1D1 &3C3=&&64E &&2D and &&83al &&111&484=32&59B=3 &39=2002 Jun &59A=207-15}} ([#1#ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/&E24/&D40.fcgi?cmd=&&972#3#db=PubMed#3#dopt=&&440#3#list_uids=12108622 &440])
* Manev R, Manev H. Aminoglycoside antibiotics &60utism: a &736 &634. BMC &&A0F. 2001;1:5. Epub 2001 [[10 &&243]].[#1#ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/&E24/&D40.fcgi?cmd=&&972#3#db=pubmed#3#dopt=&&440#3#list_uids=11696245#3#&D40_hl=60]
* Strock, &&7DA (2004). &&2D &&147 &&111 (&&23B &&83al &&111). NIH &&8Bation No. NIH-04-5511, &&2A &&EF &3E0 &&330, &&2A &&EFs of &&330, U.S. &&99 &&61F &&81 &&157, Bethesda, MD, 40 pp. #1#nimh.nih.gov/&8Bat/&2D.cfm

==Foot&4CD==
# {{note|Nih&&2Dov2005}} &1EF &2E=NIH &&2D &&43F 2005 &60B=#1#nichd.nih.gov/&8Bations/pubs/&2D_&43F_2005.pdf | &64B=&&105 5 | &893year=2006 }}
# {{note|bnat}} &1EF &2E=BehaveNet &2D &D3 url=#1#&86F.com/&BEE/&111/&43.htm | &250 &7F }}
# {{note|bnas}} &1EF &2E=BehaveNet &29Cs &D3 url=#1#&86F.com/&BEE/&111/&29C.htm | &250 &7F }}
# {{note|Wired}} {{&&EFB&2BF | &A82=Silberman | &20E=Steve &2E=The Geek &&1AF | date=&&143 2001 | org=Wired &60B=#1#wired.com/wired/&482/9.12/&29Cs_pr.html}}
# {{note|refbot.770}} &1EF &2E=&43s.org: The REAL Voice of &&2D (See &249) &60B=#1#&43s.org | &64B=&&143 11 &7F }}
# {{note|&7D9brainman}} &1EF &2E=Guardian #0#Brain Man&&79Frticle &60B=#1#&7D9.co.uk/weekend/&22A/0,3605,1409903,00.!D3!
# {{note|nihrett}} &1EF &2E=NIH Rett &D3 url=#1#ninds.nih.gov/&111/rett/&BED_rett.htm | &250 &7F }}
# {{note|b&Btotsrett}} &1EF &2E=B&B Tots Rett &D3 url=#1#b&Btots.com/Rett_&&1AF.!D3!
# {{note|yalecdd}} &1EF &2E=Yale CDD &D3 url=#2#info.med.yale.edu/&EF9/&2D/cdd.!D3!
# {{note|nihcdd}} &1EF &2E=NIH CDD &D3 url=#1#nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/&EE/001535.!D3!
# {{note|&D43}} &1EF &2E=PDD-NOS at Yale &60B=#2#info.med.yale.edu/&EF9/&2D/pddnos.html | &64B=&&1D6 22 &7F }}

!E!
* #FB#
:[#1#&52D&9EC.net WrongPlanet.net - The &&8F and Re&3B7 for &&2D]
!10B!-&147-&149.com &&2D-&&147-&&149.com] - &&2D &&147§2&&149
: [#1#&9F4-se7en.co.uk Colour-se7en]- a &293 &152 &2D3 &23A of &147 &248 &111 &7A7ums for NT and ASD &F79&DB.
: [#1#ericdigests.org/2000-3/&2D.htm EricDigests.org] - 'Teaching &&1C6 with &&2D', Glen Dunlap, Lise Fox, ERIC Digest (&&243, 1999)
: [#2#ob&38Ar.&7D9.co.uk/&2D8/&22A/0,11913,1639392,00.html &&43!139!oud] Describes new &2A8 &5A &2D, &43s &1C7 &&E23.
: [#1#weirdnotstupid.com Weird Not Stupid] - A &293 &152 &5 &1F0 of &1F4 who &7E8 &EF8 &1BD &8 &&2D &&147 &B &39A &542 &3D &449ybody &32F &901 it.
* ''Blogs''
: [#2#&2D.&5A.com/ &&2D/&&23B &&83al &&111] By Adelle Jameson Tilton, [[&&5A.com]]
: [#2#&5A&2D.&8E5pot.com/ &&2D News and More]
: [#1#&AC7sin&2D.&8E5pot.com/ Adventures In &&2D] By a &330 &F4 who &F m&2E &146 &43 boy.
!10B!&447.&8E5pot.com &&2D Symptoms] 
: [#1#&8DAthe&471out.org Getting The Truth Out] By Argues &15re &644 mis&3B4ions &5A &2D.
!10B!&2BB.info/&59D+aba.aspx?rssid=1 Reality ABA, An &&2D Diary] By Katherine Lee, m&2E &146 &43 son.
* ''&&13Cs''
:* [#1#onthe&147.com On The &&147] A web &435 &AE &8 &330 &32n &113 &118 &60dvocacy
!10B!&293.com/ari/&12B.htm &2D&293.com &&2D &&6E &&EF] Clearing&194 &32E &581 &2D, &CF the bio&343 &2BB &22E
!10B!-&53.org/site/PageServer &&2D-&&53.org] - [[&&2D &&53 &13E]]
: [#1#&43s.org &43s.org] - Clearing&194 &32E &143 &2D, &1B3 non-cure &627&F7. Many &EEs by &43s.
!10B!.org/&670s.html &&F &10 Study of &&2D], &&2D &&6E &&EF (&156ed by [[Bernard Rimland]])
* ''&&C7''
: [#1#geo&168.com/&3A1joel/&12B.html A Way Of Life] &&C7 &&BF6 for &39C.
:[#1#&2D&2BB.info &&2D &&2BB Info] &&2BB Tips for &&BA with &&2D, PDD #3# &&29C's &&1AF.
: [#2#rsaffran.tripod.com/aba.html ABA &&C7 for Re&9BFy from &&2D] - &&280 and re&3B7 &5C4 for &F5al &6BC &EDutism
!10B!-&C7.com/ &&2D-&&C7.com] - Offering in&DCBi&829d &2FC &756ing &38al &6BD &2D &1BC &&1AF.
!10B!talk.net &&2D Talk] Parents #3# educators &A81 all &24B.
!10B!&159.com/ &&2DToday.com] - '&12C&336 you &274 know &5A &2D', &&2D Today
: [#1#&6BF.tv/&2D Focus on &&2D] S&190 of &BDEaries, &F79&24B, etc.
: [#1#info.&2D.org.uk/ &&2D.org.uk] - 'PARIS: &&8B &&2D Re&3B7 #3#!15A!&&1A2' (&1E1y of UK &2D &157)
: [#2#glennrowe.net/BaronCohen/&&2D&&147&&BF3/&&2D&&147&&BF3.aspx &&2D &&147 &&BF3] - Measure Your &&2D &&147 &&BF3
: [#1#rdos.net/eng/Aspie-quiz.php Aspie-quiz] - Quiz that &587 &43 &E22

{{&&23B &CBs}}

!126!

[[&&9#ED#
[[&&9:&&1C2 &C64 &111]]
[[&&9:Dis&31D]]
[[&&9:&&101 &111]]
[[&&9:Mental &F45 &270 by DSM &826SCDRHP]]
[[&&9:Neuro&257al &111]]

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[[ms#10D#
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'''&&DA''' &F &771 of [[&8D8ivity]] of a &163 or body. It &F &D3F of [[&D6Ero&E8D &3C0]] (EM &3C0) &505 &4 a&701 &EF7 upon it. The fr&DB, &10C ex&160ed as a &56Bage from 0% to 100%, &5F &6C &3B4 in [[climatology]] and [[&302]]. This &D3F &66B &8 [[&706]] &0 &3C0 &72: un&851, it &11E an &399 &1E4 &2A5 [[&66A &4CE]]. It also &66B &8 [[&D3E of &AED]] &0 &3C0: un&851, &3F3 &AED. Fresh snow &DAs are high: &823 90%. The &3D5 &163 &17D low &DA.§2The &399 &6F3 [[Earth]] &77F 30% &AD&A &DA &0 [[Moon]] &77F 7%. In &302, &32C of &704s &60steroids &57 &83 infer &163 com&136, &459 ice &670.§4[[Enceladus_(moon)|Enceladus]], a moon of Saturn, h&A &34B &DE &DA &146y body &1 &9F3 &58, with 99% of EM &3C0 &505.

&&81 &2AA have &25Fd &32C (via &9F2 &5D2ance and &A80, for &1C1) &643 &155 &1EE &9F1. &&32, quantification &63 &6F2 &36B &8 &328 &4CA: &26 not &5D2 &573 &25Fs have t&46D to &572 decrease [[&328 &669]].

The #0#&14D#0# &1E6 &434 &F snow-&4A3 &EF6. If a snow &486 area warms &3 snow melts, &32C decreases, more sun&4CE is &BEC, &3 &4A3 &4E6 &162. The &C1B is true: if snow &337, a cooling cycle &8D9. The &E2C &0 &434 &66B &8 size &0 &25F in &DA &3 &3D2 [[insol!153!; &503 &15F it &57 &275ly very &212 &1 &A7F.

== Some &582 &434s ==

=== &&5F0, &&86E ===

&&30C &4 [[&&2A Climatic Data &&F]]'s GHCN 2 data, &3A &4E7 of 30-year smoothed climatic &1B7 &433 of &513 &3D4 &794 &4B, the &107 &513 &586 at [[&&5F0]], [[&&86E]], &77F 3 °C (5 °F) warmer &763 &470 at &&5F0, &3A9 beca&5C drainage &2D7 &&86D &212ly &74 &0 &225 &DA &1F &107 &3FAing &1B3 &3A2 &B0D of [[pine]] [[tree]]s &&477 less open snowy &16B to &8D8 the heat &6DA &2B. Neunke and Kukla have &718 &3D7 &2F7 is &B8 &53E &2A late [[&43E]] &368, when [[&9F3 &3C0]] is &ACer.

=== The &A7F ===

&&168 &DA-&4A3 &6F2 most &170 in c&7DF &23Cs of Earth, &74 more [[snow]] falls &D3, &26 &230 much &263er in &43D &23Cs &74 &1 &A7F &B7 &54Bly more sun&4CE. When [[Brazil]]ian ranchers cut down dark, &43D [[&9F0]] &633 to re&195 them with even darker soil in &102 grow &9EF, the &399 &4A3 &0 area &B3 &&E21 &44C aver&1C1 &5A 3 °C (5 °F) year-&2AF, &3A &12F a&701.

=== Small &4CA &1BE ===

&&DA &4DD &670 &4CA, too. &&642 wear dark &CB8 &1 &167time put &16D at &7C4er risk of [[heat&E19]] than &120 wear &224 &CB8. 

=== Pine &770 ===

The &6F3 a [[pine]] &9F2 at 45°N &1 &43E &97 the &633 c&106 land &163 &206ly is &6D5bout 9%, &AA &BEB &146y &75ly &7E5ring land &F1. &&85 &3A9 due &4 &5D0 &0 pines, &641 &5E &589 scattering of sun&4CE with&1 &633 &18 &225s the &CB7 &505 &4CE &276. &&5E &4CE penet&D3Fn, the &3D5's &DA is even &225 &77D 3.5%, &A1 this &66B &263ly &8 &D3E &0 &EF7 &3C0. Dense [[swamp]]l&60verages &4E 9% and 14%. [[Deciduous tree]]s &399 &5A 13%. A [[&8D7]]y &1FB &10C &5D3 in &77D 20%. A barren &1FB will &F6F &8 &5D0 &0 soil, and &57 as low as 5% or as &7E3 40%, with 15% &78 &AC &399 for &EF5. A [[&43C]] or &212 [[beach]] &10C &399s &180 25% but &E38 dep&6B2 &8 &5D0 &0 sand. [&&16E: &&6BB Walker's &15B &1 &&AC Plains &1 &43E &180 45°N].

=== Urban &155 ===

Urban &155 &3F4 have very un&75 &FE &EDlbedo &74 &0 many &81-&5CF &117s &18 absorb &4CE &308 &4CE can &9EE the &163. &&1 &AAern part &0 &28, &168 are &1A8 dark, and Walker &6FA &15ir &399 &DA &77F 7%, with &6D5 s&4CE &162 &2A &167. In most &43D &4D, &168 &399 &180 12%. &&85 &29B &4 &FE &1F5 &AAern sub&705 &7A8itional zones. Part &0 &15F &503 &F &4C &75 &F1 of &168 in &43D &23Cs, e.g., &B9 more very dark &633 &180; an&2E &15F &1BB &8E4s &0 &A7F are very poor, and city &594s &151 &5CF with &4C &CDs. Warmer &23Cs &1CF &9ED &4CEer &5D0ed &594 &CDs so the &117s will &5F6 &BEA.

=== Trees ===

&&74 &633 tend &9C a low &DA, re&862 &770 &69 &1C2 &162 &DA &3reby cool the &9EC. Cloud &EF6s &15C complicate t&&B2D. In &989ally snow-&486 zones, &43E &DAs of treeless &155 are 10% to 50% &3A2 than &BE9 &9F2ed &155 &74 snow &7D c&106 &633 as readily.

&&B9 &11 [[Hadley Centre]] have investigated the &4EB (&44ly &669) &21A of &DA &25F and (cooling) &21A of [[&9EB sequest&D3Fn]] on &46Cing &770. They &156 that new &770 in &43D and midlatitude &155 t&46D to cool; new &770 in high latitudes (e.g. Siberia) were &8D6 or &31A &669 [#2#66.102.11.104/&369?q=cache:o7LD-owSkNgJ:www.ulapland.fi/home/arktinen/feed_pdf/Betts_revised.pdf+hadley+&DA+&9F2#3#hl=en].

=== Snow ===

Snow &DAs &57 as &7E3 90%. &&85 &10 &7D8 &1C1, &32: fresh deep snow &4FE &570less &3BF. Over [[&&D3D]] they &399 a &13D &123 80%.

If a &F9ally snow-&486 area warms, snow &4E6 melt, &225ing &32C, &15Ence &640 more snowmelt (the ice-&DA [[&EF6]]). This &F bas&808 &927 of &970 &669 &1 polar and &989ally snow &486 &23Cs as a &3D6 [[&328 &669]].

=== Clouds ===

Clouds are an&2E &24E &DA that &268&4 &328 &669 &BE8. &&4C &7DE of &76F have &4C &DA &FE, &1F1ly &76E &1B3 &CB6 of near 0% to a maximum &1 high 70s. [[&&164 &4CB]]s have &718 &3AC the &38B Earth were &1B &BF5 &63F &224 &76F, the &163 &4A3s &69 drop to a &2F2 &2D2 -150 °C (-240 °F). This &4CB, &A1 &26 &77B &CB5, also pr&F1As that to &6BA a 5 °C (9 °F) &4A3 &25F &5E an &162 &1 &50E &0 [[&713&194 &21A]], #0#all#0# we &69 &274 do &272crease the Earth's &CB7 &DA &4DC 12% by &A29 more &224 &76F.

&&DA and &164 &271 &155 are &46F &590 by &632 &76F, &C &AE &152 &11 [[con&D33]]s of &B2C &2A7 airliner &17D. A &15B &206 [[&&26F 11, 2001 &A7E|&&26F 11 &A7E]], &54 &18 all &145 air&483 &1 U.S. shut down for &E5 days, &76D a &192 1 #3#deg;C &162 &1 &4C9 &4A3 &2F9 (&38D of day and &3D3 &4A3s) (''see: [[con&D33]]'').

=== Aerosol &1BE ===

[[Particulate|Aerosol]] (very fine p&EEs/&EF4 &1 &9EA) &7E8 &1BE, &54E &122&54E. The &54E (&DA) &21A &24A to cool the &9EC; the in&54E &21A (&78Cicles act as [[Cloud condensation nuclei|CCN]]s &3reby &25F [[cloud &5FCties]]) is less &FB [#1#grida.no/&164/ipcc_tar/wg1/231.htm#671].

=== Black &9EB ===

An&2E &DA-&248 &21A &8 &164 is from &191 &9EB p&EEs. The size &63 &6F2 &258 quantify: the [[IPCC]] say &15ir #0#&2D6 &0 &328 mean radiative &585 for BC aerosols from &BE7 fuels is ... +0.2 W m&lt;sup&gt;-2&lt;/sup&gt; (from +0.1 W m&lt;sup&gt;-2&lt;/sup&gt; &1 [[SAR_(IPCC)|SAR)]]) &32 &2F9 +0.1 to +0.4 W m&lt;sup&gt;-2&lt;/sup&gt;#0#. [#1#grida.no/&164/ipcc_tar/wg1/233.htm].

[[&&9:Electro&E8D &3C0]]
[[&&9:Climatology]]
[[&&9:&&164 &585]]
[[&&9:Astro&12A]]

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§4<&8>Abu &&97</&8>
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!22!&179:&&1B1/71.193.1.105|71.193.1.105]] ([[User talk:71.193.1.105|talk]]) to &24F by Bloodshedder</&5>
§6#4#[[&&20:Abu&&9702.JPG|&4B|View &4DB &&97|&B|&339]]
[[&&20:Abu &&97 from &&2B-ISS006-E-32079-March 2003.JPG|&4B|&B|&339|&&704 im&1C1 Abu &&97 (March 2003)]]
!BA!otel_Abu_&&97_&362.j!B9!otel Front|&B|&339]]
!BA!otel_Abu_&&97_side.j!B9!otel &5 side|&B|&339]]
'''Abu &&97''' ([[&&10E &C|&&10E]]: #3##1571;#3##1576;#3##1608; #3##1592;#3##1576;#3##1610; ''#3##700;Ab#3##363; #3##7826;aby'') &F &B2 &0 &2AC [[emirate]]s that &7D7 &18 Arab &&2D5]] and &&3D2 the &B2 &0 &265 [[&&76C &&A]]. '''Abu &&97''' &4A a city &0 same name with&1 Emirate that &F [[&AB city|&AB]] &0 &5F, in &AA &80 UAE.§2The city lies on a T-&E20 &1B5 jutting in&4 [[&&668 Gulf]] &5 &80 &67 &229. An &26E 1,000,000 &557 &D3 in 2000, &32bout an 80% [[expatriate]] &23. Abu &&97 city &1EB at {{coor d|24.4667|N|54.3667|E}}. [[Al Ain]] is Abu &&97's &35F &705 area &32 &42C 348,000 ([[2003]] &218 &2D6) &B1 &2CF 150 &818s &9E9.
 
!28!
&&95 Abu &&97 &4DA as far back &A [[3rd &631 BC]] &278 &6D &33 fits the &CB4, herding &571 &584 &50B &0 &672 &23C. &&66 Abu &&97 &F25s its &32Fs &4 &7AD &EA tribal confederati&8 Bani Yas &1 late 18th &47, who &4EEssumed &141 [[Dubai]]. &&1 &264 the Dubai and Abu &&97 &333 &F6E ways.

In&4 mid-&22D, &C9 &4DB &&97 &1C4 &1B &CC1ed &2BC by camel herding, &9B of &7EA and vege&544s &1F &9E9 oases of [[Al Ain]] and Liwa, &571 and pearl diving &399 &482 Abu &&97 city, &61 &25A &2BC &2A &167 &368.§2Most dwellings &815 &&97 city were, &5AF time &5D4 of palm fronds (barasti), &B &244-off &380 occupying mud huts.§2The &2B7 &0 &38d pearl &1CC &1 &63E &0 &22D &152 &EF3 for &AE4 &4DB &&97 as pearls &34B &B2 &553 and main &24E cash &BE6.§2

In 1939, &&76B [[Shakhbut Bin-Sultan Al Nahyan]] &2A3ed [[&&20D]] &C5F, and oil &6A9 &1F5 1958.§2At &40, oil &3DC &140 &F9al &880.§2A few lowrise concete &594s were erected, &3 &40 paved road was &206d in 1961, but &&76B Shakbut, un&FB &3AD &14C oil royalties &69 last, took a &EF2 &22E, &A0Bing &7E7 the &8D5 &51 investing it in &83.§2His br&2E, [[Zaye!B8!4]], saw that &63D had &432 to &7A8form Abu &&97.§2The &C0E Al &&8D4 &CE &8FB that &&76B Zayed &2EA re&195 his br&2E as Ruler and carry out his &3E4 &2F1 &292.§2On [[&&1D6 6]], [[1966]], &B &7D6 &0 &&A7, &&76B Zayed &E9 new &7F3.§2See &44ly, Al-Fahim, M, ''From Rags to Riches: A Story &4DB &&97'', &&346 Six (&&4A4 Centre of Arab &&B9, 1995), ISBN 1 900404 00 1.

&&B announ&F59 by &&46E in 1968 &87 &69 &BE5 &5 Gulf area by 1971, &&76B Zayed &E9 main &CB3 &1F7 &1FE &1F8ation &0 [[&&10 Arab &&2D5]].

&&DD &&2D5 &783 &F3 in 1971, &63D &AF flow &4 area and &90 [[Mudbrick|mud-brick]] [[hut]]s were &583 &431 [[banks]], boutiques &5F2 [[highrise]]s.

==&&153 &7F3==
His Highness &&76B [[Khalifa bin Zayed Al &&8D4]] &F hereditary [[Emir|emir]] and &7F3 &4DB &&97, &F6 &A &153 &3E &0 [[&&10 Arab &&2D5]] (UAE).

==&&43B &&33==
[[&&20:Stamp_Abu_1967_40f-170px.jpg|&B|170px|&4B|[[Shaikh]] [[Zaye!B8!4|Zaid]], [[1967#FA#
Now part &0 [[&&10 Arab &&2D5]], '''Abu &&97''' was &265ly the &B2 &0 &2AC sheikdoms &18 made &24D [[&&76C &&A]] &8 so-&6B [[Pirate Coast]] &63C [[&&9E8]] &4E [[Oman]] and [[Qatar]].§2The [[&&76C &&A]] as a &38B &140n area &154 32,000 &458 &3D1 &162 Abu &&97 &8EC had 26,000.§2The &AB w&A town &4DB &&97 &3A &829 &EF1 isl&60nd &6A9 &3B0 in 1761.

&&5A [[&&76C &&A]] arose from [[&F7Aies]] &6F1 [[&&AC &&46E]] in 1820 &18 &A25d a &50C of [[truce]] &1 area &3 sup&160ion of [[&BE3]] and [[&95]].§2The [[&6D7]] &CB2 on [[31 &&143]] [[1966]].§2The &7D5 to &4D8 [[UAE]] &779 on [[18 July]] [[1971]] &3 [[&3DE]] was &156ed on [[1 &&1D6]] [[1972]], &168 &35A [[UAE]] &6B8 &2C5 &645d &1D9 [[1 &&EB]] [[1973]].

[[&20D|Oil]] &9B &1AE on [[Das &&1B5]] &54 [[prospecting]] &284 1956-1960.§2[[Das &&1B5]] is &49 Abu &&97 but lies well [[&EF1]], &5A 100 &3D1 &AA &0 &96F.§2[[&20D|Oil]] &9B &8 [[&96F]] &1AE in 1962.§2As &593 [[&20D|oil]] &2C2r, Abu &&97 soon &96E &A7D [[&199]] &55A.§2[[Investment]] in long-term [[&259]] &1A1s &3 &3FB of a [[finance]] &3F2 has led &4 area &381 a &77E of [[&96D]] &18 may well &86C its &A7C &3E9 &FA [[&20D|oil]] &C7 are exhausted.

In &&143 1960, [[po&9E4 &6B8]] of [[Compendium of po&9E4 stamp &645rs (Brit - &&A7)#&&A7 &&43B Agencies in &&EA &&9E8|&&A7 &&43B Agencies in &&EA &&9E8]] were &EF0 &4 [[&259]] &1DD on [[Das &&1B5]] &1BA [[&43B &1A2]] &44d&1CEed via &39Dncy &2E6 in [[&&A7B]].§2The [[mail]] &&3D2 [[&EEF]]ed [[&&A7B]] so &184 &778 indication &6F0 [[&202]] had come from [[Das &&1B5]].

On [[30 March]] [[1963]], a &&A7 &76A &63B &815 &&97 &B1sued &39Dncy &6B8 &DD sheik &763ed &4 use &0 [[&&76C &&A]] [[&630]]s.§2[[Mail]] from [[Das &&1B5]] &1C4 &1B ad&1CEed by [[&&A7B]] but &7F2w cancelled &44C Abu &&97 [[&&76C &&A]] [[&EEF]].

&&23 Abu &&97 &6B8 were a [[&630 &367]] of [[30 March]] [[1964]] &AE3 [[Shaikh]] [[Shakhbut Bin-Sultan Al Nahyan]].§2&&618 eleven &FE &8D [[India|&&1EB]] [[&22D]] &4A6 used of 100 [[paisa|naye paise]] = 1 [[rupee]].§2The &1CE &FE was 5 np to 10 [[rupee]]s.§2&&3B5 the &2C1 &0se [[&630]]s, &561 &76A &6B8 &2DC &B2B in both Abu &&97 and [[Das &&1B5]] &8E &159 1966 &FAy were with&534.

A [[post &2E6]] &63B on [[Das &&1B5]] on [[6 &&EB]] [[1966]] &1D4 &46D the [[&&A7B]] &1A2.§2[[Mail]] from [[Das &&1B5]] &7F2w &E44d with&815 &&97.

&&FA [[&6D7]] with [[&&AC &&46E]] &CB2 &1F &159 1966, Abu &&97 &2EF &301 [[&22D]] of 1000 [[fils]] = 1 [[dinar]] &&703 over &594 &43B &312, &5B [[Das &&1B5]] &2E6. The &238 &27B were &1BF to [[sur&C14]]s &14D [[&22D]] and re&195ment [[&630]]s were &BE2 &AE3 &14C &7F3 [[Shaikh]] [[Zaye!B8!4|Zaid]].§2Issues &189 &18A [[UAE]] &6B8 in 1973.

In all, Abu &&97 &645d 95 &6B8 from 1964 to 1972, &180 set &78 &E5 &24B &0 [[Dome &0 Rock]] in [[Jerusalem]]. 

'''Source''': [#1#jl.sl.bt&299.co.uk/&6B8ite/&3D7/a/abu&97.html &&613 of &&43B &&33]

!14B!
Sunny/blue skies &57 &388 &6A-out &716. The &368 June &6A &&26F are &44ly hot and humid with &4A3s averaging &249 40ºC(110ºF). The &513 &1EA pleasant from &&243 to May. &&EB to &&105 is &BEA and may &487 the &5C &7E6 jacket. The oasis &7CB [[Al Ain]] &E1F &BEA &4A3s even &6A &167 &5E [[&BE1]] &BE0.

==&&5EF==
[[Abu &&97 Inter&2A Airport]] &38As this city. The &192 time is [[GMT]] + 4 &A06.

!FB!
* The &667 cat [[Gar&1FB]] &69 &71 put the kitten [[Nermal]] in a box and ship &4D7 Abu &&97. A &E8 &776 from Gar&1FB is #0#Abu &&97 is &AD &DC cute kittens go.&&B5 &15F is &15 &2BF of Gar&1FB &6EF &6A over-seas &19F &15 city &4DB &&97, &3 &290 UAE, &17D &212 &3D2 cats that roam wild. Many live &1EE suburbs.

!102!
* [[Mina' Zayid]], the port &4DB &&97.
* [[Al Ain]]
* [[Marawah]]
* [[&&43B &&2BFities]]
* [[Saudi &&9E8]]
* [[&&131 &1 &&10 Arab &&2D5]]

!E!
{{&&A28}}
{{&E8s|Abu &&97}}
* [#1#jl.sl.bt&299.co.uk/&6B8ite/&3D7/a/abu&97.html &&613 of &&43B &&33]
* [#1#thepersiangulf.org/&168/abu&97.html Abu &&97, The &&668 Gulf]
* [#1#abu&97.com/ abu&97.com]
* [#1#adcci-uae.com/ Abu &&97 Chamber of Commerce &826ndustry]
* [#1#adnoc.com/ Abu &&97 &&2A Oil &&D7]
* [#1#spe.org/&53/abu&97/Abu&&97-info.htm SPE &33, with oil &215]
* [#1#angelfire.com/ok/ABUDHABISTAMPS/ Abu &&97 &43B &33]
* [#1#adias-uae.com ADIAS], Abu &&97 &&122 &&3C &&198§2
* [#1#alloexpat.com/abu_&97_expat_&478/ &&C5E Forums &815 &&97]
* [#1#timeoutabu&97.com/ Time Out Abu &&97], Guide to &7BE Abu &&97
*[#1#&197uae.net/ Career UAE - Useful web site &10 job seekers &815 dabi/&&10 Arab &&2D5]

===Non-&&1D &&551s===
* [#1#ansarburney.org/ Ansar Burney Trust] - &24C &60nti-&95 &551
{{UAE}}

[[&&9:&&ABs in !155!
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§6#4#{{AZ|uc=A|lc=a}}
{{&A28par2|A|a}}
&&63A '''A''' &F &40 &202 &1 [[Latin &22C]]. Its name &4D5 &C|&&46]] is ''a'', plural ''aes,'' ''a's,'' or ''as''.

!28!
The &165 &387 &311 as a [[pictogram]] &146 [[ox]] head in [[&&103 hiero&CDF]]s &1B5 [[Proto-&E2 &22C]].

!B0!#0#
|-!D2!
|[[&&20:&&103A-01.png|&&103 hiero&CDFic ox head]]&&3D&gt;&&103 hiero&CDF&&3D&gt;ox head
|[[&&20:Proto-&E2A-01.png|Proto-&E2 ox head]]&&3D&gt;Proto-&E2&&3D&gt;ox head
|[[&&20:&&53DA-01.png|&&53D aleph]]&&3D&gt;&&53D ''aleph''
|[[&&20:&&5CA-01.png|&&5C &3D7]]&&3D&gt;&&5C ''&3D7''
|[[&&20:&&582A-01.png|&&582 A]]&&3D&gt;&&582 A
|[[&&20:&&CAA-01.png|&&CA A]]&&3D&gt;&&CA A
|}

By [[1600 BC]], the [[&&53D &22C]]'s &202 &140 &E1D form that &38Ad &A &71E &EDll &B4 &337. Its name mus&7F8 cor&88C &314 &4 [[Hebrew &22C|Hebrew]] [[Aleph (&202)|aleph]]. &&5A &4A &29B &4 &&10E [[Alif|alif.]]

&&FA [[&&6F &&4A1|&&6F &&5Cs]] &53E &22C, &727 no use &10 [[glottal stop]] &15 &202 had de&719 in &&53D &4D [[&&E2 &Cs]], so they used the sign &10 &62F {{IPA|/#3##593;/}}, and &25Fd its name to [[&3D7 (&202)|&3D7]]. &&1 &6D3 &&5C in&BEions, &86A &4 [[8th &47 BC]], &63A rests upon its side, but &1 [[&&5C &22C]] of &B4 &144 it &44ly &E1C &656 &AB &202, &430 &192 &E1B &57 &4C7 &11 &17Aening &4C9 leg, or &11 &D3E at &188 &9E7 &7E5 set.

The [[&&582s]] &1DE &121 &22C to &4D4 [[Italy]] &4D3 &63A un&25Fd. &&67Cs &B4 &53E [[Old Italic &22C|&&582 &22C]] &48D [[Latin]], &3 &3FAing &202 was &17d &1 &66 [[Latin &22C]] &83 &A2D many &Cs, &3F [[&&46 &C|&&46]].

&&63A &7E8 [[&E1A]] (&225-case) &337. The form &1BE most &153 hand&13E &110 a circle and &6B5 &E19. Most &9C1ed &CD uses &263 &42F a &27 loop &32n arc over it. Both derive &5 &E18 (&AB) form. In &&5C hand&13E, &71 &E8 to jo&1 left leg and &9E6 &E19 into &2CB loop, as &C35d &11 Uncial &18E &24A. Many fonts then made &6AF leg &6B5. In some &0se, the [[serif]] that &1AE &6AF leg &E19 &7C &321n arc, &3FAing &1 &9C1ed form, &50 &2C2s &71 dropped, &3FAing &1 &66 hand&1A3 form.

!B0!#0#
|-!D2!
|[[&&20:Black&202A-01.png|Black&165]]&&3D&gt;[[Black&202]] A
|[[&&20:UncialA-01.png|Uncial A]]&&3D&gt;[[Uncial]] A
|[[&&20:Acap.png|An&2E &&AB A]]
|-!D2!
|[[&&20:&&66&&CAA-01.png|&&66 &&CA A]]&&3D&gt;&&66 &&CA A
|[[&&20:&&66ItalicA-01.png|&&66 Italic A]]&&3D&gt;&&66 Italic A
|[[&&20:&&66&&BEA-01.png|&&66 &&BE A]]&&3D&gt;&&66 &&BE A
|}

!10A!
&&4D5 &C|&&46]], the &165 &706elf &10C de&4CD the [[lax open &362 un&2AFed &62F]] ({{IPA2|æ}}) &799 ''pad'', &639 &398 &62F]] ({{IPA2|ɑ}}) &799 ''&27E'', or, in &F44 &32 &B4 &BDF [[e]], the diphthong {{IPA2|eʲ}} (&5D7 &809 &E38 &B &A7A) &799 ''ace'', &5E &1BE &0 [[&&AC &62F shift]].

In most &2E &Cs that &1C6 Latin &22C, the &165 de&4CD &1FD an [[open &398 &62F]] ({{IPA2|ɑ}}), &796 [[open &80 un&2AFed &62F]] ({{IPA2|a}}). 

&&1 [[Inter&2A Phonetic Alphabet]], &673s &0 &165 denote &123 [[&62F]]s. In [[X-SAMPA]], &3D4 de&4CD &639 &398 &62F]] and &2A0 de&4CD &639 &362 un&2AFed &62F]].

A also &F &&46 [[&D3C &EE]], &258 to [[an]] &A4 a &62F.

==Codes for &604==
{{Letter
|NATO=Alpha
|Morse=·–
|B1=●
|B2=○
|B3=○
|B4=○
|B5=○
|B6=○
}}
In [[&&236]] the [[&E18|&AB]] A is code&F7 U+0041 &3 [[&E1A|&225case]] a is U+0061.

In [[Hexa&A79|Hex]], A &F &36 &83 re&79 &A79 10, &798 [[&&4A0 &CB1 &58|&4A0]], 01010

The [[ASCII]] code for &3D4 is 65 &7A7 &2A0 is 97; &798 [[&&4A0 &CB1 &58|&4A0]] 01000001 and 01100001, &80Bly.

The [[EBCDIC]] code for &3D4 is 193 &7A7 &2A0 is 129.

The [[numeric &36 &16E]]s in [[HTML]] and [[XML]] are #0#&lt;tt&gt;#3#amp;#65;&lt;/tt&gt;&&40 #0#&lt;tt&gt;#3#amp;#97;&lt;/tt&gt;&&6EE &646 and &225 case &323.

==Meanings for '''A'''==
* As a word; see [[A, an]]
* In [[&&10 &&A|&&13]] [[Major &&6B4 Baseball]], the [[Oakland Athletics]] &3D3 &1FF &78 &A #0#'''A's'''.#0#
* In [[&302]],
** A &627s &ED &&EB 1 &6A 15 &3C6, &1 pro&609al desig&200 of a comet (e.g. [[C/1760 A1]], the &&AC Comet of 1760) or asteroid (e.g. {{mpl|(4099) 1988 AB|5}})
** ''a'' &7A &83 denote the [[semi-&145 axis]] &146 orbit
* In [[bio&181]], A &F &49F for [[alanine]] and [[adenosine]].
* Brassiere [[cup size]] '''A'''
* In [[&96C]]s, A &7A an &6B7 &10 [[month]]s [[April]] and [[&&1D6]].
* In [[&604]],
** &lt;tt&gt;#3#lt;a#3#gt;&lt;/tt&gt; &F [[HTML &235#&2FC &60nchors|HTML &235 &EDn anchor tag]].
** In &&A78, Ctrl-A, and Mac OS, Command-A, s&D6Es &DC text &1 &BDE, or &DC pixels &146 &20.
** A &65 &397 set &242 &22Cic &11 &219 [[&36 &6B3 (&104 &4A)|&6B3]] &2D7.
** A:\ &F &625al &406 &0 &40 floppy disk &7F5 in [[CP/M]]-&116 [[&502 &58]]s &C [[DOS]].
** A is a &6C8 di&609 (#0#Verified &&900ion#0#) &1 [[TCSEC]].
* In [[&14B]], a [[Grade (&14B)|grade]] of '''A''' &271 &397 &34B &4C6 that &1C6 can &66C. &&85 &65 &F69d &32 [[plus]]/[[minus]] sign, &799 '''A+''' or '''A-''', or &B8, &799 '''A1'''. &&26 &44A a grade one &276 &24A '''A*''' (&7D4 #0#A Star#0#).
* In [[&D6Eronics]],
** [[A &CB0|A]] is &638 size of [[&CB0 (&5C3)|&CB0]].
** A &6DE &4 Anode, or filament, &888 of a [[vacuum tube]]. 
* &&4D5 &C|&&46]], &2D1 ''a'' &5F &D3C [[&EE (&8D2)|&EE]], see [[A, an]]
* In [[Esperanto#Grammar|Esperanto]], -a &F &D3B/attributive &6B2; A is comm&6D5n &6B7 &109 &&46 (&C).
* In [[&23D]], &63A worn by Hester Prynne marking her &276 &B30ress &1 [[&&169 Hawthorne]] &127 ''[[The Scarlet Letter]]'' &44n ''A''.
* In [[film]], ''A'' &5F &&479 film made in [[1969]]; &6ED (film)]]''.
* In [[finance]], A &F U.S. [[ticker &49F]] for [[Agilent Techn&D9Es]].
* In [[game]]s, the &165 is &83 mark each &0 [[Ace]]s in a deck of [[&50A card]]s.
* In [[&&5C &C|&&5C]], a- is a [[&9E5]] (''&3D7 privativum'') &109 #0#not&&6C #0#&3BD,#0# used &C3 &F6Aed &277 &4D5 &C|&&46]], [[&&D9 &C|&&D9]] and [[&&CAce &Cs]].
* In [[India]] ''A'' is &17B &F6D, &20E &474 int&46D &1B seen only by &5F5.
* In [[&&275 &F79&2A &CAF &D3A &2B0|&F79&2A licence &D3A &2B0]], A &627s for #114#]].
* In [[&543 size|&F79&2A &543 sizes]], A is a &69F sizes &32n [[Paper size|&E17 &D3F]] of &501 70% &561 to &6B1, with A4 &78 &5E3 &C9 size.
* In [[&257]], 
**the &165 is &5AE a &49F &10 &B0 &C5D pro&136 &1 &44 form #0#all x is y.&&B5 &202s I, E, and O are used &323 &10 &12F &C5D #0#some x is y,&&11D &B0 &581 #0#no x is y,#0# &3 &12F &581 #0#some x &6B y.&&B5 use &0se &202s &24A &489 &5 &62Fs &0 two [[Latin]] [[verb]]s ''affirmo'' (or AIo), #0#I &C0F,&&40 ''nego'', #0#I deny.&&B5 use &0 &2C7 &7EA &5 [[13th &47]], &A1 some &2BFities &F25 &8C &32F &4 &&5C &257ians. 
**In [[&49Fic &257]], the &49F #3#forall; (an &EEE &165) &F [[&B0 quantifier]].
* In [[&5C2]], 
**A &7A &5AE a [[numerical digit|digit]] &109 ''[[10 (&3FC)|ten]]'' in [[hexa&A79]] &4D &136al [[&CB1 &58]]s &32 [[radix]] of 11 or &ACer, 
**[[&191&D37 bold]] &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{A}&lt;/math&gt; (#3##x1D504; in [[&&236]]) &65 &397 [[&F36ic &31E]].
**&&1 [[On-Line &&1B3 of Integer Sequences]], each &7DC &17Dn ID &A2F &0 &165 and six base 10 &BDD.
* In [[&18B]], '''A''' (also, '''A+''' or '''A-''') &1AF &0 &81 [[&62D type]]s.
* In [[&DC]],
** A is a [[Pitch &1B8]] or [[note]], see [[A (&DCal note)]].
** A, or #0#side A,#0# &6DE &4 top or &40 side of a [[vinyl &2B6]].
** ''A'' is a [[&&A7 rock]] band; &6ED (band)]]''.
** ''A'' &5F &415 by [[Jethro Tull (band)|Jethro Tull]]; &6ED (&415)]]''.
* In [[&AE1]], A is a [[vitamin]].
* In [[&9FBy]], most SLR &869s use A to signify &EED &5D1ity mode, &249 user sets the &EED &3 &869 deter&334 the shutter &D39.
* In [[&5EE]], [[A (poem)|A]] &F &145 work of &30A &22D &2BF [[Louis Zukofsky]].
* In [[&35 &4A|&35 &E4]], a circumscribed #0#A#0# &5F [[&49 &49Fism|&49 &49F]].
* &&A &40 &202 of a [[&43B code]],
** In [[&&54A]], A &627s for [[New&156l&60nd Labrador]].
* &&8 serial &1E9 [[&&10 &&A &49E]]s, A &7D3 the [[&&124 Re&38A Bank of Boston]].
* &&1 [[SI]] &3DE units, 
** A &F &49F &10 [[ampere]] or amp, the [[SI base unit]] of [[&D6Eric &153]].
** a, [[atto]], &F [[SI &9E5]] &109 10&lt;sup&gt;-18&lt;/sup&gt;
** a &F &49F &10 [[are]], a unit of &163 area &B36 to 100 [[&458 &D38]]s.
* As a [[timezone]], A &F &C3 desig&200 for #114#1 &&B0 Time]]+1, also &79 CET or [[&&80 &&45 Time]].

!25!
{{Wiki&3B71911Enc|A}}
{{&&E8s|A}}
* [[Alpha (&202)|Alpha]] 
* [[A (Cyrillic)|Cyrillic A]]
* &lt;big&gt;[[ª]]!F! 
* [[À]]
* [[Á]]
* [[Â]]
* [[Ã]]
* [[Ä]] (Ae)
* [[Å]] (Aa)
* [[Æ]]
* [[A-breve|#3##258;]] 
* [[A-ogonek|#3##260;]]
* [[∀]]
&&248#0#all#0# /&gt;

{{AZsubnav}}


[[&&9:Latin &202s]]
[[&&9:Vowels]]

[[als:A]]
!32!A]]
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#3A#A]]
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!1B!A]]
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[[ro:A]]
!1E!А (буква)]]
[[sq:A]]
[[scn:A]]
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[[sl:A]]
!37!A (латиничко)]]
[[fi:A]]
[[sv:A]]
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[[yo:A]]
#2C#A#1D#
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§6<&5>/* &&35 &&164 */</&5>
§6#4#{{&&2Euses1|the U.S. &&1E}}
&&D4#0#float:&B; &13F &F9-left: 1em;#0#&gt;
{{US &&132 &1E |
§2Name§C= &&1B |
§2Fullname§8= &&164 &&1B |
§2Flag§C= Flag &328.svg |
§2Flaglink§6= [[Flag &328]] |
§2Seal§C= &&1B &1E seal.png| 
§2Map§D= Map_of_USA_high&4CEing_&&1B.png |
§2Nickname§8= Camellia &&1E, The Heart of Dixie[[#Notes|#3#sup1;]], &&BDC &&1E|
§2&&AB§9= [[&&53C, &&1B|&&53C]] |
§2&&E7Lang§4= [[&&46 &C|&&46]] |
§2&&Cs§7= [[&&46 &C|&&46]] 96.7%, [[&&151 &C|&&151]] 2.2% |
§2LargestCity§5= [[&&62B, &&1B|&&62B]] |
§2&&1CF§8= [[Bob Riley (&&1B)|Bob Riley]] (R)|
§2Senators§8= [[&&17C Shelby]] (R)
[[Jeff &&7D1]] (R) |
§2&&43B&&6B7 = AL |
§2AreaRank§8= 30&lt;!AE!4A
§2TotalArea§7= 52,423 mi²/135,775 |
§2LandArea§8= 50,750 mi²/131,442 |
§2WaterArea§7= 1,673 mi²/4,333 |
§2PCWater§9= 3.19 |
§2PopRank§9= 23&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&&44A
§22000Pop§9= 4,447,100 |
§2&&342Rank§5= 26&lt;!AE!4A
§22000&&342§5= 33.84 |
§2AdmittanceOrder = 22&lt;sup&gt;nd&lt;/sup&&44A
§2AdmittanceDate§2= [[&&143 14]], [[1819]] |
§2Se&C7ADate§2= [[&&EB 11]], [[1861]] |
§2ReadmittanceDate§2= [[July 14]], [[1868]] |
§2TimeZone§8= [[&&80 &&1AC Time Zone|&&80]]: #114#1 &&B0 Time|UTC]]-6/[[Day&4CE &E16 time|DST]]-5 |
§2Latitude§8= 30°13'N to 35°N |
§2Longitude§7= 84°51'W to 88°28'W |
§2Width§B= 190 mi/306 |
§2Length§A= 330 mi/531 |
§2HighestElev§5= [[Mount Cheaha]] 2,408 ft/734 |
§2MeanElev§8= 499 ft/152 |
§2LowestElev§6= 0 ft/0 |
§2ISOCode§9= US-AL |
§2&&293§9= www.&1B.gov
}}
[[[[&20:AlaUrb.gif |&4B|&F|&359|&&1B Cities and Urban Areas/Sprawl]]
{| &73C=#0#2&&34#0#0&&69#0#float:&B; &13F &F9:0 0 &71B#0# &1B8=#0#toc&9F4s#0#
!1A!&907s|&&1E &907#BD#||''[[Audemus jura nostra &BD8e]]''
|-
!1A!birds|&&1E bird#BD#||[[&&AAern Flicker|&&BDC]]
|-
!1A!f&225s|&&1E f&225#BD#||[[Camel!F1!
|-
!1A!songs|&&1E song#BD#||#0#[[&&1B (song)|#119##0#
|-
!1A!&633|&&1E tree#BD#||[[Longleaf Pine]]
|-
!1A!&6D5s|&&1E &6D5#BD#||[[Conecuh Ridge Whiskey|Conecuh Ridge]]
|-
!1A!reptiles|&&1E reptile#BD#||[[Red-bellied turtle]]
|}
!D8!
'''&&1B''' is a [[U.S. &1E|&1E]] &2CF &1 [[&&64ern &&10 &&A|&&64ern]] [[&&10 &&A]].

!28!
!30! #119#''

The &769 &0 [[&&13B &&13s &1 &&10 &&A|&&13B &&13]] &6B0 is &217 in &&1B. Among &&13B &&13 &1C once &187 &79 &&4D2 [[&&1B (&1C)|#119# (Alibamu), [[Cherokee]], [[Chickasaw]], [[Choctaw]], [[Creek &1C|Creek]], [[Koasati]], and [[&&397 (&1C)|&&397]].§2Trade &B &&AAeast via the [[Ohio River]] &1AE &2A Burial Mound Period§2([[1000 BC]]-A.D. [[700]]) and &189 &&45 &58F.§2Meso-&&19Afluence is &A77 &1 agrarian &&2A6an &38 that &25E.

The [[&&93|&&48]] &61 &23 [[&&89]]an &222 &1 &1E &B &3FB of [[&&397, &&1B|&&397]] in [[1702]].§2&&64ern &&56E &&48 from [[1702]]#3#&1E0;[[1763]], &49 &&A7 West &&665 &42E#3#&1E0;[[1780]], and &49 &&151 West &&665 from [[1780]]#3#&1E0;[[1814]]. &&AAern &515 &&56E &49 &&A7 &&500 &42E#3#&1E0;[[1783]] &777 &0 &&13 &&2A6 &82 &D3&54. Its &1Ehood &8E2ed &11 &10D a &229line (rectified when &&5ED &&664 &4E5 &&151 &&397 in [[1814]]), &&1B &E9 22nd &1E in [[1819]].

&&74 &328 &8D1 &5 &&DF &4F0 11]], [[1861]] and &E9 [[&&1B Re&8B]] and &428 18]] [[1861]] &163 [[&&132 &&A &13E|&&132 &1E]].§2&&50 not many &36Fs were &54D &1 &1E, it &405 &5A 120,000 &6AF &4 [[&&10 &&A Civil War|Civil War]].§2&&DD war a pro&609al &1D was &6EB in [[1865]] and &&1B &396 re&7C8 &4 &&DF on July 14 [[1868]].

The &E15 &0 &&5C1 &284 &18 &&A Civil War|Civil War]], &&1B &44t &9E4 &F &1 [[&&13 Civil &&Bs &&62 (1955-1968)|&114 &Bs &62]] &0 [[1950s]] and [[&4CC]].

==Law and &1D==
''Ma&80Cicle: [[Law and &&1D &328]]''
===Local #3# &&CB &&1D===
&&1B has 67 [[&CB|&4E4]], each &1D2 &594 &34A &24F &55B, &10C &1FD Board of &&997ers, &18 &10C &776 &234 &16C &1 &CB.§2Due &4 res&8DDts &195d &1 [[&&1B &&5D]], &7E4 7 &4E4 (&&700, Lee, &&397, Madison, &&53C, Shelby, and &&D36) &1 &1E have &13D to no [[home rule]].§2Instead, most &4E4 &1 &1E have to lobby &4 Local Legislation &&4FF &74 &2A5 &7FB &1D3 &192 &4E3 &C &B2A disposal to land use zoning.

&&1B &5F &CAE &C04 or [[Alcoholic beverage &C0 &1E]].

===&&35 &&164===
&&114 &1CF &0 &1E is [[Bob Riley (&&1B)|Bob Riley]] &3 two U.S. &7D0 are [[Jeff &&7D1|&&700 B. &&7D1 III]] &42D Shelby|&&17C C. Shelby]] (all &E5 &5 [[&&10 &&A Re&8Ban &&99|Re&8Ban &&99]]).§2&&114 [[&&1B &&5D]] &&97F in [[1901]].

During [[&&FA]] &139 &FE Civil War]], &&56E &25A by &124 &6D6 &0 [[Third &&C3 Di&C0B]] &121 [[John Pope (&C3 &2E6r)|&&44 John Pope]]. In [[1877]], the &&FA &280 &46D &B &5C8 of [[&&D35 B. Hayes]] as &&3E-&D6E. [[White &1C|White]] &&64erners &8D0 &C0 &0 &1D and &4B9 laws to [[&23E segregation|segregate]] and disen&F78hise &191 &AE4.§2&&74 &BF part &0 #0#[[Solid &&64]],&&79F one-&99 &58 &97 the [[&&98 &&99 (&&10 &&A)|&&98 &&99]] &BF &404 &1D7 &35 &99 &4D1 &&64ern &1E.§2For n&6D 100 &5B, &192 and &1E &190s in &&4D2 &8FB &1 &&98 &&99 &31C, with &44ly no Re&8Ban &709r &768. 

From [[1876]] &6A [[1956]], &&1B &118ed only &&98 &3Eial &3BEs, by &F9s as &7E3 73 &56Bage &F7s.§2In [[1960]], &&1B gave &70 its &272 &41B to [[Harry F. Byrd]] as a &8E6.§2In [[1964]], &4D0 [[Re&8Ban &&99 (&&10 &&A)|Re&8Ban &&99]] &10C win more &41B &1 &&64 by &139 a #0#[[&&64ern Strategy]]&&28C &6FFd #0#[[&&A' &Bs|&A' &Bs]]#0# &3 &2EE &4F9ism &0 &2A &&98 &&99.§2&&23 such &3BE was &325 [[Barry Gold&2F5]], who &BF &23 Re&8Ban &3BE &118ed by &&1B.§2In [[1968]], &&1B &118ed &13B s&829d [[&&13 &&CC &&99]] &3BE [[&&1B4 Wallace]].§2

&&1E0 &&98 &3BE &32B &&1B's &4FD a &3Eial &190 was &&64erner [[Jimmy Carter]] in [[1976]].§2Today, &1B6 &99 has &216 &4E2 in &325 &&1B &59. &&1A3 &192 &59, &&308 &146 &C0 &14Efices, &3F &145ities in both &194s &0 &&2A5, and &62A &&308 out&3FC Re&8Bans &1 &1E.§2In 2004, [[&&1B4 W. Bush]] won &&1B's nine &272 &41B by a &F9 of 25 &56Bage &F7s with 62.5% &0 vote.§2The only 11 &4E4 &39E &&98 were [[Black Belt (&23C &328)|Black Belt]] &4E4, &AD [[Afric&51A]]s are &1 &145ity.

&&1B &1EB &1 [[Bible Belt]], &278 &14Bal &4E3 &8D8 this. &&30C &4 [[Alan Guttmacher &&EF]], &&1B &322 sex &14B &1B8es to &6FF #0#that [[homo&2E4ity]] &6B an accep&544 life&68 &4 &44 &8B &6D homo&2E4 &767 is a &EEC offense &8D laws &0 &1E.#0# &&DA &CAD &6B &271 en&1F7d in &&1B &1B8rooms, &26 un&5D2 &3AD or &273 &E7 &487ments have &25Fd &DE &&8CE Court's &C0E in [[Lawrence v. Texas]]. &&30C &4 [[&&10 &&A &&218 Bureau]], in 2000, &&56E &5AD 4,561 same-sex male &F69s and 4,167 same-sex &605 &F69s.

*[[U.S. &54 2004, &4CE

#103#
''Main &1E8 &328]]''

{{ussm|&1B.PNG|al}}
&&1B &F 30&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; &B2 &1E &1 &&10 &&A with 135,775 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (52,423 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) of &2F8 area.§23.19% of &C1 &2F5, &281 &&1B 23&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; &1 &3D2 &163 &2F5, also &542 it &91 &B2 &9E9 &2F5way &58 &1 [[&&10 &&A]].§2&&5A &E5-&338s &0 l&&9E3 is a gentle [[&D55]] &32 &44 incline &247 the [[&&2A6 River]] &3 [[Gulf of &&35C]].§2The [[&&AA #119# &23C &7D6ly &300, &B [[&&358 River]] cutting &1B7 &321 &7F7 &22F creeks, streams, &223s, &2B5, and lakes.§2The &BEB &F7 east &0 [[&&2A6 River]] &7E1 [[Dekalb &&CB]] &720 a creek cutting tower ridges, and &7F7 [[Buck's Pocket &&1E Park]].§2An&2E &75 wonder is #0#Land Bridge&&11D &CAC &75 &BDB span east &0 [[&&2A6 River]].§2&&1B &44ly &2F9s in [[elev!153! from [[sea &276]] at [[&&397 Bay]], to a &13D &123 1800 [[foot (unit)|feet]] or 550 [[&D38|meters]] &1 Appalachian &2B5 &1 &AAeast.§2&&56F &F7 is [[Mount Cheaha]].

!E5!
[[&&20:wiki_&1B.jpg|&4B|275px|Greetings from #119#
&&30C &4 [[&&228 &&84 Analysis]], the [[2003]] &2F8 [[gross &1E &48E]] was $132 &766. The [[per &49D &6AD]] &10 &1E was $26,505 in 2003. &&1B's [[agri&56]] &CAB &7B [[poultry]] and [[Egg (food)|eggs]], [[&43A]], &46C nursery &A03, [[peanut]]s, [[&867]], [[&F1Bs]] &C [[maize|corn]] and [[sorgum]], [[vege&544s]], [[milk]], [[soybeans]], and [[peaches]]. Even &A1 &921 [[&&500 (U.S. &1E)|&&500]] is &1FD [[Peach &&1E]], &&1B &2C2s twice as many peaches &BDA. Its [[Industry|&1AD]] &CAB &7B [[iron]] and [[&20C]] &2DB, &3F cast-&4CD &20C pipe, [[&543]], [[lumber]], and [[wood]] &2DB, [[&9E2]] (&3F8 coal), and [[plastic]] &2DB, &787 trucks, and [[apparel]]. Also, &&1B &2C2s [[aero&2B]] and [[&D6Eronic]] &2DB, &3F8 &1 [[&&629, &&1B|&&629]] area, home &0 [[NASA]] [[&&1B4 C. Mar&71C &&2B F&4CE &&F]] &3 [[&&10 &&A Army Aviati&829d Missile Command|US Army Missile Command]], head&33Bed at [[Red&48F Arsenal]].

Also, &167 of [[&&397, &&1B|&&397]] is a busy seaport &8 [[Gulf of &&35C]], &2CA &9E9 &2F5way &893 &4 Midwest via the [[&&358-Tombigbee Waterway]].

!E4!
{{seesub&EE|&&B1 &328}}

{| &1B8=#0#toc&9F4s&&AD#0#&B&&56#0#4&&34#0#0&&69#0#&F9:0 0 &71B font-&32A#0#
|-
! &491=2 &88=#0##ccccff&&AD#0#&F#0#| &&A9 &23s
|-
!!D2!| &&218&lt;!156!year !! &7=#0#&B#0#| &&23
|-
| &491=2|&lt;hr&gt;
|-
|!D2!| 1800 || &7=#0#&B#0#| 1,250
|-
|!D2!| 1810 || &7=#0#&B#0#| 9,046
|-
|!D2!| 1820 || &7=#0#&B#0#| 127,901
|-
|!D2!| 1830 || &7=#0#&B#0#| 309,527
|-
|!D2!| 1840 || &7=#0#&B#0#| 590,756
|-
|!D2!| 1850 || &7=#0#&B#0#| 771,623
|-
|!D2!| 1860 || &7=#0#&B#0#| 964,201
|-
|!D2!| 1870 || &7=#0#&B#0#| 996,992
|-
|!D2!| 1880 || &7=#0#&B#0#| 1,262,505
|-
|!D2!| 1890 || &7=#0#&B#0#| 1,513,401
|-
|!D2!| 1900 || &7=#0#&B#0#| 1,828,697
|-
|!D2!| 1910 || &7=#0#&B#0#| 2,138,093
|-
|!D2!| 1920 || &7=#0#&B#0#| 2,348,174
|-
|!D2!| 1930 || &7=#0#&B#0#| 2,646,248
|-
|!D2!| 1940 || &7=#0#&B#0#| 2,832,961
|-
|!D2!| 1950 || &7=#0#&B#0#| 3,061,743
|-
|!D2!| 1960 || &7=#0#&B#0#| 3,266,740
|-
|!D2!| 1970 || &7=#0#&B#0#| 3,444,165
|-
|!D2!| 1980 || &7=#0#&B#0#| 3,893,888
|-
|!D2!| 1990 || &7=#0#&B#0#| 4,040,587
|-
|!D2!| [[&&10 &&A 2000 &&218|2000]] || &7=#0#&B#0#| 4,447,100
|}

{|
|-
As of 2005, &&1B &17Dn &26E &42C 4,557,808, &3A an &29F 32,433, or 0.7%, &5 &5D1 year &60n &29F 110,457, or 2.5%, &DE year 2000.§2Th&&E3B a &75 &162 &DE last &218 of 77,418 &1C (&C1 319,544 &335s minus 242,126 &1FAs) &60n &162 &5E net &6FE of 36,457 &3C6&4 &1E.§2&&386 from &246 &1A &&A &3FAed in a net &29F 25,936 &1C, and &6FE with&1 &5F &1E9 a net &29F 10,521 &1C.

&&74 had 108,000 &D8-born (2.4% &0 &1E &23), &162 an &26E 22.2% were il&5BE &389s (24,000).
|}
|[[&&20:&&1B_&23_map.png|&4B|&B|&339|&&1B &&23 &&342 map]]
===Race &60ncestry===
The &23E makeup &0 &708 com&1F6on &4 &5D1 &218:
{{&&23E_&B1_begin &391=2000 &392=1990 }}
{{&&23E_&B1_White &391=71.1% &392=73.6% }}
{{&&23E_&B1_Black &391=26.0% &392=25.3% }}
{{&&23E_&B1_Asian &391=0.7% &392=0.5% }}
{{&&23E_&B1_Amerindian &391=0.5% &392=0.4% }}
{{&&23E_&B1_&&2E | race=&&2E race &391=0.7% &392=0.1% }}
{{&&23E_&B1_Mixed &391=1.0% &392=&lt;&F&gt;*&lt;/&F&gt; }}
{{&&23E_&B1_&&EEB &391White=70.3% &392White=73.3% &391&&EEB=1.7% &392&&EEB=0.6% }}
{{&&23E_&B1_end}}

The &B2 &37F &6AC &25C &&1B: &&13 (17.0%), [[&&A7 &&13|&&46]] (7.8%), [[Irish &&13|Irish]] (7.7%), [[Germ&51A|&&D9]] (5.7%), and [[Scots-Irish &&13|Scotch-Irish]] (2.0%).§2'&&13' &7Bs &AE &37F as &&13B &&13 or [[Afric&51A]].

!147!
&&3E2 &F6s &328:

*[[&&BC]] #3##8211; 92%
**[[&&8E6ant]] #3##8211; 79%
***[[Baptist]] #3##8211; 49%
***[[&&21Dist]] #3##8211; 10%
***[[Presbyterian]] #3##8211; 3%
***[[Episcopalian#10C#
***[[&&11C &70A#10C#
***[[&&11C of &&BD9#10C#
***[[Pentecostal#10C#
***[[Lutheran#10C#
***&&2E &&8E6ant &&42B
**[[&&28A]] #3##8211; 13%
*&&2E &F6s #3##8211; 1%
*Non-&138 &&42B
==&&107s and &&1ED (in&206)==
{{main|&&275 &107s and &329 &&1B}}
{|
|-
!F9!
*[#1#au.af.mil/ Air &&39]
*[[&&1B A#3#M #DA#
*[[&&1B #86#
*[[&&5ED &&664 #DA#
*[[&&439 #86#
*[[Auburn #DA#
*[[Auburn &&39 &&53C]]
*[[&&62B-&&64ern #38#
*[[Bishop &&1E &&8F #38#
*[[&&8CD &&8F &&107|&&8CD &&8F &&107 &&58]]
!44!7 at Decatur|Decatur-Main Campus]]
!44!7 at Cummings &&6E Park|&&629/Cummings &&6E Park]]
!44!7 at Red&48F Arsenal|Red&48F Arsenal]]
*[[Capps #38#
*[[Concordia &&107-Selma]]
*[[Faulkner #DA#
*[[&&3D0 &&BC #DA#
*[[Huntingdon #38#
*[[&&664ville #86#
*[[Judson #38#
*[[Miles #38#
*[[Oakwood #38#
*[[Remington #38#
*[[Samford #DA#
*[[Selma #DA#
*[[&&64&EA Bible #38#
*[[&&64ern &&BC #DA#
!F9!
*[[&&5EC Hill #38#
*[[Stillman #38#
*[[Talladega #38#
*[[Troy &&39 &&58]] (&265ly #0#Troy &&1E &&39 &&58#0#)
**[[Troy &&39|Main Campus (Troy)]]
**[[Troy &&208 Dothan]]
**[[Troy &&208 &&53C]]
**[[Troy &&208 Phenix City]]
*[[Tuskegee #DA#
*[[&&10 &&A &&3EF &&2F]]
*[[&&12B &&1B &&58]]
**[[&&12B &&1B|Main Campus (&&D36)]]
!AD!62B|&&62B]]
!AD!629|&&629]]
*[[&&12B &&397]]
*[[&&12B Montevallo]]
*[[&&12B &&AA #119#
*[[&&12B &&64 #119#
*[[&&12B West #119#
*[[&&1C9 #38#
|}

==&&38 &&D34==
&lt;&27&gt;
*[[&&170 Alabamians]]
*[[&&1B Jubilee Hot Air Balloon &&3A3]]
*[[&&DC &328]]
*[[&&1B &&8B &&221]], &1E wide &8B TV &671
*[[&&275 &221 &3D4 &4CE
*[[&&1B Shake&B26e &&6AA]]
*[[&&1B &&3EF &&6AA]]
*[[Spirit &13E &&6AA]]
*[[U.S. &&2B #3# Rocket &&F]]/[[U.S. &&2B Camp]]
*[[USS &&1B (BB-60)|USS #119#
*[[Rickwood Field]]
*[[&&91 Trent Jones Golf Trail]]
*[[Visionland Theme Park]]
*[[Old &&1E Bank]]
*[[Vulcan &6A9]]
*[[&&397 Bay jubilee]]
*[[&&F7 Mallard Aquatic &&F]]
*[[Noccalula Falls Park]]
!123!

!1F!
* Atkins, Leah Rawls, Wayne Flynt, &&11A &&5FF Rogers, and David Ward. ''[#1#questia.com/PM.qst?a=o#3#d=29166058 &&1B: The &&2B a Deep &&64 &&1E]'' (1994)
* Flynt, Wayne. ''&&1B &1 &&446 &&47'' (2004)
* Owen &&19E M. ''&&2B &&1B and &&550 &328 &&1E6'' 4 vols. 1921.
* &&664, Harvey H. ''Inside &&1B: A &&17Fal &&2B My &&1E'' (2004)
* [#1#questia.com/PM.qst?a=o#3#d=52694010 Peirce, Neal R. ''The Deep &&64 &&A &13E: &&1C, &&59, and &&FD &1 Seven Deep &&64 &&A'' (1974)] &8CF &498ing on &59 and &84s 1960-72
* &&11As, &&3E3 Buford. ''A &&2DF &&2B &&1B: The &&53B &&47'' 1979.
* WPA. ''Guide to &&1B'' (1939)
* &ED &383 &256 see [[&&2B #119#

!E!
{{&522&2FC|&&1B}}
*[#2#&1B.gov/ &&1B.gov] - &&2C4.
*[#1#alarc.org/ &&1B &&9C of &&23Cal &&296s]
*[#1#tour&1B.org/ Tour&&1B.org] - &&1B &&99 &&310 and Travel
*[#1#&3DA.&1E.al.us/ &&3DA.&1E.al.us] - &&1B &&99 &&3DA and &&33
**[#1#&3DA.&1E.al.us/aaa.html All &&5A &&1B] &1F &&3DA &&370 site
*[#2#alguard.&1E.al.us &&1B &&2A Guard] - &&1B &&2A Guard
*[#1#&2A5.&1E.al.us/Codeof&&1B/1975/coatoc.htm Code &328 1975] - &1F &&1B &&2A5 site
*[#2#quick&D21.&218.gov/qfd/&A/01000.html &&1B QuickFacts] &5 U.S. &&218 Bureau
*[#1#&CBmapsof&1B.com/ &&CB Maps &328] - Full &5D0 maps. &&275 &168, &B29 and &CB &7CE
*[#1#&64ernlit&49C.com/&A/&1B &&1B &&158] &5 &&64ern &&2DF &&49C

==Notes==
#3#sup1; The &776 ''The Heart of Dixie'' is &438 by &1E law &1B &7Bd on &1AC &1E vehicle &CAF &D3As, but has &262ly been &8CC to &327 &27 size and eclipsed &11 &776 ''Stars Fell on &&1B''.

{{&&1B}}
{{US&&35&&42E}}
[[&&9:&&1B| ]]
[[&&9:&&A &0 &&10 &&A]]
[[&&9:1819 &3FBs]]
[[ang#18#
!32!ألاباما]]
[[ast#18#
#81#Алабама]]
[[zh-min-nan#18#
[[bs#18#
[[ca#18#
[[cs#18#
[[cy#18#
[[da#18#
[[de#94#
[[et#18#
[[es#18#
!125!labamo]]
[[fr#18#
[[ga#18#
[[gd#18#
[[gl#18#
#3A#앨라배마 주]]
[[hr#18#
[[io#18#
[[id#18#
[[is#18#
[[it#18#
!1B!אלבמה]]
#C1#ალაბამა (შტატი)]]
[[la#18#
[[lv#18#
[[lt#18#
[[lb#94#
[[jbo:alybamys]]
[[hu#18#
#BF#Алабама]]
[[ms#18#
[[mo:Алабама]]
[[nl#18#
!17!アラバマ州]]
[[no#18#
[[nn#18#
[[os:Алабамæ (штат)]]
[[pl#18#
[[pt#18#
[[ro#18#
!1E!Алабама (штат)]]
[[sq#18#
[[&1D3#18#
[[sk#18#
[[sl#18#
!37!Алабама]]
[[fi#18#
[[sv#18#
#80#มลรัฐแอละแบมา]]
[[tr#18#
!36!Алабама (штат)]]
#2C#阿拉巴馬州#1D#
!3!
!2!
!5!
§4<&8>AfricA</&8>
§4<id>304</id>
!1!
§6<id>15899041</id>
!7!-02-!8!
!0!
!12!
!4!
!6!
!11!
§6#4##&&&1A [[&&12]]
!B!
!3!
!2!
!5!
§4<&8>&&22</&8>
§4<id>305</id>
!1!
§6<id>41915510</id>
!D!-03-02T16:19#AE#
!0!
§8<&6>Josiah Rowe</&6>
§8<id>210455</id>
!4!
!6!
§6<&5>/* &&42A &5A &&22 */ &8D2</&5>
§6<text &CA uses, see [[&&22 (&764)]].''

[[&&20:The_&B28_of_&&22.jpg|220px|&4B|&B|The &B28 &29E, by Léon Benouville]]{{&&5C myth}}In [[&&5C &D0]], '''{{&5EB|#3##7944;χιλλεύς}}''', &7A8&7E2d to '''&&AE0''' or '''&&504'' in &&CA &202s, Latinized from th&5Fcient &&5C to '''&&22''', &3B6ing in &&582 as '''Achle''', &44 [[hero]] (&6F &&5C heros, #0#&BD8#0#) &0 [[&&2E5 War]], &245 &3 most [[&80 &36]] of [[Homer]]'s ''[[Iliad]]''. 

==Name==
The &636 two &483 &0 ''Iliad'' read:
:{{&&5EB|μῆνιν ἄειδε θεὰ Πηληϊάδεω Ἀχιλῆος}}
:{{&&5EB|οὐλομένην, ἣ μυρί' Ἀχαιοῖς ἄλγε' ἔθηκεν,}}
Trans&7E2d:
:Mēnin aeide thea, Pēlēiadeō Akhilēos
:oulomenēn, hē muri' Akhaiois alge' ethēken,
Translated:
:Sing, Muse, the &B28 &29E &7DE of &&6A8,
:the &734 &B28, that &1DE &E14 &628s up&8 Achaeans,
[[&&20:G-&22-trojan-wars-bb-l.jpg|&4B|left|&&6A9 &29E]]&&1se &483, we see &5A &&AE0 Peleides, &3A a [[praenomen]] &60 [[&F4Cymic]], &1E7 &78 &32B from &&6A8 &B suffix -ides &ADF ''&&22 &7DE of [[&&6A8]]''. The &58 is &29B &4 &2ED &7A5 [[Scandinavians]] &A4 &429 &C Leif Erikson. 


&&22' name &57 &BD7 as a &395 {{&&5EB|ἄχος}} (''akhos'') #0#&628&&40 {{&&5EB|λαός}} (''laos'') #0#a &1C, tribe, &200, etc.#0# [#1#&6A7.edu/&11F/shl/Crowds/hist/laos.htm]§2In &234 &&22 &5F &9E0 &0 &628 &0 &1C, &628 &7DD &A32 &866 &22F &144 &1 Iliad (&357 by &&22). &&22' role &A hero of &628 &337 an &F6C juxta&136 &B &625al view &29E &A hero of ''kleos'' (glory, &10C glory in war).

''Laos'' &28 construed by &&8CB Nagy, &139 &&488 Palmer, &5B8 ''a corps of &6AF''. With this derivation, &5A &E5 a &6DF &109 &1 poem: &&FA hero is &21E &Bly, his men &B3A &628 &4 enemy, but when &52Dly, his men get the &628. The poem &272 part &AC mis&237 &146ger &8 &49 &1D8ship.

==Birth==
&&22 w&A son &0 &5EA [[&&6A8]], king &0 [[&&ADE]] in [[Phthia]] (&64east [[&&BD6]]), &3 sea nymph [[&&6A6]]. [[Zeus]] and [[Poseidon]] &AB &865 &10 h&70B &&6A6 &1D9 [[&&D32]] the fire-&B3Aer prophesized that &&6A6 &2C9ar a son &ACer than &56D For &4CC &149 gods &BD5 &8C &791, and had her wed to &&6A8.

When &&22 &F9, &30C &4 &56C &18E &0 myth, &&6A6 &B27 &26A him im&5EA by dipping him &1 &223 [[Styx (&D0)|Styx]]. But she forgot to wet the heel she held him by, &675 him vulnerable at that spot. (See [[&&22' tendon]].) In an &238 and less &C9 &18E &0 &22A, Thet&5Fointed the boy in [[ambrosia]] and put &6E8 &811 a fire to burn away the &5EA &33A &1D body. S&81 &C5B by &&6A8 &&D31 both &27E &703n in a rage. Homer &7D make &16E to th&272vulner&31D &1 [[Iliad]]. &&4 &6C5, he &BD4 &&22 &78 &9DEed, &7D not &ADD.

&&6A8 &773 (&1C8 &161 &366 &55C or &9DF [[&&1E5]]) to [[Chiron]] the [[Centaur]], on Mt. [[Pelion]], &1B &866.

==&&22 &1 &&2E5 War==
===&&580===
&&FA &&5Cs left &10 &&2E5 War, they &541 &8CA in [[Mysia]], ru&4FC King [[&&580]]. &&1 &3FAing &36F, &&22 gave &&580 a &9DE &1E1 not heal; &&580 &E13 an &6A5, who &199 #0#he that &9DEed &71C heal#0#.

&&29 &2E &3AE in [[Euripides]]' lost play &5A &&580, he went to [[Aulis]] pret&6B2 &1B a beggar &60sked &&22 to heal his &9DE. &&22 &BF2d, &2CBing &9C no &343 &A5. Alter&13Bly, &&580 held [[&&A76 (&D0)|&&A76]] for &E12, the &E12 &78 &&22' aid in &8C9 the &9DE. [[&&320]] &15Fed &15 &B26 had inflicted the &9DE; &D3fore, the &B26 &151 &C0 heal it. Pieces &0 &B26 were scraped off on&4 &9DE and &&580 w&326aled. This &5F &1E6 [[&92B &46B]].

===&&2A &&2E5 War===
[[&&20:The_Rage_of_&&22_by_Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo.jpeg|&4B|&B|&359|“The R&1C1 &&22” by [[Giovanni Battista Tiepolo#FA#

In Homer's Iliad, &&22 &F only &5EA to &1D5 &ADC rage (''menon'').§2H&5Fger is &7AC &144 wavering, at &2E &144 &7E6.§2The &81ization &29E &11 &327 &0 war &5F &6C &A32 &0 ''[[Iliad]]''.

&&22' [[&F42eer]]'s name was [[Automedon]].

====&&8C8====
&&29 [[Dares Phrygius]]' ''Ac&F77 &0 Destruction &7DB'' [#2#&437.mac.com/cparada/GML/DaresTW.html], &50 [[&&8C8]], the &366est &812 [[Priam]] and [[Hecuba]] (whom some say was fa&D3d &56B (god)|&&2C]]), was &2F5ing his &B21s &1F Lion Fountain &50C &772 Troy, &&22 saw &5AC &79C love &161 &E11 (&3E0 #0#love&483s &80Dm&&190 &FF by [[Ibycus]] &745 like #0#gold thrice &CAA#0#). The &556 &28E his &3A0s &&703 &BD3 &765 the &5F1 &3AE. &&22 &8F2 him in&4 sanctuary and de&49Dted him &8 god's own altar. ([[John Tzetzes|Tzetzes]], [[scholiast]] on [[Lycophron]]). &&1F time, &&8C8 was said &1B &7FA &17A &1D &446 &335day, &3 &53A goes &3AC &&8C8 had &557 &1B &4B2, Troy &69 &22 invincible. ([[&&40 Vatican &&BD2]])

====&&864 &3 &487 &&1E5====
[[&&20:&&1E5pederasty&D30.jpg|&4B|&359|left|[[&&1E5]] and &&22. &&22 bandages the arm &1D &55C &&1E5. &&1E7 &8DE his head aside to &A09 &6E7 of &62D and &29E noticing his pain grimaces. The &D30 &28 &FF an &6E6 &57F and &EE5hip, or as a &D30 with &2E4 overtones. &&6F &&5C &38 &71 held &149 [[Iliad#The_&18F_of_&&22_and_&&1E5|&1B &539#FA#

&&22 took 23 &B29 &246 [[Troy]], &3F [[Lyrnessos]], &176 &4E5 [[Briseis]] &7D8 as a [[concubine]]. Mean&50, [[&&864]] took a &5BF &24C [[&&BD1]] and taunted her &27E, [[Chryses]], a &E10 of [[&&2C (god)|&&2C]], &109 &468 buy her back. &&2C sent a &9F5 &53 &&5C &BD0, and &&864 was &246 give &&BD1 &150 her &27E; &32, &5AB Briseis away from &&22 as compensation &FD loss.

This &DB sparked the &80 plot &0 [[Iliad]]: &&22 &36Ds enraged and &A8F &4FB &10 &&5Cs any &15C. The war goes badly, &53 &126 of [[Zeus]], &3 &&5Cs &716 &5CEome repa&D3Fns &4ir &ACest &CA9.§2&&DD &&5Cs are &BCF back &4 &D2F, &18 &2D4 &416ing &1B set on fire &11 &&2E5 hero [[&&396]], &&22 is &CA8 by [[&&320]], [[&&D2E Aias|Ajax]], and #114#F (Iliad)|&&30F]], who &EC &EEA &4D7 &6AB &36F.§2

&&22 &146 &A8F &4FB, &447grees &4CB [[&&1E5]] &4FB &58 &195, &F43 his armor. &&721 day, [[&&1E5]] is &3B3 and &EE9 &0 arm&797 &&396, who mis&A2C &391 &&22. &&22 is overwhelmed with &628 &FD be&9FE &55C, &3 rage he once &855ed &4B4 &&864 &773 shifting to &&396. &&6A6, &19E rises &5 sea flo&796d sympathizes &161 &628. She &DB8s magnificent new armor for him from [[Hephaestus]]. The goddess [[Athena]] &31Bs him &B [[aegis]] of Zeus.

&&109 goes &4 &36F&1FB, the &538 &&2E5 army flees &1FE the &772 Troy. &&22' &B28 is terrible, &15E slays many &&2E5 &CA9s &60llies, &3F Priam's son [[Lycaon]] (whom &&22 &394 &4E5 &703ld into &95, but who &AB &27Ded to Troy). &&12E &&396 &5D3 out &0 walls &6E5 the &E0F &7DB. He &7CD &&22 to &A15 &15 body &0 loser &2C9 &27Ded for &5FC &868 &11 &863. &&22 &28E this ar&2F9ment, &3F6,§2#0#&&A1 &4B2 &E12s and thy w&711 in gold were &58C, &&7CF &BF2 it all.#0# 

Stories tell that &&396 ran &5A Troy &2AC &68C &&22 &25E him, &32 &871 that &&22 &69 &67A outrun, &&396 &F24 his &16B and &54D. &&2E &18Es &0 tale &77A &&22 chased &54 &&396 two &634 one time &81 &6FD &11 gods, &32, &8ir &8D &5E9, &&22 trapped Hect&796d &709d him. &&54 a &53Aary &D6D, &&22 kills &&396.

&&404 h&5Fger, he drags &2D0 of &&396 &1FE his &F42 &2AF the &772 Troy &E5 &634 &A8F &4CB it &633 [[&57E &F23]].§2Much &4 dismay &29E, &2D0 of &&396 &CF7ly heals &771 not decay as &3F3ly &388. [[Aphrodite]], &355dess of love who sided with Troy &BC &38B &207, put a &900ive barrier over [[&&396]], &18 kept him &66F like &4BF &A4 &81 &C95ly kil&4FC &&22. When [[Priam]], the &7B1 Troy and &&396's &27E, &5D3 &6D8ly in&4 &&5C camp to plead &10 body, &&22 &EDly relents; &81D &0 most &862 &D30s &0 ''Iliad'', he &349s Priam graciously &60llows him &38B &2D0 away.§2The &D30 &272tensely &862 &74 [[Priam]], the king &4C9 &0 &ACest &168 &1 &DE &28, kneels down, old and frail as &52, and kisses the &5CE &0 &7DA &3B3 &770

The &ACness &29E &7E1 not just &22C &ACest &&5C &D6Der ever, &24B &A75 the &4A2 &1E4 &710 by [[Destiny]]. His m&2E &&6A6 had &D2D &710 &3AC he pulled out &0 [[&&2E5 War]], &160 enjoy &4C7 &60 happy life. If &&22 &54D, &32, &160 die &308 &772 [[Troy]] &447ssure an &920 glory, sur&A70 that &242 &2E &4BA. He &76F the &4A2, and &44B &7D9 face with it &76D his &ACness.

====&&A74====
&&2A [[&&2E5 War]], [[Balius and &&A74|&&A74]], &2C &&22' &B21s, was rebuked by &&22 &EDllowing [[&&1E5]] &1B &3B3. &&A74 &88C by &3F6 (Hera temporarily &773 &7E0 &622 so) &6F0 god &60 &5EA had &3B3 &&1E5 &60 god &60 &5EA &69 soon kill &&22§2too.

====Memnon, Cycnus, Penthesilea, &3 &1FA &29E====
[[&&20:TBanks&&6A6.jpg|&4B|&B|&339|''&&6A6 &874 &5 sea to &8E1 &&22'' (Book 18), by [[&&19E Banks]], &&46, [[1778]] [[&&37B and &&537 &&217#FA#
Shortly &DD &487 [[&&396]], &&22 &29D [[Memnon]] of [[&&37A]], [[Cycnus]] of [[Colonae]] &3 [[Amazons|Amazonian]] &CA9 [[Penthesi!F1! (with whom &&22 also &140n &4BB &271 &18Es). As &E4E by [[&&396]] &161 dying &BCE, &&22 w&Are&54 kil&4FC [[Paris (&D0)|Paris]] #3#&8E; &1FD &44C &B25 &4 heel (&18 &2CF &536 &36D fatally &EE8, &B1 said to &22 &5C4d &56B]]), or &448 &7DF &18E by a knife &4 back &50 &F28ing [[&&BCD]], a &52Ess &7DB. Both &18Es &B0C deny the killer any sort of valor, and &&22 &12D un&29D &8 &36F&1FB (Paris &3D1 kil&4FC Philoctetes &22B the &EE7 bow of &&BCC). His bones are mingled with &2DB [[&&1E5]], and &57E &2A4 are held. Like Ajax, &52 re&79ed (&7D not by [[Homer]]) as &10F &6DE &1FA &1 &66B [[Leuke]] &1F mouth &0 [[Danube]].

====The fate &29E' armor====
&&22' armor w&A &763 of a feud &4E [[&&320]] and [[&&D2E Aias|Ajax the &&ACer]] (&&22' &7DF cousin). They &EE6 &816 and &&320 won. Ajax went mad with &628 and vowed &591 his &EE5; he &311 &8ED &43A (&44E &186 &&5C &6AF), &3n &165.

==&&42A &5A &&22==	 
Some post-&&8C7 &3AB &2CB &392 &102 keep &&22 safe &5 war, &&6A6 (or, &271 &18Es, &&6A8) hid the &6E2 &1F &1F5 of [[&&861]], &7B1 [[Skyros]].§2&&D3, &&247 &96Bd as a girl and &557 &213 &&861' &7FEs &121 &5A #0#Pyrrha#0# (the red-haired girl).§2With &&861' &7FE [[Deidamea|Deidamia]], &&22 fa&D3d a son, [[Neoptolemus]] (also &6B Pyrrhus, &54 &62D's alias).§2&&29 this &22A, &&320 &38Ced &5 prophet [[Calchas]] &15 Achaeans &2C9 un&C0 &762 Troy &10B &&22' aid.§2He went to Skyros &1 guise of a &F41 &A73 &8EF's &CB8 and jewelry, but &195d a &E0E and &B26 &213 his &417.§2When &&56Astantly took &24D &B26, &&320 saw &6A his &96B and &6FC &4D7 jo&1 &&2E5 &204.§2In an&2E &18E &0 &22A, &&320 ar&2F9d &ED trumpet alarm &1B &5BBed &50 &81 with &&861' &8EF; &DA &8EF fled in panic, &&22 &96A &6E5 the &1F5, thus &542 his &7CC away.§2&&3CB &5A &&56A [[drag (clo&336)|drag]] &6B &1F5 Homer.

In Homer's ''[[&&761]]'', &B7 a &A72 &97 &&320 sails &4 &121&3C2 &C1Bs &B shades. One &0se is &&22, who when greeted as #0#&A71 &7EB, &A71 in &1FA#0#, &975 &41 &69 &4BF be a &3E8 than be dead. This &28 &FF a &884 &1D &CA9 life, &&86D &799dignity &325 &E0Bdom &78 s&4CEed.

The &7CB of [[Despotate of Epirus|Epirus]] &2CBed &1B desc&46D from &&22 &6A &770 [[&&E3 the &&AC]], son &0 Epiran &52Ess [[Olympias]], &115 &D3fore also &2CB this &8C6, and &C3 ways strove &1B like his &AC &BCB; &52 said &9C &CA8 h&333mb &50 &A70 Troy. &&247 &56Cped as a sea-god &C3 &0 [[&&5C &1C5]] &8 [[Black Sea]].

The [[homo&2E4]] [[&&22 and &&1E5|&90 &&22 and &&1E5]] is &1C3 much &7CA in post-[[&&8C7]] &158.§2&&11 &338 and &4A9 &20B, the deep — &&ADB &E42 — &2CChip &44D in Homer &E0D &321n unequi&D4F love &4BB &1 &2C0 [[&&860]], [[Plato]], and [[Aeschines]], and &8FA &9C &4C6 enigmatic verses in [[Lycophron]]'s &35B &47 ''Alexandra'' that &2CB &&22 slayed &&8C8 in &1E5 of unre&639d love.

&&22 &54D and &2E9 [[Amazons|Amazon]] [[Helene (&D0)|Helene]].

Some also said he &313 [[Medea]], &6D &54 &725ir &1FAs &186 &10 &1 Elysian &&245 of Hades - as Hera &BCA Thet&272 &&2Cnius' [[&&91F]].

==&&56A lost plays==
&&1 &6D [[1990]]s a lost play by [[&&860]] was &186 &1 wrappings of a [[mummy]] in [[Egypt]]. The play, ''[[&&22 (play)|&&22]]'', was &49 a [[trilogy]] &AC [[&&2E5 War]]. &&71 &76D &4D0 &5E &BD4 &324 &3AB, but &AB lost for over 2,000 &5B.§2An&2E lost play by &&860, ''The &&ADE'', &4CFsed &8 &90 &&22 and &&1E5; only &446 &483 &A6F &159.

&&D3 &5F&2E lost play with &&22 &A main &36, ''The Lovers &29E'', by [[Sophocles]].

==Spoken-&632 (audio)==
!AC!&!F8!
|-
!!AB!dead;&&2 &&22 myths &!F7!
|-
|[[Media:&&22 and &&1E5 wiki.ogg|'''1. &&22 and &&1E5,''' read by Timothy Carter]]
|-
|&&256 of &FA: [[Homer]] ''Iliad,'' 9.308, 16.2, 11.780, 23.54 ([[700 BC]]); [[Pindar]] ''[[&&BC9 Odes]],'' IX ([[476 BC]]); [[&&860]] ''&&ADE,'' F135-36 ([[495 BC]]); [[Euripides]] ''Iphigenia in Aulis,'' ([[405 BC]]); [[Plato]] ''Symposium,'' 179e ([[388 BC]]-[[367 BC]]); [[Statius]] ''&&CA7id,'' 161, 174, 182 ([[96]] CE)
|-
|}

==&&56A &DC==
&&22 has &357 been &2F &DC.

*#0#&&22, Agony #3# Ecstasy In Eight Parts&&6E1 [[Manowar]]; &5 &415 ''The Triumph of Steel'', [[1992]], [[&&969 &&2B6s]].
*#0#[[&&22 Last Stand]]&&6E1 [[Led Zeppelin]]; &5 &415 ''Presence'', [[1976]], &&969 &&2B6s.
*#0#&&22' Revenge&&D6 a song by [[Warlord (band)|Warlord]].
*&&22' Heel &5F &415 &11 indie &6E0 [[Pedro the Lion]].
*&&22 &9E heel are &16Ed &1 song #0#&&179 K#0# &11 &6E0 [[Placebo (band)|Placebo]].
*&&22 is &78 in [[Bob Dylan]]'s song, #0#Temporary Like &&22#0#.
*#0#&&22' Heel&&D6 a song &11 UK band [[Toploader]].
*#0#&&22&&D6 a song &11 &&141-&116 &FD &16F band [[Jag Panzer]], &5 &415 ''Casting the Stones''.
*&&22 is &16Ed &1 [[Indigo Girls]] song #0#Ghost#0#.

==&&56A film==
The role &29E &28 &4B8 by:
* [[Stanley Baker]] in ''[[Helen &7DB (&17B)|Helen &7DB]]'' ([[1956]])
* [[Arturo Dominici]] in ''[[La Guerra di Troia (&17B)|La Guerra di Troia]]'' ([[1962]])
* [[Derek Jacobi]] [&7E0] in &&22 (Channel Four &&221) ([[1995]])
* [[Steve Davislim]] in ''[[La Belle Hélène (TV &17B)|La Belle Hélène]]'' (TV, [[1996]])
* [[Joe &&663 (&278)|Joe &&663]] in ''[[Helen &7DB (TV &17B)|Helen &7DB]]'' (TV, [[2003]])
* [[Brad Pitt]] in ''[[Troy (&17B)|Troy]]'' (2004)

==Namesakes==
* The [[Royal New &&760 Navy]] gave &5A [[HMNZS &&22 (70)|HMNZS ''&&22'']] &449 [[&&A7 A &1B8 &6FB|''A'' &1B8]] [[&6FB]] &18 &38Ad in [[&&28 War II]].

!1F!
*[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]''
*[[Homer]], [[&&761|''&&761'' XI]], 467-540
*[[&&2Cdorus]], ''[[&&C5A (&&E4D-&&2Cdorus)|&&C5A]]'' III, xiii, 5-8
*[[&&2Cdorus]], [[Epitome III|''Epitome'' III]], 14-V, 7
*[[Ovid]], ''[[&&808 (poem)|&&808]]'' XI, 217-265; XII, 580-XIII, 398
*[[Ovid]], [[Heroides|''Heroides'' III]]
*[[&&2Cnius Rhodius]], [[&&91F|''&&91F'' IV]], 783-879
*[[Dante]], ''[[The Divine Comedy]]'', Inferno, V.

==&&256==
* Ileana Chirassi Colombo, “Heros &&504— Theos &&2Cn.” In ''Il Mito Greco'', éd. Bruno Gentili #3# Giuseppe Paione, Rome, 1977;
* Anthony &&6BBs:
** “&&22 &1 Under&28: Iliad, &&761, and Æthiopis”, ''&&5C, &&CA, and &&ADA &&B9'', 26 (1985): pp. 215-227 ;
** “&&22 &1 &&761: Ide&D9Es of Heroism &1 &&8C7 Epic”, ''Beitrage zur klassischen Phil&D9E'', 171, Meisenheim, 1985 ;
** “Kleos Aphthit&829d Oral &&E4,” ''&&14D Quarterly'', 38 (1988): pp. 25-30 ;
* Hélène Monsacré, ''Les larmes d'&&CA7. Le héros, la femme et la souf&F78e dans la poésie d'Homère'', Paris, Albin Michel, 1984;
* [[&&8CB Nagy]]:
** ''The Best of The Acheans: &&1AB &0 Hero in Archaic &&5C Poetry'', Johns Hopkins &&39, 1999 (rev. &317);
** ''The Name &29E: &&1E8s of &&2BE and 'Folk &&2BE''', ''&&60 &&14D &&B9'', 19, 1994;
* Dale S. Sinos, ''The Entry &29E into &&5C Epic'', Ph.D. &9DD, Johns Hopkins &&39;
* &&85F, &&5FF. ''&&22.'' [#2#&B0B.com/pub-EncyHom.htm '''&&1B3 of Homo&2E4ity.'''] Dynes, Wayne R. (ed.), Garland &&227, 1990. p. 8

!E!
{{&E8s|&&9:&&22}}
!AA!/!A9!Story &29E and &&1E5]
* [#1#&33&5C4.org/&6F/troy.html &&2E5 War &&C7]

[[&&9:&&642 &54D &1 &&2E5 War]]
!F6!-&4BA|&&22]]
[[&&9#78#

#C0#-- &AD9 --&gt;

{{Link FA|fr}}

!32!أخيل]]
#81#Ахил]]
[[ca:Aquil·les]]
[[da#D9#
[[de#D9#
[[et#D9#
!49!Αχιλλέας]]
[[es#F8#
!125!ĥilo]]
#F9#آشیل]]
[[fr:&&CA7]]
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#3A#아킬레우스]]
[[hr:Ahilej]]
[[it:&&CA7]]
!1B!אכילס]]
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[[lt:Achilas]]
[[lb#D9#
[[hu:&&AE0z]]
[[nl:&&22]]
!17!アキレウス]]
[[no:Akilles]]
[[pl:&&22 (&85E)]]
[[pt#F8#
!1E!Ахиллес]]
[[sk:&&22]]
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[[fi:&&AE0]]
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!36!Ахіллес]]
#2C#阿基琉斯#1D#
!3!
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§4<&8>&&492&&172</&8>
§4<id>306</id>
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§6<id>15899043</id>
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§4<&8>&&29 &&4</&8>
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!D!-03-04T04:35#B2#
!0!
§8<&6>&&BC7</&6>
§8<id>676502</id>
!4!
!6!
!22!&179:&&1B1/&&807|&&807]] ([[User talk:&&807|talk]]) to &24F by &&BC7</&5>
§6<text &CA uses &0 name &&29 &&4, see [[&&29 &&4 (&764)]]''
{{&&476_&&3E | name=&&29 &&4
| &2Aity=&&13
| &20=&&29 &&4 head on &2EAers photo por&F7F.jpg
| &2FA=16th &&3E
| term_&416=[[March 4]], [[1861]]
| term_end=[[April 15]], [[1865]]
| predecessor=[[James &&6A4]]
| &3B2or=[[&&5ED &&472]]
| &335_date=[[&&105 12]], [[1809]]
| &335_&195=[[Hardin &&CB, &&289]] (now in [[LaRue &&CB, &&289|LaRue &&CB]])
| &1FA_date=[[April 15]], [[1865]]
| &1FA_&195=[[&&C5, D.C.]]
| spouse=[[Mary Todd &&4]]
| &99=[[Re&8Ban &&99 (&&10 &&A)|Re&8Ban]]
| vice&3E=[[Hannibal Hamlin]] (1861 to 1865); [[&&5ED &&472]] (March - April 1865)
}}
'''&&29 &&4''' ([[&&105 12]], [[1809]] –!A8!5]]), &65 &6B '''Abe &&4'&7F5 nick&24C '''Honest Abe''', the '''Rail Splitter''', &3 '''&&AC Emancipator''', w&A 16th [[&&3E &0 &&10 &&A]] (1861 to 1865), &3 &40 &3E &5 [[&&2B &&10 &&A Re&8Ban &&99|Re&8Ban &&99]]. &&4 &588 &15F &95 and o&F82w &72 war &329 &2A [[&&13 Civil War]]. He s&34A the &44s &60p&6CE &8C &28F; s&34A senior &114ian &E7s; &F84vised diplomacy, &F4Cage &777y &3AF; &8C5 &8B &78D &6A &5A7s and &239es such &A [[&&356 &&406]]; &&703 &17Fal &6CC &9DB &10 [[&&166 &&13A|&4B2 &95]] &3 [[&&FA]] &0 &&DF. He &44ssassinated &A war &46D &6DF Wilkes Booth]]. 

==Role &&BC6==
&&3E &&75 &311 &7EF saw &A [[Slave &&FD]] and staunchly &34C its &13D expand [[&2B &95 &1 &&10 &&A|&95]] into &124 &E0. His &3B1 &1 [[U.S. &54 1860|1860 &3Eial &190]] &15C polarized an &46F &29A &200. &&A4 h&272augu&D3Fn in March of 1861, &2AC [[&&64ern &&10 &&A|&&64ern]] &A [[&AD8|&8D1]] &5 [[&&10 &&A]], &32B &27F &&A &13E]], &&703 &C0 &101 forts &4D &5FCties with&1ir &9DA. &&86 &327 soon led &4 [[&&13 Civil War]].

&&4 &7A p&866 &FD work as a &CA6 &1D8 who &6CE adept at balancing &AD7 &28Dations &60t &8DA &F87 &8A to work &1C8 &4B4 &736 goal. &&29D to negotiate &4E [[&&3A7 Re&8Ban|&&3A7]] and &&57D Re&8Ban &1D8s, &4B8 &71 far &70C &8 &27B, &50 &CD6ing &32B &118 from [[War &&308]] and loya&9F8 &1 &EE4 &A. He &17Fally &4E1 &100 &329, in &48A &1BD (1864-65) with &&44 [[&&662 S. Grant]] &18 &546 led &72 &1F7s to &3B1 &106 [[&&132 &&A &13E|&&5C1]]. 

His &1D8ship &436 were &A77 &58 &D2B &EE3 &0 &201 &4B6 &1F &2C0 &0 &6D9, &58 &5FA of a &1CAional &EC re&EA6 his &469 in 1862, &58 many &239es and &137 &D9lped mobilize &&EE2 the &&AA, and &58 def&22B &0 &6FA &645 &1 [[U.S. &54 1864|1864 &3Eial &204]]. [[&&352&8F4 (&59)|&&352&8F4]] vehemently &2EC &391 vio&2C8g the &&5D, overstepping the &F21s of &234 &FD, &562 &255 on &95, &6F9 [[&8C4 law]], susp&6B2 [[&E0C &9D9]], &4C4 &9D8 of &4C3 &2CE &60 &2D news&543 &535, and &8ED &569 &4C3 &366 men. [[&&3A7 Re&8Bans]] &2EC &391 &1F3o slow on &4B2 &95, and &67Aing ruthless &39D &4B4 the &4FE &&64.

&&628 most &170 &FD &8F0 in pre&8B4 &72 and &6B2 [[&95]] &1 &&10 &&A &B [[&&166 &&13A]] &3 [[&&9D7 &&355 &4 &&10 &&A &&5D]].§2&&32, some &71Bists &2EC &391 only &661 &31E &8D &&5C1 in 1863, and waiting &1D9 1865 to free &21C held &1 &&DF. 

&&35F &EBrgued that &&4 &140 &A7C &460 U.S. &35 &340 &18D, &6Cly &CCC a &F31nt for &ACer &80ization of &FDs &1 &11B &3 &E59ing &0 &FDs &0 &A3 [[&1E &1D]]s. 

&&4 &8C3 most &1D &306 on &C3 &60As and &59 but &161 &263 &118 his &312 &61 &114 &3DE [[&2A bank]]s &B [[&&2A Bank Act]]. He &162d the [[&&75F &85D|&85D]] to &F22 &8D5 and &85C f&278ies, &75E &23 [[Income tax &1 &&10 &&A|&6AD tax]], &645d &569 &19C &49Es of bonds and Greenbacks, &47E &2B3 &&89, &5CF &58A &&41 &&133|&41 &133]], &6EB &18 &&A &&99 Agri&38|&&99 Agri&38]], &47E farm &85B &B [[&&AD6 Act]] of 1862, and set &24D &66 &3DE &1E &1ED &B [[&&75F Land-Grant &&107s Act]].§2&&2A war his &&7C9 &370 &21Aively &C0led all &867 &1AA &1 &25A &&64--&31 &4E0 incursion of &124 &C0s &8 &A0. &&323 &312 [[West &&1C9]] and [[&&5E8]] were &7C8 as &A.

&&4 &1EA [[&A9 ran&7CB &101 &&3Es|&36E &4EB &0 &ACest &3Es]]. &&74 &1D &8F0 in &35E &95, redefining &2A &FE, and &E16 &72, his [[&188]] made &828 [[&E0B]] to &13Fs &C7s.§2&&32, &2Es &72 &828n un&5Dal tyrant for &6F9 &8C4 law, susp&6B2 &114 liberties, &E0C &9D9, &3 &&40 &&355, and &4C4 &9D8 of &4C3 &2CE and news&543 &535.

!C2!
&&29 &&75 born &428 12]], [[1809]], in a one-room [[log cabin]] &8 348 acre (1.4 km#3#sup2;) Sinking &&5EC Farm &1 &&64east &49 [[Hardin &&CB, &&289]], then &36B [[&362ier]] (now &49 [[LaRue &&CB, &&289|LaRue Co.]], in Nolin Creek, &E5 &3D1 (5 km) &73F§2[[&&91E, &&289|&&91E]]), to [[&&19E &&4]] and [[Nancy Hanks]]. &&75 &55F his deceased &184&27E, &1B4 [[scalping|scalped]] in 1786 &448 &&1EB raid. He had no &19A name. &&4's &39C were un&BC4, il&7E2 &BC5s. When &&4 &BF &170, &498ers and &22A&F40 &71 &91D the &8C2 and &E0A &1D &335. &&32 &&4's &27E &&19E &44 &450 and &1A8 affluent &660 &0 &&289 back&5F. He had &95Fd the [[&&29 &&4 Birth&195 &&2A &&379 Site|Sinking &&5EC Farm]] in &&143 1808 for $200 cash &60ssumption of a debt. His &39C &968 to a Baptist &11C &766 pulled away &1B3 &212r &11C beca&1C6y ref&83 &118 &95.§2From &327 &366 age, &&75 exposed &449ti-&95 &E09.§2&&32 he &4C2 his &39C' &11C, &796y &2E &11C, &60s a &556 ridiculed &F6.§2

&&E5 &2A8 purchasing the &E6, a &5D1 land &2CB filed in Hardin Circuit Court &1F7d the &&4s to move. &&19E &1C4 &5BE &DB &1D9 &FC &728 in 1815. Legal &A8As &405 to &CE &25C. In 1811, &186 &C0 lease 30 &8C1 (0.1 km#3#sup2;) of a 230 acre (0.9 km#3#sup2;) farm on Knob Creek &446 &3D1 away, &249y then &4D1. In a &321 &0 [[Rolling Fork River]], &16F some &0 best &EF5 &1 area. At this time, &&4's &27E &44 &450 &8F &268 &60 &1A9 &BC5 and carp&D6C. &&4's &6D3 re&490s &735 this farm.§2In 1815, an&2E &2CBant &75D to eject &62F &5 [[&&29 &&4 Birth&195 &&2A &&379 Site|Knob Creek farm]].§2Frustrated with litigati&829d &10D &6C8 &1E4 by &&289 &1F5s, &&19E &629 move to [[&&1EBa]], &18 &AB &198ed &11 &11B, &281 land &8s more &86C.§2&&26 &C1 &15se episodes &4FD &&29 to &B4 &38C &198ing and &4E3n attorney.§2

In 1816, when &&75 &2AC &5B &7D5 &9E &39C &761 [[Spencer &&CB, &&1EBa]], &160 &1E #0#&3A9 on &46A &62E&&40 &3A9 beca&5C &84 &25C in &&289. In 1818, &&4's m&2E died of #0#[[milk &EE1]]#0# &698 thirty four, when Abe was nine.§2Soon &54wards, &&4's &27E re&313 to Sarah Bush &&967.§2Sarah &&4 &866 &366 &&4 like &2C &7D4 &BA.§2&&5B &B4 she &6A3 &&322 &7D4 son, &3F6 #0#Both were good boys, but I must say — both now &78 dead that Abe w&A best boy I ever saw or ever &A31 &4E8.#0# (''&&4'', by David &&480 &&9D6, 1995)

In 1830, &54 more &84 and land-&8 &25C in &&1EBa, &62F &3B0 on &1D land on a site s&34A by &&4's &27E in [[Macon &&CB, &&60]]. &&59 &43E was &B8 &F6B, &3 &CE n&6D &4D1 &150 &&1EBa. When &62D re&2CF &62F to a &BE9 site &59 year, the 22-year-old &&4 &9D5 out &244 own, [[canoe]]ing &75F &&4DF to [[&&4DF &&CB, &&60]] (now in [[Menard &&CB, &&60|Menard &&CB]]), &1 vill&1C1 [[New Salem (Menard &&CB), &&60|New Salem]]. &&B4 &6A1, hired by New Salem &209man [[Denton Offutt]] &60ccompanied by &2CC, &5AB &417 &76A Salem to [[New Orleans, &&AD5|New Orleans]] via [[flatboat]] &8 &&4DF, [[&&60 River|&&60]] and [[&&2A6 River|&&2A6]] [[&223]]s. &&50 in New Orleans, he &2CF &AD4 a &3E8 auction that left an indelible im&160ion on him &10 rest &1D life. Whether he &230 &AD4 a &3E8 auction at &3E3 &813, &187 &6DD &32 &28Dable &3E8 &6B0, he &387 saw &29B atro&168 from &5B2 time.

H&808mal &14B &AD3 of &31A 18 &368 of &1ECing from itinerant &6BF. In &21A &81 self-&BC4, &15Bing &12C book &4C1 &F6A.§2He &78Eed the Bible, Shake&B26e, &&46 &33 &4C0 &33, and &7C a &D55 &68 that puzzled &69Cs more &83 orotund oratory.§2He &A09ed &8C0 &571 &31F &DB like &8ED &2C6 &785 food and, &A1 un&10C &769 &263, &8C3 so much time &468 &3E5 &AD2 &A1t he &151 &644 &653 &A09 strenuous manual &38D. &&81 s&3B3 &32n axe—they &6B &5A7 #0#rail &5CBter#0#—&60 good &EE0. 

[[&&20:Abe_&&4_&366.jpg|&4B|&8BF|left|Young &&29 &&4]]

==&&6D &197==
&&4 &1AE his &35 &197 in 1832 &1F &1C1 23 &32 &204 &10 [[&&60 &&44 &&57C]] as &2C3 &0 [[Whig &&99 (&&10 &&A)|Whig &&99]]. The &F&9B5 &1D &6CD w&A &121ta&7B1 &64Eal &A40ments &8 [[&&4DF River]] &1 &8BE of attr&A18 [[steamboat]] &17D &4 &223, &568 &5CD sparsely &AD1, poor &155 &720 and near the &223 to grow and prosper. He &38Ad as a captain in a &D7 &0 [[&&60]] [[militia]] &534 &76A Salem &2A [[Black Hawk War]], &7D he &15A saw combat.§2&&4A7 &50F &34A &4CA peers &41 had not had #0#any such &3B2 &7EB &18 &773 so much satisf&DB.#0#

He &B4 &B27 and &A24 at &85 &27-time &209 ventures. He held an &&60 &1E [[liquor]] &CAF &703ld whiskey.§2&&EDly, &54 &44B &794 &91 &3F9 of [[Sir &&11A Black&48F]]'s four-&3F9 ''[[&&5aries &8 &&7E2 &&403]]'', he &442 &165 the [[law]], and &44dmitted &4 [[&&60 &&1E Bar &&9C|&&60 Bar]] in 1837. That same year, he &761 [[&&5EC&1FB, &&60]] and &10C &173 law with [[&&512 T. Logan]]. He &62C &0 most &450 and &1A9 &E08s &1 prairie &1E, and grew &EDF more &7C7. &&4 &38Ad four &3B2ive &38E &1 [[&&60 Ho&5C Re&79atives]], as a re&79ative from [[&&4DF &&CB, &&60|&&4DF &&CB]], &2C0 in 1834.§2He &163 &1D8 &0 Whig &99 &1 &2A5.§2In 1837 &5A8 &3BF &8E6 &92 &95 &1 &&60 House, stating &15 &73A was #0#&156ed on both in&67A and bad &3A8.#0# [#1#hti.umich.edu/l/&4/]

&&4 &5F2 a bed with [[Joshua Fry Speed]] from 1837 to 1841 in &&5EC&1FB. &&651 &35F &2CB &71 not un&E8 &1 mid-&264 for &6DC &A01 a bed (&803s two &6DCday may &A01 a &194 &796 &70Cment), gay activist [[C. A. Tripp]] &5E7 &2AD &161 2005 &4BE Intimate &&28 &94 &&4]]'', &18 &304 &8C &18F &1CF &22 &2E4.§2

In 1841, &&4 &5A9 law &173 with [[&&11A &&A6A (&E08)|&&11A &&A6A]], a &75C Whig. In 1856, both men &606 the &E07 [[Re&8Ban &&99 (&&10 &&A)|Re&8Ban &&99]]. &&139 &&4's &188, &&A6A &1AE &9D4 &411 &5A &&4 from &120 knew him &65B &&60, &12E &227 &7F6, ''&&A6A's &&4''.§2&&4 &4C2 an anti&95 &53 and denied he &423 &71Bists.§2He &313 &321 &210 &3E8-&E06 &CE from &&289, &60llowed his &BA to &B2E time &D3 sur&2AFed by &21C. &&85 &1D in-laws &BF &&132 &2E6rs.§2He &ACly &8BD &567 that &D2A in New &&403, &14A &31A &1D7 &27E in &&60 &1F &5B2 send his &427 Todd &&4]], to &D57 &EA &1ECs, [[Phillips Exeter &&2F]] and [[Harvard #38#.

==Marriage==
On [[&&378 4]], [[1842]], &1F &1C1 33, &&4 &313 [[Mary Todd &&4|Mary Todd]]. The &F69 had four sons.
*[[&&91 Todd &&4]]: b. [[&&1D6 1]], [[1843]], &E3 &&60; &6DB 26]], [[1926]], in [[&&D29, Vermont]].
*[[&&6BB Baker &&4]]: b. [[March 10]], [[1846]], &E3 &&60; &426 1]], [[1850]], &E3 &&60. 
*[[&&11A Wallace &&4]]: b. [[&&143 21]], [[1850]], &E3 &&60; &426 20]], [[1862]], in &&C5, D.C.
*[[&&19E (Tad) &&4]]: b. [[April 4]], [[1853]], &E3 &&60; &6DB 16]], [[1871]], in [[&&467, &&60]].

Only &&91 &6A2 &321dulthood. Of &&91's &E5 &BA, only [[Jessie Harlan &&4|Jessie &&4]] &140ny &BA (two: Mary &&4 Beck&32nd &&91 Todd &&4 &&BC3). N&1FD &&91 Beck&7B3r Mary &&BC3 &140ny &BA, so &&29 &&4's &62Dline &46D when &&91 &&BC3 (&&4's &AC-&184son) died on [[&&143 24]], [[1985]].
[#2#&D6.aol.com/beaufait/&1E6/geneology.htm]

==&&60 &59==
[[&&20:Abe&41846.jpeg|&4B|&&4 in 1846 or 1847]]
In 1846, &&75 &62B one term &1 [[&&10 &&A Ho&5C Re&79atives|U.S. Ho&5C Re&79atives]]. A staunch Whig, &&4 &71 &78 &99 &1D8 [[Henry Clay]] &805 &35 idol. As a freshman House &268, &&75 &44D &CF &FDful &798fluential &6D1 in &&1CA. He used his &2E6 &276 &303 &789 out &2AA [[&&676-&&13 War|war]] with [[&&35C]], &D9 &425 [[James Knox Polk|&&3E Polk]]'s &3AC for #0#&C3 glory — &6F0ttr&32D rainbow, that rises in showers of &62D.#0#

&&4 &44 key &6D &118er of [[Zachary &&75B]]'s &E05 &10 [[U.S. &54 1848|1848 '''Whig &&3Eial nomi&200]]. When &&4's term &46D, the in&44B &&75B &312 &58C &5A7 &1CFship of &75A [[Oregon &&82]]. Acceptance &69 end his &197 &1 fast-&3A1 &164 &&60, so he &7C5. Re&A49 &2CA to [[&&5EC&1FB, &&60]] he &282''' most &1D energies to &281 a &10F &1F [[bar (law)|bar]], &&E04 &3C3 &9E1 on &B21back from &CB to &CB.

==Prairie &E08==
&&11 mid-1850s, &&4 &B34 &AD7 &131 &183 — &725 &223 [[barge]]s &3 [[&133]]s. In 1849, he &2DA a &BC2 &143 buoying vessels. &&4 &34B [[Alton #3# &&4DF &&133]] &448 1851 &596 with &2C its &A01h&7DFs, [[James A. Barret]]. Barret had ref&83 pay the &A69 &244 &F68 &7D3 &49B &8 &16Bs &87 had &25Fd its &119ly &8BC &A2E. &&4 &19D as &1E5 of law a &49B &6B &F21 &706 &119 &CA4 when that &CA4 &57 am&46D &1 &8B &1CD, &15 newer &1E3 Alton #3# &&4DF &A2E was &F84i&796d less &5E6, &6D &30Cly the &49B &140 &767 sue Mr. Barret &FD delinquent payment. &&4BC this case, &3 &7D5 &11 [[&&60 &&8CE Court]] &&E03 &A22 by &85 &2E &1F5s &6Aout &1A &&A.

An&2E &6C &1C1 &1DF's &4AA as a &133 &E08 &44 lawsuit &4FE tax &AD0 &15 &1E &2A3ed &4 [[&&60 &&80 &&133]]. [[McLean &&CB, &&60|McLean &&CB]] &64Dd &15 &1E had no &16C to &2A3 &497n &AD0, &68A &75D to &E02 taxes &8 &133 notwith&627ing. In &&EB 1856, the &&60 &&8CE Court &6FD its &78D up&C9E the tax &AD0, &897ing &&4's &4E6s.

&&4's most no&544 &EEC &9F6 came in 1858 &109 def&46D [[&&11A #0#Duff#0# Arm&263]], &1B4 on &9F6 &10 &E01 of [[James Preston Metzker]]. The case is &170 for &&4's &5C [[&7C4 notice]], a rare tactic at &3E3, &38F an eye&F3C had lied &8 &627, &2CBing he &AD4 the crime &1 moon&4CE. &&4 &1E9 a [[Farmer's Almanac]] &38F &15 moon on that date &44t &497 low &D3E it &11C have &1E9 &39D illumi&200 &4E8 any&336 cl&6D. Based upon this &264, Arm&263 &44cquitted.

==Re&8Ban &59 1854-1860==
The [[&&85A-&&4DE Act]] of 1854, &18 ex&160ly repea&7D2 &D66s on &95's &559 that &AB part &0 [[&&965 &&255]] of 1820, drew &&4 &6DA &59.

&&60 &&964 [[&&512 A. &&2C5]], &31 &FDful man &1 &&395, &1E3 [[&C9 &24E]] &A &6A1 &4 &95 impasse, incorpo&F6D it in&4 &&85A-&&4DE Act. &&2C5 &19D in a &274 the &18E a &82 &2EA &A20 &3AD &4CB &95 &813, &7EA &EB &7D5 &75E &8m by &&1CA.

It &44 &239 &92 &&85A-&&4DE, &4BB 16]], [[1854]] in [[Peoria, &&60|Peoria]], that &2C9d &&322 &627 out &213 &4E [[free soil]] orators &0 day. He &4BC form &14C Re&8Ban &99, &790 on &BC1 &0 old Whig, [[Free Soil &&99|Free Soil]], &&40E and &&98 &40C.§2
In a stirring &204, &1B6s &5A1 Illino&272 1854, and &34A a senator. &&4 w&A &50D &4A2, but &7D8 &99 &B35 he &566 &190 &827 &325 col&6B4 [[Lyman Trumbull]].

In 1857-58 &&2C5 &B24 with &&3E [[James &&6A4|&&6A4]], &640 a terrific &D6D for &C0 &0 &&98 &99.§2Some &EA Re&8Bans even &8FFed the re&190 of Dougl&799 1858, &87 he &7D2 op&136 &4 &312's push &10 [[Lecompton &&5D]] &18 &E5 &7C8 &&85A as a [[&3E8 &1E]].§2Accepting &1B6 nomi&200 &10 &&395 in 1858, &&4 &6FD &4BA &239 [#1#&2A&F.org/HouseDivided.html] &97 he &1Ed, #0#A &194 &29A &92 &23F &443 &627. I &154 this &1D &443 endure &C59 half &3E8 and half free. I &73 &A31 &72 &1B dissolved — I &73 &33B &194 to fall — but I do &A31 &270 cease &1B &29A. It &&65F all one &336, or all &4E.&&B5 &239 &152 a &A7C &20 &0 danger of dis&DF &5E &95, and &8C5 Re&8Bans &1E4 &AA.

The 1858 &204 &45A the [[&&4-&&2C5 Debates of 1858|&&4-&&2C5 &5FBs]], &1E2ly noticed &228 &8 &27B that &7C3 to &5CB the &200 &705. &&4 &1F7d Dougl&26C &F49 his [[Freeport Doctrine]], &18 lost him &15C &118 &213 &3E8-h&7DFs and &D39ed the di&609 &0 &&98 &&99. &&A1 &1B6 &24F &3BEs won more &C9 &41B, the &&308 won more &7CE &3 &2A5 re&34A &&2C5 &4 &&395. &&1B2, &&4's eloquence &7A8&32B him into &1E2 &35 star.

&&2A &5FBs of 1858 t&&B2D &5A5 &3C9 &4FC. During &80F &280 when &23E &A68 &38E &35ly in&CA0, &&512 &&2C5 &69 in&4D8 crowds, “If you &3AC negro &660ship…&80E &3AC &37D vote &829 e&56F with yourselves… then &118 Mr. &&4 &3 Black Re&8Ban &99, &1BD in &8FF &0 &660ship &0 negro.” [#1#nps.gov/liho/&5FB1.htm (&&E7 &&2B6s of Debate)] &&8 defensive &&4 &C93ed &41 was “&4B9 &4F4 &441 &5A &448y way the &64F &35 e&56F &0 &224 and &191 races.”§2[#1#nps.gov/liho/&5FB4.htm (&&E7 &&2B6s of Debate)] &&35F &44ly &2DC &8FE &7C0 &&4’s &5E5 &24B were on race.§2&&32, many &1C2 &6F8 &15 &360 &35 &1B6 &0se &5FBs &716 &C1D &264 &5A his &17Fal &24B. (Team of Rivals, by Doris Kearns Goodwin, 2005) (&&4: In Text and Context, by &&9D6 Fehrenbacher, 1987) As &&BC0 &&2C5s ob&38Ad, “[&&75] &23 &AC man that I talked with &1 &&10 &&A &E50 &6F5 no &456 &C13 reminded me &0 &2F7 &4E &165 and myself, &0 &2F7 of &5D0.” (&&4AA Times of &&BC0 &&2C5s, by &&BC0 &&2C5s, 1895)

&&4's &12C &95 was op&136 &4 [[Slave &&FD]], and &81 &44Dn &71Bist in 1858. But &243 War &25Fd &12C&336, and &25Fd &&4's &344 in race &19F &F6.

==&&190 of 1860==
[[&&20:The Rail Candidate.jpg|&4B|#0#The Rail Candidate#0#, &35 &667, 1860]]
Entering the§2&3Eial nomi&200 &1C0 as a &1CB &121dog, &&75 &12E &6A0 &A Re&8Ban &3BE &10 [[U.S. &54 1860|1860 &190]] for &85 &15Fs. His ex&160ed &765 &95 were seen as more &57D than &865 [[&&11A H. Seward]] and [[Salmon Chase]]. His #0#&67&&6Cigins &4EEppealed &4 newer &A. &&2E contenders, &B8 &AE with more &1Dal &1D5, &140cquired &59B with&1 &99, &176ally Seward, &38C run afoul of news&543man [[Horace Greeley]]. &&2A &204, &&75 &9FC #0#The Rail Splitter&&171 Re&8Bans to &6FF &672 of #0#free &38D,#0# &ADby &736 farm boy &115 work &7C8 &4 top &4CA own &329s. 

On [[&&378 6]], [[1860]], &&75 &34A the 16th &&3E &0 &&10 &&A, &65E &&964 &&2C5, [[John C. &&BBF]] &0 &&64ern &&308, and [[John C. Bell]] &0 new [[&&5Dal &&DF &&99 (&&10 &&A)|&&5Dal &&DF &&99]].§2&&4 w&A &40 Re&8Ban &3E. &&4BC &2D9 &8 &BBE &1D &118 &1 &&AA: &81 not even &8 ballot in nine &A &1 &&64 — and won only 2 of 996 &4E4 &D3. &&4 &783 1,865,908 &41B (39.9% &0 &2F8,) for 180 &272 &41B, &&2C5 1,380,202 (29.5%) for 12 &272 &41B, &&BBF 848,019 (18.1%) for 72 &272 &62A Bell 590,901 (12.5%) for 39 &272 &41B.§2&&618 &E00 tickets &271 &A, but even if &450s had &57B &4D1 &1E, &&4§2&140 &145ity vote &499 but two &0 &A &97 he w&8 &272 &62A &69 &146 have w&8 &272 &107 &3 &190.

==Se&C7A &43E 1860-61==
As &&4's &190 &BF &2CD more &963, &AD8ists made &764 &15ir &A &69 leave &72. &&64 &&69F took the lead &25E by six &2E [[&867]]-&3A1 &A: &&500, &&665, &&1B, &&2A6, &&AD5, and Texas. The &646 &&64 (&&BBD, &&4DD, &&1C9, &&AA &&69F, &&358, &&289, &&965, and &&69E) &EDE &449d &28E the &AD8ist &E49. They &629 stay &1 &&DF, &A1 warning &&4 they &6D7 &118 an &69D &53ir &82. The &2AC &&132 &A &8D1 &A4 &&322ok &2E6, &6F9 &16D an &2D9 new &200, &27F &&A &13E]]. &&3E &&6A4 and &3E-&424 ref&83 &71D the &&5C1.

&&3E-&424 &6A2 an [[&188]] &DFF in &&AEC, and &428 23]], [[1861]] &A67 in &96B in &&C5. At &&4's &533 on [[March 4]], [[1861]], the [[Turners]] &32B &&4's &DFE; &60 sizable garri&812 &124 &6D6 &&3D2 &79, &F20 to &900 the &AB from &&132 &69D &320 from &&132s &1 &AB city. 

[[&&20:&&29 &4 &533 1861.jpg|&4B|left|175px|&&9FB &509 [[March 4]], [[1861]] &533 &94 &&4 in &362 &101 Capitol]]
&&58 [[&&4's &&40 Inaugural|&&40 Inaugural]] &&406, &&4 &4EE, #0#I hold &392 &B0A of &B0 law and &0 Constituti&8 &&DF &0se &&3D9 &859. Perpetuity is implied, &81E ex&160ed, &1 &382 law &242 &2A &1Ds&&719rguing &15C &15 &318 &0 [[&&10 &&A &&5D]] was #0#&7AA &6FF &CB5 &DF#0# &763 [[&&EEs of Con&3DE]] &18 were ''&47D'' &859, and thus the &&5D too was &859. He &7CD &3CFally that even &2CC &&5D a &1D3 &962, &69 it &576 the &435 &242 &40C to rescind it? 

Also &58 &35A &406, in a &ED &EC unite &72 and &8FD the looming war, &&4 &423 &1E3 [[Corwin &355|Corwin &&355]] &4 &5D, of &D9 &AB a &CB3 &1F7. It &E5 &47D &5E4 &1E3 &AE &A &97 it &46F &241, and &&6F7 &4B9 both &194s. &&4 adamantly &588 [[&&D28 &&255]], &32, &18 &E5 &D7Fted &95 &1 &E0, renewing the &BBC set &11 [[&&965 &&255]] and ext&6B2 &653 [[&&1D1]]. &&3B5 &118 &503 &255 &213 some Re&8Bans, &&4 &4EE that &2CC &&D28 &&255 &205, it #0#&69 a&701 to a &859 covenant of war &92 &12C &1C, tribe, and &1E &E06 a foot of land &4E here and [[Tierra del Fuego]].#0# 

&&74 &12C &95 &71F w&A key &645 uniting &1B6 &&99 &1F time, &&4 &4DF &2EC for &CA3 &59 ahead &0 &2A &299 ref&7CCny &255 &5CDing the &15F &95. &&118ers &1DF, &32, &F7 out &41 &DB &A1D &95 &31F &44 Re&8Ban, but &163 Republi&57&2C9 &1D op&136 &4 &15F &95, &41 &34C &85 &2E Re&8Bans &4B8 in &4F4 &255, and &41 cl&6D &A1t his &6D9 &DB was &1 &2A &1CD.§2&&11 time &&322ok &2E6 the &&5C1 &44n &61 fact &7EA &2CB &1D8 &5A4 &5F ever &1E3 rejoining &72 &829y &38E. No &255 was &156 &74 no &255 was &C1.§2&&4 &31A &115 &EBllowed &4B7 &A to &F67, &1F1 Re&8Bans recomm&46D that. &&32 &325 &&98 &2Aists, &C [[Jeremiah S. Black]], [[&&19B Holt]], and [[Edwin M. Stanton]] had &419 &141 &&6A4's &469 &180 &&EB 1, 1861, and ref&83 &897 &AD8.§2&&4, and n&6D all Re&8Ban &1D8s, &410 this &2Aistic &136 by March, 1861: &72 &11C be &B24n.

==War &773: 1861-1862==
{{main|&&13 Civil War}}
&&54 &&DF &6D6 &19B of Fort Sumter|Fort Sumter]] were fired &829d &246 &ACF in April, &&4 &6B on &1CFs of &12C &1E to send 75,000 &6D8 re&762 forts, &900 the &AB, and #0#&17 &72,&&28C &58 view &146 &241 intact &296 &DBs &0 &EE4 &A.§2&&1C9, &192 &54F &DFD &&4 it &69 &44Dllow an &69D &1B8 &82 or jo&448 &BBB &829&2E &1E, then &8D1, &13B &&AA &&69F, &&358 and &&69E. 

The &4B6 of &&965, &&289, &&4DD, and &&BBD &DB &F67, and &&4 urgently negotiated with &1E &1D8s &D3, &DFC &48F &F79fere with &1E3 loyal &A.

==&&166 &&13A==
[[&&20:&&166_&13A.jpg|&4B|&339|&B|&&4 met &161 &&469 &10 &40 &468 &0 [[&&166 &&13A]] draft &66F 22]], [[1862#FA#
{{ma&80Cicles|[[&&29 &&625 &95]] and [[&&166 &&13A]]}} 
&&1CA in July 1862 &761 free &31E by &A70 the &&8D Confiscation Act. It &1E4:
:That if any &17F &31D incite, set on foot, &F76, or &878 &448y &273 &320 &2AA &16C &0 &&10 &&A, &1B5 laws &D3of, or &71C give aid or &8E1 &D3to, or &71C &878 in, or give aid and &8E1 to, any such &44C &273 &320, and be &DFB &D3of, such &17F &4B5 &961 by &BBA &ED &280 not &ACE ten &5B, &797 a fine not &ACE &4B4 &49Es, and &11 &63E &242 his &21C, if any he have; &797 both of said &623s, &1F discretion &0 &1F5.
:....
:SEC. 9. And be it &15C enacted, That all &21C of &17Fs who &31D be &627 &273 &92 &FB &0 &&10 &&A, or who &71C &448y way give aid or &8E1 &D3to, escaping from such &17Fs and &2E7 &BD3 with&1 &483 &0 army; &60ll &21C &4E5 from such &17Fs or &43Ced &11m and &44B &8D &C0 &0 &1D &0 &&10 &&A; &60ll &21C of such &17F &156 on [or] &78 with&448y &195 &25A by &B23 &1F7s &&F66wards &25A &11 &1F7s &0 &&10 &&A, &4B5 &BB9 captives of war, and &4B5 &CA2 free &0ir &DFA, and &44Dgain held as &21C.

Thus &12Cone who 60 days &54 [[July 17]], [[1862]] &423 &273 was &1B &961 by &1D2 &DCir &21C &9D3. The goal w&26C &E59 the &273, &61 led and &C0&4FC &3E8 &8ABs. This &DB &F3F the &5BE &73A &62E (the XIII &&355 did that), &6A2 &9D2 &&29D the &65D (&14A even &592 &BCF by) &&1CA in libe&F6D &31E &760 &B23s.§2&&4 &49A &14C law &4CA #0#&&166 &&13A.#0# 

&&628 well &6B0 &6B2 &95 &1 &&10 &&C2 he &17Fally &34C &95 as a pro&156 &1B0 evil &4B9 accord &B &307 of e&56F &BB8 &1 [[&&5C5 of &&F3 (&&10 &&A)|&&5C5 of &&F3]]. Yet, &&4's &24B &0 role &0 &11B &8 &332 &95 are more complicated. &&A4 the &&132 &A &8D1, &&29D &204ed &2AA &15F &1E3&4 [[&&379 &23Cs &0 &&10 &&A|&E0]], &AD &&1CA did &EButhority. &&32, he &640 &15 &11B &11C &5Dally bar &1E3 &A &AD it &46F &241. &&323 &626, &&4 made &764 &15 &&AA was &6D9 &100 &564 &72, &48F &F3F &95. Freeing &31E &44 war &771 &3CF the &273 by &35E the &84 base &1B8 &1D8ship &1B8. &&75 &2EC both at home &60&A1A &FD refusal &38B a &627 &10 &206 &4B2 &95. On [[&&1D6 22]], [[1862]], &446 &8BB &A4 &CA1 the &&13A, &&F66 it &&6F7 been drafted, &&4 &88C by &202 &449 &6F6 by [[Horace Greeley]] &0 ''[[!14F! Tribune]]'' &192 urged &71B: 
:&&7CF save &72. &&7CF &7D0 the &17Aest way &8D &&5D. The sooner &4D0 &16C &57 &960; the nearer &72 &152 #0#&72 as &71.#0# If &D3 be &120 &6D7 save &72, unless &626 &1F same time save &95, I &73 &A15 &Bm. If &D3 be &120 &6D7 save &72 unless &626 &1F same time &CD5 &95, I &73 &A15 &Bm. My para&701 &763 &14D &44F &333 save &72, and &6B &1FD &7E7 or &34D &95. If I &115 save &72 &10B &661 any &3E8 &&7CF do it, and if I &115 &7D0 by &661 &DC &21C &&7CF do it; and if I &115 &7D0 by &661 some and &675 &2Es &8EC &&7CF also do that. What I do &5A &95, &3 &5D0ed race, I do &6D6 &154 it &B32 &7E7 &72; &2D7 I &F3E, I &F3E &6D6 &73 &154 it &69 help &7E7 &72. &&38A do less whe&15A &&38A &154 what I am &644 hurts &6C9, and &&38A do more whe&15A &&38A &154 &644 more will help &6C9. &&38A try to &CA0 &889 when &718 &1B &889; and &&38A adopt new &24B so fast &Ay &71C &3B6 &1B true &24B.
:I have here &1Ed my &318 &29 my &39F &E7 duty; &826 intend no modification of my oft-ex&160ed &17Fal wish &169 men &12C&AD &15D free.[#2#&BB7.netins.net/web/&7FD/&4/&239es/greeley.htm]

&&B [[&&166 &&13A]] &645d &705 &33A on [[&&26F 22]], [[1862]] and [[&&EB 1]], [[1863]], &&4 made the &4B2 &95 a goal &0 war. &&4 &406es t&&B2D &1D &923 (or lack &D3of) &4E his &238 &136 &9E &B4 &136 on &166 &448 1864 &202 to [[&&537 G. Hodges]][#2#&BB7.netins.net/web/&7FD/&4/&239es/hodges.htm] 

&&4 &7A cr&2E8 with &661 en&3E8d [[Afric&51As]] &B [[&&166 &&13A]]. &&32, &201 &29A &7B6llowed &95 but were &121 &&DF &C0 were exempt &5 &166 &74 &186 not &486 &121 any war &587. The &13A on its &40 day, [[&&EB 1]], [[1863]], &9D3 only &446 &453d &21C, &447s &&DF &BD0 &3A0d &64 &2CD more &21C were liberated &1D9 &569 &6DBs were &9D3 (&57A how many is un&DE).§2&&4 &624 &&13A as a &CA6 &771, insisting that &471 &EDD of war gave &5Dal &FD &4 &&3E to free &21C in &A &AD it &46F &241.§2He &B4 said: #0#I &15A, in my life, felt more certa&7EC I was &644 &B, than I do in &CA1 this &543.&&B5 &13A made &F3Fing &95 &1 &B23 &A an &E7 war goal &68A &E9 &C9F &10 enactment &0 [[&&9D7 &&355 &4 &&10 &&A &&5D|13th &&355]] &4 [[&&10 &&A &&5D]] &18 &E55 &95; &&75 one &0 main &904rs &5A4 &355. 

&&20C &&AAern &325s recoiled &1F &A2A &15 war &7F2w &78 &54D &10 &21C &611 for pre&8B4 &72, &1 end the &&166 &&13A§2did much &26F &241 &2C9 &35ly. &&4's &263 [[&71Bist]] &627 &EDly &6FC &18 &&108 of &&AC Brita&448d &&A89]] &4D &D8 &4D &15y &11C &118 &27F &&A &13E]].§2This move &12D one &0 &AC seizures of &290 &E6 &11 &11B, restoring the &85B &0 &191s &&EDC,

&&29D &78F time been &1FC on &9DB to &6EB [[&&29 &&625 &95#Colonization|&1C5]] in &&2EB &&64 &&5E &10 n&6D 4 &13F newly &9D3 &21C. He re&53E upon &434 &8FFably &1 &&166 &&13A, &447ll &C17 at &497 &A7D &121&2E7 &A24.

==&&6C &459 &587 &1DF's &40 term==
[[&&20:&&4.png|&4B|&B|&&50 &&4 &1EA &44D bearded, he &40 grew a beard in 1861 &1F &9D1 of 11-year-old [[Grace Bedell#FA#

&&4 &154d &1 Whig &E4 &0 &626, &18 left &&1CA &48D the laws. He &44nti-vescovian. He &624m, vetoing only bills that &7C3 his war &FDs.§2Thus he &624 [[&&AD6 Act]] in 1862, &281 &1E7 &19C &8C1 &12E-held land &1 west for &95F at very low cost. The [[&&75F Land-Grant &&107s Act]], also &3AA in 1862, &1E4 &1D &2A3s for [[agri&56 &1ED]] in &2F0. &&4 also &624 &&1DC Railway Acts of 1862 and 1864, &18 &2A3ed &124 &118 &4 &259 &0 &&10 &&A' &40 &41 &133, &61 &206d in 1869.§2&&31 &6C &37C &3EC &3DC &60As, &3F &23 &6AD tax and &3A2 &85Ds.§2Most &6C w&A &986 &0 &3DE &2A banks &11 [[&&2A Banking Act]]s of 1863, 1864 and 1865 &18 &566 &117 a &263 &2A &199 &58. 

&&4 sent a senior &44 to put &75F #0#[[Sioux Up&874 |Sioux Up&874]]&&108 &&1D6 1862 in [[&&5E3]]. Presented with 303 &1FA warrants for &DFB [[Santee Dakota]] &38C mas&391 innocent &BC5s, &&4 affirmed 39 &0se for execution (one &3D1 reprieved).

==1864 &D6Ei&829d &8D &533==
&&54 &&DF &784ies &19B of &&356|&&356]], [[&&6D3 &&6F5|&&6F5]] and [[&&6D3 &&733|&&733]] in 1863, many &1 &&AA &4C &3B1 was soon to come &54 &&4 ap&F7ed [[&&662 S. Grant|U.S. Grant]] &&44-in-Chief on [[March 12]], [[1864]].§2&&7D no &3E &87 [[&&5ED &&664]] &AB &62B a &8D term (and none &87 [[&&759 Van Buren|Van Buren]] &AB re-&ACD), &&4's re-&190 &38E a &FBty.

&&32, &FA &5EC &204s, east and west, all &284 &62Dy stalemates, &&AAern &1B0e dipped and &&4 &778 less &4BD &1B re-&ACD.§2[[U.S. &&7C9 &&1E2|&&7C9 &&1E2]] [[Salmon P. Chase]] &263ly &3ACd &1B6 nomi&200 &14A &1FC hard &32B it, &50 [[John Fremont]] &7F2minated by a &F1Coff &16E &3A7 Re&8Bans, &275ly &2E7 away &CBD &41B &1 &&378 &190s.

Fearing he &2F3 lose the &190, &&4 &266 out and &3AA &59 &F68, but &DB show it &325 &469, asking them each to sign the sealed envelope. &&4 &266:

:This &8BA, as &78F days past, it &8FA &ACEly &963 &3D7 &&BB0on will &67A re-&34A.§2Then it &152 my duty to so co-&6E7te &B &&3E &D6E, &26C save &72 &7B &190 &3 &533; &326 will have &86Cd his &190 on such &16B &41 can not &445 &7D0 &54wards.

The &&308, hoping &26A setbacks &1 war a top &204 &645, waited &1D9 late &167 to &EDB a &3BE.§2&&8C &6CD w&326avily &126d &11 [[&&352&8F4 (&59)|Peace wing]] &0 &99, &4FB &100 a #0#&78C,#0# &1BAir &3BE, &265 &&44 [[&&1B4 McClellan]], &44 [[War &&308|War &&964]], &254 to prosecute &100 &1D9 &72 was &960, &7D &623 &255 on all &2E &27B, &3F &95.

McClellan's &E05 was soon &121cut as on [[&&26F 1]], just two days &DD [[1864 &&98 &&2A &&625|&625]], [[&&6D3 &&466|&&466]] &44bandoned &11 &&132 army.§2Coming &8 heels of [[David Farragut|David Farragut's]] &762 of [[&&6D3 &&397 Bay|&&397 Bay]] and &25E by [[Phil &&BB6|Phil &&BB6's]] &EDA &4B1 [[Jubal Anderson &&6D|Jubal &&6D's]] army &19B of Cedar Creek|Cedar Creek]], &71 now &4E8 &15 tide had &282 in &8FF &0 &&DF &6D &&4 &5D re&34A &296 costs &0 war.

Still, &&4 &154d &41 &69 w&1 [[U.S. Electoral &&107|&272 vote]] by &6D5 slim &F9, failing &596 &5A7 [[Mandate (&59)|&CAD]] he'd need if &81 to push his lenient [[&FA]] plan.§2To his &ED9, &&4 &46D up &394 &7E4 two &A, &857 212 of 233 &272 &41B.

&&54 &&4's &190, on [[March 4]], [[1865]], he &6FD his [[&&4's &8D &35A &406|&8D &35A &406]], &61 his &6C0 &242 his &239es. At this time, a &3B1 &106 &B23s was &219 &A2B, [[&95]] had &21Aively &46D, and &&75 &66F &4 &2E3.

:Fondly do we hope--fervently do we pray--&3D7 &2F3y scourge of war may &D39ily pass away. Yet, if God wills &87 &3E6, &1D9 &DC &55A piled &11 bond-man's two &50F and fifty &1DC unre&639d toil &4B5 sunk, and &1D9 &12C drop of &62D &534 &B lash, &4B5 paid &44C&2E &534 &B sword, as was said &E5 &6DB &31C so &146 it &151 said #0#the &DF9 &0 Lord, are true and &Beous al&1C8#0#
:With malice &4B4 none; with &402 &EDll; with firmness &1 &B, as God &4C8 us &4E8 &6AF, let us strive on to &DF8 the work we &4CF; to bind &24D &200's &9DEs; to care for him who &71C have borne the &36F, and &FD widow, &9E &F65--&622 all &18 may &66C and cherish a &803nd &A7C &6FA, &213 ourselves, and &32ll &EC.

==Civil War and &FA==
===Conducting &100 &329===
The war &44 &24E &ED8 &924 &10 &3E, &68A &25A n&6D all &1D time. &&4 &140 &670ious &18F with &&44 [[&&1B4 B. McClellan]], who &BF &44-in-&418 &242 &72 &BD0 &1 wake &0 embarrassing &&DF &5FA &1F [[&&40 &&6D3 Bull Run]] &&F66 the &624 of [[Win&1FB Scott]] in late 1861. &&4 wished &38B an &32D part in &ED7 &100 &28F &3B5 h&272&1D5 in &C3 &3AF. &&4's &6F4 &5D1ities were two-fold: &40, to &A25 that &&C5, D.C., w&F6-def&46D; and &8D, to &767 an &637 war &329 in &8BE of &6B2 &100 &758 &60ppeasing &241 &8B and &160, who &BCF &EDn &DF7 war. McClellan, a &556ful [[&&10 &&A &&C3 &&2F|West &&F7]] graduate and &133 &234 &6B &150 &C3 &1A2, took &6FF &EF2 &22E. McClellan took &85 &368 to plan and execute his [[&&3BD &&204]], &&E04 &857 [[&&579, &&1C9|&&579]] by &862 the [[Army &0 &&A66]] by boat &4 [[&&1C9 &&3BD|&3BD]] &7B [[James River (&&1C9)|James]] and [[York River (&&1C9)|York Rivers]]. McClellan's &8E2 &ACC &&4, as did McClellan's &D27 &7EE &6D6 were &A1E &6E5 &&C5, D.C. &&4 insisted on &C9E &14B McClellan's &6D8 &E57 the &AB, a &7D5 McClellan blamed &10 &7C2 &78C &1D &&3BD &&204.

McClellan, a lifelong [[&&98 &&99 (&&10 &&A)|&&964]] &1B4 tempera&55Ely &325, was &BB5 as &44-in-&418 &54 releasing his ''[[Harrison's Landing Letter]]'', &176 &58C unsoli&A22 &35 &BB4 to &&4 urging &F3D &1 war &329. McClellan's &202 incensed &&3A7 Re&8Bans, who &1A9ly &160ured &&322 ap&F7 &75C Re&8Ban [[John Pope (&C3 &2E6r)|John Pope]] &326ad &0 new [[Army of &&1C9]]. Pope &ED6 with &&4's &6F4 &3AC &10 &&DF to &25E &&579 &5 &AA, thus guarding &&C5, D.C. &&32, Pope was &5BBly &29D &1F [[&&8D &&6D3 Bull Run]] &2A &167 of 1862, &585 &4B0 &0 &&A66 back in&4 &789s of &&C5 &ED &8D time. Pope was &7CD &&5E3 &4FB the [[Sioux]]. 

Panicked by &&132 &&44 [[&&91 E. Lee]]'s &69D of [[&&4DD]], &&4 &960 McClellan to &503 &242 &1F7s &180 &&C5 in time &10 [[&&6D3 Antietam]] in &&26F 1862. It w&A &&DF &659 that &36F &169owed &&322 release his &&166 &&13A. &&4 &BB5 McClellan of &503 &17Aly &DD 1862 midterm &190s &60p&F7ed Re&8Ban [[Ambrose Burnside]] to head &4B0 &0 &&A66, who &BCA to &3F7 &6A on &&4's &6F4 &609 &EDn &637 &DF7 &92 Lee and &&579. &&54 Burnside was &D26 &29D &19B of &&A65|&&A65]], [[&&19B Hooker]] was &20E &503, &3B5 his idle talk &5A &381 &621 &263 man. Hooker was &A2Ed by Lee &19B of &&261llorsville|&&261llorsville]] in May 1863 &&A08 &BB5 of &503.

&&54 &72 &3B1 &19B of &&356|&&356]], [[&&1B4 G. Meade | Meade's]] &78C &6B9 Lee, and &368 of in&32C &10 Army &0 &&A66, &&4 &8FB &2D3 in a &67 &44: &&44 [[&&662 S. Grant]]. He &140 &8CF &6B3 of &784ies &1 &&67 &&4FA, &3F [[&&6D3 &&6F5|&&6F5]] and [[&&6D3 &&733 III|&&733]]. Earlier, re&A18 to &856 of Grant, &&75 &BB3 as &3F6, #0#I &443 spare this man. He &D6Ds.#0# Grant waged his &62Dy [[Overland &&204]] in 1864, &7CC &28F of a [[war of attrition]], &36ized by high &&DF &BB2 at &36Fs such &A [[&&36F &0 &&9D0|&&9D0]] and [[&&6D3 Cold Harbor|Cold Harbor]], but by pro&8E4ately &3A2 &BB2 &1 &&132 army. Grant's &637 &204 &69 &12E bottle up Lee &1 [[Siege of &&532]] and &3FA &1 &&DF &2E7 &&579 and &441 &100 to &7AE &1 &5EC of 1865. 

&&4 &2BFized Grant &7F1 a [[scorched &142]] &22E to &116 &&64's &1B0e and &84 &646 &3E6 &100. This &5CDed &&44s [[&&11A Tecumseh &&65D]] and [[&&433 &&BB6]] &34D farms &238wns &1 [[Shenandoah &&321]], [[&&500 (U.S. &1E)|&&500]], and [[&&64 &&69F]]. The &88D in [[&&65D's March &4 Sea]] &6A &&500 &2F8ed in &DF6 of $100 &13F.

&&4 &140 star-&9E7ed &2B6 as &621 &1D8, &A4Ding a keen &D5 &6F4 &F7s (such &A [[&&2A6 River]] &3 fortress &7CB &&6F5) &3 &41C &5FAing the enemy's army, &51 &1FF &857 &168. &&32, &319 &370 &58 &13D motivate his &44s to adopt his &53F. &&12E, he &1F5 Grant a &7DA &5F2 his &609 &0 war and &44ble &2D3 that &609 to &59D &161 relentless &316 coordinated &DF7s in &589 &4FAs of war. 

&&4, &31A &8D8ing his &10D &C3 &1D5, &7C a keen &ACB with &C3 &204ing &2A war. He &8C3 &A06 at &18 &&A War &&370|War &&370]] [[&&D25|&DF5]] &2E6, &468 &D24 from his &44s &6A many a &3D3. He &357 &CA8 &36F &1DF and &778 fascinated by &95E &6E3 war. During [[Jubal A. &&6D]]'s [[&&6D3 Fort Stevens|raid into &&C5, D.C.]], in 1864, &&29D &1B told to duck his head to &A09 &78 shot &50 ob&8B4 the &6E3 &36F.

===Home&362===
&&75 more &1A9 in &542 &100 &109 to &&AAern &114ians &6A his oratorical &4AA. &&3B5 his meager &C9D&829d #3##8220;backwoods#3##8221; up&441, &&4 &A4Ded an &B09 &503 &0 &&46 &C, as &264d &11 [[&&356 &&406]], a &239 dedicating a cemetery of &&DF &6AF &5 [[&&6D3 &&356]] &41 &6FD on &&378 19, 1863. &&DA &45A &554er, orator [[&&6BB Everett]], spoke for two &A06, &&4's few &4A2 &277 resonated &1E4 &200 &60&9E7 &33, defying &&4's own pr&F1Aion that #0#&4B will &13D note, nor long re&268 what we say here.#0# &&4's [[&&4's &8D &35A &406|&8D &35A &406]] &4A &ACly &8BD &6D2 &BB3. &&1se &239es, &&4 articulated &244 &343ny &1D &578 the &253e &1FE &72 &329.

&&2A Civil War, &&4 &DF4 &FDs &563 &3E had wielded; he pro&2CBed a [[blockade]], susp&46D the writ of [[&E0C &9D9]], &8C3 &3DC &10B [[&&1CA &0 &&10 &&A|&1CAional]] &2BFization, and &D60 &4C3 &C9C &&132 &BFE &10B &9F6. &&B7 a &ED5 of uncorraborated &207 &&4 made contingency &9DB to &9D8 [[Chief &&67A]] [[Roger &&757 Taney]], &5D7 allegation &12D un&EBA and &134 (&7DF [[Taney Arrest Warrant]] &2AD). 

The long war &3 &645 of &166 &3B6ed &1B &875ly hampering his &DF3 and pessimists &DFD that &5FA &3B6ed &4BD.§2&&4 ran &121 &72 &99 banner, &4E7 of War &&308 and Re&8Bans. &&44 Grant was facing &875 &856 &FD &767 &0 &62Dy [[Overland &&204]] that &167 &3 seemingly endless [[Siege of &&532]]. &&32, &72 &762 &0 key &133 &F of [[&&466, &&500|&&466]] by &&65D's &1F7s in &&26F &539 &2B8 &4E0ally and &&75 re&34A.

===&&FA===
The [[&FA]] &0 &&DF weighed &B2C &8 &&3E's mind &BC war &329. &&81 &254 &38B a &454 &1E1 not &C59 &389ate &1D8 &&132 &A, and &BC war &&4 urged &D39y &190s &121 &ED4 &38E in &155 &1FE &&DF &483. This &ACC &1CAional Re&8Bans, who urged &6FF &6B3ent &&FA &3A8. &&2C &&4's few vetoes &323 term was &0 [[Wade-Davis Bil]]l, an &329 by &1CAional Re&8Bans to &E02 harsher &&FA &38E &8 &&132 &155. Re&8Bans in &&1CA retaliated by &562 seat re&79atives &34A from [[&&AD5]], [[&&69E]], and [[&&358]] &2A war &121 &&4's &ED4 &38E.

#0#Let 'em up easy,&&75E told his &DF2 &C3 &1D8s [[&&662 S. Grant|Gen. &&662 S. Grant]] (a &2E3 &3E), [[&&11A Tecumseh &&65D|Gen. &&11A T. &&65D]] and [[David Dixon Porter|Adm. David Dixon Porter]] &448 1865 &59C &8 steamer ''River Queen''. When [[&&579, &&1C9|&&579]], the &&132 &AB, &44t long last &4E5, &&4 went &D3 &26A a &8B &CC2 of sitting at [[&&700 Davis]]'s own desk, &49Fically &3F6 &4 &200 &15 &&3E &0 &&10 &&A held &16C &106 &538 land. &&81 greeted &1F city as a conquering hero by &9D3 &21C, &3E0 &E09s were epitomized by one admirer's quote, #0#I know I am free for I have seen the face of Father &&29 &45B felt him.#0#

On [[April 9]], [[1865]], &&132 &&44 [[&&91 E. Lee]] &91C at [[Appomattox Court &&620 [[&&1C9]]. This left only [[&&19B &&967]]'s &1F7s &1 East &5B6 with. Weeks &B4 &&967 &69 defy &&700 Dav&5Fd &ACF h&808ces to &&65D. Of &454, &&422 not &A6F &4E8 the &ACF &242 &&132 &1F7s; just five days &54 Lee &91C, &&75 [[&188|&854]]. He w&A &40 &&3E &1B &854, &3 &35B to die in &2E6.

==&&188==
[[&&20:&&4&188.jpg|&B|&4Bnail|&359|The &188 &94 &&4. From left to &B: [[Henry Rathbone]], [[Clara Harris]], Mary Todd &&4, &&4, and Booth.]]

&&29D met &357 with Lt. Gen. [[&&662 S. Grant]] &A war drew to &7AE. &&149 men &8BC &60As of &FA, and &71 &A77 to all &15y held &137 in high &756. &&2Air last &59C, on [[April 14]], [[1865]] ([[Good Friday]]), &&4 &A64 Grant to a &42 &878ment that evening. Grant &7C5 (Grant's wife, [[Julia Dent Grant]], is said &9C &263ly &F13 [[Mary Todd &&4]]). The &&3E's eldest &427 Todd &&4]], also &282 &75F invitation. 

[[John Wilkes Booth]], a well-&DE act&796d &&64ern sympathizer from [[&&4DD]], &7C0 &15 &3E and Mrs. &&4, &720 &B Grants, &2C9 att&6B2 [[Ford's Theatre]]. Having &A24 in a plot to kidnap &&4 &238, Booth in&32B his co-conspirators &1D &9C4ion &591 &&4.§2&&2Es were as&3AA &44Bsassinate [[Vice-&&3E]] [[&&5ED &&472]] and [[&&1E2 of &&1E]] [[&&11A Seward]].

&&10B his [[&DFE]] [[Ward Hill Lamon]], to &7CA &248 his &170 [[dream]] &1D own &188, the &&4s left to &9CF &75D at Ford's &&4FA. The play, ''[[Our &&13 Cousin]]'', &44 &DCal comedy &11 &&A7 &853 [[Tom &&75B]]. As &&4 sat &58 &1E box &1 balcony, Booth crept up &1FE the &&3E's box and waited &10 funniest line &0 play, hoping the &ED3 &69 c&106 gunshot noise. On &9E4, &278 Harry Hawk said &1E0 &277 &&422 ever hear #0#Well, I guess I know &39D to turn you &765 out, old gal—you sockd&F7Bzing old man-trap...#0#. &&FA &ED3 came Booth jumped in&4 box the &3E &502 &60imed &2CB-shot, &2AF-slug .44 [[caliber]] [[Deringer]] &6D1 head, firing at &F7-blank &2F9.§2The &F64 &5A9 &1FE &&4's left ear and lodged &1FE his &B eyeball. Major [[Henry Rathbone]], &1B4 &79 &1 &&3Eial Box, &891arily grappled with Booth but was &875ly stabbed and slashed &11 assassin. &&71 &4C Booth then shouted #0#''[[Sic semper tyrannis]]!''#0# (Latin: #0#Thus &361 to tyrants,#0# &74 &907 of &&1C9; &421 say he &B22 #0#The &&64 is avenged!&&147 jumped &5 balcony &4 &9E4 &24A, &7BF his leg. &&3B5 h&272jury, Booth &755 to limp &325 &B21 and make his &453.

As Booth fled &5 &4FA, a &366 &DF1, Dr. [[&&577 Leale]], made &7C8 &53 &69C to &&4's box. Leale &758 assessed the &9DE as &5EA. The &&3E &6CA &1E4 &F63 &5 &4FA &4 [[Petersen House]], &176 lay in a coma for nine &A06 &6E4 &CB2. &&85 &D52 att&46D &&4, &3F U.S. Army Surgeon &&44 &&19B K. Barnes &0 Army &&343 &&217. Using a probe, Barnes &2CF some &6F3 &1DF's skull &3 ball lodged 6 inches &765 his brain. &&4, who &15A re&783 &806, &396 &7D4 dead at 7:22 A.M. &721 &8BA, April 15, 1865. Up&244 &1FA, &&1E2 of War [[Edwin Stanton]] lamented #0#now he &CCE &4 ages.#0# &&54 &&4's body was &27Ded &4 [[White House]], his body was &96A &FD #0#&D23 in &1E#0# &1 [[East Room]]. 

The Army &&343 &&217, now &68D &&2A &&217 of &&61F &&18B, has &69B &806 &490 &87 &7C &1DF's &1FA, &85 &432 re&2C8g &4 &188. &&153ly on &5A8 &1 &217 &104 &F64 &4A6 fired &5 Deringer pistol, &6B2 &&4's life, the probe &7A5 Barnes, &9B5s &1D skull and hair &3 surgeon's cuff, stained with &&4's &62D. The &217 &57 &156 at [#1#nmhm.&C5dc.&217/&A86s/&EC&9DEs/&4.html www.hmhm.&C5dc.&217]

[[&&20:&&4Train.jpeg|&B|&4Bnail|&359|&&4's &57E &8DD &5A1 his &12D, as &BE 300 mourners &3 casket &1D son &&11A, 1,654 &3D1 to &&60.]]
&&4's body was &5A1 by &8DD in a &184 &57E &1C0ion &6A &85 &A on &7B2 &150 &&60. The &200 mourned a &7DAm many &558 &A savior &0 &&10 &&A. &&81 &69A in [[Oak Ridge &&7C1]] &E3 &AD a 177 foot (54 m) tall granite tomb sur&701ed with &85 &852 &65C of &&75 &5D4 by 1874. To &8FD &BB1 &560 steal &&4's body and hold it for &E12, &&91 Todd &&29D &&4 exhumed and re&EB3 in &ED2 &85 feet thick on [[&&26F 26]], [[1901]].
{{&15C|[[&&29 &&4's &868 and exhum!153!}}

==&&3Eial ap&F7ments==
===&&BB0&829d &&469===
&&75 &DE &EDp&F7ing his &59B and &35 &865 to high &136s &58 &&469. Not only did he use &AC &35 skill in &7FC &275 &35 op&136, &801 felt he &44p&F7ing &16B &851 &17F &10 good &0 &5F.
{| &1B8=#0#wiki&544#0#
|-
! Office !! Name !! Term
|-
| [[&&3E &0 &&10 &&A|&&3E]] || '''&&29 &&4'&5BA 1861–1865
|-
| [[Vice &&3E &0 &&10 &&A|Vice &&3E]] || '''[[Hannibal Hamlin]!DE!–1865
|-
| &&36 '''[[&&5ED &&472]]'&5BA 1865
|-
!A7!f &&1E|&&1E2 of &&1E]] || '''[[&&11A H. Seward]!DE!–1865
|-
!43!0 &&7C9|&&1E2 &0 &&7C9]] || '''[[Salmon P. Chase]!DE!–1864
|-
| &&36 '''[[&&11A P. Fessenden]]'&5BA 1864–1865
|-
| &&36 '''[[Hugh McCulloch]]'&5BA 1865
|-
!A7!f War|&&1E2 of War]] || '''[[Simon Cameron]!DE!–1862
|-
| &&36 '''[[Edwin M. Stanton]]'&5BA 1862–1865
|-
| [[Attorney &&44 &0 &&10 &&A|Attorney &&4AF '''[[&&6BB Bates]!DE!–1864
|-
| &&36 '''[[James Speed#BD#||&7=#0#left#0#|1864–1865
|-
| [[Post&78E &&44 &0 &&10 &&A|Post&78E &&4AF '''[[Ho&D3F King]!DE!
|-
| &&36 '''[[&&53C Blair]!DE!–1864
|-
| &&36 '''[[&&11A Dennison (Ohio &1CF)|&&11A Dennison]]'&5BA 1864–1865
|-
!43!0 Navy|&&1E2 &0 Navy]] || '''[[Gideon Welles]!DE!–1865
|-
!43!0 &&576|&&1E2 &0 &&576]] || '''[[Caleb B. Smith]!DE!–1863
|-
| &&36 '''[[John P. Usher]]'&5BA 1863–1865
|}
&&248#0#all#0#&gt;

===&&8CE Court===
&&4 ap&F7ed &59 &&67As &4 [[&&8CE Court &0 &&10 &&A]]:
*[[Noah Haynes Swayne]] - 1862
*[[Samuel Freeman Miller]] - 1862
*[[David Davis (senator)|David Davis]] - 1862
*[[&&512 &&472 Field]] - 1863
*[[Salmon P. Chase]] - [[Chief &&67A &0 &&10 &&A|Chief &&67A]] - 1864

==Major &3Eial acts==
===Involvement as &&3E-&D6E===
*[[&&75F &85D|&&75F Tariff of 1861]]
*[[Corwin &355|Corwin &&355]]
===Enacted as &&3E===
*&&3AA [[Revenue Act of 1861]]
*&&3AA [[&&AD6 Act]]
*&&3AA [[&&75F Act|Morill Land-Grant &&107 Act]]
!A6!venue Act of 1862]]
*&&3AA &&1DC Railway Acts of 1862 and 1864 
*Established [[&&99 Agri&38]] (1862)
*&&3AA [[&&2A Banking Act|&&2A Banking Act of 1863]]
!A6!venue Act of 1864]]

==&&A &7C8 &4 &&DF==
*[[West &&1C9]] – 1863
*[[&&5E8]] – 1864

==Legacy and &575s==
&&4's &1FA made the &&3E a [[&E0B]] to many. Today &52 &31A &&5E's &8D most &170 and be&9FE &&3E &54 [[&&1B4 &&C5]]. Repeated polls &1Dtorians have &36E &&4 as &AA [[&A9 ran&7CB &101 &&3Es|&ACest &3Es in U.S. &33]]. Among &18C &ED1, &&4 &1EA seen as a &6D1 who &17Fifies [[&&20:&&4_&6A9.jpg|&4Bnail|&8BF|[[&&9FA Chester &&48]]'s seated ''&&4'' faces &377 Mall]] &4 east.]]
[[&&20:Mt&&ED0 Abe &48A.JPG|&4Bnail|100px|&&4's bust on Mt. &&ED0.]]&14D &FE of honesty, &850, as &BE &5A0 f&798dividual and &3Aity &Bs, and &81 &47F &145. Many &&13 &13Cs &242 &318s &60gendas &542 cite his name and &20, with &183 &76E &5 [[gay &Bs]] &11F [[Log Cabin Re&8Bans]] &4 [[&DF0]] &49B [[&&4 &&199 Group|&&4 &&199]]. The [[&&4 auto&397]] &4A &55F him.

&&106 &5B &&4 &28 &575ized &C3 city &2ED, &5A4 the [[&&4, &&4DE|&AB of &&4DE]]; &B [[&&4 &&575]] in [[&&C5, D.C.]] (''&2CDd, &B''); &8 U.S. [[U.S. five &49E bill|$5 bill]] &3 [[Penny (U.S. coin)|1 cent coin]] (&&60 &F &31C &7FB &4 &C9B &0 penny from &C58); &60s part &0 [[Mount &&ED0 &&2A &&575]]. [[&&4's Tomb]], [[&&4 Home &&2A &&379 Site]] in [[&&5EC&1FB, &&60|&&5EC&1FB]], [[New Salem (Menard &&CB), &&60|New Salem, &&60]] (a &FA &1DF's &6D &B30 &ECF), [[Ford's &&4FA]] and Petersen House &39E &4AE &217s. The [[List &101 &1E nick&2ED|&1E &C19]] for [[&&60]] is ''Land &1DF''. 

[[&&4E4 &0 &&10 &&A|&&4E4]] in 18 [[U.S. &1E]]s ([[&&4 &&CB, &&69E|&&69E]], [[&&4 &&CB, &&141|&&141]], [[&&4 &&CB, Idaho|Idaho]], [[&&4 &&CB, &&85A|&&85A]], [[&&4 &&CB, &&5E3|&&5E3]], [[&&4 &&CB, &&2A6|&&2A6]], [[&&4 &&CB, &&663|&&663]], [[&&4 &&CB, &&4DE|&&4DE]], [[&&4 &&CB, &&5E8|&&5E8]], [[&&4 &&CB, New &&35C|New &&35C]], [[&&4 &&CB, Oklahoma|Oklahoma]], [[&&4 &&CB, Oregon|Oregon]], [[&&4 &&CB, &&64 Dakota|&&64 Dakota]], [[&&4 &&CB, &&358|&&358]], [[&&4 &&CB, West &&1C9|West &&1C9]], [[&&4 &&CB, &&C5|&&C5]], [[&&4 &&CB, &&ACA|&&ACA]], and [[&&4 &&CB, Wyoming|Wyoming]]) are &55F &&4.

On [[&&105 12]], [[1892]], &&29 &&4's &335day &251 &1B a &124 [[&C9A]] &1 &&10 &&A, &7D in 1971 &71 &57B with &&C5's &335day &1 &277 [[&&3E's Day]]. &&105 12 &72E ob&38Ad as &1D2 &5BE &C9A &C3 &A, &3F &&60.

&&4's &335&195 and &CE &75C &2A &379 &575s: [[&&29 &&4 Birth&195 &&2A &&379 Site]] in [[&&91E, &&289]] and [[&&4 Home &&2A &&379 Site]] in [[&&5EC&1FB, &&60]]. The [[&&29 &&4 &&3Eial &&D5 and &&217]] &4A in &&5EC&1FB. The [[&&29 &&4 &&2A &&7C1]] &1EB in [[Elwood, &&60]].

&&6A9s &1DF &57 &1F5 &2E &4D. In [[Ciudad Juárez]], [[Chihuahua]], [[&&35C]], is a 13-foot high &852 &6A9, a gift &5 &&10 &&A, &35D in 1966 by &&3E [[Lyndon B. &&472]]. &&1ED &2DA a &6A9 of [[Benito Juárez]] in ex&25F, &3A in &&C5, D.C. Juárez and &&4 ex&25Fd &55Cly &202s, and &&35C re&D6 &&4's op&136 &4 [[&&676-&&13 War]]. &&D3 &4A a &6A9 in [[Tijuana]], &&35C, &509 &&4 &627ing and &35E the chains &62E. &&B9 &1F2 &E5 &65C &1DF &1 [[&&10 &&108]]—one in [[&&4A4]] by [[&&1D6us St. Gaudens]],§2one in [[&&D29]] by [[&&1B4 Grey Barnard]] &60n&2E in [[Edinburgh]] by [[&&1B4 Bissell (&1ADist)|&&1B4 Bissell]]. 

The [[ballistic missile]] [[sub&B50]] [[USS &&29 &&4 (SSBN-602)|''&&29 &&4'' (SSBN-602)]] &3 [[&A6 carrier]] [[USS &&29 &&4 (CVN-72)|''&&29 &&4'' (CVN-72)]] were &24C &58 &6F2. Also, the [[&&40E ship]], [[SS Nancy Hanks|SS ''Nancy Hanks'']] &6D0 to &6F2 his m&2E.

In a &262 &8B vote en&8d #0#[[The &&ACest &&13]],#0# &&4 &195d &8D (placing &40 was [[Ronald Reagan]]).

==&&4 &31B &38==
{{see|&&4 &31B &38}}

!FB!
* &&4 &F24 6'3 3/4#0# (192.4 cm) &769 thus w&A tallest &3E in U.S. &33, just edging out [[Lyndon &&472]] at 6'3 1/2#0# (191.8 cm).
* &&81 born &8 same day as [[&&577 Darwin]].
* &&1E0 &AC9 self-&FF &F3C to &&4's &188 was [[Samuel J. Seymour]] (~1860–[[April 14]], [[1956]]), who &3B6ed two &368 &A4 his &1FA &698 96 &8 [[CBS]]-TV [[quiz show]] ''[[I've Got a Secret]]''. He said &6F0s a five-year-old &319 &A1t at &40 &41, &165, &AB shot &74 his nurse, &3CE fix a torn &195 &58 blouse, stuck him &32 pin &1F &891 &0 gun's dis&C14.
* &&29 &53A, &&75 &78 as #0#two-&B34&&171 &450 &1 1858 [[&&395]] &190, [[&&512 A. &&2C5|&&512 &&2C5]]. Upon &8DF &5A this &&4 &ECE &C99, #0#If I &140n&2E &7D9 wear, do you &5E2 &55D I &2C9 &F43 th&1AF?#0#
* &&29 &53A, &&4 also said, as a &6E2, &244 &3B6ance one day when &66F &1 &E52: #0#It's a fact, Abe! You &104 ugliest man &1 &28. If ever I see &825 uglier than you, I'm &1F3 shoot him &8 spot!#0# It &69 no &6F8, &60F, be an &6E6 mercy.
* Based on &1A3 de&BEions &1DF, &5B &2A9s &41 w&375 taller than most men &1D day and &4AC limbs, an ab&3F3ly-&E20 chest, and loose or lax joints, it &28 conjectured &DE &4CC that &&4 &2CF &699 from [[Marfan &1AF]].
*&&75 &DE &9C a case of [[de&160ion]]. &&323 time in New Salem, &&60, his fiancee died, &6D &E25 his de&160ion. His &48A &2CC &9B7ed over him &26A sure he &DB commit &C98. &&10A &699 from &3D3mares &323 term &1 [[White House]]. His de&160ion got so &875, &319 to hold a &469 &59C from his bed.
*He once &14F one &1D haunting &3D3mares &325 &55C. &&4 &14F &41 was &627ing in a mourning crowd &24D a &8DD, and &109 &7CD a &ECD &5BF what had &DE6ed, she &C99, #0#The &&3E &28 shot, &15E has died.#0#
*&&4 &F only &&13 &3E to hold a [[&BC2]].§2The &BC2 is &ED &499 that lifts [[boat|boats]] over [[shoal|shoals]].

!25!
*[[&&32Fs &0 &&13 Civil War]]
*[[&&13 &&58 (&84s)|&&13 &&58]], &&4's &84 &344.
*[[&&4-Kennedy co&AEDs]]
*[[List &101 &&3Eial &138 affiliations]]
* Movies: ''[[D.W. Griffith's '&&29 &&4']]'', ''[[The Dramatic Life &94 &&4]]''
*[[&&29 &&4 &&3Eial &&D5 and &&217]]

!1F!
===Biographies===
*''&&4'' by [[David &&480 &&9D6]] (1999) &&&A868482535X, very well &49Ced by &288; &&9D6 &590 two &&95D &531s for &1E6
*''&&29 &&112 Civil War &&5E: A &&1E6'' by &&11A E. Gienapp &&&A8195150996 (2002), &17A
*''Team of Rivals: The &&35 Genius &94 &&4'' by [[Doris Kearns Goodwin]] &&&A8684824906 (2005). &49Cers &498 &26 very well &1A3
*''&&29 &&4: Redeemer &&3E'' by Allen C. Guelzo &&&A8802838723 (1999)
*''&&29 &&61D &&33'' (1890) &6DF Hay]] &&55E &&1B4 Nicolay]]; &27C at [#1#&14C.org/&365/6812 &&6CF and [#1#&14C.org/&365/11708 &&3F9 2] 10 &3F9s &499;§2&1A3 by &&4's top aides
*''The Real &&29 &&4'' by Reinhard H Luthin (1960), well &55D &49Cers
*''The &&29 &&4 &&1B3'' by [[Mark E. Neely]] (1984), &383 &55C many men and &62s &A4 AL
* ''The Last Best Hope of Earth: &&29 &&4 &3 Promise &13E'' by Mark E. Neely (1993), &&95D &531 &394 &2BF
* ''With Malice Toward None: The Life &94 &&4'' by &&512 B. Oates (1994). 
*''&&4 the &&3E'' by James G. Randall (4 vol., 1945–55; re&9C1 2000.) by &531 &394 &A62
**''Mr. &&4'' excerpts ed. &61C N. &&153 (1957)
*''&&29 &&4: The Prairie &&5B'' (2 vol 1926); ''The War &&5B'' (4 vol 1939) &1E6 by [[Carl Sandburg]]. &&95D Prize &863 by &170 poet
*''&&29 &&4: A &&1E6'' by &&3E3 P. &&19E; (1952)

===&&179ty &283===
*Baker, Jean H. ''Mary Todd &&4: A &&1E6'' (1987)
*Belz, Herman. ''&&29 &&4, &&5Dalism, and Equal &&Bs &1 Civil War Era''§2(1998)
!A5!&&4 &3 &&84s &0 &&13 Dream'' (1994). &&4's &84 &E4 and &4E3
!A5!&&4 the War &&3E'' (1994).
*Boritt, Gabor S., ed. ''The Historian's &&4.'' Urbana: &&12B &&60 Press, 1988, historiography
*Bruce, &&91 V. ''&&4 &3 Tools of War'' (1956) on &A16s &83 &2A war
*&&9D6, David &&480. ''&&4 Re&72: Essays &8 Civil War Era'' (1960).
*Foner, Eric. ''Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology &0 Re&8Ban &&99 &A4 &243 War'' (1970) &171 &2B &4C prewar f&DB's in AL's &99
*Harris, &&11A C. ''With Charity for All: &&4 &3 Resto&D3Fn &0 &&DF'' (1997). AL's &9DB for &&FA
*Hendrick, Burton J. ''&&4's War &&469'' (1946)
*Hofstadter, &&17C. ''&&E6 &&35 &&112: And the Men Who Made It'' (1948) ch 5: #0#&&29 &&4 &3 Self-MAde Myth#0#.
*Holzer, Harold. ''&&4 at Cooper &&DF: The &&239 That Made &&29 &&4 &&3E'' (2004).
!A4! ''&&29 &&4 &3 &&8D &&13 R&15D'' #104#
!A4! ''&&36F Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era'' (1988).§2&&95D Prize &863 &198s all &48D &0 war
*Morgenthau, Hans J., and David Hein. ''&&6A3 &&4's Faith and &&59''. Lanham, MD: &&39 Press &13E &10 White Burkett Miller &&F of &&8B Affairs &1F &&12B &&1C9, 1983. 
*Neely, Mark E. ''The Fate of &&40E: &&29 &&112 Civil Liberties''§2#104#. &&95D Prize &863.
* &&433 S. Paludan ''The &&626 &94 &&4'' (1994), &49Cers call it &31 &BAF &2BB of AL's &312
*''&&4 in &&13 Memory'' by Merrill D. Peterson,§2(1994). how &&75 re&268ed &54 1865
*Randall, James G. ''&&4 the &&4F9 &&Aman'' (1947).
* &&17Cson, Heather Cox. ''The &&ACest Nation &0 Earth: Re&8Ban &&84 Policies &2A Civil War'' (1997)
* Shenk, Joshua Wolf. ''&&4's Melancholy: How De&160ion Ch&F1Fged a &&3E and Fueled His &&ACness'' (2005). Named one &0 best &193 of 2005 by The &&C5 Post, The !14F! Times, and The &&466 &&34D-&&5D. *''&&4'' by [[Gore Vidal]] &&&A8375708766, a &127.
*''&&112 His &&44s'' by T. Harry &&11As (1967).
*''&&4 at &&356: The Words That Remade &&5E'' by Garry Wills &&&A8671867423
*''Honor's Voice: The Trans&DCBion &94 &&4'' by &&2C5 L. &&754 (1999).

===&&4 &80C and &C9 &38===
* Bullard. F. Lauriston, ''&&4 in Marble and Bronze'', Rutgers &&39 Press, New &&AC8, New Jersey§21952
* Mead, Fanklin B., ''Heroic &&6A9s in Bronze &94 &&4: Introducing The Hoosier Youth by [[Paul Manship]]'', The &&4 &&2A Life &&2A2, Fort Wayne, &&1EBa§21932
* Moffatt, &&AF1 C., ''Errant Bronzes: [[&&1B4 Grey Barnard]]'s &&6A9s &94 &&4'', &&12B Deleware Press, Newark, DE§21998
* Murry, Freeman Henry Morris, ''Emancipati&829f the Freed in &&13 Sculpture'', Books For Libraries Press, the Black &&3D0 &&D5 Collection, Freeport, NY 1972 - &119ly &240 1916
* Petz, Weldon, ''&&95C's Monu&55E Tributes to &&29 &&4'', &&A9 &&53 of &&95C§21987
* Redway, Maurine Whort&829d Dorothy Kendall Bracken, ''Marks &1DF on Our Land''. Hastings House, &&535, !14F!§21957
* Savage, Kirk, ''Standing Soldiers, Kneeling Slaves: Race War and Monument in &&53B &&47 &&5E'', &&52Eton &&39 Press, &&52Eton New Jersey§21997
* Tice, &&1B4, ''&&4'', Rutgers &&39 Press, New &&AC8, New Jersey§21984
*''The Real &&4'' by [[&&19E DiLorenzo]] &&&A8761526463, a stinging neo-&&132 &BBB on &&4 as evil§22002

===Primary Sources===
!A3! ''Collected &&DD &94 &&4'' 9 vols. (New &&AC8, NJ: Rutgers Univ. Press, 1953-55)
!A3! ''&&29 &&4: His &&4AB &&137'' (1946)
* &&4, &&29. ''&&4: &&4AB &&137'' 2 vol &&D5 &13E &317, (1989).
* &&4, &&29. ''The &&4AA &&137 &94 &&4'' (&&66 &&D5 &&3A3s ed by &&433 Van Doren Stern) (2000).

!E!
{{&522&2FC|&&29 &&4}}
*{{CongBio|L000313}}
*[#1#&224&194.gov/&33/&3Es/al16.html White House &&1E6]
!A2!mem/alhtml/malhome.html &&29 &&4 &&6C7 &1F &&D5 &4A9 (1850-1865)
*[#2#&E8s.wiki&3E4.org/wiki/&&20:&&4at&6FA2.jpg The Controversial &9FB &1DF in &1FA]
*[#1#&29&4.org/ The &&4 &&EF]
*[#1#rootdig.com/&29_&4.html &&29 &&4 in &&10 &&A &&218 &&2B6s]
*[#2#home.att.net/~rjnorton/&&477.html E&179ly for &&1C6: An &&43F &94 &&4's Life]
!A2!mem/alhtml/alhome.html Mr. &&4's Virtual &&D5]
*[#1#quotesandpoem.com/&158/Listof&&2DF&&DD/&&4__&&29 &&4AB Quotes by &&29 &&4]
*[#1#loc.gov/rr/&2C4/bib/pres&5EE/al.html Poetry &1A3 by &&29 &&4]
*[#1#mybig&AC7.com/&12B.php?&DB=Stats#3#stat=&&575s#3#date=20041027.3#3#page=5 &&4 &&575 Tour] - My Big Adventure (33 &&20s)
!A1!&&999/&&42.html &&29 &&4 &&6E Site]
*[#1#&29&4&27C.org &&29 &&4 &&27C]
*[#1#hti.umich.edu/l/&4/ The Collected &&DD &94 &&4]
*[#2#deptorg.knox.edu/&4&B9/ &&4 &&B9 &&F at Knox &&107]
*[#2#lenbernstein.com/Pages/Ego&&67A.html &&228 of John Drink&2F5's play ''&&29 &&4'']
*[#1#sonofthe&64.net/prod01.htm &&119 1860's Harper's Weekly &&20s and News on &&29 &&4]
*[#2#dev.stg.brown.edu/&1A1s/&4/ The &&4 Log: A Daily &&9CD &0 Life &94 &&4]
*[#1#nps.gov/linc/ &&4 &&575] &&C5, DC
*[#1#the&4&217.org The &&4 &&217] Fort Wayne, &&1EBa 
*[#1#gilderlehrman.org/&35F/&75Cship2.html The &&4 Prize] A &2A book &1DA &AE5 by The Gilder Lehrman &&EF &C7 &&33 &3 Civil War &&EF at &&356 &&107
!A1!&&999/&&4.html &&29 &&4's &&188]
*[#1#&4herald.com/1970&EE&&9CC.html John &&167&1FB Staples, &&3E &&4's #0#&&9CC#0#]
*[#2#patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1#3#Sect2=HITOFF#3#d=PALL#3#p=1#3#u=/netahtml/srchnum.htm#3#r=1#3#f=G#3#l=50#3#s1=6469.WKU.#3#OS=PN/6469#3#RS=PN/6469 US6469] Patent -- ''Manner of Buoying Vessels'' -- A. &&4 -- 1849 
*[#1#&73B.com/orig2/&4-arch.html King &&4] (an &482 of &55C &&4)
*[#1#nps.gov/abli/ &&2A Park &&1A2 &&29 &&4 &335&195] (&7Bs good &6D &33)
*Hoard &&A9 &&217 [#1#hoard&217.org/] in [[Fort Atkinson, &&ACA]] with &&4 &&D5
*[#1#&B0B.com/pub-&&4Intimate.htm &&8 &&1E8 &1DF's Sexuality]
*[#1#doctorzebra.com/prez/g16.htm &&343 and &&330 &2B &&29 &&4]
*[#1#&28of&1E6.com/9052%2D&&29%20&&4/ &&1E6] (&&28 of &&1E6)

===&&1A1 &&14C eTexts===
*&&275 {{&14C &2BF&81F&&29+&&4 | name=&&29 &&4}}
!1D!2462 A Compilation &0 Messages and &&6C7 &0 &&3Es: &&3F9 6, part 1: &&29 &&4]
*[#1#&14C.org/&365/2517 &&4's Yarns and Stories]
!A0!812 &&6CF and [#1#&14C.org/&365/11708 &&3F9 2] &4A8 &&61D &&33'' (1890) &6DF Hay]] (1835 to 1905) &&55E &&1B4 Nicolay]] (1832 to 1901)
!1D!815 ''The Boys' Life &94 &&4''] (1907) by Nicolay, Helen (1866 to 1954)
!A0!811 ''The Life &94 &&4''] (1901) by Henry Ketcham
!1D!2800 &&6CF and [#1#&14C.org/&365/12801 &&3F9 2] &4A8 &&4'' (1899) by John T. Morse
!1D!4004 ''The Every-day Life &94 &&4''] (1913) by Francis Fisher Browne
!1D!1728 ''&&29 &&4: The &&1C's Leader &1 Struggle for &&2A &&305''] (1909) &6CE Haven Putnam, Litt. D.
!1D!713 ''&&4's &&17Fal Life''] (1922) by &&169 W. &&512son 

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!C1!
&2E={{ushr|&&60|7|Member &0 U.S. Ho&5C &&1DD &&60's 7th Di&C0B}}
| &A4=[[John Henry (&&60 politician)|John Henry]]
| &54=[[&&19E Langrell Harris]]
&39s=1847 – 1849}}
!C1!
| &A4=[[John Frémont]]
&2E=[[&&275 &&10 &&A Re&8Ban &&99 &3Eial tickets|Re&8Ban &&99 &3Eial nominee]]
| &54=[[&&662 Grant]]
&39s=[[U.S. &54 1860|1860]] (won), [[U.S. &54 1864|1864]] (won)}}
!C1!
| &A4=[[James &&6A4]]
&2E=[[&&3E &0 &&10 &&A]]
| &54=[[&&5ED &&472]]
&39s=[[March 4]], [[1861]] –!A8!5]]}}
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{{US&3Es}}
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!126!
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!101!
!32!أبراهام لينكولن]]
#81#Ейбрахам Линкълн]]
[[bs#14#
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[[eo:&&29 LINCOLN]]
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!1B!אברהם לינקולן]]
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!17!エイブラハム・リンカーン]]
#3A#에이브러햄 링컨]]
[[lt:Abraomas Linkolnas]]
#BF#Абрахам Линколн]]
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§4<&8>&&E</&8>
§4<id>308</id>
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§6<&5>I &578 Ayn R&1AD &639 &B4 stature as &&E3 the &&AC and &&19E &&574</&5>
§6#4#{{&&476_&&9D |
#A0#--!100!--&gt;
#A0#--!146!--&gt;
§2&23C§A= &&67 &9Ds |
§2era§D= [[&&6F &15]] |
!C4!

#A0#--!D0!--&gt;
§2&20_name§6= &&11E Louvre.jpg |
§2&20_caption§3= &&E, [[&9CE]] copy of [[&852]] by [[Lysippos]] |

#A0#--!15A!--&gt;
§2name§D= Αριστοτέλης, &&431ēs |
§2&335§C= &&&61A |
§2&1FA§C= [[March 7]] [[322 BC]] |
§2&1EC_&112 = [[&&CDism]] and [[Empiricism]] |
§2main_&183§3= [[&&59]], |
§2&126s§7= [[Plato]], |
§2&126d§7= [[&&E3 the &&AC]], [[&&19E &&574]] |
§2no&544_&1D7§4= [[&&430 mean (&15)|The &&430 mean]], Rule &0 Superior, Reason &gt; &&65B, |
}}
'''&&E''' ({{lang-grc|{{{&5EB|Αριστοτέλης}}}}} &&431ēs &&&61A #3#&1E0; [[March 7]], [[322 BC]]) &44n [[&6F &&5C]] [[&9D]], who &287 with [[Plato]] and &442 [[&&E3 the &&AC]]. &&4A7 &193 on many &1BFs, &3F [[&12A]], [[&5EE]], [[&A61]], [[&257]], [[&3CF]], [[&1D]], and [[&341]].

&&E, &13B Plato &27E &24A &72 one &0 most &30A of [[&&6F &15|&6F &&5C &9Ds]]. They &7A8&32B [[Presocratic]] [[&&5C &15]] in&4 &156ations of [[&&25F]] as &5A3 it. The &295 &&3CD &&E &156ed two &0 most &6C &619 [[&&6F &15]].

&&E &2F2d &A5 &783 &5 &2FBs &122 &66 &38E &2C9 &1B8ed &AA§2&66 [[&D22]]s (see [[&CDism]] and [[&7BE]]).§2&&10A &66Cd a #0#&16Bing&&108 &A7Aic &1 &&283 by &5CDing &F79locutors &1Bgin from &E8ly held &344 (''[[Endoxa]]''); his goal &78 non-&4C5 &51 [[Truth]]. He set the &9E4 for what &69 &12E &348 in&4 &D22 &E4 [[&27D]] &20B &B4. &&7D &4A7 &84E &6D &58 &197, no &123 &6F3 &0se have &6A2. The &DD &15C that &146 &4D0 &159 &4CF [[&F7Aise]] form and were, &10 most part, un&D1 &2F0. &&86 were &387 lecture &4CD or &2F0 used &4CA &1C6, and were &324 &FBly revised &54F &106 &6D9 &5B. As &682 &86 &DD tend &1B &F0B, dense and &258 read. Among &31 &6C ones are ''[[&&12A (&&E)|&&12A]]'', ''[[&&F0]] (or [[Ontology]])'', ''[[&&2A1 &&11D]]'', ''[[&&59 (&&E)|&&59]]'', ''[[De Anima]] (&&8 Soul)&7F5 ''[[Poetics]]''.
&&86 &DD, &7D &517 &C3 &382 ways, are very &4C in both &68 and &5E1. 

&&E &15B for &78 one &0 few &413 &&BC6 who &287 &324 &12C &1BF &C1 &1F time. In &4A, &&E &287 [[anatomy]], [[&302]], [[&84s]], [[embryology]], [[&15E]], [[geology]], [[meteorology]], [[&12A]], and [[&A61]]. In &15, &&185 on [[&ABFs]], [[&11D]], [[&1D]], [[&F0]], [[&59]], [[&226]], [[&3CF]] and [[&95B]]. &&10A dealt with [[&14B]], &D8 customs, [[&158]] and [[&5EE]]. His &57B &DD &42Fly &530 an [[&1B3]] &722 &A5.

== &&1E6 ==
===&&6D &4AA &B9 &1F &&2F===
[[&&20:Bust &15C.jpg|&4B|A [[bust (sculpture)|bust]] &15C is a n&6D ubiquitous ornament in &14E of high &38 &1 [[&&67 &28|West#FA#

&&E &F9 at [[Stageira]], a [[apoikia|&52F]] of [[Andros]] &8 [[&&A60]]ian &3BD of [[Chalcidice]] in &&&61A. &&62D, &&9CB, was &1F5 &DF1 to King [[Amyntas III of &&A60]]. &&26 &4C &&E's &602 held this &136 &121 &123 &7CB &0 &&A60s. As such, &&E's &6D &14B &69 &387 have &AD3 of &389 [[&18B]] and [[&341]] from &56D &&5A &19E Phaestis, &13D &15B. &&26 &DE &2C8 died &6D in &&E's life. When &&9CB also died, in &&E's tenth year, &81 left an [[&F65]] and &195d &8D &7D9ship &1D uncle, [[Proxenus of Atarneus]]. He &442 &&E [[&&5C &C|&&5C]], [[&3CF]], and [[&5EE]] (O'&&752 ''et al.'', [[2004]]). &&41F &387 &404 &62D's &343 &A5; &109 went to [[&&439]] &1F &1C1 18, &81 &4BD &46F &8DB &1 &4C4 of &75 &2BA.

&&5 &1C1 18 to 37 &&E &2DC in &&439 as a &F1D of [[Plato]] and &4C7 &165 &1F ''[[&&2F]]''. The &19F &4E &&3CD &&E have &32B the &332 &123 &465, &14E &18 &F62 &&E &BAD. No &6F8 &D3 were divergences &617 &4E Plato, who took his &627 on sublime, &7D8istic &185, &388 who even at &3E3 &76D a p&16E &10 &4C4 &0 &D21 and laws &0 &B6 &28. &&26 also &963 that Plato &304 &F8 &A1E res&588 &51 &85Cment, &5B4 &15re &44n open b&9EE of &2CChip. &&595, &&E's &767 &DD &487 Plato, his &1C4 &9C with [[&&9CA]] &4D [[Platonists]], &9E &AC6 &58 &137 to Plato's &297s &317 &DAre were &207s &617 &4E Plato &388 &184 no &10D cordial &84D or &4B6 &F3Eance. Besides this, the &465 that &8D8 &&E &BAD are &DEE &4 [[Epicureans]], &4B8 &79 slanderers. If such &465 were circulated &3A5 by [[patristic]] &294 &C [[Justin Martyr]] and [[&&8CB Nazianzen]], the &15F lies &1 &91D esteem &&E w&326ld in &11 &6D [[&&BCity|&&BC]] [[heretic]]s, not &448y well-&16Bed &A9 &112.

===&&E as &9D and tutor===
&&DD &487 Plato ([[347 BC]]), &&E &38E &A next head &0 &&2F, a &136 that &&E03 &1DAed to Plato's nephew. &&E then went with &&9CA &4 &1F5 of [[Hermias]], &7F3 of [[Atarneus]] in [[Asia &&3A]], and &313 his niece &&ECC &7FE, Pythia. In [[344 BC]], Hermias was &BAC in a &273, #C0#--''(or a &&668 &BBB?)''--&gt; and &&E went &161 &CE to [[Mytilene]]. &&26 also &37F &41 &8CA§2on [[Lesbos &&1B5|Lesbos]] and &D54ly &4F8 bio&257al &6E. Then, &80B two &5B &B4, &81 summoned to Pella, the &&A60ian &AB, by King [[&&433 II of &&A60]] &1Bcome the tutor of [[&&E3 the &&AC]], who w&An 13.

[[&&95A]] &266 &F8 &4E2 im&F6E to &&E3 a &15A &11D and &59, &&86D &0 &41E &6D8s of &15. We have much proof &387 &786ed by &58F &B &9D, &6D &&E made prudent and &3E1 use &1D &126 &106 &366 &52E (&7D [[&&980 &&787]] &596s this). &&5E th&&D20, &&E3 &1E4 &&E &32mple &1B7 &10 acquisition &73E &3 &791 &1D &D2 &4C4.

&&26 &C1 &F8 also &3A6 &1 &14B of &&E3's boyhood &3A4 &2CF &7Bd for &1C1 [[&&C57]] and [[Harpalus]]. &&E &640 &4C7 &751 with &&C57, &12E &3BC &321 book, unfortunately now lost.

&&29 &3AB &C &&95A and [[Dio&F83]], &&433 had &&E's &ECF of Stageira burned &2A [[340s BC]], and &&E &1A9ly &DED &387 re&B17 it. &&323 tutorship of &&E3, &&41F &37Fly &72 a &8D time for &1D8ship &0 &&2F; his &84C &&9CA was s&34A &2CA.

===Fo&121 &616 &0 Lyceum===
In &5A [[335 BC]], &&E3 &ECB &FD &&FC &204, &388 &38C &38Ad &276 in&77B adviser (more or less) &87 &&E3 asc&46D the &&A60ian throne, &27Ded to &&439 and &895 his own &6C2 &386 may, as [[Aulus Gellius]] says, have &4F8 a &6C2 [[&3CF]] &323 &265 &84B in &&439; but now, &139 Plato's &1C1, he gave &A5F &389 &15 in a [[&AC5 (&6F &&4A1)|&AC5]] &35D to [[&&2C Lyceios]], &615 his &1EC has come &1B &DE &A [[Lyceum]]. (It &&3D2 &1FD [[&&C56]] &&1EC &74 &&E p&78 &A81 &574 &15 &161 &F1Ds &50 walking up &6FEwn -- ''peripateo'' -- the shaded walks -- ''peripatoi'' -- &1EE &AC5).

&&2A &BAB &5B ([[335 BC]]#3#&1E0;[[322 BC]]) &D9 &8C3 as &774 &0 Lyceum, &&E &4E7 most &1D &137. Imitating Plato, &4A7 ''[[&&ECA]]s'' &97 his &297s were &DEC &271what &C9 &C. &&10A &4E7 the &85 &84A (&18 &152 &14F &24A) on &12A, &F0, &703 forth, &97 the ex&136 &5A2 [[didactic]] &3 &C more &507 than &1 ''&&ECAs''. &&86 &137 show &5AA good use he put the &C7 &&E3 had &1E4 for him. They show &CF how he &4A5 &441 &1C8 the &DD &1D &452 &75B &15, and how he &8F2, &1FD &17Fally or &6A &2Es, h&272vestigations &1 &9C9 of &75 &2BA. [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]] &2CBed &387 &195d &121 &&E's &2FAs &DC &C12s, &DEB, and fowlers &0 royal &108 &60ll the overseers &0 royal &770, lakes, ponds and &43A-&2F9s, and &&E's &4DD &A61 &3CC &1Ement more believable. &&41F &70D in&32B &AC &297s &1D &452, and [[Strabo]] &BB8 &41 w&A &2C6 &9C8 &7C4 &D5.

&&2A last &5B &F7 life &420 &4E &5AC &&E3 &BF very s&8DB, owing &4 disgrace and &623 of [[Callisthenes]], whom &&E had recomm&46D to &&E3. &&1B2, &&E &1C4 &1B &331 at &&439 as a fri&159 &&E3 &60 re&79ative of &&A60ia. &&6C9, when &&E3's &1FA &25A in &&439, &3 &EDD &598 &18 led &4 [[Lamian war]], &&E &5F2 &1 &44 un&C9ity &0 &&A60ians. The &6CC [[impiety]], &18 &AB &1DE &92 [[Anaxagoras]] &27E &7F2w, with even less &15F, &1DE &92 &&E. He left &167, &3F6 (&29 many &6F &2BFities) &41 &6D7 give the Athenians a &69C sin a &35B time &92 &386 took up &84B &6D1 &5F &194 at [[Chalcis]], in [[Euboea]], &3re he died &59 year, [[322 BC]]. His &1FA was &5E a &508, &37Fly '&0 stomach', from &D9 &4AC &699. &&3CB th&6D1 &1FA was &5E [[hemlock]] poisoning, &F6 &A &53A &41 threw &165 in&4 sea #0#&31F &11C &B20&1 [[tide]]s,&&D6 &10B &A9 &156ation.

Very &13D &15B &5A &&E's &17Fal &3B6ance &698 from &C96 &3AB. The &65C and busts &15C, &445 &5 &40 &5B &0 &&C56 &&1EC, re&79 &828s sharp and keen of &F77enance, &1F1what &24A the &399 &6B1. His &36#3#&8E;as &7F9 &4CA &137, his will (&3A un&6F8edly &A8C), &6F3 &1D &202s &3 &AC6 &1D un&AC4d &578#3#&8E;was &393 &6CB-minded, kind-&62Ced man, &30A his &CE &9E &2CC, kind &325 &21C, fair &325 &59B and &865, grateful &247 his benef&278s. When [[Platonism]] ceased &622minate &4B of [[&&BCity|&&BC]] &497, &3 &DD &15C &1AE &1B &287 &10B fear and &AC4, &33Cality &15C &3B6ed &4 &&BC &294 &0 [[13th &47]], as it had &4 un&AC4d pagan &294 &1D own day, as calm, majestic, untroub&4FC &65B, and undimmed &44Cy &AC &1B0 defects, #0#the &78E of &120 know#0#.

&&E's legacy also &140 pro&1F5fluence on &&340 &A1t and &15 &2A [[&&19A Ages|&19A ages]]. The likes of [[Avicenna]], [[Farabi]], and Yaqub ibn Ishaq al-Kindi&lt;&27&gt;[#1#ummah.net/&33/&288/KINDI.html 1]!123! were &446 &0§2&145 &A19 &0 &&E1 &1EC &652 &2A ''[[&&430 &&1C1 Islam]]''.

== &&21Dology ==
{{&215|&&E's &11A &B0s}}
&&E &77F &15 in &1F6 [[&4F7]], &3F6 that &15 is #0#&567 &0 &B0 &4F7 &5A4 &3A [[&5E5]]#0#. Plato had &319 it &A #0#&4A &0 [[idea]]#0#, &109 by idea what we &2EA c&DC un&50Cal &71E of [[&2BA]]. Both &F1D &616 &756 &15 as &4F6 &B [[&B0]]; &&E, &32, &7BD the &B0 in [[&12F]] &77, and &6B it the &4F7 of &77, &50 Plato &7BD &15 &B0 &4D0s &70C from &12F &77, &B1 &248 &4m &Air [[&5C9type]] or [[exemplar]]. For &&E, &D3fore, &C55 &21D &CC0 the ascent &5 &F5 &12F &2BA &4 &15A &4F7s, &50 for Plato &C55 &21D &1B7 the &8C6 &1B3 &15A &B0 ide&26C a &B0A of &12F imitations &1DB &1D7. In a &FB &2FB, &&E's &21D is both [[Inductive &15Fing|inductive]] and [[Deductive &15Fing|&AC3]], &50 Plato's is &404 &AC3.

In &&E's &4A6, &10E ''&75 &15'' cor&975 &4 &2BA &0 &75 &28, &762clude: [[&21B]], [[&4CE]], &3 [[&7E2 &12A]]. Many &20B &B4 &86 &1BFs &2C9come &23E &124 &4A, as &287 &53 [[&27D]]. In &66 &144 &10E ''&15'' has come &1B more n&B25ly &121&F24 as &F0, &418 &4F5 &15B &0 &75 &28 via the &B6 &4As.§2In &2DE, in &&E's &4E4 use [[&15]] &6CA to encompass all &BF0 &336 &8B8.

&&1 &212r &2FB &0 word, he &3E5 &15 co&3C3 with [[&15Fing]], &D9 also &6B #0#&4A#0#. Note, &32, th&6D1 use &0 term ''&4A'' &A5E a &4C &109 than that &3A &486 &11 &27D.§2#0#All &4A (''dianoia'') is &1FD &42F, &BAA &1B5oretical.#0# By &42F &4A he &121&627s &11D and &59; by &BAA, he &1B7 &8B of &5EE &3 &2E fine arts; &50 &11oretical &15 he &1B7 &12A, &5C2, and &F0.

&&1E0, &15 &1 &C0Ber &2FB, he &77F as #0#the &15A [[im&CD]] &78,&&40 calls it #0#&40 &15#0#, #0#the theo&257 &4A&&6C of #0#&78 &1 &34B &77C of abstr&DB.#0# If &257, or, as &&E calls it, [[Analytic]], be &331 as a &15B &C54 to &15, we &EBs &42E of &&E1 &15 (1) [[Logic]]; (2) &&1F1 &&15, &3F [[&&F0]], [[&&12A]], [[Mathematics]], (3) &&42F &&15; and (4) Poetical &&15.

==&&E's &697==
===Logic===
{{main|&&E1 &257}}
{{see &215|Non-&&E1 &257}}
==!14E!==
&&E #0#says that '&8 &332 &15Fing' he 'had no&336 else &829 &238 date &789 &5A'#0# (Boche#3##324;ski, [[1951]]). &&32, Plato &3AE that [[syntax]] was &60D &558 by [[Prodikos of Keos]], &1B4 &4F6 &11 &B &5C &277. Logic &8FA &9C &573 from [[&A7Aics]]; the &238 &9Ds used &1AB like ''[[reductio ad absurdum]]'' as a rule when &636, but &15A &121&F24 its &257al implications. Even Plato had &25C with &257. &&7D &319 &2C7 of &E47ing a &58 for [[&DEA]], &81 &15A &C0 &E47 one. Instead, he &BA9 &244 [[&A7Aic]], &18 &44 con&E00 &4E &4C &4As and &21Ds (Boche#3##324;ski, [[1951]]). Plato &261 &DEA &69 &1FF &3F7 from [[premise]]s, so he &1FB &1D2 good &959 so &15 [[&648]] &69 &3F7. &&B4 on, Plato &EC8 &6F0 &21D for &DB8ing &385 &2C9 &3E1. Plato &15A &696 &497 &21D, but &4A4 &CD6 was &D1 &58 book ''Sophist'', &176 &2EF his di&609 &21D (Rose, [[1968]]).

====&&5E0 &3 ''&&8B7''====
{{main|&&8B7}}
What we call &159 &&E1 &257, &&E &165 &E5 &113led &EC9s. &&10E &257 he re&38Ad &5B8 &A7Aics. &&70 &&E's work &2A4 &4B9 its &119 form, &87 &71 most &4BD &2E8 by &1C6 &22A lecturers. The &257al &DD &15C were &958 into six &193 &77D &7C of [[&&BD9]]:
#''&&1A6''
#''On &&316''
#''Prior &&5E0''
#''&&DE9 &&5E0''
#''&&283''
#''On &&C53 &&C52''

The &2FA &0 &193 (&1B5 &58Es &615 &107 &4E7) &6B &FB, but this list was &489 &1B3nalysis &F7 &137. &&B7 one &3F9 &F7 &745ing &257 not &156 &1 ''&&8B7'', namely the &4A9 book of ''&&F0.'' (Boche#3##324;ski, 1951).

====Modal &257====
&&E &4A the &F3B of [[syllogism]]s with modalities ([[modal &257]]). &&2D1 modal &6DE &4 word 'modes', &A17 the &B3 modal &257 &B38 &B &75A [[&471]]. &&E &2EF the qualification of '&240' and '&C1' &959. He &5D4 a &257 &D9lped &1 &A0E of &471 but &61 very &258 &E34. (Rose, 1968).

===&&4A===
[[&&20:&&93sco Hayez 001.jpg|&4B|left|&&E, by &&93sco Hayez]]
&&E1 &228s &5A &4A had only been &738, not &42D. &&11 &66 &475 &0 term, &&E1 &15 &153 &4A, as this [[&28view]] &DB &EC probe how &4B &230 &549 &6A [[&642]]. &&37 &58 book ''[[&&2B &&2C6|The &2B &2C6]]'' he &4A2 &81 males have more teeth than &605s. Had he only made some &2A9s, he &E5 &331 this &2CB is &B1F.

Rather, &A9 what one's &2FBs told one, &&E1 &15 then dep&46D up&8 &D1F that man's mind &115 elucidate &DC laws &0 &175, &A9 &1D3 &2A9 (&10B &2C3) &6A [[&15F]] &8EC.§2

One &0 &15Fs for &16F &F8 held that &12A &44bout &EFA &28B &32 &59D &0ir own, &ADas &5C2 &44bout un&EFA &28B &3CA &59D &0ir own. &&14D &15, he &11C imagine &15re &44 &18F &7Bm.

In &2DE, &159's #0#&4A&&505sumes that &44E al&2Cten &9C7 &1C astray, &&477 one must compare one's &1D7 &4 &5E5 &28 &6A &2C3; &471n can one see &7F9's &1D7 &3DF in &59D. This &136 is &79 [[&7BE]] or &16D &21D]].

&&7D &&E &F02d &EA step &1 &2B &27D by &156ing &257 as &263al &4A, &10A left &1FE a &D33 of &957 &AC2 &384 may discern in s&190s &0 &F0. His &AC2 &69 gain much &7C6 up &8E 1500’s, &AD &&9C6 and &&750 &10C &6D1 &746 &&89 &6B &613 &0 &175. &&5 3rd &47 &4 1500’s, the &4E2 view held &15 &142 w&A &F &0 &175: &5AF late date &26 un&134 &15 &142 &6B even &613 of &7C6 &9F3 &58. 

In &D1E &15C’s bogus &46A &0 &9ECs and sun, &52 a vital &36 &1 &2B &F0, both &2DC &0 &2BE &0 word, as &BE a &6D1 &219 &F0 as a &140. Dubbed “the stuff next &4 &12A.” by &&9C5 of Rhodes, “&F0” &BF &517 &4 idea of “&545 the &B6” by Simplicius, a &5ator on &&E. &&9C5 had &D1 &&E’s &DD &976 &180 43-20 BC; so &3C4 the &2BE of &F0 was &1FF that &3A “next &4 &12A.”

==&&E's &F0==

===[[Causality]]===

[[Aristole]] &F &40 who saw that #0#All &6C7 &315 &2C0s; &384 have &D2 &A5 when &5A3 &6C9; that &79D &7C5's &305 &333 &759 &15F &5A1 &305.#0#{{fact}}§2Setting the &5C4&483 for &DC &641 causal &298, by specifying &1F0, &1B6, &185, &235s, &E1B, &2FA, and &75A &4F3, &&E's &46A &0 &6C7 &77 &F most &805 &E4 &823 now. &&29 &&E's &E4, &DC &260 fall &4A1 &2FBs, &23D &2D &18 a&701s &4 ways the &1E8 'why' &5D &78Bed; namely, by &16E &4 &60A &1B5 ''&D1D''; the ''&4F7'', the &584, &1F8, &1B5 &117; &4 &31C &862 ''&25F'' &1B5 &D6B &278 &DB; and &4 goal, the plan, the ''end'', &1B5 good. &&6C9, &3E2 kinds of &260 come &121 &59 &42E:

The [[&&CD Cause]] &1BB &615 &7C5 &5D3 into &305 as &4A0 &33A, &BA8, &D1D or &CDs. This &F70s &18B of &260 &4 &33A (f&278s, &235s, &BA8, &C51) &A85 the &38B (&58, &117, &EC7, &26A, &AC1, or combi&200) (&78C-&38B &4F3).

The [[Formal Cause]] &71A us what &7C5 is, &6F0ny &336 is &254 &11 &475, form, &584, &4F7, &38B, &88A, or &DE8. It &F0C the &46A of &260 in &1F6 &382 &185 or &44 laws, &A &38B (macro&117) &F ca&5C its &33A (the &38B-part &4F3).

The [[Efficient Cause]] &1BB from &188 &25F or &14Fing &0 &25F &40 &416s. It &7D3 'what &3E5 of &84 made &2D7 &260 &6C8 &84 &25Fd' &703 &7DB all &758 &D6Bs, non&10F or &10F, &A18 &A &612 &25F or &62 or rest. Re&79ing &114 &D5 &4F4 &A &556 &6C6 &21A, this &74F &656 &40F of #0#&2C9&&505 &1FD &39Dnt or &76A or &12F &327 or &6EC &3AF.

The [[&&ED Cause]] &1BB &10 sake &162 &7C5 &4D0s or is done, &3F both &318ful &122stru&55E &DBs &&922. &&180 &2C9 or telos &F &318 or end &3E5&336 is &7BC to &38A, or &26 that &615 &6D to &188 &25F is. Th&4A &74F &66 &1D7 of &55E &4F3 &DE7 such &187 ca&814s volition, need, &622, or &F5Ds, &253, ir&253, &17E, all that &4C8 &318 &1Bhavior.

&&1F3ly, &77 &57 &260 &4C9 an&2E, ca&22B &137 &621ly, as hard work &260 &A5D and vice &F82, &7D not &1 same way or &384, the &6B3 &A &4C5 &25F, &4E &A goal. [Thus &&E &40 &304 a &621 or &7BB &4F4 as a &556 &4B6 &D1C or &DB &798fluence of &6C6 &21A.] Also, &&E indicated &15 same &336 &57 the ca&5C &6C5 &1BE, its &6B0 &60bsent may &3FA in &4C out&5D3.

Besides, &&E &53E two &75A &4F3: &5FC (&5D1) &4F3 &60ccidental (&261) &4F3. All &260, &5FC &122cidental, &57 &2E9 as &275 or as &5E5, &12F or &A5C. The same &C &6DE &4 &645 &260, &1BF &A5C &1BE as&3AA to &A5C &260, &12F &1BE to &12F &260, &502 &260 to &5E5 &1BE. Essentiallly, &4F4 &7D suggest a temporal &982 &7B &2C9 &3 &21A

All &15C &4C4s of &4F4 &152 &A2F in &F08 the &6C0 &C69 &8 &2FA &260, like as &ED &gt; &601&gt; &CD &gt; &77B (&&574), &798 re&C0Bing all &4F4 &4 &CD and &601 &260 or &4 &601 &4F4 (deterministic or &261) or just to &A5F &702 and cor&19F of &75 &2BA (&28A &4As &649 how &77 &DE6 &611 &A17 the whys and &ADfores).

===&&261 and &&C50===
&&C50 and &261 are &6C7 &1BE. &&261 &276 &EF7al &2C9 lies &1 &9C9 of accidental &77. &&26 #0#from &84 &737#0# (&5B4e that &84 &737 &7D come from &261). For a &244 &D5 &&E's &3B4ion of #0#&261#0# it &2F3 &6C5 to &757 #0#co&AED#0#: Some&336 &532 by &261 if &1F4 sets out &B &9C4 of &1D2 one &336 take &195, but &B &3FA &146&2E &336 (&4B9t&46D) &2E7 &195. For &1C1: &&1F4 &A1B do&EC. That &17F &49F an&2E &17F &8FC &622nate a &496 sum. &&32, if &33C &901 the do&EC met &33C donating, not &10 &610 &9D4 do&EC, but for &33A &318, &&E &69 c&DC &9D4 &0 do&200 by &339 donator a &3D6 &261. It &151 &777 &3E5&336 &8D9 by &261. In &234 if &1C3 &8D9 all or most &0 time, &80Anot &77A &26 by &261.

&&32, &261 can &6D5pply to &494, &26 &1 &DE5 of &1B0 &DBs. &&29 &&E, &261 must involve &4A2 (and thus de&63E), &71C &81s are &347 deliberati&829d &4A2. #0#What &6B &347 &DB &443 do any&336 by &261#0# (&&12A, 2.6).

===The Five &&235s===
*'''Fire''' &3A hot &755
*'''Earth''' &3A cold &755
*'''Air''' &3A hot &754
*'''Water''' &3A cold &754
*'''Aether''' &18 &F &BC8 &5E1 that &3E5 &24D &65A

&&86 &41D &F79&25F (i.e. Fire #3##x2194; Air #3##x2194; Water #3##x2194; Earth etc.), &50 aether &824 &594. The Sun &D1B this cycle &64C. God &D1B the Sun &64C (and thus the Sun is eternal).

== &&E's &11D ==
{{main|&&E1 &11D}}
&&7D &&185 &85 &4DD [[&11D]], &3E2 one w&A ''[[&&2A1 &&11D]]'', &3A &72 &2C &&E's &ACest &DD; it &A81es [[&354]]s. The ten &193 &18 &7D7 it are &A9 &4CD from his &BA7 &1F [[Lyceum]] and were &1FD &2E8 by or &35D to &&E's son, [[&&9CB]].

&&E &4C &17E &A5 &6B ''&FB'' &A5, like [[&F0]] and [[&697]], but ''&44 &A5''. Also, as &26 a &42F &140 &51 a [[&E4|&1F1]] one, he &261 &105 &1Bcome #0#good,#0# one &11C &1FF &15B what &354 ''is''; one must &230 do &572 deeds.§2
In &102 do &314 had &2C6 &849 &4D4 &572.§2He &1AE by &4A7 that &12C&336 was done with some goal in mind &6D goal is 'good.'§2The &7C2 goal he &1FD ''Highest Good''.

&&E &848 that &42C &11C be &156 &59E &EC6 or &59E fame and &6F2. He &EDly &7BD &42C #0#by as&FBing the &176 &384 of man.&&713 &84 this &384 &6C4 &B3A &42C?§2To &879 &314 &BD7 the soul and &156 it &9C &E5 &33A: the Nutritive Soul (&46Cs, &2C6 and &81s), the Perceptive Soul (&2C6 and &81s) &3 Rational Soul (&81s only).§2Thus, a &81's &384 &333 do what &78A &81, &1B good at what sets it &70C from &12C&336 else: &29B to &15F or ''Nous''. &&1F4 that does this &F happiest &74 &107 &D4A &8C &318 or &1B6 as &156 &1 &253 soul.§2Dep&6B2 &7FE well they did &314 said &1C &968 to &2C four &1A6: the Virtuous, the &&BB, the In&BB &3 Vicious.

&&E &12A &12C &17E &354 &5F &F79&3E4te &50C &4E [[&DF6]] and [[&D1A]]. This &7D mean &&E &1A2 &1B0 &620, &32.§2He set &FB e&21Bs (e.g., hate, envy, &C74y, &D1E, etc.) and &FB &DBs (e.g., &B30ery, theft, &E01, etc.) as &361 &52D, &52C &0 &2B8 &1B5 &B11.

===&&2A1 &11D===
{{main|&&2A1 &&11D}}
In ''&&2A1 &&11D'', &&E &4CFes &8 &41C &C4F [[&F5|be&1D2]] &572ly and &2F1 [[&354]] &51 &D19 &176 good &DBs. This &57 &2DEed with [[Immanuel Kant|Kantian]] &11D, &97 &29C &4CF &824 &A3 &DB. ''&&2A1 &&11D'' &6FFs the &41C &28C to &17E &506 #3#&8E; what &78E &B &81D &2B8 &78E &52D &448&2E. &&E &4C [[&42C]] &F &159 life &6D as long as &1F4 is striving for [[Goodness and &2F2 &E4|&BA6]], good deeds will &3FA &6C3 &44F, &281 &33C &572 &&477 happy.

== &&E's &347 ==
[[&&20:Sanzio 01 Plato &&E.jpg|&4B|left|[[Plato]] (left) and &&E (&B), a &BED of ''[[Raphael Rooms|The &&1EC of &&439]]'', a fresco by [[Raphael]].§2&&E &978 &4 &142, re&79ing his &6C1 &A5 &6A &4F5 observati&829d &1D5, whilst Plato &F7s up &4 &65A &509 his &36A &1 &7C2 &471.]]

&&E &28 &548 on &85 &16Bs.

* H&5Falysis of pro&986 is &357 &548 &8 &16Bs &87 pre&F3As an &32D, ensouling masculine &235 &441 life &449 inert, passive, lumpen &605 &235; &26 &8se &16Bs &3E5 &208 &347 &103 &&E as a misogynist. 
*At &144, the &763ions &F8 &F22s &2AA &4E6s &1D own &774, [[Plato]], &259 rely on faulty &125 &AE &4E6s.
*&&7D &&E &C94, &92 Plato, that &A5 &0 &28 &115 only be &696 &6A &1D5, he &357 fai&23F take his own &BB4. &&E &4F8 &1A1s of careful [[&4F5]] &4C4, but &71 drifted into [[Abstr&DB|&440]] &257al &15Fing, &B &3FA th&6D1 &4EA littered with &648s that &2C5 &118ed by &4F5 &264: &37 his &C0Fion that &28B of &4C [[mass]] fall at &4C &D39s &121 [[gravity]], &61 &B4 refuted &6DF Philoponus]] (cred&26 &71 &780 [[&&750 Galilei|&&750]], even &A1 Philopinus &557 &20B &238).
*&&1 [[&&19A Ages]], &501 &5 [[12th &47]] &4 [[15th &47]], &1B1 &15C &BF &DE4 &61 [[dogma]]. &&7D &&E &165 was &77B &F06 &58 &22E to &63 &8B8, two &48D &1D &15 &2F3 &EBssisted its &7A8&DCBion in&622gma. &&740s were wide-&76E and [[&58atic]] so &15y &115 give the im&160ion &7EE &120 &60A &AB left un&3B0. He &&3D2 much less &F14 to &DE3 the [[skeptic]]al &21Ds &1D &452, Socrates and Plato.
*Some &25Bs have &304 &F8 was &CC3 of much &0 &153 &4A &1D own time.

&&41F &6B &44D &AC &9D, but #0#The &&9D&&171 [[Scholastic]] &449. &&86 &449 bl&46D &&E1 &15 with &&BCity, &441 the &60D &&6F &&4A1 in&4 &&19A Ages. It &438 a &C4E &154 &&E1 &185 &10 &4As &3 &7C3 free &16D &10 &3C6 &124 &D2 laws and &4F5 &21Ds.

== The loss &1D &DD ==
&&A1 &5A3 &F8 &266 many elegant &84A ([[Cicero]] &FF his &376 as #0#a &223 of gold#0#), &453s &22 lost in time. All &384 have now &104 &2DF &4CD &FD &F1Ds, &18 &3D3 &258 read (the ''[[&&2A1 &&11D]]'' is &6C0 &1C1). &&26 now &4C we &EBbout one &338 &1D &119 &DD.

&&E &121&26E the &3E9 &1D &1A3 work for &81ity. He thus &15A &D1 &4A3s, &698 from his &84E. &&3CB &0 &119 manu&BEs &1D &84A is &FF by [[Strabo]] &58 &&15E and [[&&95A]] &58 #0#[[Parallel Lives]], Sulla#0#: The manu&BEs were left from &&E to [[&&695]], from &&695 to [[Neleus of Scepsis]], from Neleus &325 heirs. &&8C &377 sold &37D [[Apellicon of Teos]]. When [[Lucius &&AC0 Sulla|Sulla]] &25A &&439 in [[86 BC]], he &5A1 &399 &D5 of Appellicon to [[Rome]], &AD &186 &40 &240 [[60 BC]] &5 &8D2ian [[Tyrranion of Amisus]] &3n by &9D [[&&9C5 of Rhodes]].

== &&256 ==
''Note: [[Bekker &31E]] &3D3 &83 &78Fly &3DB &A72s &15C. &&107 &7F0 &24A &AD &1E7.''

=== Major &DD ===
The &DE2 &DD &15C are &B24n down &30C &4 five &1A6 &1 ''[[Corpus &&431icum]]''. Not all &0se &DD &382 &A8C, but &9C3 with &5A0 &4ir &481 to &&E, his &9C2 &9E &24B. Some, such &A ''Athenaion Politeia'' &1B5 &6F3 &1CB ''politeia'' are &55D most &288 as &2DB &F7 #0#&1EC&&40 &958 &121 his &237 or &F84&609. &&2E &DD, such ''On Colours'' may &22 &2DB &F7 &3B2ors &1F Lyceum, e.g., [[&&695]] and [[Straton]]. Still &2Es &96E &&E's name &6A &29Bities in &297 or &670, such &A ''De Plantis,'' &445 by [[Nicolaus of Damascus]]. A &ED &9, omitted here, &7Bs &3E7 [[palmis&F7D]], [[astro&257al]] and [[&46Bal]] &2F0 &3E0 &481 to &&49D &DE1 &BA5 and self-pro&21Bal. &&AE &D7 &ADD &596d are &53E &32n asterisk.

==== Logical #A8#
* [[&&8B7]] (&3BC &4DD &257):
** (1a) [[&&1A6 (&&E)|&&1A6]] (or ''Categoriae'')
** (16a) [[On &&316]] (or ''De &&316e'')
** (24a) [[Prior &&5E0]] (or ''&&DE0 Priora'')
** (71a) [[&&DE9 &&5E0]] (or ''&&DE0 &&DE9a'')
** (100b) [[&&283 (&&E)|&&283]] (or ''Topica'')
** (164a) [[On &&C53 &&C52]] (or ''De Sophisticis Elenchis'')

==== &&B6 and &D2 #A8#
* (184a) [[&&12A (&&E)|&&12A]] (or ''Physica'')
* (268a) [[&&8 Heavens]] (or ''De Caelo'')
* (314a) [[On Generati&829d &&3CE]] (or ''De &&353e et &&3CEe'')
* (338a) [[&&732 (&&E)|&&732]] (or ''Meteoro&257a'')
* (391a) [[&&8 Cosmos]] (or ''De Mundo'', or ''&&8 &&175'') *
* (402a) [[&&8 Soul]] (or ''De Anima'')
* (436a) [[&&13D &&B6 Treatises]] (or ''Parva &&75ia''):
** [[On Sense &3 Sensible]] (or ''De Sensu et Sensibilibus'')
** [[On Memory and Reminiscence]] (or ''De Memoria et Reminiscentia'')
** [[On Sleep and Sleeplessness]] (or ''De Somno et Vigilia'')
** [[On Dreams]] (or ''De Insomniis'') *
** [[On Prophesying by Dreams]] (or ''De Divi&200e per Somnum'')
** [[On Longevity and Shortness of Life]] (or ''De Longitudine et Brevitate Vitae'')
** [[On Youth and Old Age]] (On &&4AA Death) (or ''De Juventute et Senectute'', ''De Vita et Morte'')
** [[On Brea&336]] (or ''De Respi&D3Fne'')
* (481a) [[On Breath]] (or ''De Spiritu'') *
* (486a) [[&&2B &&2C6]] (or ''Historia &&313 ''&&8 &&2B &&2C6'', or ''De&BEion of &&2C6'')
* (639a) [[&&8 &&95 &&2C6]] (or ''De Partibus &&3EEium'')
* (698a) [[&&8 Gait !9F!Motu &&313 ''&&8 &&62 of &&2C6'')
* (704a) [[&&8 &&4DAion !9F!Incessu &&3EEium'')
* (715a) [[&&8 &&353 !9F!&&353e &&3EEium'')
* (791a) [[On Colours]] (or ''De Colorib!154!
* (800a) ''[[De audibilibus]]''
* (805a) [[Physiognomics]] (or ''Physiognomonica'') *
* [[On Plants]] (or ''De Plantis'') *
* (830a) [[On Marvellous &&77 Heard]] (or ''Mirabilibus Auscultationibus'', or ''On &&77 Heard'') *
* (847a) [[Mechanical &&292]] (or ''Mechanica'') *
* (859a) [[&&292 (&&E)|&&292]] (or ''Problemata'') *
* (968a) [[On Indi&66A Lines]] (or ''De Lineis Insecabilib!154!
* (973a) [[Situations and Names of Winds]] (or ''Ventorum Sit!154!
* (974a) [[On Melissus, &&D18 and Gorgias]] (or ''MXG'') * The &51 On &&D18 &416s at 977a13, the &51 On Gorgias &416s at 979a11.

==== Meta&B6 #A8#
* (980a) [[&&F0 (&&E)|&&F0]] (or ''Metaphysica'')

==== Ethical #A8#
* (1094a) [[&&2A1 &&11D]] (or ''Ethica Nicomachea'', &753 &&11D'')
* (1181a) [[&&AC &&11D]] (or ''Magna Moralia'') *
* (1214a) [[Eudemian &&11D]] (or ''Ethica Eudemia'')
* (1249a) [[&&354s and Vices]] (or ''De Virtutibus et Vitiis Libellus'', ''Libellus de virtutib!154!
* (1252a) [[&&59 (&&E)|&&59]] (or ''Politica'')
* (1343a) [[&&84s (&&E)|&&84s]] (or ''O&84a'')

==== Aesthetic #A8#
* (1354a) [[&&3CF (&&E)|&&3CF]] (or ''Ars &&3CFa'', &753 Art of &&3CF'' or ''Treatise on &&3CF'')
* [[&&3CF to &&E3]] (or ''&&3CFa ad Alexandrum'') *
* (1447a) [[Poetics]] (or ''Ars Poetica'')

==== A work &50C ''Corpus &&431icum''§2====
* The [[&&5D &0 Athenians]] (or ''Athenaion Politeia'', &753 Athenian &&5D'') *

=== Specific &317s===
* [[&&52Eton #DA# Press: ''The &&206 &&DD &15C: The Revised &&847 Translation'' (2 &&3F9 Set; Bollingen &&367, Vol. LXXI, No. 2), &2E8 by [[Jonathan Barnes]] &&&A8-691-09950-2 (&&31 &206 &262 &5BC &F7 &DE2 &DD)
* [[&&12B &&847|&&847 #DA# Press: ''Clarendon &&E &&367''.§3[#1#oup.com/us/catalog/&44/&367/Clarendon&&E&&367/?view=usa Scholarly &317]
* [[Harvard #DA# Press: ''[[Loeb &&14D &&D5#&&E|Loeb &&14D &&D5]]'' (&DDF; publishes &75B, with &&46 &52A on facing &41A)
* [[&&847 &&14D Texts]] (&DDF; &&5C only)

==Named for &&E==
*[[&&11E (crater)|&&11E crater]] &8 [[Moon]].
*The [[&&E &&12B Thessaloniki]]
*&&E's Cockney legacy - &&5A &15C, like &393 [[J. &&3F1 Rank]], &163 &E8 ex&160ion in [[Cockney rhyming slang]].

!25!
*[[&&E1 &39F God]]
*[[&&E1 &11A gravity]]
*[[Phi!F1!
*[[Phronesis]]
*[[Potentiality &&D17 (&&E)|&&E's &11A &275iy &&D17]]

!1F!
Needless &807, &91ary &158 on &&49D vast. &&59 &9A are &6D5 &27 s&190.

* &9 
§2&3E = Adler &26D = &&BA4 J.
§2&17 = &&BA4 Adler
§2&2E=[[&&E for Everybody]] 
§2&21=Macmillan
§2&25 #93# 
§2&39=1978
}} A &C9 ex&136 &10 &44 &780.
* &9 
§2&3E = Bocheński &26D = I. M.
§2&17 = I. M. Bocheński
§2&2E=&&6F Formal Logic 
§2&21=&&AA-&&74E &&227 &&D7
§2&25 = Amsterdam 
§2&39=1951
}}
* &9
§2&3E = Guthrie &26D = W. K. C.
§2&2E=A &&2B &&5C &&15, Vol. 6
§2&21=[[&&6F1 &&39 Press]] 
§2&39=1981
}} A &383 and &A62ly &696 very readable.
* &9
§2&3E = Melchert &26D = Norman
§2&17 = Norman Melchert
§2&2E=The &&AC Con&F82tion: A &&A9 &&2C1 to &&15
§2&21=[[McGraw Hill]] 
§2&39=2002§2
§2&81F&&&A8195175107
 }}
* &9§2
§2&3E = Rose &26D = Lynn E.
§2&17 = Lynn E. Rose
§2&2E=&&E's Syllogistic§2
§2&21=&&577 C &&19E Publisher
§2&25 = &&5EC&1FB§2
§2&39=1968
 }}
* &9§2
 &3E = Ross &26D = Sir David
 &17 = Sir David Ross
 &2E=&&E 
 &21=Routledge
 &6BE = 6&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; ed.
 &25 = &&4A4
 &39=1995
 }} An &1B8ic &43F by &2C &&E's most &6C &&46 &7A8lators, in &9C1 &87 1923.
* &9
 &3E = &&75B &26D = Henry Osborn
 &17 = Henry Osborn &&75B
 &60B = #1#&6F&D5.com/&18B/&12B.html
 &2E = &&5C Biology and &&18B
 &39 = 1922
 | &346 = &&346 3: &&E's Biology
 | &346url = #1#&6F&D5.com/&18B/0051.html
 }}
* &9
 &3E = Turner &26D = &&11A
 &17 = &&11A Turner
 | &2Es = Nihil Obstat Remy Lafort, S.T.D.; Censor Imprimatur + John Cardinal Farley, Abp. of !14F!
 &2E = The &&28A &&1B3, &&3F9 I: #0#&&E#0#
 &21 = &&91 Appleton &&D7
 &6BE = 1907
 &39 = 1907
 &25=!14F!
}}
* &9 
§2&3E = Veatch &26D = Henry B.
§2&17 = Henry Babcock Veatch
§2&2E=&&E: A &&18C Appreciation 
§2&21=&&1EBa U. Press
§2&25 = Bloomington 
§2&39=1974
}} &&10 &44 &780.

!E!
{{Wiki&3B7 &2BF}}
{{&894}}
{{&E8s|&&431ēs}}

*{{&14C &2BF &81F&&E | name=&&E}}
*[#2#&&E.thefree&D5.com/ A &D54 &1E6 and e-&2F0 &79ed one &346 at &80F]
*[#1#utm.edu/&6E/iep/a/aristotl.htm &&46E &&1B3 of &&15: &&E.], 2004.
*[#1#non-&4C5.com/ An &3C3 &D2 &&E's &BD &DD, &3F &4ED &2F0]
*[#1#&354&4A.com/nicomachean-&11D.html &&2A1 &&11D by &&E.]
*[#2#uk.arxiv.org/abs/&12A/0505172 &&E &&EC5 &257]
*O'&&752, J. John #3# &&91son, Edmund F., [#2#www-&33.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Mathematicians/&&E.html &&E], 2004.
*{{Perseus&&2BF|&&E}}
*{{&9ECmath|id=5840|&8=&&E}}
*[#1#&5C&2F0.com/&D5/&&E/&12B.html Large &D2 &&E's &2F0, &79ed page by page]
*[#1#&5C-&158-&27C.com/&E/ Read &&E's &4DDline]
*[#1#new&F60.org/cathen/01713a.htm Source of most &0 &&1E6 and &&21Dology &51s, as &BE more &43F]
!9E!d=&&E}}
*[#1#shvoong.com/&193/&33/119724-&5D-athens/ a &CC7 of #0#The &&5D of &&439#0#]

!112!


[[&&9:322 BC &1FAs|&&E]]
[[&&9:384 BC &335s|&&E]]
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[[&&9:&&2B &15]]
[[&&9:&&2B &4A]]
[[&&9:Meteor&F7Bsts]]
[[&&9:&&3CF]]
[[&&9:&&3CFians]]

{{Link FA|fi}}

!32!أرسطو]]
#81#Аристотел]]
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§4<&8>An &&19A Paris</&8>
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§6#4#: '' ''[[An &&19A Paris (film)|&&51A In Paris]]'' &4A a 1951 film &DCal &EC4 [[Gene Kelly]].''

'''''An &&19A Paris''''' is a [[&&45-&126d &14D &DC|symphonic]] com&136 by [[&&10 &&A|&&13]] &7BA [[&&1B4 &&7B9]] &18 debuted in [[1928]].§2Inspired by &&7B9's time in [[Paris]], &26 &1 form &146 &258 [[tone poem]] evoking &6E7s and &4BE &0 [[&&93|&&48]] &AB &1 [[1920s]].§2&&577 &4 &1AC &731 &0 [[&EC3 &ABE]], the &4C6 &C2 &280 auto&397 horns; &&7B9 &1DE back some Parisian taxi-cab horns &10 !14F! premiere &0 com&136.§2

* #0#&&51A In Paris&&D6 &8D &380 [[Rhapsody In Blue]] as a &6C0 of &&7B9's &14D com&136s.

* The &4C6 also &C2 &731 &DDE seen &1 &F44 hall: [[celesta]] and [[saxophone]]s.

[[&&9:Com&136s &6CE &&7B9]]
[[&&9:Symphonic poems|&&19A Paris, An]]

!17!パリのアメリカ人]]
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§6<&5>/* &&166 */</&5>
§6#4#The '''&&2F &&B5''', &C9ly &DE &A '''Oscars''', are &31 &210 [[film]] &B5 &1 [[&&10 &&A]] &&ADB &4B.§2The &&B5 are &2A3ed &11 [[&&335 &&21B &&2CD Arts and &&4As]], a &F4 &6F2ary &13C &18, [[as of 2003]], &140 &39E &D6hip of 5,816.§2Actors (&32 &D6hip of 1,311) make &24D &B2 &39E bloc.§2The &41B &22 tabulated and certified by auditing firm [[Price&2F5&194Coopers]] &87 &48A &4 &B5' inception. [#1#pwc.com/extweb/newcolth.nsf/docid/540E0FBE1B2997EE85256E55005BE8FB]

The [[78th &&2F &&B5|next Oscars]] will take &195 on Sunday, [[March 5th]], [[2006]].

==Oscar &6A9tte==
&&4F9 name &0 Oscar [[&6A9tte]] &F #0#&&2F Award of Merit.#0# Made of [[gold]]-&D3Ad [[britannium]] on a &191 &9CE base, &26 13.5 inches (34 cm) tall, weighs 8.5 lbs (3.85 kg) and &F62s a [[k&3D3]] &C9E a [[crusade|crusader]]'s [[sword]] &627ing on a [[reel]] of film. The root &0 name #0#Oscar&&D6 &848. Some &154 it &139 &&2F librarian [[&&7DA Herrick]], who saw it on a &544 &6BD #0#it looks just like my uncle Oscar!#0# &&2Es &606 [[Bette Davis]] &24C it &54 &23B &74C. &&32 it &BF, &49B stuck &B1 used &324 as comm&6D5s ''&&2F Award'', even &11 &&2F &23F. &&595, the &&2F's &A34 name is ''&1F4s.org'' &3 &E7 &293 &10 &&2F &&B5 is at ''&1F4.com''.

==&&B5 &3D3==
&&3E2 &B5 are &20E out at a &4DC, &56Cly in March &206 &6C3 &96C year. This &5F e&38Date &F26vaganza, &B &A64 guests walking &24D red carpet &1 &986s &0 most &210 [[fashion]] &BA2ers &0 day. The &4DC and &F26vagant &54&40C, &5B &&2F's &&1CFs Ball, are televised &180 &4B.

The &4DC has &5AEly aired on [[&&13 &&2FEing &&D7|ABC]] &87 1976.

==Nomi&EC==
Today, &29 Rules 2 and 3 &0 &E7 &&2F &&B5 Rules, a film h&26C open &1 &5A3 &96C year (from [[mid&3D3]] [[&&EB 1]] to mid&3D3 [[&&143 31]]) in [[Los &&401 &&CB, &&1D1]], to qualify. [#1#&1F4s.org/78&2F&B5/&4C3/&12B.html]§2Rule 2 &29A a film &151 #0#&570-&495#0# (&319 as 40 &B76s) to qualify &EDn &1DA (&698 for Short &&1BF &B5, of &454). It must also &4D0 &1FD on a [[35 mm film|35mm]] or [[70 mm film|70mm]] film &9C1 OR on a 24fps or 48fps [[&4DAive scan]] [[&8EB film]] &9C1 &32 &13B re&6A1 no &225 than [[SXGA|1280x1024]].

The &D6 &0 &123 &333 &EDB &AE &1ir &5A0ive &1FBs (&278s are &ACD &11 &278s' &55B, etc.) &50 all &D6 may &F61 &BAE &6A &&2CD. The &863s &104n &254 by a &8D &2AF of &39E &97 all &555 now &60A vote &499 &1A6.

==&&D6hip==
&&2F &D6hip &5D &696 by &2C two ways: a &C4D nomi&200 (&4E9 nominee &151 &A64 &7D7) or &2C3 may &F61 a name, &8Ded by &1F2 two &2E &D6, then voted upon &11 Board of &&1CFs. The &&2F &7D &8Bly dis&48A its &D6hip, &7D past &160 &BA3 &EBnn&F80d &5As of &120 &22 &A64 &7D7. If &1F4 &5A0 &2C3 &795minated in &123 one &9 in &2CB year, he/she must &9ED &18 &55B &7D7 &109/she &897s &D6hip.

==&&B5==
[[&&20:BobHope&8DAOsca.jpg|&4B|&&7D he &15A w&829 Oscar &EDny &1D &17B &726s, the co&3E4n [[Bob Hope]] &2DA five &6F2ary Oscars for &1B1 to cinema and &81itarian work.]]
===&&2F Award of Merit===

!FF!
!14!2CD|Best &&2CD]]#3#n!F4!
*[[&&2F &&12 Best Actor|Best Leading Actor]]#3#n!F4!
!14!33F|Best Leading &&33F]]#3#n!F4!
!14!118ing Actor|Best &&118ing Actor]]#3#nbs!111!
!14!118ing &&33F|Best &&118ing &&33F]]#3#nbs!111!
!14!376 &&570|Best &&376 &&570]]#!151!#3#&1E0; [[2001]] to &79
*[[&&2F &&12 Best Art &&237|Best Art &&237]]#3#n!F4! (also &6B &&576 or Set Deco&D3Fn)
!14!464|Best &&464]]#3#n!F4!
*[[&&2F &&12 Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]#!151!#3#&1E0; [[1948]] to &79
*[[&&2F &&12 &&6F0|Best &&1E1]]#3#n!F4!
*[[&&2F &&12 &&37D &&570|Best &&37D &&570]]
*[[&&2F &&12 &&37D Short &&1BF|Best &&37D Short &&1BF]]
*[[&&2F &&12 Film &&8B6|Best Film &&8B6]]#!151!&&215 to &79
!14!D8 &&C Film|Best &&D8 &&C Film]]#!151!#3#&1E0; [[1947]] to &79
*[[&&2F &&12 Makeup|Best Makeup]]#!151!#3#&1E0; [[1981]] to &79
*[[&&2F &&12 &&119 &&DC Score|Best &&119 Score]]; [[1934]] to &79
!9C!ng|Best &&119 Song]]#!151!&&F0 to &79
!9C!ng|Best &&119 &&DCal]]#!151!&&F0 to &79
*[[&&2F &&12 &&376 Short Film|Best &&376 Short Film]]#!151!#3#&1E0; [[1931]] to &79
*[[&&2F &&12!135!Short Film|Best!135!Short Film]]
*[[&&2F &&12 Sound|Best Sound Mixing]]; [[1930]] to &79
*[[&&2F &&12 Sound &&1BE &&8B6|Best Sound &&8B6]]#!151!#3#&1E0; [[1963]] to &79
*[[&&2F &&12 Visual &&1BE|Best Visual &&1BE]]#!151!#3#&1E0; [[1939]] to &79
*[[&&2F &&12 &&13E Adapted &&61F|Best Adapted &&61F]]#3#n!F4!
*[[&&2F &&12 &&13E &&119 &&61F|Best &&119 &&61F]]#!151!#3#&1E0; [[1940]] to &79

====Retired #EC#
!14!6EF &&1E1|Best &&6EF &&1E1]]#!151!#3#&1E0; [[1933]] to [[1937]] 
*[[&&2F &&12 Best Dance &&237|Best Dance &&237]]#!151!&&215 to [[1937]]
*[[&&2F &&12 &&2A0 &&1BE|Best &&2A0 &&1BE]]#!151!&&1E only
*Best Score -- Adaptation or &&2BB
!122!- Color|Best Short Film - Color]]#!151!&&9F and [[1937]]
!122!-!135!- 2 Reels|Best Short Film -!135!- 2 Reels]]#!151!&&9F to [[1956]]
*[[&&2F &&12 Short Film - Novelty|Best Short Film - Novelty]]#!151!#3#&1E0; [[1932]] to [[1935]]
*[[&&2F &&12 Best Story|Best &&119 Story]]#!151!&&1E to [[1956]]
!14!8 &&13E|Best &&8 &&13E]]#!151!&&1E only
*[[&&2F &&12 &&609 Artistic &&9B|Best &&609 Artistic Quality of &&9B]]#!151!&&1E only

&&1 &40 year &0 &B5, the Best &&1E1 &9 was &5CB into &233 Drama and Comedy &1A6. At &144, the Best &&119 Score &9 &28 &5CB into &233 Drama and Comedy/&&DCal &1A6. Today, the Best &&119 Score &9 &1AF &9. &&5 1930s &53 &4CC, the &&464, Art &&237, and Costume Design &B5 were &5CB into &233 &1A6 for &191 and &224 and &5D0 &29F.

===&&179 &B5===
&&86 &B5 are voted on by &179 &4FFs, &51 &11 &&2F &D6hip as a &38B.

!FF!
*[[&&2F Honorary Award]]#3#n!F4!
*[[&&2F &&179 Achievement Award]]
* [[&&2F Award, &&D2 or &&507]]#!151!#3#&1E0;§2[[1931]] to &79 at &E5 &276s
*[[The Irving G. Thalberg &&575 Award]]#!151!#3#&1E0; [[1938]] to &79
*[[The Jean Hersholt &&81itarian Award]]
*[[Gordon E. Sawyer Award]]

====Retired &B5 ====
*[[&&2F Juvenile Award]]#!151!&&F0 to [[1960]]

==&&2F Award &172==
!2F!3C5 10 or &119
!2F!3C5 8 or &41B
!2F!3C5 &B5 &6A &&2CD, &&6F0, Actor, &&33F and &&13E]]
!2F!554 &5B1 &A18 nomi&EC]]
!9B!&3C5 5 or &119
!9B!&3C5 2 or &41B
*[[&&2F &&48 &&1E1s &554 or &119

!25!
*[[&&275 &&2F &&B5 ceremonies]]
*[[&&275 &17Bs that &498 &711 &5B1 &&2F &&B5]]
*[[&&275 &&2F Award &394 &17Bs]]
*[[78th &&2F &&B5]] ([[2006]])

!1F!
Gail, K. #3# Piazza, J. (2002) ''The &&2F &&B5 the &&206 &&2B Oscar.'' Black Dog #3# L&D61hal &&535, Inc.

!E!
{{&&A28}}
* [#1#&1F4s.org/ Oscars.org]
* [#1#&1F4s.org/&B5&956/&12B.html The &&2F &&B5 &&956]
* [#1#&1F4.com Oscar.com]
* [#1#imdb.com/&&51s/&&B5/&&2F_&&B5_USA/ The &&2F &&B5] at [[&&46E Movie &&956]]

[[&&9:&&2F &&B5| ]]
[[&&9:Film &B5]]
!32!جائزة الأوسكار]]
[[af#118#]]
#81#Оскар]]
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[[es:Premios O!159!
[[eo:Oskar-premio]]
#F9#اسکار]]
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[[kn:ಆಸ್ಕರ್ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ]]
#3A#아카데미상]]
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!17!アカデミー賞]]
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[[vi:Giải O!159!
#2C#奥斯卡金像奖#1D#
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§4<id>328</id>
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§6#4##&&&1A [[&278#1D#
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§4<&8>&&3EEia (book)</&8>
§4<id>332</id>
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§6<id>41366701</id>
!D!-02-26T22:06:27Z</&1>
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§8<&6>Cherry blossom tree</&6>
§8<id>92624</id>
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§6<&5>&694, er, just &277, &5E2. i &F3A.</&5>
§6#4#{{dablink|&&10 &108 of life, see [[&&3EE]].}}

[[&&20:&&3EEia.jpg|&4B|120px|&&3EEia Cover.#BD#&&3EEia''' &5F &739 [[&&BA's &158|&BA's book]] by [[Graeme Base]].§2&&71 &240 [[1986]].§2

&&3EEia &5F &22C book and &693 &4B2 six &610, one &748 &202 &0 &22C.§2Each &846 &C2 an &3EE &5 &3EE &108 (A &808 [[alligator]], B &808 [[butterfly]], etc).§2The &610 &A5B dozens of &27 &28B &15 curious &780 can try to &3DB.

Base also &D1 a [[&5D0ing book]] &18E [#1#alibris.com/&369/&369.cfm?qwork=7937230#3#wauth=Base%2C%20Graeme#3#&20Fes=16#3#qsort=r#3#cm_re=&DD*&F39*&8] for &BA &622 &239 &5D0ing.

!E!
* [#1#tellapallet.com/&3EEia.htm A web site that &693 a &A0D &805 &275 &A03 &5F4 in &&3EEia's &610]
* [#1#amazon.com/gp/&48E/0810918684§3&&3EEia on Amazon.com]
* [https://www.graemebase.com/Home.cfm Graeme Base's &&2C4]

[[&&9:&&BA's &193]]

[[sk:Živočíchy#1D#
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§4<&8>Asymmetric Algorithms</&8>
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§8<&6>Hurricane111</&6>
§8<id>99272</id>
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§6<&5>Fixed &6DF &1A; [[&&1EF:&&104 help desk/cleanup/&6DF &1As/20050713|You &784!]].</&5>
§6#4##&&&1A [[&&8B-key &883#1D#
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§4<&8>Inter&2A Atomic Time</&8>
§4<id>334</id>
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§8<&6>ShakataGaNai</&6>
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§6<&5>utc &955</&5>
§6#4#'''Temps Atomique Inter&2A''' ('''TAI''') or '''Inter&2A Atomic Time''' is &327 &691 and s&544 [[time &4CA]].§2&&26 a w&711ed &399 &0 time kept &4DC 300 [[&692 clock]]s (&3F &1B7 &2D§2[[caesium]] &692 &DDD) in over 50 &2A &38Datories &28wide.§2It &28 &1E7 &87 [[1955]], and &E9 &F79&2A &1AC on &18 #114#1 &&B0 Time|UTC]] is &A9 [[&&EB 1]], [[1972]], as &8FB &11 14th [[&&44 &&643 on W&711s and Measures]] (CGPM). The [[Inter&2A &&228 W&711s and Measures]] &272 &C14 &0 &37F TAI.

&&56F &ABD &37F TAI &144 &752 be &254 retrospectively, &A &144cale is &608 &280ic com&1F6ons &213 its participating &692 &DDD. &&37E &91B &553 only &A1E &EDpplications that &487 nano&8D-&4CA &974.§2Most time &1A2 &61E use &EC2 &2D6s of TAI &1E4 by &692 &DDD that &22 &3EA &16Ed &4 &AC1 &144cale.§2[[&&328 &&730 &&58|GPS]] is &736ly-used &EC2 &24E time &DEE &150 TAI.

#114#1 &&B0 Time]] (UTC) &F bas&808 &5BE time &6Aout much &0 &28, &60lways &9C3s from TAI &44C &BA1 &2D &8Ds.§2From [[1 &&EB]] [[2006]], UTC was &1FE TAI by 33 &8Ds.§2The &2F7 is &5E an &8B5 ten &8D &6BA on [[1 &&EB]] [[1972]] when UTC was &61 and [[leap &8D]]s, &18 &22 &280ically inserted into UTC &87 &23 on [[30 June]] [[1972]] &5E s&4CE ir&A5Fities in Earth's rate of &EC1.§2&&50 TAI is a &D15 and s&544 &144cale, UTC h&799tentional discontinuities &7D8 it from drifting &123 0.9 &8D from [[UT1]], &80F&4CA &319 &11 Earth's &EC1.§2Roughly &1C7, &9F3 noon (&7C at &188 sun is &54Ely overhead) &69 drift away from 12:00:00 &10B leap &8D &91B.§2UT1 is computed &11 [[Inter&2A Earth Rotati&829d &&16E &&58s &&1A2]] (IERS).§2TAI was &319 such that TAI = [[UT2]] &4F0 1]] [[1958]].§2

&&74 UTC is a dis&D15 &144cale, &26 not &52B compute the exact time &F79val elapsed &4E two UTC &1s &10B &D45 a &544 that &707 how many leap &8Ds &598 &284 &392terval.§2&&D3fore, many &D2 &31F that &487 &A5A &771ment of long (&B1E-year) &F79vals use TAI &2CA.§2TAI &4A &41A by &58s &788 not &E44 leap &8Ds.

!25!
* [[Terres&9F6 Time]]
* #114#1 &&B0 Time]]
* [[&&B0 Time]]
* [[Sidereal Time]]
* [[Time and &706 &7A8fer]]
* [[Clock synchroniz!153!
* [[Network Time Protocol]]

!E!
* [#1#bipm.fr/enus/5_&&D2/c_time/time_1.html ''Bureau Inter&2A des Poids et Mesures'']
* [#2#hpiers.obspm.fr IERS &293]
* [#1#boulder.nist.gov/timefreq/&44/faq.htm§2''NIST Time and Frequency FAQs'']

#C0#--&&1A6--&gt;
[[&&9:Time &4CAs]]

#C0#--Interwiki--&gt;

[[de:Inter&2Ae Atomzeit]]
[[eo:TAI]]
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[[fr:Temps atomique &F79&2A]]
!1B!#3##1492;#3##1494;#3##1502;#3##1503; #3##1492;#3##1488;#3##1496;#3##1493;#3##1502;#3##1497; #3##1492;#3##1489;#3##1497;#3##1504;#3##1500;#3##1488;#3##1493;#3##1502;#3##1497;]]
[[id:Waktu Atom Internasional]]
!17!国際原子時]]
[[pl:Mi#3##281;dzynarodowy czas atomowy]]
!1E!Международное атомное время]]
[[sk:Medzin#3##225;rodn#3##253; at#3##243;mov#3##253; #3##269;as]]
#2C##3##21407;#3##23376;#3##26102;]]
[[sv:TAI#1D#
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§4<&8>&&52</&8>
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§6<&5>/* &&52 and &F6 */</&5>
§6#4#'''&&52''' &40A a &36A, a &173, a habit, &796 [[&11D|&17E &297]]. Many &38s &419 &112s judge &52 &1B [[&354|&572]]. In &&46, &2C7 &3C9 &FF as [[Ethic of &4A5|&&430 &7B9 &11D]]. In [[&&7B8]] &26 &72 a &382 &E6 of [[&81 &1B6]].

''&&52'' can &103:

* &78 &A59 to &2E &19F &13D or no &299 &78 &BA0 for one's &329s (the colloquial &475). &&85 &418 &873 &37A.

* &DBs that &30E &2Es &32 net detri&55E or &8D6 &21A &8 &278, &52C &0 &278's own &226, &622, &1B5 &2C9 &1D or her &DBs. This type of &29E &F5 is &78 in [[&40B]] as ''[[Commensalism]]''.

* &312 &297 that &63A &&C48s &EB &93 &26F &2Es, if &240 &4 &DDC &4C9's own &1CD or &30E. One who &63A &497 &552 &79 an #0#&5AA.#0#

&&2ABs &EB long &33 in [[&63]] and [[&17E]] &A1t, &45B more &262ly &4E3 &8E7 for [[&60F]], [[soci&F7Bsts]], [[&15D]]ary &D14, and [[&B9F|eth&F7Bsts]]. &&50 &1D7 &5A &52 &71A &1FB can &EBn &880 &8 &2E &1FBs, the &4C &21Ds and &4CFes &0se &1FBs lead &4F3 &1F0s on &52.

&&52 &57 &4C7 &1B3 &A91 of [[loyalty]] and [[duty]]. &&52 &345 a &93 &247 all [[&81ity]], &50 duty &345 a &93 &247 &138 &A3 (e.g. a [[king]]), &138 &13C (e.g. a [[&1D]]), &796 &440 &3B4 (e.g. [[God]], [[&5F]] etc). Some &A3s may feel both &52 and duty, &50 &2Es &3A6. As &311 &52, duty is much &701 en&1F7 &44C [[&16C]].

==&&52 in &11D==
''Ma&80Cicle: [[&&52 (&17E &297)]]''

&&2D1 #0#&52#0# (''&&48, &52e, &1B3utrui: #0#&23A#0#, &47E Latin &F81: #0#&2E#0#'') was coined by [[&&1D6e Comte]], &1DA &665 [[positivism]], in &102 &E39&265 &17E &297 he &118ed. He &4C &A3s &140 &93 to &38A the &1CD &1CBs &1B5 #0#&ACer good#0# &92ity. Comte says, &58 &&D13 Positiviste, that ''#0#[the] &42 &F7 &7C1 can&48Flerate the &711 &Bs, for such &A2A rests on &A3ism. We are born &121 a load of &C4C of &12C kind, to our &452, to our &3B2ors, to our &578. &&54 our &335 &86 &C4C &572 &9C8, for &26 some time &A4 &80A &27D any &1A2.... This [#0#&7B0 f&4F5s#0#], the &630 formula &92 &1B0ity, &4C8 a &54E &3CD &408 to our &B86s of &C4B, &30F &24E &42C and duty. [Man must &38A] &&81ity, &3E0 we are &2D9.#0#'' &&A name &0 &17E &552 #0#&52,#0# &644 wh&1F &17E &297 &D12 &17Dlso come &1B &78 &11 term #0#&52#0# -- &8B4 &2Es &6A placing &8C &183 &249 &6BA.

&&32, &2C7 that one &17D &93 to &38A &2Es is much &7DF than &&1D6e Comte. &&37 many &0 &28's &690 &1FA &25D [[&F6]]s (&CF [[&&7B8]] and [[&&BCity]]) &6D4 it. &&1 [[New Testament]] &0 [[&&BCity|&&BC]] [[Bible]], &26 &5F8 as &3F7s:
:#0#Jesus made &78B &6BD ''A &FB man was &64C down from Jerusalem to Jericho; &15E fell &213 robbers, who both &EE9 &5AC beat him, and &ECB, &675 him half dead. And by &261 a &FB &E10 was &64C down that way: and &109 saw him, he &6BC &8 &2E side. And in like &753 a Levite also, &109 came &4 &195, and saw him, &6BC &8 &2E side. But a &FB Samaritan, &326 &A4Eed, came &AD &81: and &109 saw him, &81 &4D1 with com&65B, and came &710, and &F21 up his &9DEs, pouring on [them] oil and wine; &15E set him &244 own beast, and &1DE him &449 inn, &&703 care of him. And &8 morrow &5AB out two shillings, and &458m &4 host, &6BD Take care of him; &2D7soever thou &B2Eest more, I, when I &6BB &5BA, will repay thee.'' Which &0se &E5, &55Dest thou, &6CE neighbor un&710 that fell &AA robbers? And he said, He that &76D mercy on him. And Jesus said un&710, '''Go, &6FE thou likewise.'''#0# ''(Luke 10: 30-37)''

&&9Ds who &118 [[&17E &364|&364]] &EBrgued that &550 de&109 &4 &A3 &6D no &93 &26F &2Es &230 &4D0s. [[&&4F2]] &C0Fs that &550 predicated &8 &D1F that &2Es are &36C than one's self &6D &497 &136 is degrading and de&109. &&10A &298 &71 very un&E8 for &3C6 &&89 to &28D the &6EE &4C9's own &183 f&4F5s as &572 &1D9 &DD &F60 of &&BCity. [[Ayn Rand]] &19D &52 &F willful &6EE &4C9's &FE, and &397 re&F82l of &1B0ity &74 &6D5 &253ly &659 &11D &5CDs one &6B9 the &FE &438 for &551

Advocates of &52 &276 &17E &297 &C01&7EC one ought to act, or refrain &1B3cting, &1BF &30E or [[good (&84s)|good]] is bestowed on &23A, if &240 &4 &DDC &4C9's own &183 (Note that refraining from &E01ing &58A, &37 &6B &52 &87 &52 not &3C5 a &30E or &78 &4BC, &326 &46F h&805 life; &148 a&701 &4 same &336 as ignoring &58A).

==&&52 in &B9F and &15Dary &341==
&&1 &13A [[&B9F]] (&8B of &F5), &52 &6DE &1Bhavi&797 &12D &392creases the [[&A5D (&341)|&A5D]] &146&2E &A3 &50 &D11 the &A5D &0 &278. &&148 &3B6 &1B &C93-intuitive &7F9 &EC0 that [[&75 s&190]] acts &8 &A3. &&75 s&190, &32, acts &8 gene pool &0 &1BFs, not on each &1BF &A3ly. &&262 &83s in &310 have &1E4 some &B20&EC &EDpparent &52, as have &90 &15Dary analyses. &&AA &1E3 &A10 are:

* [[&&F5al &B9E]] (e.g., by &FB [[para&1DF]] &788 &F81 the &F5 &0 host, see [#2#news.yahoo.com/s/&2B/20060211/sc_&2B/mind&C0bypara&1DF])
* [[Bounded &253ity]] (e.g., [[&&480 Simon]])
* [[Con&4A]]
* [[In&54E &4A5]] (e.g., [[&D10]])
* [[Kin s&190]] &3F [[eu&42ity]] (&166 #0#[[&659 gene]]#0#)
* [[Meme]]s (by &C6B behavi&820 &F5F &239 &559, e.g.,§2[[&F6]])
* [[&&621 &52]], &4B6 aid
* [[Sexual s&190]]
* [[Strong &4A5]]

The &F5 &52 w&A &8B5 &C9F &1FE [[&&1B4 R. Price]]'s &83 &0 [[Price &BE8]] &3A a &845 &BE8 &83 &15B &66D &15D. An &1CDing &1E6 &550 &156 &1 cellular [[slime mould]]s, &C ''[[Dictyostelid|Dictyostelium]] mucoroides''. &&86 &954 live &416 [[&56E]] &1D9 starved, at &18 &F7 they aggregate &7A7m a &B08 &B19ing body &97 some &8B3 &6EE &16D &309 the &B9D &1CB &8B3 &1 &B19ing body. &&42 &F5 &60ltruism &A01 many &29Baties &4 &F79&DBs &7B many &33A (&8B3, &F83) &146 &953, &447re &4C7 &11 &607 each &A3 to re&2C2 &844 &3CAn &7E6 &487ment &5A1 &AD2.

==&&52 in &226 &703ciology==
If one per&337 an act &3E1 to &2Es &32 view &7A8ing some &17Fal &30E, then &26 &44Dn &29Eally &4FD act. &&B9 &85 &4C &1F0s &7FE #0#&30E&&6B8 #0#&1CD#0#) &B6 &319. A &CD gain (e.g. &3DC, a &B6 &F5E, etc.) is cl&6D &263 of &30E, &50 &2Es &3DB &&EBF both &CD and im&CD &D0F (&E35, &5A0, &42C, satisf&DB etc.) &745 &63ly &607 &2D2.

&&29 ''[[&187 &364]]'', &50 &1C can &A86 &29E ''&F5'', &4E5not &EBltruistic ''&622s''. &&187 &F74s &69 &77A &DAy &2F3 very well &B2E &8C &47C &30Eting &2Es &7B3 &CD &30E (or a &CD net loss) &&EDC, &8C most &463 &F5D for &751 is &361 to &15C &239 &183. &&37 it &2C9 &F38 &15 &156ational &F5D &1FE &1F4 &A18 t&7C8 &333 &3A0 &239 &187 well-&78 (&&27C#0#). &&65C th&Fory &71 &E46 it &8 &49E &26 [[falsifi&31D|non-&C4A]]; in &234 &26 de&3AA in &497 way as &1B im&52B &B39 or dis&B39 - &74 im&CD &D0F &C a &&27C#0# can&67A &771d or &B39n to &4D0 &499 &1C &7B7 &29E acts. &&187 &364 &17Dlso been &C9C of &22B [[&7BB &257]]: #0#If &1F4 &8FCly per&337 an act, that &1B7 he &C92 &17Fal &70A from it; &D3fore, &1C only &495 that &6B7 &17Fal &70A&&585 &1Ement is &7BB &2FBs &648 is &607 &232 &634 (it assumes &54F only &495 that &6B7 &17Fal &70A, and concludes &54F only &495 that &6B7 &17Fal &70A).

In &54E &187 &364, the ''[[empathy-&52]]'' &634 &29A when &12D &1D5s empathy &247 &58A in need, &1C5 will then be &29Eally &4FD &26F that &17F; &C1, &1C5 &152 &42B &4F6 ab&746 &17F's &57F, not his or &7D4.§2

In &E8 parlance, &52 &10C &1B7 &CD2 an&2E &17F &10B &A31ing &CD &F5E &6C3 &4F5 &17Fs, &287 may well entail the #0#&3E2#0# &30E of a &&27C,#0# &F4 satisf&DB, self-esteem, fulfillment of duty (&3AD &75E by a &F6 or &6C6 or &1FF one's con&4A), &1B5 like. &&14D way one need not &AEE &8 &F5Ds &0 &5AA in &1E8.

&&81s &9D &408 &29E &247 &3A0, &5A3 co-&6E7tors or &275 &2E3 allies, but &57 &29E &247 &1C they don't know &771 &15A meet.§2&&37 &81s donate &822ter&2A [[&402|&DDB]] and &ABC &8C time &26F [[&53]]'s less fortunate. 

It s&8DDs plausibility to &2CB &15se &29E deeds are done &1 hope of a &27D &8FF. The &54D &232 &63 'just in case' &28F, &249 &307 &2C9 '&361 help &12Cone in case you &274 pull in a fav&798 &27D', is a &8FBly ''non-optimal'' &28F, &249 net expenditure of &329 (tit) is far &ACer &763 net &786 &59F &44A pays off (tat). 

&&29 some, &26 &36B &1Blieve &15se &F5s are &87A &5F8 &799&54E &659 [[&253ity]], be it &AE7 or sub-&AE7. Mathematical formulations of [[kin s&190]], &3C8 &483 &0 [[&B9C's &C91]], are &A59 as far &Ay go; but what a [[&54D|game-theoretic]] &B20&200 g&BB2 over &F &B3 &29E &F5 &57 &425 &6F0pparently &61D &3D6, the [[con&4A]]. One &262 &9D1, &1E3 &11 &9D [[&&9FA Dennett]], &502itially &7C when &28Ding the &674 of so-&6B 'free &9BEs' &1 [[tragedy &0 &E8s]], &1B7r-&4CA &18E &0 [[&B9C's &C91]].

In &310 &38E, &809 &9BE &5F [[&D6B (&8D2)|&D6B]] who draws &2D2 &1B3 co-&6E7tive &53 &10B &68F. In a one-to-one &2B8, free riding can &552 be &92A by a tit-for-tat &28F. But in &1B7r-&4CA &53, &AD &1B1 and &2D2 are pooled and &5F2, they &57 incredibly &258 shake off. 

Imagine an &235ary &61B co-&6E7tive &843. Co-&6E7tive &D6Bs &43A &137, each &68F &C7 and each &790 &8 &E8 good. Now imagine a [[rogue]] [[free &9BE]], &750 who draws a &8FF (#0#you &C90 my back&&147 &B4 &635 &27D it. The &674 &1BB free riding is &361 &64C &1B &3E1 &822dividuals at cost to &53. How can well-behaved co-&6E7tive &D6Bs &A09 &78 cheated? Over many &353s, one &50D &6A1 &808 co-&6E7tors to &9BD &29B to spot &275 free &9BEs in &3A0 and &BF2 &72A into [[&621]] ar&2F9ments &Bm. Then, the &DDA free &9BE &4ED &333 &9BD &6FF &7B6 [[&96B]], fooling co-&6E7tors into co-&502 &54 all. This can lead &449 &15Dary [[arms race]]s, with ever-more-&B07 &96Bs and ever-more-&B07 &ABB.

&&14D &15Dary arms race, how best &2F3 one convince &EE5 that one ''&5E2 is'' a &A8C co-&6E7tor, &44D free &9BE in &96B?§2One &6B6 by ''&230 &281 oneself'' a§2&A8C co-&6E7tor, by erecting [[&187 barriers]] to &7BF &C97s, &1C0 advertising this fact &78Bone else. In &234 &6C0 &6A1 &808 &843 to &9BD &77 that &12Cone &8F9 will &1F7 them &1B co-&6E7tors - &238 make it &50D &15y've &66E &86 &77. So &15D will &2C2 &843 &1BD &87rely &6B5 who wear &8C &62Cs &8ir sleeves; in &17A, &15D will give rise &4 &3D6 of con&4A. 

Th&Fory, &57B with &1D7 of [[kin s&190]] &3 one-to-one &CC8 of &2D2, may &B20&7F7 a blind and &382ly &659 &1C0 can &2C2 a &A8Cly non-cynical &277 &52 that &4C8 rise &4 &81 con&4A.

&&65C such &507 &54D &232 &F7 out &87 &B3 to forget that &494 are &253 and e&21Bal. To presume an &232 &92 &506 &10B &3F &81 &253e or e&21B is &5C7 &A13 n&B25, and &F5C &494 as if &107 mere &B9B, &65 &6B [[Homo &84us]]. An&2E &763ion &1BB &71 &1C donate anonymously, &1BF &26 im&52B &879 &4F1y &5E2 did the &29E act.

&&2C0 &32n &121&627ing that &253 &494 &30E from &187 a benign &175, &257ally it &3F7s &339 &494 may gain &496 e&21Bal satisf&DB &1B3cts &188y perceive &26A &4B a &244 &195.

== Compari&812 &&52 and Tit for Tat ==
Studying the &1D3 &28F #0#[[Tit for tat]]#0# &1 
[[iterated &B9C's &C91]] &674, [[&54D|game &712]] &C4 
&&237 tat&&D6 &256 &1A9 in &842 s&544 [[&1BD]] &213
&A3s &343ltruism, &319 as ''un&50Cal'' &1BD, can ever be. 

&&237 tat#0# &416s with &1BD &1 &40
step (as &52 does) &3n just imitates the &506 &0 &A58 step by step. If &78Cner
co&6E7tes, then he ''&F5Es'' &74F &1BD, if he doesn't, then he 
''punishes'' him by not co&502 &1 next step. 

Con&362ed &6B4 &53F that try to exploit or &F27 &1BD &1CBs, this 
&1D3 &28F surp&874ly &6CE &1B &31 &1A9 (see [[The &&465 &&1BD]]). 
&&71 even more &1A9 &763se ab&22B &53F, &50 un&50Cal co&6E7tivity (&52) was
one &0 most un&1A9 &53F.§2
Con&362ed &32ltruistic &506, Tit for tat &272&727able from 
pure &52. [[&&91 Axelrod]] &42D Dawkins]] also &76D that 
&52 &5D &C8F to &53 by nourishing exploiters &60b&61E (and &60Em &2CD
more &FDful &8Ey can &1F7 &12Cone to co&6E7te un&50Cally), &18
&6B &728 for &&237 tat#0#. (&&166 &415 [[entrepreneur]] and [[entredonneur]])

&&1 &28C of [[&341]], the &&237 tat#0# &28F &4A &6B [[&621 &52]].

==&&52 in &59==
&lt;&544 &201&gt;
!144!
&lt;td &491='2' &7='&F'&gt;'''&&B7 &153ly a [[WP:NPOV|POV]] [[WP:DR|&596]] as &4 wording &0 &51 &718 &24A.'''!D7!
&lt#D7#
!144!
&&236&gt;
!9A!!99!!98!4 the &57F &1CBs), then one will &118 the kind &54C that one &154s &1B most &21Aive in &15Cing the &57F &1CBs, &52C &0 &21A this &2CF &7FFself. &&87 &B7 no &44 &890 &7C0 kind &54C &3FAs &1 &ACest &30E f&4F5s, &4C &26D &2CF very &4C &35 &24B.

With &756 &4ir &35 convictions, &26D &5D &29A &705 &A1A &8A: &&120 &154 &550 &1E5 of &17Fal &4A2 (&&477 &5B9 can and &B6 &DD9), and &120 &B2 &550 &26B &7D8 &18 &B6 &7F1, if &C1, by all &494.

!97!&!96!!95!&!94!!93! !92!!91!&!90!!8F!!8E!&!8D!!8C!&!8B! !8A!, or will, &30B#0#

!89!,!88!&!87!26D &EB duty &4E2 &26F &23A, &810 teach &AE &1C &26F &137 &F6. Thus, in &59, &86 &26D &324 &361 take a [[left-!134!-!86!!85!!84!!83! !82!!81!4B]]). Less &50D &77 &C a law that &2F4ists pull over &818 &F56ncy &B9A pass &1CF be &DD8 by &E49ing &4 &52 ethic. &&EDly, &3A7 &26D &63 &601 take &77 &15C &&DD7 some &277 [[&54C]] or [[&C49]].

On a &592 &248 note, &52 &7A held - even by non-&26D - &1B the &5B5 ethic that &2EA &5C4 the &DBs of &4AF &4D &3C6 &136s of &FD. Such &33D &10C &297 set &239 &183 aside and &38A the &B99. &&FAy &73, they &5D &2EC as &A3Fing on &84 &154d &1B &312 &205 &195 the &183 &1CBs &249 &239.
!D7!
&&236&gt;
Politicians &71 &554 of a &93 &3A5 &26F &2Es. &&37 [[&&1B4 Bush]], &1C7 &4 [[&&10 &&EC]] said: #0#We &EB &93 &26F &2Es -- &60 &1B0 duty &26A sure our &DBs are &21Aive.#0#

!9A!!99!!98!4 the &57F &1CBs), it &57come &26B justification for &585, or advocating &585 &A3s &26F &2Es. &&1 &9C9 &54C, the &5AA may &DE3 &750 &1 &277 [[&1D]] to en&1F7 this &7BC &93. This &6B to &77A &312 &5AA will ''&5C7'' &1F7 th&824 anyone. An &5AA may &5CD &2Es the &47F &1Bhave in &825ner &4FA &1B im&1B0 or &659. In &234 &8C &17E &297 &6D7 &7E7 &23F &35ly.

With &756 &120 &154 &C4B is a &93, &26D &5D &29A &705 &A1A &8A: &&120 &154 &37A is a &93 but &2EA &67A en&1F7d on &A3s. And, &120 &B2 &87 &37A is a &93, &585 &A3s &26F &2Es &4F1y &9D &8FC &8ir own is &DD8.

!97!&!96!!95!&!94!!93! !92!!91!&!90!!8F!!8E!&!8D!!8C!&!8B! !8A!, or will, &30B#0# 

!89!,!88!&!87!A3s &B6 &246 help &23A. Thus, in &59, &86 &26D &324 &361 take a [[left-!134!-!86!!85!!84!!83! !82!!81!4B]]). &&EDly, &3A7 &26D &63 &601 take &77 &449 &775 &&DD7 some &277 &1E-en&1F7d [[&54C]], [[&C49]], or &19C. &&85 in line with &&1D6 Comte's &15 (who coined &10E &52), &18 &64Ds &92 &A3 &Bs.

&&EDly, many &154 &41lping &2Es or &8B4 &53 &6B a &93 at all, but &6F0ltrusm &5F arbitrary pronoun&F59 not &63ly derivable. &&86 &A1D all &1D-en&1F7d &402. [[&&A3ist &49]] [[&&4B3-&&19B &&125]] in 1847 warns of en&585 &402: #0#That is why &402, the &1D0 &354 &0 &&BC, the &D58 hope &0 &42ist, the &763 of &DC &329s &0 economist, is a &42 vice the &891 &26 made a &307 of &5D &60 law; &C1 why &FB &7B5 &22 &C0 &77A &5BE &402 had &2C9d more evil in &53 than proprietary usurpation#0# (''The &&443 Poverty'').

Comte &C0Fs &&C48 &Bs &9D &7B4 &B &7BC &205 &38A &2Es. Some &64D &15 &17E &297, if &419 &232 &257al &648, &9C7 to tyranny.
!D7!
&lt#D7#
&lt#F5#

==&&52 and &F6==
{{sect-stub}}
All &3E2 &28 [[&F6]]s &904 &52 as &327 &6C &1B0 &2F2. [[&&BCity]] and [[&&7B8]] &195 &12F &113 &29E &1B0ity, as &719 &249, but [[Judaism]], [[Islam]] and [[&&B98]] also &904 &29E &F5.
The [[Good Samaritan]] is &4BA [[New Testament]] &F37 &3B6ing only &1 [[Gospel of Luke]] (10:25-37). The &F37 &333ld by [[Jesus]] &B97 &52.
 #C0#-- This &51 &2EA &3E6 by quoting &52-&248 verses &5 holy &193 &0 afore&14F &F6s --&gt;

!25!
* [[&&52 (&17E &297)]]
* [[&&52 &448imals]]
* [[&&226]]
* [[Euphemism]]
* [[Will (law)]]
* [[Trust (law)]]
* [[Tit for tat]]
* [[&&621 &52]]

!E!
*[#1#&26D.org/&5A/&52 &&84 &&52? (Altruists Inter&2A)]
*[#2#plato.&6A7.edu/en&F7D/&52-bio&257al/ Bio&257al &&52 ]
*[#1#humboldt.edu/~&52/home.html The Altruistic &&17Fality!139!o&42 &&F5 &&EF at Humboldt &&1E &&39]
*[#1#iipbaar.org Inter&2A &&EF for Pro&42 Behavi&796d &&52 &&6E]

!1F!
*Batson, C.D. (1991).§2''The &52 &1E8''.§2Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. 
*Fehr, E. #3# Fischbacher, U. ([[23 &&243]] [[2003]]). The &1B6 &92 &52. In ''Nature, 425'', 785 #3#&1E0; 791.
*[[&&1D6 Comte]], ''&&D13 positiviste'' (1852) or ''Catechism of Positivism'', tr. R. Congreve, (&&4A4: Kegan Paul, 1891)
* Oord, &&19E Jay, &&4A of Love (&&42A: Templeton &&2A2 Press, 2004).
*[[&&4F2, &&603]], ''[[Beyond Good and Evil]]''
*[[&&4B3-&&19B &&125]], ''The &&443 Poverty'' (1847)
*[[&&97E Spooner]], ''&&75 Law''
*[[Ayn Rand]], ''[[The &&354 of &&5B9]]''
*[[Matt Ridley]], ''[[The &&32Fs Of &&354]]''
*Oliner, Samuel P. and Pearl M.§2Towards a Caring &&53: Ide&799to &&DB.§2West Port, CT: Praeger, 1995.
* ''[[The &&465 &&1BD]]'', [[&&91 Axelrod]], Basic Books,§2&&&A8465021212
*''[[The Selfish Gene]]'', [[&&17C Dawkins]] (1990), &8D &317 -- &7Bs two &346s &AC &465 &1BD, &&&A8192860925
*[[&&91 W&B_(&34Dist)|&&91 W&B]], ''The &1B0 &3EE'',§2Vintage, 1995, &&&A8679763996.

!112!

[[&&9:&&11D]]
[[&&9:&&15Dary &341]]
[[&&9:philanthropy]]
[[&&9:&&42 &15]]
[[&&9:&&42 &226]]
[[&&9:&&3C1]]
[[&&9:&&354s]]
[[&&9:Motiv!153!

#81#Алтруизъм]]
[[de:&&52us]]
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!1B!זולתנות]]
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[[sv:&&52#1D#
!3!
!2!
!5!
§4<&8>Ang Lee</&8>
§4<id>337</id>
!1!
§6<id>42100410</id>
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!0!
§8<ip>209.167.177.36</ip>
!4!
§6<&5>/* Actor */</&5>
§6#4#[[&&20:Ang_lee.jpg|&3D8|Lee &897ing the Best &&D8 Film &1DA for ''[[&&6ED Tiger, Hidden &&74A]]'' &1F 73rd &&2F &&B5]]
'''Ang Lee''' (&&D4: 李安; Pinyin: Lǐ Ān ) (born [[&&243 23]], [[1954]]) &5F [[&&2F Award]]-&394 [[film &1E1]]§2from [[Taiwan]].

!C2!
Ang Lee &F9 and &866 in [[Pingtung &&CB|Pingtung, Taiwan]] and &BC4 &1 [[&&10 &&A]], &176 &156 &65A a [[&&26C]] &1E1, well-&DE &FD [[wuxia]] film ''[[&&6ED Tiger, Hidden &&74A]]''§2(2000).

He &411 bachelor's &77C in &&4FA &5 [[&&12B &&60]] and &2DA his [[MFA]] from [[!14F! #DA#'s [[Tisch &&1EC &0 Arts]], &AD in 1984 &5A8 a &9DD film &6B ''Fine Line''. He &44 &1B8mate of [[Spike Lee]] and &549 &8 crew &0 &793 Lee's &9DD film, ''Joe's Bed-Stuy Barbershop: We Cut Heads''. 

==Career==
Many &1D &29F have &4CFed &8 &F79&DBs &4E &66ity and &112. His &29F &EBlso t&46D &9C &7E6-&62Ced &B1D tone &18 marks a &F1C &5 tragic &A9 realism &18 &36ized &&ABA film&281 &DD end &0 &8C4 law &280 in 1987. Lee's &29F also &1C2 draw on deep &6D8s &122ternal torment that &74C come &4 &163 such &A gay-&A32d &29F ''[[The &&A57 &&A56]]'' (1993), ''[[&&6EC &&375]]'' (2005), the &8C4 arts epic ''[[&&6ED Tiger, Hidden &&74A]]'' (2000) &3 &B1D book &529 ''[[Hulk (film)|Hulk]]'' (2003)

He &2DA the Dartmouth Film Award in 2002, &13B [[Meryl Streep]].

Lee's film ''[[&&6EC &&375]]'' (2005) w&8 best film &1DA &1F Venice Inter&2A Film &&6AA &14A &24C 2005's best film &11 Los &&401 film &347. It also w&8 [[&&430 Globe Award]] &6A &&21B &&2CD — Drama, with Lee &394 the [[&&430 Globe Award]] &6A &&1E1. Lee also w&8 Best &&1E1 &1DA &10 film &1F 2006 &&A7 &&2F &&B5 (BAFTAs). In &&EB 2006, &&6EC &4C6d a &485 8 [[&&2F Award]] nomi&2ECcluding Lee &6A &&1E1.§2The film &40A &1B the &362runner &10 March 5, 2006 &4DC.§2He &442 [[Meryl Streep]]'s s&829d [[Kai &&BD9ophe Wong]], &3C4 &F4Aled &10 lead in ''[[Dark Matter]]''.

==Private life==
His wife, Jane, is a microbi&F7Bst; &18C two &BA, Haan and Mason.
&&52 a huge fan &0 [[Vancouver Canucks]] &0 [[&&2A Hockey &&6B4]]. He kept his &54Eing &C47 &74B &74 his &38 &DB &85C &DD6 in &82A-&42F &197 like film.

==Films==

=== &&1E1 ===
* ''[[Hulk 2]]'' (2007)
* ''[[&&6EC &&375]]'' (2005) 
* ''[[Hulk (film)|Hulk]]'' (2003) 
* ''[[The Hire]]'' (BMW Short Movies) - Chosen (2002) 
* #2F#臥虎藏龍) (2000) 
* ''[[Ride &B Devil]]'' (1999) 
* ''[[The Ice Storm]]'' (1997) 
* ''[[Sense and &&C46 (film)|Sense and &&C46]]'' (1995) 
* #36#飲食男女) #EB#
* #29#喜宴&48E 
#28#推手) #104#
* ''Fine Line'' (1984)
* ''Shades &0 lake'' (1982)
* ''I Love &&D4 Food'' (1981)
* ''Be&1F Artist'' (1981)
* ''The Runner''' (1980)
* ''One Day of Ma-Chuan Chen'' (&&D4: 陳媽勸的一天)
* ''Laziness in a Saturday &&54noon'' (&&D4: 星期六下午的懶散)
''See Also:'' [[:&&9:Films &4E1 by Ang Lee|Films &4E1 by Ang Lee]]

=== Writer ===
* #56#少女小漁&74A
* #36#飲食男女) #EB#
* #29#喜宴&48E 
#28#推手) #104#

=== Actor ===
* #29#喜宴&48E
* ''[[The Hulk]]''(2003)

=== &&8B6 ===
* #36#飲食男女) #EB#
#28#推手) #104#

=== Producer ===
* #2F#臥虎藏龍) (2000)
* #56#少女小漁&74A

!E!
* {{imdb name|id=0000487|name=Ang Lee}}
* [#1#thecheappop.com/heath.html Ang Lee on &&6EC]
* [#2#&17B.cca.gov.tw/PEOPLE/&1C_&765.asp?rowid=70#3#id=1 Ang Lee] (&&D4)

[[&&9:1954 &335s|Lee, Ang]]
[[&&9:&&10F &1C|Lee, Ang]]
[[&&9:&&13 &213 Ang]]
[[&&9:Hulk|Lee, Ang]]
[[&&9:&&ABA &&13s|Lee, Ang]]
[[&&9:&&ABA &213 Ang]]
[[&&9:Best &&1E1 &&430 Globe]]
[[&&9:Best &&1E1 Oscar &BAE]]
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§4<&8>AutoRacing</&8>
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§6#4##&&&1A [[Auto &F5A]]
!B!
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!5!
§4<&8>Ayn Rand</&8>
§4<id>339</id>
§4#3C#
!1!
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{{&&476_&&9D |
#A0#--!100!--&gt;
#A0#--!146!--&gt;
§2&23C§A= &&67 &&15 |
§2era§D= [[&&18C &15]], |
!C4!

#A0#--!D0!--&gt;
§2&20_name§6= Ayn_Rand1.jpg|
§2&20_caption§3#F4#: &127ist and &9D|

#A0#--!15A!--&gt;
§2name§D#F4# |
§2&335§C= [[&&105 2]], [[1905]] |
§2&1FA§C= [[March 6]], [[1982]]|
§2&1EC_&112 = [[&&7E &15]] |
§2main_&183§3= [[&&7E &F0]], [[&&7E &11D]]|
§2&126s§7= [[&&E]], [[&&19E &&574]], [[&&4F2]] | 
§2&126d§7= [[&&488 &&33E]], [[Harry &&9BC]], [[John Ridpath]], [[Tara Smith]], [[David &&841]], [[Dr. Frank R. Wallace]]|
§2no&544_&1D7§4= |[[Rational self-&1CD]]}}

'''Ayn Rand''' ({{IPA2|ajn ɹænd}}, {{OldStyleDate|&&105 2|1905|&&EB 20}} #3#&1E0; [[March 6]] [[1982]]), born '''Alissa Zinovievna Rosenbaum''', was &600 &7BD [[&15]] of [[&&7E &15|&&F2]] &15Er &127s ''[[We the &&10F]]'', ''[[&&27A (&127)|&&27A]]'', ''[[The &&216]]'', and ''[[&&76 &&3]]''. Her &BD her &23D both &6FF, &249 all, &2ABs of [[&A3ism]], &253 [[&364]] (#0#[[&&7E &11D|&253 self-&1CD]]#0#), and [[&ABism]], &18 she &154d &B6 &49A &70D via ''[[Laissez-faire]]'' [[&ABism]]. Her &59 &28 &FF as [[&D5A]] and [[&174ism]], &A1 she &15A used &23 term and &EBB &91.

Her &127s were &116 up&8 &1A1ion &0 Randian [[hero]], a &7DAse &31D &122&D1C &260 &207 &B masses, but who per&875s &15Atheless to &66C his &FE. Rand &558 this hero &A &7D8, &3 ex&160 goal &233 &23D w&26C &BB7 such &4BA. 

She &154d:
*That man must &9ED his &FE &60ctions by &15F; 
*Th&1F &A3 &17D &767 &4D0 &FD own sake, n&1FD sacrificing self to &2Es n&4F5s to self; and 
*That &257 h&A &B &4E8k &FE from &2Es by &B6 &1F7, or &E02 &792 &2Es by &B6 &1F7.

==&&1E6==
=!C2!=
Rand &F9 in [[Saint &&532]], [[&&4AE]], and w&A eldest of &E5 &7FEs of a [[Jew]]ish &CE. Her &39C were [[agnostic]] and &212ly non-observant. From an &5FF she dis&791 &263 &299 &158 and &29F. She &311 &13E &61Fs and &127s &5 &1C1 &2AC. Her m&2E &442 her &&48 and subscribed to a &2D8 &DD5 &411 for boys, &AD Rand &156 &23B &1C2 hero: Cyrus Paltons, an &&1EB army &2E6r in a [[Rudyard Kipling]]-&68 &22A &6B #0#The Mysterious &&321#0#. &&6Aout her &556, she read &231s of [[Sir W&F81 Scott]], [[Alexandre Dumas]] &4D &&CAtic &294, and ex&160ed a &65Bate &D0D &4B4 the &&CAtic &62 as a &38B. She &186 [[&&784 Hugo]] &1F &1C1 &BAB, and fell &DD4 in love &161 &127s. &&B4, she &A22 him &326r &6C0 &127ist &3 &ACest nove&275 &28 &158. She &287 &15 &9Etory &1F [[Saint &&532 &&1E &&39|&&12B Petrograd]]. Her &145 &2DF &2A8 in &39 &2CC &2C0 [[Edmond Ro&627]], [[&&603 Schiller]] and [[Fyodor &&9BB]]. She &8BD Ro&627 &FD richly &CAtic &DD3&829d Schiller &FD &184, &84F &4CA. She &8BD &&9BB &FD &F4 drama &9E &8E0 &1B0 &DF9, but was &DD4 &92 &383 &9E &F4 life. She &AF &A2D &17A &411 and &61Fs &6AD spo&3A7ly in her diary, &18 &A5Bed &8E0ly anti-&&4AD &1D7. S&10A &5E9ed the &63 &1D7 of [[&&4F2]], and &9FE his exaltation &0 &84F &122&514 &A3 who &7F1 &364 and &28E &52 in ''[[Thus Spoke Zarathustra]]''. &&A1 an &6D fan of &&4F2, s&3EA &BF &457, &871 &383 as &91A e&21B over &15F. &&1B2, as Allan Gotthelf &F7s out in book ''On Ayn Rand'', #0#the &126 was real.#0# S&4BF &146 reta&448 admi&D3Fn &78F &1D &1D7, and &BB3 &&4F2 &1 &2C1 &4 25th ani&F82ry &317 of ''The &&216'': #0#''The &D0C soul has &AB9 &5A1elf.''&&793r &ACest &126 by far is [[&&E]], &B8 ''&&8B7 (Logic)''. &&7D &&488 &&33E, &904r &233 &1D7, says she &F &ACest &9D who ever &557, she &C8E &72 &&E &245 &9D ever, and &1Ed &41 w&A only &9D &38C &126d her (&85 &387 &74, as s&695 &1Ed, she &DB &7B &7D4 work when &DD2 the &38.) S&7B5 &51E &&1E &&EF for Cinema Arts in 1924 &733 screen&13E; in late 1925, &32, s&81 &694 [[Visa (&BDE)|visa]] &48C &&13 &4EBs. She &A67 &1 [[&&10 &&A]] in &&105 1926, &1F &1C1 &4B2-one. &&54 a &D54 stay with her &4EBs in [[&&467, &&60|&&467]], she &EBA &15A to &27D &4 [[&&4AD &&DF]], and set out for [[&&26C]] &1Bcome a [[&68E]]. S&7B5 &25Fd her name to #0#Ayn Rand#0#. &&B7 a &22A told &2C8 &24C &C8E &DD [[Remington Rand]] [[type&853]], but she &1AE &22B &5A Ayn Rand &308 type&853 &6A9 sold. She &1Ed &41r &40 name, 'Ayn', &44n &529 &0 &381 a &&A55 &853. This may &22 the &&A55-Estonian &2BF [[Aino Kallas]], but &540 &63 name are &3DA [[&&A55 &C|&&A55]]-&1C7 &23Cs.

===Major &DD===
&&3C4, Rand &44Fd in [[Cinema &0 &&10 &&A|&&26C]] &&703 odd jobs &6AA her &463 &10F &A8As. &&50 &1FC &276 [[&F26 (drama)|&F26]] on [[Cecil B. DeMille]]'s ''[[The King of Kings|King of Kings]]'', she &9C4ionally bumped &321n &EB9 &366 &278, [[Frank O'&&752 (&278)|Frank O'&&752]], who &BEF her eye. &&149 &313 in 1929. In 1931, Rand &163 [[&75ized &660]] &0 &&10 &&A. Her &40 &2DF &48B &B sale &233 &61F ''[[Red Pawn]]'' in 1932 to [[&&B0 &&462]]. R&3n &266 &75D ''[[The Night of &&EB 16th]]'' in 1934, &61 &360 &1A9, &440 two &127s, ''[[We the &&10F]]'' (1936), and ''[[&&27A (&127la)|&&27A]]'' (1938). &&50 ''We &48A met with &8FE re&24B &1 U.S. &489 re&24B &1 U.K., ''&&27A'' &2DA significiant &489 re&24B &59E &&403, due in part &232 odd &8Bati&244tory.§2S&81 up &92 [[The Red Decade ]] in &&5E, and ''&&27A'' &DB even find a &899 &1 &&10 &&A; &71 &40 &240 &&403. Besides, Rand had &146 not &CB5ed her &376 &3se &127s &443 &129 re&79ative.

&&10B Rand's &A5 or per&A52, ''[[We The &&10F]]'' &779 &321 pair of &29F, ''Noi vivi&7F5 ''Addio, Kira'' in 1942 by Scalara Films, [[Rome]]. They were n&6D censored &11 [[Italy|&&479]] &1D &121 [[Benito Mussolini]], but &186 &D7Fted beca&1C6 &127 upon &18 &186 &116 &44nti-&&4AD. The &29F were &1A9 &3 &8B &552 &EB8 &15y were &375 &92 Fascism as &&19C, &3 &1D &DD1 them &758§2&D3&54. &&86 &29F were re-&2E8 into &301 &18E &18 &44p&6CE by R&60nd re-&BE2 as ''We &48A in 1986.

Rand's &40 &145 &F4 &48B with her best-&A73 &127 ''[[The &&216]]'' (1943), &18 s&4A7 &4FE &3D8 &2AC &5B. &&231 was &28E by twelve &535, who &A1t &71 too &171 and &34C &4 &474 &C7 &A1t. &&71 &EDly &205 &11 [[Bobbs-Merrill &&D7]] &227 &194, thanks &2BC to &2C3 &0 &6F6 &D37, Archibald Ogden, who p&866 &73B &1 &34B &38E and &EDly prevailed.§2&&12E, ''The &&216'' &44 &28wide &3B2, &441 Rand fame and &199 &6C8.

The &2C1 ''The &&216'' is #0#&A3ism and &54C in man's soul#0#. It &C2 the &47C of five main &11. The hero, &&77A Roark, &6A8 &7D8, a &D0C soul ''par excellence'', an &DD0 &32F &DE4 and serenely &30A his own &7D8s and &12A no man &2EA copy the &68 &146&2E &448y &1FB, &B8 &840. All &4E &11 &1 &127 &BF4 &41 ren&F80 his &FE, but Roark &AB8 h&272tegrity. &&5FE &90 &4BA who launch into long and &65Bate &E32s &ACir &850 &3 unfairness &0 &28; Roark, in &2DE, does it &32 disdainful, &324 contemptuous taciturnity and laconicism.

Rand's [[magnum opus]], ''[[&&76 &&3]]'', was &240 1957, &381 an &F79&2A bestseller. ''&&76 &&3'' &7A seen as Rand's most &206 &1Ement &0 [[&&7E &15]] &448y &233 &2C0 &23D. In its &EB7, she &58C this &CC7:
:#0#My &15, in &4F7, &F &5FE man as a &84F &78, &161 own &42C &A &1B0 &318 &1D life, with &48Eive &37E as h&795blest &32C, and &15F &805 &6D5bsolute.#0#

The &2C1 ''&&76 &&204 #0#The role of man's &7BF &53#0#. Rand upheld the &1ADist &4EB &0 most admirable &D6 &146y &53 and &EB6 &34C &2AD &D0B accorded &822dus&9F6ists. This led her to en&609 a &127 &AD&1 &1ADists &13E go on &4B0 and re&F7A to a &300 hideaway. &&E6 &A0 &278 &53 &145 &9BA &416 to &2E1. &&FB &975 by &2EE the &46F stifling &C0s on &1AD &597. &&231 &614 &27B as &26A and divergent as sex, &DC, &18B, &59, and &81 &31D.

&&13B [[&&169 &&129]], his wife [[&&56D &&129|&&56D]], &4Ds &2BF &&83F]] and [[&&488 &&33E]], (&ECE &7B3 #0#[[&&7BB Rand &&47B|The &&47B]]#0#), Rand &B96 the [[&&F2|&&7E]] &62 &309 her &15.

===The &&7E &62===
''Ma&80Cicle: The [[&&7E &62]]''

In 1950 Rand &761 [[!14F! City]], &AD in§21951 she met the &366 [[&226]] &5A2 [[&&169 &&129]] [#1#&169&129.com], &38C read her &548 &&216'', &1F &1C1 14. &&129, then 19, &8B2 &636 Rand's &EB5 &&7E &15 with her. Together, &&129 &1F1 &1D &2E &2CC &32B a &11F &15y &9FC the [[&&47B]], &1C3 some &60E by &2E3 &&124 Re&38A &EB4 [[Alan &&83F]]. &&54 &85 &5B, R&60nd &&129's &55Cly &18F &E0D &321 &CAtic &4BB, &296 &B3 both were &313 &1F time. &&8C spouses were both &6FC &3C5 this &4BB &6A2 &374 &4 &7B2 &3n &C8D of [[&&169 &&129]] from his wife. &&7D &2C Rand's most strident &63 &F7s was &15A to bow to &977 &160ure or norms, Ayn R&&D31 &7D4 name (see &811 page), as did &&129 (born Nathan Blumenthal). 

&&BC [[&4CC]] and [[&5CA]], Rand &7C and &904d her &&7E &15 &6A both her &23D [#1#&666.org/site/PageServer?&952=&F2_&23D] and non-&23D [#1#&666.org/site/PageServer?&952=&F2_non&23D] &DD, &1C0 &542 talks at &85 east-&229 &1ED, &212ly &53 [[&&169 &&129 &&EF]] (#0#the NBI#0#) &18 &&129 &61 &309 her &15. 

&&54 a convoluted &69F &7B2s, R&60bruptly &46D her &18F with both &&169 &&129 &9E wife, [[&&56D &&129]], in 1968 &749 &38Ced of &&169 &&129's &549 Patrecia Scott (this &B4 &4BB &DB &CBE chrono&257ally &B &238 &&129/R&60ffair).§2Rand ref&83 &EBny &15C dealings &B NBI.§2S&7B5 &D1 a &202 in #0#The &&7E&&79Fnnouncing her &C4E of &&129 for &123 &15Fs, &3F dishonesty, but &DB menti&8ir &4BB or her role &1 schism. &&149 &15A reconciled, and &&129 &65F ''&17F&82A grata'' &1 &&7E &62.
[[&&20:ayn rand stamp.jpg|222px|&3D8|left|1999 U.S. [[po&9E4 stamp]] &6F2ing Rand. Art by [[Nick Gaetano#FA#

&&56D &&129 &79ed an &46A &0 &F1Cup &0 &4BB in her &548 &&65B &488 Rand.'' She &707 the &5E9 &4E &&169 and Rand, &3F6 &6A7 slapped him &22F &634 &E4A him &1se &277: #0#If you &EBn &F80 of &1B0ity left in you, an &F80 of &187 &330 — you'll be &B95 &10 next &4B2 &5B! And &80E &66C any potency, you'll know it's a sign of &146 worse &1B0 &919!#0#

Conflicts &1C4 &1 wake &0 &F1C with &&129 &3 &641 &2E1 &0 NBI. Many &233 &48Ast #0#&&47B#0# &2CC &10C part ways, and &2A late 70's, her &2AA with&1 &77B &&7E &62 &10C &A54, a &2B8 &762creased &DD &1FA &233 husb&122 1979. &&2C her &ED &1A1s was &59D a &221 &529 of ''&&76 &&3''.

Rand died of &62C &664 [[March 6]], [[1982]] in [[!14F! City]], &2A8 &1D2 &1A9ly &36Fd cancer, &14A &EB3 &1 [[Kensico &&7C1]], [[Valhalla, !14F!]].

[[&&20:Ayn_Rand_Marker.jpg|&4B|&B|324px|Grave &DCF of [[Frank O'&&752 (&278)|Frank O'&&752]] and Ayn Rand.]]

===&&63 &126s===
Rand &28E &83E all &2E &63 &1ECs. She ac&A5d a &5F2 &171 lineage with [[&&E]] and [[John Locke]], &2D9 &44ly &B &1EA &0 [[&&1C1 En&4CEenment]] &3 [[&&1C1 Reason]].§2She &44A re&53E &32pproval on &176 &63 &136s of, e.g., [[Baruch Spinoza]] &486 &&574]]. She &8FA also &9C &450 &E6 &253ist [[Brand Blanshard]]. &&32, she &331 most &9Ds as at best &5B8 &60t worst down&B evil. She &456d out [[Immanuel Kant]] &A most &30A &0 &793 sort.

&&926, &B9 &481s &4E Rand's &24B &183 &1CB &9Ds. She ac&A5d &2C8 &AB &126d at an &6D age &11 &295 [[&&603 &&4F2]]. &&A1 she &B4 &A27 his &A1t and re&9C1ed &23B &127, ''[[We The &&10F]]'', with some wording &5FD 1959, &7D4 &A1t grew &817 &457 &F79&DB with it.§2&&44ly, her &35 &30E &1 &112 of [[&14D &4F9ism]]. She ex&160ed &851 &D0D &10 &84 &60D [[Ludwig von Mises]] and [[Henry Hazlitt]]. &&A1 not &14F &276 &126 by her &176ally, &595s &4E her &DD &587 Waldo Emerson]]'s &6EB [[Self-Reliance]] do &4D0.§2&&B4 &&7Es, &C [[&&17C Salsman]], have &4A2 Rand's &84 &298 are implicitly more &118ive &0 &297s of [[Jean-Baptiste Say]], &A1 R&15Erself was &4BD &44Dcquainted &161 work.

===&&59 and House &&4FF on Un-&&13 &&2AA &83D===
Rand's &35 &24B were &3A7ly pro-[[&ABist]], [[anti-&8EA]], and [[anti-&&309]]. Her &137 p&866 &249 &DC hum&12D &3 &7FD genius &162 &6B3 &CD3. She exalted what she saw &A &84F [[&&13 &FE]] of &364 &&5B6ism. R&&A08 &140 &263 dislike for [[&684ism]], [[&F6]], and &61C [[&402]], all &162 she &154d &4BC foster a &DCE &38 of &D0B &247 &A3 &81 &42C and &3B2.§2Rand &EBB many &210 [[&4F9ism|&4F9]] and [[&325]] &4AF &233 time, &7E9cluding &210 anti-&&309 crusaders like &&3Es [[Harry S. Truman]] and [[Ronald Reagan]], and Senators [[Hubert H. Humphrey]] and [[&&19B McCarthy]] (&7D she &19D ''[[McCarthyism]]'' &44 myth, and &15 &D68 of McCarthyism &723 &276 [[ad hominem]] &4E6 to discredit anti-&&309s).

In 1947, &2A [[Red Scare]], Rand testified as a #0#&55Cly &F3C#0# &308 [[House &&4FF on Un-&&13 &&2AA]] (see [[#1#&6EA.com/orc/&2F0/huac.html]]). Rand's &83D &3EC &232 &0 1943 film ''[[Song of &&4AE]]''. &&651 &B2 Ayn Rand dis&48Ad &5As of &D6 &0 &&309 &&99 &1 U.S., thus &EB2 &37D [[&191&F39]], her &83D &AD3 &2D9 of &5s &756ing the dis&F4F &4E her &1D5s &1 [[&&4AD &&DF]] &3 &BA5 &6E9 of it &1 film.

R&60rgued &15 &17B grossly mis&34B &F7E&84 &2AB &1 &&4AD &&DF. She told the &4FF &15 film &79ed life &1 USSR &745 much &579 it &230 was. Apparently this 1943 film &502tentional &CA6 [[&63F]] by U.S. patriots, &3CE put &8C &&4AD al&7E1 [[&&28 War II]] &8D best &C1 &4CE. &&DD HUAC &8DFs, when Ayn Rand &44sked &5A her &7E3 &8 &21Aiveness &0ir &4C4s, she &FF &C8 as #0#futile#0#.

==Legacy==
Rand's &57E &44tt&46D by &14B her &210 fol&225s, &2BF &&83F]]. A six-foot floral ar&2F9ment &1 shape of a &49E sign was &195d near her casket. [#1#eckerd.edu/aspec/&294/&76_&3.htm]

In 1985, [[&&488 &&33E]], a &AC9 &8C #0#[[&&7BB Rand &&47B|The &&47B]]&&40 Ayn Rand's &7B3 heir, &61 #0#The [[Ayn R&&72F]]: The &&F &10 &&3A0ment &373#0# (ARI). The &&EF has &87 &62A &5A ''Ayn Rand'' as a &1AAmark, &3B5 Rand's &3AC &41r name &15A be &83 &904 &1B1 she &7C. Rand ex&160ed her wish &7D8 her name &3 &15 &373 &233 to &A25 the &B9D &233 &1D7. 	 
	 
An&2E schism &1 &62 &598 in 1989, when &&7E [[David &&841]] &266 #0#A &&1E8 of &&3CD,#0# [#1#wethe&10F.com/&6C2/&3CD.html] &97 he def&46D his &4A2 &789 &819-&&7E [[&&174ism|&174]] &8A. &&841 &199 &&F2 &153 a #0#&48Ad &58&&40 &2EA &878 with &2E &1EA. &&33E, &448 &EE for ''[[The &&171 Activist]]'' &6B #0#Fact and Value#0# [#1#&666.org/site/PageServer?&952=&F2_f-v], &19D &&F2 is, &5DF, &7AEd &58, &6D &471 and &1B0 &BA6 are &54Ely &248. &&33E &7EE &&841 from his &62, &ADupon &&841 &156ed The &&EF for &&7E &&B9 (now &79 #0#[[The &&7E &&F]]#0#).	 

R&60nd &&F2 are less well &DE &246 [[&&AA #112#, &7D &B9 pockets of &299 [[&&89]] and [[&&14]], &15Er &127s are &37F &1B &C9 in [[India]] ([#1#the&76phere.com/metablog/000058.php]) and &1B gaining an &1EE &B1B &69C in [[&&12]]. Her work &59C &13D &3C4 &25B &15, &7BD fol&225s are, with some no&544 &698ions, &534 &5 non-&25B &28.

[[Neil Peart]], the drummer and lyricist &B &&68D &4DAive &6E0 [[Rush (band)|Rush]], was &404 Rand &15 &2A &6D &5B &0 band. &&31 no&544 &C13s &63 &104 &8B1 #0#&&27A#0# &5 &415 ''[[Fly By Night]]'' ([[1975]]) &3 &8 &8B1 &5 &415 ''[[2112]]'' ([[1976]]).

==&&2AD==
Rand's &24B are &134. &&138 &340ly &325 &449 have &2EC her atheism. Many &E43 and &4C2 of [[&BBal &15]] &DCD her &918 of &253ity and self-&1CD. With&1 &4E2 &63 &62 &1 &&46-&1C7 &28, [[&EC9 &15]], Rand's work &28 &3F8 &8B0. No &485 &6E &39 &14D &112 &28Ds Rand or &&F2 &1B &EA &63 &179ty or &6E area, as is &BDEed by [[Brian Leiter]]'s &498 [#1#&63gourmet.com/]. Some &25Bs, &32, are &C1C &2D3 Rand's &7AB&4 &474. F&&3C2, the [#1#&666&53.org/ Ayn Rand &&53], &65E 1987, is &D0A &B [[&&13 &&63 &&9C]]. In 2006, [[&&6F1 &&39 Press]] will publish a &3F9 &6A6 &17E &E4 &1A3 by ARI-&D0A &A62 [[Tara Smith]].

A no&544 &698ion &4 &44 &10D &306 paid to Rand &F &6EB #0#&&8 Randian &&4E6&&171 [[Harvard #DA# &9D [[&&91 Nozick]], &18 &43 his &490 ''Socratic Puzzles''. Nozick's own [[&174]] &35 &648s are &142 Rand's, but his &6EB &A14 her &156ational &4E6 in &11D, &18 &298 &6BA life is, &748 &A3, &1D7 &7C2 &2F2 &2FB &3E5 all &2E &FE &C1. To &3CC &4E6 &5BB, Nozick &64Ds &6A7 &146 &747 &B20in why &58A &11C &253ly &A0B &74 of &12E dying and &1D2 no &FE. Thus, he &64Ds, her &EC deduce &3E6ity of &5B9 is &404 an &C13 of assuming &385 or [[&C8C the &1E8]] and &41r &6A1 to [[David Hume]]'s &170 [[is-ought &674]] is unsatisf&278y. &&1B2, Nozick &450 R&60s an auth&796d &719 &41 &156 her &193 enjoyable and &A1t-provoking.

R&1AD &65 been &558 with suspicion &7BD &173 of &79ing her &15 in ficti&829d non-&23D &193 aimed at a &44 &69C &51 &227 in [[peer-&49C]]ed &34Ds. Rand's &83C note that s&52 &49 &4C7 &112 of &2BFs who &266 &63ly rich &23D — &3F [[Dante]], [[John Milton]], [[Fyodor &&9BB]], and [[&&537 Camus]], &6D &2E &9Ds &C [[Jean-Paul Sartre]] &79ed &8C &1EA in both &182 and non-&182 &337.

&&2E &347 &C4 Rand’s &7D8istic &BD her [[&&CAtic]] &376 &9D applicable &4 &2FF &28. &&372 &86 &347 &606 Rand's &127s are made up of &C45 &7DC-&C44 &11. They &DCD the &6E9 &0 &&7E &4BA &799credibly intelligent, unencumbered by &6F8, &55Ay, and free of flaws, in &2DE &4 &EB1 &6E9 &0 antagonists as weak, &EB0, full of un&FBty, and lacking in &DD3&829d talent.

Defenders &7BC &F7 out &C93&1C1s &4se &63B: n&1FD Eddie &&657 nor Cherryl &&24 (both &983 &11) is &B8 &E26 &798telligent, but both are &11 of dignity and &5A0; Leo Kovalensky &DAFs &EE7ly &5E h&272&646 cope &B &F6Bity and banality of &19C; Andrei Taganov dies &54 &DCC his &63 &889; Dominique &&E40n &272itially bitterly unhappy &74 &260 evil is &FDful; Hank &&37 &333rn by inner e&21Bal &207 &1DE on by a &63 &4C5; &6A5 &&24 &55Ds &2C8 al&6B3 &347 &E16 &4B. Two &233 main protagonists, &&77A Roark and John Galt, &DB beg&7EB &55Ay. &&A1 Rand &4C, &121 &ABism, &4DB &1B1 will &87E be &BA0 by &55A, she &FBly &DB &55D &384alth made &1F4 &572. &&595, she &79s many &C95 &A33crats &14Apish elitists who use [[&8F5]] to &9C8 &3DC and &FD. Moreover, Hank &&37 is &885 &74 &1D &42 naïveté. As &10 &C43 weak and &EB0 &B94, Rand's &83C &F7 &746 Ellsworth Toohey &10B &745 &7C4 strategist and communicator &1B3n &5FF and Dr. &&91 &&33D is a &AB7 &AEB.

R&15Erself &C99 &4se &2DF &63B (&122 &3A0 of much &0m) with her &6EB #0#The Goal of My &&13E#0# (1963). &&D3, &122 &2E &455 &3BC in her &4BE &&CAtic &&511|&&67Ctic &&511: A &&443 &&158]]'' (2nd rev. ed. 1975), Rand &3E5 &764 &41r goal &333 &1A1 her &609 &146 &7D8 man: not man as &52, but man &326 &2F3 and ought &1B.

Rand's &765 sex &EBlso &23F some &2AD.§2&&29 her, #0#For a &5BF ''qua'' &5BF, the &4F7 of femininity is hero-&56C – &5FC to look &823 man.#0# (1968)§2Some &1 [[BDSM]] &8F see her work as &6C3 and &118ive, &CF§2''The &&216'' [#1#mi&E2Emorgana.com/site04/read_rec.html].

An&2E &24E &2AD &6A8 view that homo&2E4ity is #0#im&1B0&&40 #0#disgusting#0# [#1#nyu.edu/&1A1s/&429/&455/homo/&76phere.htm], as &BE her &118 &10 &744 &209es to discriminate &8 &71E of homo&2E4ity, &C &1ir hiring &173s.§2Specifically, she &199 #0#&B7 a &187 im&1B0ity &1F root of homo&2E4ity#0# &74 #0#it &4E9 &187 flaws, &3CEs, &889, or unfortunate &959#0#.§2

&&8 &8E7 of non-&1Dal discrimi&200, Rand's &83C &64D &41r &565 its &5BEity was &4FD by &C9E &E6 &Bs &249 &114 or &24C (&6AC &DB &B2 &24C were &418 &E6 &Bs) so it &DB &530 an &C42 &0 &1B0ity &0 &AC4 &23F. In &118 &63, they cite Rand's &12C some &AC4s #3#&8E; &A1 not homophobia #3#&8E; on &1B0 &16Bs, in &455 like 'Racism' and '&&328 Balkanization', &50 &7B6rguing &10 &B &3A5 and &209es to act on such &AC4 &10B &1D &6BC. [#2#&478.&F2&27C.net/lofi&18E/&12B.php/t2277.html].

==&&256==
===Fiction===
* ''[[Night of &&EB 16th]]'' (1934)
* ''[[We The &&10F]]'' (1936)
* ''[[&&27A (&127)|&&27A]]'' (1938)
* ''[[The &&216]]'' (1943)
* ''[[&&76 &&3]]'' (1957)

====&&D09 &23D====
* ''&&E5 Plays'' (2005)

===Non&23D===
* ''&&10 New &&171'' (1961)
* ''The &&354 of &&5B9'' (with [[&&169 &&129]]) ([[1964]])
* ''[[&&ABism: The Un&DE Ideal]]'' (with [[&&169 &&129]], [[Alan &&83F]], &22F Hessen]]) ([[1966]])
!80!&&697]]'' (1967)
* ''[[&&67Ctic &&511]]'' (1969)
* ''The New Left: The Anti-&&1AD R&15D'' (1971)
* ''&&15: Who Needs It'' (1982)

====&&D09 non&23D====
* ''[[The &&6D Ayn Rand]]'' (&2E8 &2CA &5ary &485 &&33E]]) ([[1984]])
* ''The Voice of Reason: Essays in &&7E &&A1t'' (&2E8 &485 &&33E]]; &1F3 &455 &485 &&33E]] and [[Peter &&951]]) ([[1989]])
!80!&&697]]'' &8D &317 (&2E8 by [[Harry &&9BC]]; &1F3 &CD &485 &&33E]]) ([[1990]])
* ''Letters &488 &&371 by [[&&18A S. &&A1Fer]]) ([[1995]])
* ''&&34Ds &488 &&371 by [[David Harriman]]) ([[1997]])
* ''Ayn Rand's Marginalia : Her Critical &&5s &8 &&295 over Twenty &&2BFs'' (&2E8 by [[&&91 &&68C]]) ([[1998]])
* ''&&7BB Rand Column: Written &10 Los &&401 Times'' (&2E8 by [[Peter &&951]]) ([[1998]])
* ''&&40D &&137 on &&26C'' (&2E8 by [[&&18A S. &&A1Fer]]) ([[1999]])
* ''Return &0 Primitive: The Anti-&&1AD R&15D'' (&950 &317 of ''The New Left''; &2E8 and &32dditional &455 by [[Peter &&951]]) ([[1999]])
* ''The Art of Fiction'' (&2E8 by [[Tore Boeckmann]]) ([[2000]])
* ''The Art of Non&23D'' (&2E8 by [[&&91 &&68C]]) ([[2001]])
* ''The &&F2 &&6E CD-ROM'' (&D2 &70 Rand's &743 CD-ROM &DCB) (2001)
* ''Ayn Rand Answers'' (2005)

!1F!
In &198 Rand's own &DD (&886 &249), &59 &9A &A81 Rand's &4AA/or &2DF work. &&9A that &A81 her &15 &57 &156 &1 [[&256 of &59D &&F2]].
!DF!-!133!
* &9
 &3E = Baker &26D = James T.
 &17 = James T. Baker
!14A!
 &21 = Twayne
 &25 = Boston
!DD!
!1C!-8057-7497-1
 }}
* &9
 &3E = &&129 &26D = &&56D
 &17 = &&56D &&129
!7F!8 Rand
 &21 = Doubleday #3#amp; &&D7
 &25 = Garden City, !14F!
 &39 = 1986
!1C!-385-19171-5
 }}
* &9
 &3E #67#
 &17 #B9#
 &2E = My &&5B &741 Rand
 &21 = Jossey Bass
 &25 = San &&57
!132!
!1C!-7879-4513-7
 }}
* &9
 &3E #67#
 &17 #B9#
 &546 = [[&&56D &&129]]
 &2E = Who Is Ayn Rand?
 &21 = Random House
!109!
 &39 = 1962
 }}
* &9
 &3E = &&B93 &26D = Jeff
 &17 = Jeff &&B93
!14A!
 &21 = Overlook Duckworth
!109!
!CF!
!F3!-58567-406-0
 }}
* &9
 &3E = &&6E8 &26D = Mimi Reisel
 &17 = Mimi Reisel &&6E8
 &2E = The New Ayn Rand Companion
 &21 = Greenwood Press
 &25 = Westport, &&917
!CE!
!1C!-313-30321-5
 }}
* &9
 &742 = [[Mimi Reisel &&6E8|&&6E8, Mimi Reisel]] and [[Chris &&656 &&429|&&429, Chris &&656]] (&C07s)
 &2E = &&208 &&316s &488 Rand
 &21 #49#
 &25 #76#
!CE!
!1C!-271-01830-5
 }}
* &9
 &3E = Hamel &26D = &&1C9 L.L.
 &17 = &&1C9 L.L. Hamel
 &2E = In &&789 &488 Rand
 &21 = New Beacon
 &25 = Brookline, Massachusetts
 &39 = 1990
 }}
* &9
!108!
!107!
 &2E = Ayn R&60nd Song of &&4AE
!106!
!105!
!131!
!1C!-8108-5276-4
 }}
* &9
!108!
!107!
!7E!d's &&27A
!106!
!105!
!CF!
!1C!-7391-1031-4
 }}
* &9
!108!
!107!
!7E!d's We the &&10F
!106!
!105!
!131!
!1C!-7391-0698-8
 }}
* &9
 &3E = Paxton &26D = &&18A
 &17 = &&18A Paxton
!14A!: A &&F4 Life§2(The Companion Book)
 &21 = Gibbs Smith
 &25 = Layton, Utah
!132!
!1C!-87905-845-5
 }}
* &62
 &3E = &&33E &26D = &&488
 &17 = &&488 &&33E 
 &2E = My Thirty &&5B &741 Rand: An &&171 Memoir
 &3C3 = The &&7E Forum
 &484 = 8
 &59B = 3
!DD!
 &59A = 1–16
 }}
* &9
 &3E = &&231 &26D = &&4B5 N.
 &17 = &&4B5 N. &&231
 &2E = The &&3C1 &0 Ayn Rand Cult
 &60B = #1#&73B.com/&231/&23123.html
 &21 = &&40E
 &25 = Port Townsend, &&C5
!DD!
 }}
* &9
 &3E = Sures &26D = Mary Ann
 &17 = Mary Ann Sures
 &546 = [[&&577 Sures]]
 &2E = Facets &488 Rand
 &21 = Ayn R&&72F Press 
 &25 = Los &&401
 &39 = 2001
!1C!-9625336-5-3
 }}
* &9
 &3E #4F#
 &17 #6D#
!14A!: The &&40D &&3A7
 &25 #76#
 &21 #49#
 &39 = 1995
!1C!-271-01440-7
 }}
* &62
 &3E #4F#
 &17 #6D#
 &2E = The Rand Tran&BE
 &60B = #1#nyu.edu/&1A1s/&429/&455/randt2.htm
 &3C3 = The &&34D &488 Rand &&B9
 &484 = 1
 &59B = 1
!CE!
 &59A = 1–26
 }}
* &62
 &3E = Shermer &26D = &&18A
 &17 = &&18A Shermer
 &60B = #1#2&55D.org/02_2_she.&9B8
 &2E = The &&5FEliest Cult In &&33
 &3C3 = Skeptic
 &484 = 2
 &59B = 2
 &39 = 1993
 &59A = 74–81
 }}
* &9
 &742 = [[&&11A &&19E|&&19E, &&11A]] (&C07)
 &2E = The &&2DF Art &488 Rand
 &25 =§2Pough&D1Bie, !14F!
 &21 = The &&7E &&F
!CF!
!F3!-577240-70-7
 }}
* &9
 &3E = Tuccile &26D = Jerome
 &17 = Jerome Tuccille
 &2E = It Usually Begins &741 Rand
!109!
 &21 = Fox #3# Wilkes
 &39 = 1997
!1C!930073258
 }}
* &9
 &3E = Valliant &26D = James S.
 &17 = James S. Valliant
!7F!8 Rand's Critics
 &25 = Dallas
 &21 = D&705 House
!CF!
!F3!-930654-67-1
 }}
* &9
 &3E = Walker &26D = Jeff
 &17 = Jeff Walker
 &2E = &&7BB Rand Cult
 &25 = &&467
 &21 = Open Court
!CE!
!1C!-8126-9390-6
 }}
!D8!

!E!
{{&&15 &4B7}}
{{&522&2FC|Ayn Rand}}

'''&&44 &3D'''
* [#1#&6EA.com/orc/bio/biofaq.html Ayn Rand FAQ]§3
* [#1#&666.org/site/PageServer?&952=&5A_ayn_rand_faq_&12B2 Frequently Asked &&1E8s on Ayn Rand]
* [#1#utm.edu/&6E/iep/r/rand.htm #0#Ayn Rand#0# entry &5 &&299 &&1B3 of &&15]

'''&&13Cs &AB6 Ayn Rand's &15'''
* [#1#&666.org/ &&7BB R&&72F]
* [#1#ari&9B7.com/ ARI Watch] &&483rgues &3E5 &136s &0 Ayn R&&72F &9C3 from &2DB Ayn Rand. #C0#-- Note &3D7 link is &87E re&4D1 &276 &6E6 &AB5. It &152 &87E &86Bed, &8E vandals give up. If you dis&A15, take &653 Talk. --&gt;
* [#1#&7E&F.org/ The &&7E &&F]
* [#1#&ABism&F.org/ The &&F &10 &&3A0ment of &&ABism]

'''&&EEs'''
* [#1#lrb.co.uk/v27/n23/turn03_.html ''As Astonishing as Elvis'' by Jenny Turner] #3#&8E; Essay re&39F ''Ayn Rand'' by Jeff &&B93 
* [#1#&5C0hipaurora.com/&666100.html Ayn Rand 100 Tribute] #3#&8E; &7Bs &16E to a &A53 &415, #0#&&385 of Deliverance&&673spired by Rand's &277 &649 such &DC.
* [#2#&DCA.com/colloquy/99/rand/back&16B.htm ''Ayn Rand Has &&EDly Caught the Attention of &&288''] by Jeff Sharlet
* [#1#jeffcomp.com/faq/&12B.html FAQ - What's REALLY Wrong With &&F2?]
* [#1#mclemee.com/id39.html ''The Heirs &488 Rand'' by Scott McLemee] &&483n &EE &240 [[Lingua Franca]] &18 &74F the arc &233 &227 &197, &50 &9B6 and posthomous, &F6 &A &7E8 &288hip.
* [#1#&13&294.org/&294/rand.asp Rand &45A on C-Span's #0#&&13 Writers#0#] #3#&8E; RealVideo &228s &6A6 &13E

'''&&EEs &294 Ayn Rand'''
* [#2#&28.std.com/~mhuben/critobj.html§2&&63B &373 (or Ayn Rand)] #3#&8E; from &0 Critiques of &&174ism site
!42!347/ &&63B &373] #3#&8E; &5 &&F2 &&16E &&F site
* [#1#johannhari.com/&482/&EE.php?id=756 #0#Don't give to tsunami &836s - the &5A7 &0 &&13 &B's &9D-queen#0#] &&483 &457 &782 &5 &&4A4 &&CC
* [#1#&73B.com/&231/&23123.html ''The &&3C1 &0 Ayn Rand Cult'' by &&4B5 &&231] #3#&8E; &1D6 1972, this w&A &40 &9B5 &7BC &2ism &5 [[&174]] &627&F7. 
* [#1#2&55D.org/02_2_she.&9B8 #0#The &&5FEliest Cult in &&33&&171 &&18A Shermer]
{{&166|&&256 of &59D &&F2}}

'''Rand's &9C2'''
* [#1#barbara&129.com/ &&56D &&129's &293]
* [#1#&169&129.com/ &&169 &&129's &293]
* [#1#leonardpeikoff.com/ &&488 &&33E's &293]

'''&&27C &1F9 &8E5'''
* [#1#the&76phere.com/ The &&76phere] #3#&8E; For &ED1 &7BC's &127s, &7Bs &268 &1E1y, &86A &1A2, columns, and news
* [#1#the&666&478.com &&7BB Rand Forum] #3#&8E; &&27C &478 for &228 &488 R&60nd &&F2.
* [#2#&8F.live&34D.com/&666&478 Ayn Rand Live&&34D &&8F] #3#&8E; &&1B7 Live&&34D &&8F for Ayn Rand.
* [#1#capmag.com/&718ews.asp Dollars #3# Crosses] #3#&8E; &&5ary &1B3 pro-&ABist &1F0.
* [#1#DrHurd.com/ Dr. &&18A J. Hurd, psych&F7Bst] #3#&8E; The Daily Dose of Reason: &226, life &EAF and &5s on &56/&35 &283 &1B3n &&7E &1F0 #3#&8E; also, The &&10F &&C7 News&202 and Dr. Hurd's &8Bations
* [#2#&478s.4&666fans.com The Forum for Ayn Rand Fans]
* [#1#hblist.com Harry &&9BC List] #3#&8E; E-mail-&116 &228 &11F
* [#1#&666&B9.com The &&34D &488 Rand &&B9] #3#&8E; Contains &440s of &EEs, &2BF &580 to &85 &EEs, and sub&A52 &5C4&483.
* [#1#&F2.net &&F2.net] &&483yn Rand on CD-ROM, and &2FC
* [#1#&F2&27C.net/ &&F2&&27C.Net] #3#&8E; Contains [#2#&478.&F2&27C.net/ &478s], &8E5, &455, chat room, &60 [#2#wiki.&F2&27C.net wiki on &&F2]
* [#1#&7E&8E5.com &&7E Blogs] &&483 &275 Rand-&126d bloggers
* [#2#randex.org/ Randex] #3#&8E; Index of &27C &3E4 &9A to Ayn R&60nd &&F2
* [#1#solo&65B.com &&F4 Life &&7Es] #3#&8E; &&27C columns and &228, &44Cd for &&7Es - &DC9 by &&30D Perigo
* [#1#TIADaily.com/ TIA Daily] #3#&8E; Daily news and &5ary &5 &&7E &1F0 by e-mail

'''&&20ry'''
* [#1#yoyita.com/Ayn_Rand.html Por&F7F &488 Rand]

'''Rand's &13E and &239es'''
!42!2F0/&27A/&206.html ''&&27A''] #3#&8E; The &206 text &0 &127, &182 f&F1F in&4 &8B &A34
!104!-!CD!-rand-&76-&3.asp ''&&76 &&3'' ] &&181 &8AF
!104!-!CD!-rand-fountainhead.asp ''The &&216''] &&181 &8AF
!104!-!CD!-rand-we-the-&10F.asp ''We The &&10F''] &&181 &8AF
* [#1#tracyfineart.com/usmc/&15_who_&555_it.htm #0#&&15: Who Needs It?#0#] &&483ddress To The Graduating Class Of &&1A &&A &&C3 &&2F at West &&F7, !14F! - March 6, 1974
!42!2F0/huac.html Rand's HUAC &83D] #3#&8E; Tran&BE
* [#1#&40Ehaven.org/&193tore/B00004LC7UAMUS169912.&9B8 ''We &48A] #3#&8E; Video &8AF
* {{&14C &2BF&81FAyn+Rand | name=Ayn Rand}}
!7D!/cgi-bin/faidfr&D40/r?faid/faidfr:@&1FB(SOURCE+@band(rand+ayn)) Rand's &543s at The &&D5 &4A9

[[&&9:1905 &335s#D3#
[[&&9:1982 &1FAs#D3#
[[&&9:&22D &45
[[&&9:&&13 &2DF &347#D3#
[[&&9:&&13 &127ists#D3#
[[&&9:&&13 &45
!F6!-&19C#D3#
!F6!-&&461 War#D3#
[[&&9:&&E1 &45
[[&&9:Atheists#D3#
[[&&9:Atheist &45
[[&&9:Atheist &449 &&D5F#D3#
[[&&9:Cat &539#D3#
[[&&9:Epistem&F7Bsts#D3#
[[&&9:Jewish &&13 &212
[[&&9:Minarchists#D3#
[[&&9:Moral &45
[[&&9:&&13Bs of Saint &&532#D3#
[[&&9:&&75ized &660s &0 &&10 &&A#D3#
[[&&9:Nove&9F8#D3#
[[&&9:&&7Es#D3#
[[&&9:&&9Ds#D3#
[[&&9:&&35 &45
[[&&9:&&35 &212
[[&&9:Pro-&4A2 &C68#D3#
[[&&9:Women &212

[[cs#E4#á]]
[[da#25#
[[de#25#
[[es#25#
[[fi#25#
[[fr#25#
!1B!איין ראנד]]
[[hu#25#
[[is#25#
!17!アイン・ランド]]
[[nl#25#
[[nn#25#
[[no#25#
[[pl#25#
[[pt#25#
[[sk#E4#á]]
[[sv#25#
#2C#艾茵·兰德#1D#
!3!
!2!
!5!
§4<&8>Alain &&3ED</&8>
§4<id>340</id>
!1!
§6<id>41123331</id>
!D!-02-25T04:54#7C#
!0!
§8<ip>221.226.98.5</ip>
!4!
§6#4#'''Alain &&3ED''' (born [[April 1]], [[1947]]) is a [[&&93|&&48]] [[&B06]], &153ly Professor &1F [[&&107 de &&93]] ([[Paris]], [[&&93]]), [[IHES]] ([[Bures-sur-Yvette]], [[&&93]]) and [[Vanderbilt #DA# ([[Nashville]], [[&&358]]). &&52 a specia&275 [[Von Neumann &F36]]s and &4A5 completing the &1B8ification of [[f&278]]s &0se &28B. &&7D &740 in &12A &153 very &7B6 he &B27 to connect the planckian &4CAs with &7EF &6B a #0#2-brane#0# &&175, &4CB &61 &212ly &28E by &6B3 &712 so far.

The &9B4 &2FC &4E this &1BF, the &908 he &4Ds devised to tackle the &674 &4D &1BFs in [[&1F1 &12A]], [[p&EE &12A]], and [[&4Cial &EAE]], made him &6FF [[Noncommutative &EAE]] (&3A also &230 &1D &145 book to date).

He &&B92 the [[&&245 Medal]] in [[1982]], the [[Crafoord Prize]] in [[2001]] &3 gold medal &0 [[CNRS]] in 2004.

!25!
* [[cyclic homology]]
* [[f&278 (&384al &232)]]
* [[Higgs boson]]
* [[C*-&F36]]
* [[M &&E4]]
* [[Groupoid]]
* [[Jean Louis Loday]]

!E!

* [#1#alainconnes.org/ Alain &&3ED &&E7 Web Site]
!9E!d=&&3ED}}


{{&&245 meda&9F8}}


[[&&9:1947 &335s|&&3E!143!
[[&&9:&&10F &1C|&&3E!143!
[[&&9:&&48 &74D|&&3E!143!
[[&&9:Alumni &0 École Normale Supérieure|&&3E!143!
[[&&9:&&D6 &60ssociates &0 US &&2A &&335 &&4As|&&3E!143!

!32!ألان كن]]
[[de#9F#
[[es#9F#
[[fr#9F#
!17!アラン・コンヌ]]
#3A#알랭 콘느]]
[[pl#9F#
#2C#阿兰·孔#1D#
!3!
!2!
!5!
§4<&8>&&492 &&172</&8>
§4<id>341</id>
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!B!
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§4<&8>&&D08 Mean</&8>
§4<id>343</id>
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§6<id>15899077</id>
!7!-02-!35!
!0!
!12!
!4!
!6!
!11!
§6#4##&&&1A [[&&D08 mean]]
!B!
!3!
!2!
!5!
§4<&8>Allan Dwan</&8>
§4<id>344</id>
!1!
§6<id>40346482</id>
!D!-02-19T23:33:42Z</&1>
!0!
§8#6C#
§8#9E#
!4!
!6!
§6#4#'''Allan Dwan''' ([[April 3]], [[1885 in film|1885]] #3#&1E0; [[&&143 21]], [[1981 in film|1981]]) &44 &F30ing [[&&54A|&&68D]]-born &&13 [[film|&378]] [[film &1E1|&1E1]], &2C2r and &68E.

Born '''&&19B Aloysius Dwan''' in [[&&A8E, Ontario]], [[&&54A]], his &CE &4D1 &4 [[&&10 &&A]] when &81 eleven &1DC age. At &39, he &8DB &276 &B91 and &1AE &1FC &ED &4CEing &D7 in [[&&467, &&60]]. &&32, &319§2a &263 &1CD &1 &E07 &378 &1CC and when [[Essanay &&462]] &58C &5A7 &303 &1Bcome a &BE&853, &5AB the job. At &3E3, some &0 [[East Coast &0 &&10 &&A|East Coast]] &17B makers &10C &B2E &43Es in [[&&1D1]] &249 &164 &5CDed &37D &3E6 &9Bs &AB4 warm &513. Soon, a &2D &17B &94 &549 &D3 year-&2AF and, in [[1911]], Dwan &1AE &1FC part time in [[&&26C, &&1D1|&&26C]]. &&50 &146 in !14F!, in [[1917 in film|1917]] he w&A &156ing &3E &0 East Coast &346 &0 [[&&21B &&2CD &&1E1s &&9C]].

Allan Dwan &163 true innovator &1 &378 &1CC. &&54 &281 a &69F &67s and comedies,§2he &4E1 &75C &&68D, [[Mary Pickford]] in &85 very &1A9 &17Bs as &BE her &74C, [[&&2C5 &&5F0]], &5A4 &1 ac&2CBed [[1922 in film|1922]] ''[[Robin Hood]]''. 

&&206 &2C1 &0 [[&5BB film|talkies]], in [[1937 in film|1937]] he &4E1 &211-star [[Shirley Temple]] in ''[[Heidi]]&7F5 ''Rebecca &40F Farm'' &59 year.

Over his long and &1A9 &197 &94F over fifty &5B, he &4E1 over 400 &378s, many &0m &360 ac&2CBed, such &A [[1949 in film|1949]] box &2E6 smash, ''[[The Sands of Iwo Jima]]''. His last &17B &502 [[1961]]. 

Dwan &1AF &0 &1E1s who spanned the silent to &5BB era. Most &0 silent &17Bs he &4E1 are lost &5E poor &39F. &&13D &A9 &13E &28 &30A Dwan, but some &154 &41 &152 &1E0 #0#&186#0# &AC &1E1 &5 [[&&3A3 &&26C Era]].

He &599 Los &&401 &1F &1C1 ninety-six, &B1 &EB3 &1 [[San Fernando Mission &&7C1]], [[Mission Hills, &&1D1]]. 

Allan Dwan &17D star &8 [[&&26C Walk of Fame]] at 6263 &&26C Boulevard in [[&&26C, &&1D1|&&26C]].
 
==S&34A &29F==
As &1E1:
*''[[Manhattan Madness#E3#
*''[[&&5F0 Fine Arts#E3#
*''[[&&5F0 Fragments]]'' (1916-1918) also &68E§4
*''[[Robin Hood (1922 film)|Robin Hood]]'' (1922)
*''The Iron Mask'' (1929)
*''[[Heidi]]'' (1937)
*''[[Rebecca &40F Farm/The &&13D Colonel]]'' (1938)
*''Rebecca &40F Farm'' (1938)
*''[[The &&E5 &&D06 (film)|The &&E5 &&D06]]'' (1939)
*''The Gorilla'' (1939) 
*''[[Young &&1C]]'' (1940)
*''[[Look Who's Laughing]]'' (1941) &40E 
*''[[Friendly Enemies]]'' (1942)
*''&&1EE &&28'' (1943) &40E
*''[[Up in Mabel's Room]]'' (1944)
*''[[A&A1A With Two Yanks]]'' (1944)
*''[[Getting Gertie's Garter]]'' (1945) also &68E 
*''[[Brewster's Millions]]'' (1945)
*''Driftwood'' (1947)§5
*''Calendar Girl'' (1947)
*''[[&&AAwest Outpost]]'' (1947) &4EEssociate &2C2r 
*''[[Sands of Iwo Jima]]'' (1949)
*''[[&&663 Belle]]'' (1952)
*''[[Silver Lode (1954 film)|Silver Lode]]'' (1954)
*''[[&&65B (1954 &17B)|&&65B]]'' (1954)
*''[[Cattle Queen of &&663]]'' (1954)
*''[[&&358's Partner]]'' (1955)
*''[[Pearl &0 &&64 &&1DC]]'' (1955)
*''[[&&453 to Burma]]'' (1955)
*''[[S&4CEly Scarlet]]'' (1956)
*''[[The Restless Breed]]'' (1957)
*''[[Enchanted &&1B5]]'' (1958)


&&166: [[&&68D &F30s in &6D &&26C]]

!E!
*{{imdb name|id=0245385|name= Allan Dwan}}

[[&&9:1885 &335s|Dwa!F2!
[[&&9:1981 &1FAs|Dwa!F2!
[[&&9:&&CA &&28As|Dwa!F2!
[[&&9:&&13 film &1E1s|Dwa!F2!
[[&&9:&&13 film &2C2rs|Dwa!F2!
[[&&9:&&13 screen&294|Dwa!F2!
[[&&9:&&26C Walk of Fame|Dwa!F2!
[[&&9:Ontario &294|Dwa!F2!
[[&&9:&&A8Enians|Dwa!F2!

[[de:Allan Dwan#1D#
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§8<&6>Anthony DiPierro</&6>
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!6!
§6#4#{{update}}
{{cleanup-date|&&143 2005}}
{{&&A0 &307 &544}}
&&1 '''&A0 &307''' the [[hydro&9EBs]] &3F2 &F &EAD, &46Aing for &501 52% of &2BE 25% &306 &459 &22E over 95% of &553 &BE6. [[&&26]] h&A &338-!7C! !7B! it ranks &9B3 for oil re&38As. &&1DB' &13D &6DD one &0 most &80ly &8BC &427 &1 &&5FB stalled in [[1992]] &A &5F &BF embroiled in &35 turmoil.

Burdened &32 &B2C &D8 debt, &&1DB &E48 a one-year &627by ar&2F9ment &B [[Inter&2A Monetary Fund]] in April [[1994]] &3 &139 year &3AA onto a &E5-year &258 fund &B8F &18 &46D [[30 April#3F#. Some &4DA on &2BD [[Paris Club]] [[debt &B8E]]s in [[1995]] and [[1996]], and oil and gas &3F2 &71F &405 to a &971 in &2B7 &87 1995, &7FC inflation to &33C 1% and n&B25ing the &792 deficit. &&26's &A0 has grown &77D 4% &BDA &87 [[1999]]. &&292's &D8 debt has f&F1F &1B3 high of $28 &766 in [[1999]] &232 &153 &276 of $24 &766. The spike in oil &7F2s in [[1999]]-[[2000]] &3 &1D's &B1A fiscal &3A8, as &BE &1B7 &162 &1 &1AA surplus &3 near tripling &80Deign ex&25F re&38As h&&CCA &D1 &B8D. &&32, an on&64C &8AE, the &54 &1BE &0 [[&&378 10]], [[2001]] floods &60n un&FB oil &3A4 make &DF3 for [[2002]]-[[2003|03]] more &674atic. &&FB &F68s to &3E6 its &13D &AB3 &C9 by &118 and &EF &246 &305 &3F2. &&32, &31A thus far had &370 in &40C &528, &E7ly &26E at 30% and &426 &10F &1ACs.

[[&&3E &&9B2]] &17Dnn&F80d sweeping &84 re&337, &18, if &49A, will &120ly re&117 &C9. Still, &C9 &12D &8E3 &47D volatile oil and gas &8D5s. &&FB has &1C4 &13D &AB3 &C9 by &118 and &EF &246 &305 &3F2, but &59C &370 in &40C &528 and &426 &10F &1ACs.§2&&2E &5D1ity &77Cclude &785 &6DD, &426 the &560 &F1, and &7FC &1D &916.

&&FB &17Dnn&F80d &9DB to sell off &1E &915: sales of &1E2 &F59 f&278y and &20C &46C &22 &206d &4D &3CC are up for &716. In 2001, &&26 &3AA an &&9C &&435 &B [[&&45 &&DF]]; &31A &311 &893ion &6C4 for entry in&4 [[&&28 Trade &&13C]]. 

===[[Agri&38]]===

&&87 &&CA &144 &&26 &28 &719 &10 &DC8 &1B8 soil.§2&&5A a &33B &0 &374 are &627 agri&56 &791s.§2More than 7,500,000 &8C1 (30,000 km#3#sup2;) are &903 &4 &72E of [[&F58 &F1B]]s.§2The Tell &F &F1B-&3A1 land.§2&&2A &1B2 [[&&93|&&48]] rule its &48Eivity &502creased &496ly &11 sin&7B1 [[Artesian aquifer|artesian well]]s in &3BB &18 only &438 &2F5 &26A them &8AD.§2&&0 &9EF &866, [[wheat]], [[barley]] and [[oat]]s &104 &83B &F58s.§2A &AC &344 [[vege&544]]s &70B [[&B19]]s, &B8 [[citrus]] &2DB, is &553ed.§2

&&390 &3D2 [[&867]] was grown &1F time &0 [[&&10 &&A]]' [[&&13 Civil War|Civil War]], &1BA &1CC &7C5 &54wards.§2&&1 &6D &5B &0 &22D &13D &E2F the &72E &0 &46C were renewed.§2A &27 &3D2 [[&867]] &4A grown &1 &64ern oases.§2Large &D05 of [[crin vegetal]] (vege&544 &B21-hair) an excellent fibre, are made &5 &BF7 &0 dwarf palm.§2The [[olive]] (both &5A1 &B19 and [[&&20D]]) and [[tobacco]] are cultivated with &AC &3B2.

&&26 also &553s [[fig]]s, [[date (&B19)|date]]s, [[esparto]] &8D7, and [[cork (&CD)|cork]].

====Wine &&9B====

&&6Aout &&26 the soil &F5Fs the &2B7 of vines.§2&&292, &1 &277 &146 &E27 &7CD &498 &8 &1BF &11 &&48 &1D, 
:#0#can &2C2 an infinite &344 wines suit&C0 &12C &5D &238 &12C ca&7F2 of taste.#0# 

The &3A1 of vines was &121&419 &6D &11 &83A, but &71 not &1D9 &DC7 in [[&&93]] were &94D by [[phylloxera]] &15 &553 of [[wine]] from &&26 &BF &120.§2In [[1883]], &3B5 pre&F3Dary &587, &&26n [[vineyard]]s &3C1 &94D but &1 &8A7ime the &56F &0ir wines &AB &6CE.§2In 1850 less than 2000 &8C1 (8 km#3#sup2;) were &903 &4 grape, &24B 1878 this had &162d &7BA 42,000 &8C1 (170 km#3#sup2;), &18 yielded 7,436,000 &A51 (28,000 m#3#sup3;) of wine.§2&&3B5 bad &989s and ravages of insects, &72E &258, &122 1895 the &DC7 &486 300,000 &8C1 (1,200 km#3#sup2;), the &2C2 &78 88,000,000 &A51 (333,000 m#3#sup3;).§2The &5B0 &72E in 1905 &F57ed 400,000 &8C1 (1,600 km#3#sup2;), &122 &6A1 &32D of wine &1E9 was 157,000,000 &A51 (594,000 m#3#sup3;).§2By &3E3 the &D66s of profi&544 &9B &AB &2CE &C3 &33A &0 &5F.§2&&42Fly &1D7 &D8 &3A4 for &&26n wine is &&93, &762 1905 &EAC &5A 110,000,000 &A51 (416,000 m#3#sup3;).

===Fishing===

Fishing is a &914 but min&798dustry.§2Fish &BEF are &83Bly [[sardine]]s, [[bonito]], [[smelt]] and [[sprat]]s.§2Fresh fish are &553ed to [[&&93]], dried and &17d fish to [[Spain]] and [[Italy]].§2Coral [[fishery|fisheries]] are &156 &3C8 &229 from [[Bona]] to [[Tunis]].

===Minerals===

&&26 is rich in &7B1; &292 has many [[iron]], [[lead]] and [[zinc]], [[&352]], [[calamine]], [[&EAB]] and [[Mercury (&235)|&400]] &334.§2&&31 &48Eive are &2DB &4CD zinc.§2Lignite is &1F5 &&1DB; immense [[&DC6]] beds were &186 near [[Tebessa]] in 1891, yielding 313,500 tons in 1905.§2Phosphate beds &170 &549 near [[Setif]], [[Guelma]] and [[Ain Beida]].§2&&B9 &123 300 &EAA &18 &2C2, &213st &2E &48Fs, [[onyx]] and &839 &224 and red [[&9CE]]s.§2&&26n onyx from Ain Tekbalet &723 &11 &&CAs, &481 &6F &EAA &22 &156 near [[Kleber]], some &78 &FBly &AE from &188 long-lost Numidian &9CEs were &419.§2[[Salt]] is &3BC &8 &F9s &0 chotts.

==&&D8 &1AA==

Under &&48 administrati&8 &96D &307 &7C &ACly: &23D &C8B and &553s &1F time &0 &&48 &3DF (1830) &DB &F57 £ 175,000.§2In 1850 the &413 had &2CE £ 5,000,000; in 1868, £ 12,000,000; in 1880, £ 17,000,000; &122 1890, £ 20,000,000.§2From this &F7 &4DA was s&225 &3 &413 varied &28Dably year by year.§2In 1905 &23D &2F2 &0 &D8 &1AA was £ 24,500,000.§2&&5A five-sixths &0 &1AA is with or via &&93, into &18 &5F &85 &&26n &417 &22 &7C8 duty-free &87 1851, &60ll &87 1867.§2&&48 &417, &698 [[sugar]], &22 &7C8 into &&26 &10B payment of duty &87 1835.§2&&DD &162, in 1892, &0 &&48 &CB6 &85D, &18 &492 to &&26 also, &D8 &1AA &ACly diminished. 

By far &&26's most &120 &553s, &199ly, are [[&20D]] and [[&75 gas]].§2The re&38As &5FA &1 &&EA [[&&279]]; &480 &1D curbed the &553s &1 &527 to slow depletion; &553s &162d aga&271what &1 [[1990|&8F1]].§2&&2E &120 &553s are [[&459 sheep|sheep]], [[ox]]en, and [[&B21]]s; &3EE &2DB, &C [[wool]] and skins; [[wine]], &F58s ([[rye]], [[barley]], [[oat]]s), [[vege&544]]s, [[&B19]]s (&418ly [[fig]]s and [[grape]]s &10 &544) and [[seed]]s, [[esparto]] &8D7, oils and vege&544 &EA9 (&418ly [[olive oil]]), [[iron]] ore, [[zinc]], &75 [[&DC6]]s, [[timber]], [[Cork (&CD)|cork]], [[crin vegetal]] and [[tobacco]].§2The import of [[wool]] &F57s the &553.§2[[Sugar]], [[coffee]], &DC5, &16F work &242 kinds, clo&336 and pottery &544 &EAC.§2&&0se by far the &ACer part &139 &&93.§2&&18 &&108|&&A7]] &C8B &CD4 &418ly of [[coal]], &867 fabrics and &DC5.

===Exports===

&&26 &1AAs most &3C3ly with &&93 and [[Italy]], in &1F6 both &C8B and &553s, &&86D &1AAs &B &&10 &&C2 [[Spain]].

===&&172===

==&&16E==

*[#1#cia.gov/cia/&8Bations/&286/geos/ag.!148!&&28 &&286]

:''&&166 :'' [[&&26]]

{{OPEC}}

[[&&9:&&13C &0 &&20D Exporting &&4D|Alegeria]]
[[&&9:Economies by &5F|&&26]]
[[&&9:&&A0 &307| ]]
[[&&9:&&12n &&47F &427|&&26]]
[[fr:Économie de l'Algérie]]
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!110!
{{&&476_&&5F|
&13B#115#= الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية&lt;!156!Al-Jumhūrīyah al-Jazā’irīyah&lt;!156!ad-Dīmuqrāţīyah ash-Sha’bīyah|
&E8#115#= &&26 |
&20_flag = Flag &307.svg |
&20_coat = &&26 coa.png |
&20_map = &&5AD&&26.png |
&2A_&907 = (&5BC): The R&15D &11 &1C and &10 &1C |
&2A_&27A = ''[[&&B8C|&&B8C &lt;&27&gt;(Qasaman Bin-Nāzilāt Il-Māḥiqāt)]]''&lt;!156!(&lt;&27&gt;[[&&10E &C|&&10E]]: ''[[&&B8C|We Swear By The Lightning That Destroys]]'') |
&E7_&Cs = [[&&10E &C|&&10E]] |
&AB = [[&&1DB]] |
latd=36|latm=42|latNS=N|longd=3|longm=13|&DC4=E|
&B2_city = [[&&1DB]] |
&1D_type= &&98 [[Re&8B]] |
&1D8_&8s = [[&&E8 &&26|&&3E]]&lt;!156![[Prime &&28F &&26|Prime &&1CE]] |
&1D8_&2ED = [[Abdelaziz &&9B2]]&lt;!156![[Ahmed Ouyahia]] |
area_rank = 11th |
area_&50E = 1 E12 |
area = 2,381,740 |
&56B_&2F5 = &9B1 |
&23_&2D6 = 32,531,853 |
&23_&2D6_year #D6# |
&23_&2D6_rank = 36th |
&23_&218= |
&23_&218_year= |
&23_&342 = 13 |
&23_&342_rank= 168th|
GDP_PPP_year= 2004 |
GDP_PPP = $217,224,000,000 |
GDP_PPP_rank = 38th |
GDP_PPP#F2#= $6,799 |
!7A!k = 85th |
HDI_year = 2003 |
HDI = 0.722 |
HDI_rank = 103rd |
HDI_&9 = &&1AE#0##FFCC00#0#&gt;&5DD&lt;/font&&44A
&24E_type = [[&&F3]]|
&61_&327 = Declared |
&61_&7EA = From [[&&93]]&lt;!156![[July 5]], [[1962]] |
&22D = [[&&26n dinar]] |
&22D_code = DA |
time_zone= [[&&80 &&45 Time|CET]] |
utc_&6BA= +1 |
time_zone_DST= [[&&80 &&45 Time|CET]] |
utc_&6BA_DST= +1 &7D ob&38A |
cctld= [[.dz]] |
&4FB_code = 213 |
foot&4CD =
}}
The '''&&1C's &&98 Re&8B &307''' ([[&&10E &C|&&10E]]: '''الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية''') , or '''&&26''' ([[&&10E &C|&&10E]]: '''الجزائر'''), is a &3Eial &1E in [[&AA &&12]], &3 &35F &5F &8 [[&&12]]n &BB, [[Sudan]] &22C &B2.§2&&26 &201ed by [[&&516]] &1 &AAeast, [[Libya]] &1 east, [[Niger]] &1 &64east, [[Mali]] and [[&&526]] &1 &64west, and [[&&214]] as &BE &446 kilometers &1B8 &C8A &82, [[&&67 &&279]], &1 west. [[&&5D &307|&&5Dally]], &26 &319 as§2an [[Islam]]ic, [[Arab]], and [[Amazigh]] (&&128) &5F.§2&&5A &&26 is &489 &5 name &0 &7CB [[&&1DB]], &5 [[&&10E &C|&&10E]] word ''al-jazā’ir'', &18 &7A8lates as ''t&&A50'', &A35ring &4 four &122 &18 lay off that city's &229 &1D9 &381 part &0 mainl&122 1525.



!28!
{{main|&&2B &&26}}

&&26 &28 &2FF by [[&&128]]s (or Amazigh) &87 &1F2 [[10,000 BC]].§2From [[1000 BC]] on, the [[&&68B|Carthaginians]] &163n &126 &8m, &842 &222s &3C8 &229. &&128 &108s &10C &F56, &459 [[Numidia]], and &F86d the &303 &58C &11 Punic Wars &1Bcome &CC of &&68B, only &1B &419 over &5F9 &11 [[&&CA Re&8B]] in 200 BC.§2&&A &67 [[&&CA &&11B]] &2E1d, the &&128s &BF &CC &5BA in much &0 area, &DA [[Vandals]] &3D5 &33A &1D9 &B4 &7EE &11 &44s &0 [[&&ADA &&655]], [[Justinian I]].§2The [[&&ADA &&11B]] then &69B a precarious grip &8 east &0 &5F &8E &44B &0 [[Arab]]s &1 [[8th &47]].

[[&&20:&&CA Arch of Trajan at Thamugadi (Timgad), &&26 04966r.jpg|&4B|left|&&CA arch of Trajan at Thamugadi (Timgad), &&26]]
&&54 some &593 of fierce &363 &121 &1D8s &C [[Kusayla]] and [[Kahina]], the &&128s &410 [[Islam]] ''en masse'', &447lmost im&3E4tely expel&7D2 [[Caliphate]] from &&26, &842 an [[Ibadi]] &1E &8D [[Rustamid]]s.§2Having &CD1ed the [[Kutama]] of [[Kabylie]] &232 &2C9, the [[Shia]] [[Fatimid]]s overthrew the Rustamids, and &4FE Egypt.§2They left &&543 &&516 &4ir [[Zirid]] vassals; &FA &793 &B23led &&ECC [[Sunni]]sm, they sent in a &7B0 [[Arab]] tribe, the [[Banu Hilal]], &3CF them, thus &EF7ally initiating the [[&&C41]] &0 &5Fside.§2The [[Almoravid]]s and [[Almohad]]s, &&128 dynasties &5 west &156ed by &138 re&265s, &1DE a &3D8 &4EB &6FA and &83; &32, &B Almohads' &2E1, &&26 &163 &36F&16B &10ir &E5 [[&3B2or &1E]]s, &480 [[Zayyanid]]s, &&516n [[Hafsid]]s, and Moroccan [[Merinid]]s.§2&&1 &AB2 and &AF3 &20B, [[Spain]] &311 &BBBing and &2E7 over many &229al &168, &DC3 some &4E8k help &5 [[Ottoman &&11B]].

&&26 was &1DE in&4 Ottoman &&11B by [[Khair ad Din|Khair ad-Din]] &9E§2br&2E [[Aruj]], who &61 &&26's &66 &9DA &1 &AA &718 its &229 &804 &10 [[Privateer|corsairs]]; &8C &290ering peaked in &&1DB &1 1600s. Piracy on &&13 vessels &1 &&803 &3FAed &1 [[&&40 Barbary War|&&40]] and [[&&8D Barbary War]] &B [[&&10 &&A]]. &&8 pr&365 of a s&4CE &4ir consul, the [[&&93|&&48]] invaded &&1DB in 1830; &32, &8E0 &363 from such &17Falities as [[Emir &&D04]], [[Ahmed Bey]] and [[Lalla Fatma N'Soumer|Fatma N'Soumer]] made &ED slow conquest &307, not &507ly &206d &8E &6D 1900s &FA last [[Tuareg]] were &4FE.
[[&&20:&&494 &&8ACn 002.jpg|&4B|left|&&494, &&26 1840]]

Mean&50, &32, &1DA sup&160ed &95 &718 &&26 an &BA1 &49 &&93, a &6DC &1E1 end only &B &2E1 &0 [[&&48 Fourth Re&8B|Fourth Re&8B]]. Tens of &4C3 &94C from &&93, Italy, Spain, and Malt&7F3d in to farm &480 &229al pla&448d occupy &31 &531d &95 &&26's &168, &30Eing &5 &&48 &1D's &858 of communally held land. &&18E &&45 &8C6 in &&26 (the so-&6B ''[[pied-!F0!-noirs]]''), &F6 &A &13B &&26n Jews, were full &&48 &660s &416ing &5 end &0 &264; by &2DE, the vast &290 &&68A &&26ns (even &EA8 &0 &&48 army) &2DC &346 &&48 law, &A4Ding n&1FD &&48 &660ship n&1B5 &767 vote. &&26's &42 fabric was stretched to &7BF &F7 &52F &280: &58B dropped &A7Dly, &50 land &858 uprooted much &0 &23.

In 1954, &377 &&63E Front (&&26)|&&2A &&63E Front]] (FLN) &B96 the [[&AB1 &C89|&AB1]] [[&&26n War of &&F3]]; &54 n&6D a &9FD of &705 and rural &C89, they &4A5 pushing &&93 out in 1962. Most &0 1,025,000 ''[[pied-!F0!-noirs]]'', as &BE 91,000 ''[[harki]]s'' (pro-&&48 &&68A &&26ns &8B4 &1 &&48 Army), &1C8 &A85 &5A 10% &0 &23 &307 in 1962, fled &&26 for &&93 in just &446 &368 &1 &19A &5A4 year.

[[&&20:The&&36Fof&&1DB.png|&4B|&B|''[[The &&6D3 &&1DB]]'' is a &17B &AC [[&&26n War of &&F3#FA#
&&26's &40 &3E, the FLN &1D8 [[Ahmed Ben Bella]], was &D64 &4CA &265 ally and &789 &1CE, [[Houari Boumédiènne]] in 1965. Under Ben Bella &FB &&6F7 &216 &42ist and &E9Eial, &1D4 trend &1C4 &6Aout &&C40's &1D; &32, &&C40 &BA9 &256 &8E3 &8 army, and &8CC the sole &5BE &99 to a &873 &49Fic role.§2Agri&38 was &B10, &60 &A7D &1ADization &7F5 &B96.§2Oil extr&DB &635 were &2Aized &1D4 &162d &74's &55A, &B8 &DD 1973 oil &C15, &1BA &&26n &A0 &BF &1EE &47D oil, &441 &EF3 &FA &7F2 &2E1d &1 &527.§2In &D8 &3A8 &&26 &44 &268 and &1D8 &0 'non-&7ed' &EC.§2A &596 with &&214 &106 [[&&67 &&279]] n&6D &23F war.§2Dissent was &DDE &DD9, &3 &1E's &C0 &106 &3E4 &3 outlawing of &35 &40C &2E &763 FLN was &EA7 &1 re&160ive &5D of 1976.§2Boumédienne &599 1978, &1BA rule &1D &3B2or, [[Chadli Bendjedid]], was &13D more open.§2&&74 took on a &263ly &A33cratic &36 and &3CE was &25D.

The &66ization &7F5 &1DE &28Dable &C3F &25Fs to &&26.§2Village &112s &121went &120 &25F as &705ization &162d, new &3CC &573, agri&38 was &496ly &8CC, and &14B, a rarity in &203 &144, was &258 &200wide, &A4F the &58B rate from less than 10% &7BA 60%.§2Im&B39ments in &330care &23F a &4E0 &162 &1 &335rate (7-8 &BA per m&2E) &192 two con&702: &327 &556ful &23, &60 ho&22B &C15.§2The new &353 strugg&23F &DC2 &4 &56 obsession &B war &3B4 two &207ing &8E6 &62s &7C: left-wingers, &3F &&128 &7CC &62s, &826slamic 'intégristes'.§2Both &8E6ed &92 one-&99 rule &&86D clashed with &137 in &1ED and &8 &F63s &2A &527.§2Mass &8E6s &6A0 camps in autumn 1988 &1F7d Benjedid to concede &14F &4C9-&99 rule, and &190s were &AFB for 1991.

In &&143 1991, the [[&&340 Salvation Front]] w&8 [[&&26n &&2A &&57C &190s, 1991|&40 &2AF]] &0 &5F's &40 &B1E&99 &190s. The &C3 then canceled &91 &2AF, &1F7d then-&3E Bendjedid to resign, and &DD1 the &&340 Salvation Front. The ensuing &207 engulfed &&26 &1 &67B [[&&26n Civil War]].§2More than 100,000 &1C were &3B3, &71 in unprovoked mass&8C1 of &114ians.§2The &1E8 of &1B4 &5B7 &10se mass&8C1 &12D &134 &213 &25B ob&38Ars; many were &2CBed &11 [[Armed &&340 Group]].§2&&54 1998, &100 waned, &1C0 2002 &F3 &AB1 &8A had &1FD been &425 or &91C, &2E7 &AB0 &146 amnesty &2C4, &A1 &BE1 &6D9 &1C4 &271 &155.§2&&190s resumed in 1995, &122 1999, &54 a &69F &17A-term &1D8s re&79ing the &C3, [[Abdelaziz &&9B2]], &114 &3E, was &34A. T&&B2D of &&128 &4E1 &7CC &162d in &424, &CF &DD &3C3 [[Kabyle]] &8E6s of 2001 &3 near-&2F8 boycott of &192 &190s in [[Kabylie]]; &FB &88C with &C5F &3F naming of [[&&AAF]] (&&128) as &1E2 &4E1 &58E it in &1ECs.

!E3!
{{main|&&59 &68

The &26E &1E &F [[&&E8 &&26|&&3E &0 re&8B]], &32F &62B a 5-year term, renewable once. &&26 has [[&B0 suffrage]]. The &&3E &F head &0 &&1FC &&1CEs and &0 High &&6C8 &&296. He ap&F7s the [[Prime &&28F &&26|Prime &&1CE]] who &4A &73D &12E. The Prime &&1CE ap&F7s the &&1FC &&1CEs.

The &&26n [[&1A5]] is bi&869l, &42F a &225 &8D3, the &&2A &&1C's &&57C (APN), with 380 &D6 &60n &646 &8D3, the &&1FC Nation, with 144 &D6. The APN is &34A &12C 5 &5B.

&&BC 1960's, &&26 &118ed &7CE&D1C &62s in sub-&&269 &&516 &44 &1D8 &1 [[Non-Aligned &&62]]. &&50 it &A01s much &1B8 &55B &56 &3D0 with &525 [[&&214]], &149 &4D &47C &592 &C96 &19F with &137 &87 &&26's &F3. &&85 &5E two &15Fs: &&214's [[&&ACer &&214|&2CB to &8E4s of &67 &&26]] (&18 led &4 [[Sand war]] in 1963), and &&26's &118 &10 [[Polisario]], an &714 &16E [[Sahrawi]] [[&BD3e]]s &901 [[&F3]] &10 Moroccan-&B18 [[&&67 &&279]], &18 it hosts with&806 &201s &1 &7CB [[Tindouf]]. Tensions &4E &&543 &&214, as &BE &27B re&2C8g &4 [[&&26n Civil War]], have put &AC &AAE &1 &334 &B1Aening the [[Maghreb Arab &&DF]], &8A4ly &61 in 1989 &783 &13D &42F w&711, &172 &229al &AD2.

==&&251s==
{{main|&&251s &68

&&26 is &158 48 ''[[Wilayah|wilayas]]'' ([[&251s]]):-
{|
|-
|
*&lt;&27&gt;1&lt;/&27&&7B8drar (&&26n &251)|Adrar]]
*&lt;&27&gt;2&lt;/&27&&7B8ïn Defla]]
*&lt;&27&gt;3&lt;/&27&&7B8ïn Témouchent]]
*&lt;&27&gt;4&lt;/&27&&7B8lgiers|Alger]]
*&lt;&27&gt;5&lt;/&27&&7B8nnaba (&251)|Annaba]]
*&lt;&27&gt;6&lt;/&2!158!atna (&251)|Batna]]
*&lt;&27&gt;7&lt;/&2!158!échar]]
*&lt;&27&gt;8&lt;/&2!158!éjaïa (&251)|Béjaïa]]
*&lt;&27&gt;9&lt;/&2!158!iskra (&251)|Biskra]]
*&lt;&27&gt;10&lt;/&2!158!lida]]
*&lt;&27&gt;11&lt;/&2!158!ordj Bou Arréridj (&251)|Bordj Bou Arréridj]]
*&lt;&27&gt;12&lt;/&2!158!ouira]]
*&lt;&27&gt;13&lt;/&2!158!oumerdès]]
*&lt;&27&gt;14!123! [[Chlef]]
*&lt;&27&gt;15!123! [[&&494, &&26|&&494]]
*&lt;&27&gt;16!123! [[Djelfa (&251)|Djelfa]]
*&lt;&27&gt;17&lt;/&27&&47B Bayadh]]
|
*&lt;&27&gt;18&lt;/&27&&47B Oued (&251)|El Oued]]
*&lt;&27&gt;19&lt;/&27&&47B Tarf]]
*&lt;&27&gt;20!123! [[Ghardaïa]]
*&lt;&27&gt;21!123! [[Guelma]]
*&lt;&27&gt;22!123! [[Illizi]]
*&lt;&27&gt;23!123! [[Jijel]]
*&lt;&27&gt;24!123! [[Khenchela]]
*&lt;&27&gt;25!123! [[Laghouat]]
*&lt;&27&gt;26!123! [[Mila]]
*&lt;&27&gt;27!123! [[&&D03 (&251)|&&D03]]
*&lt;&27&gt;28!123! [[Medea]]
*&lt;&27&gt;29!123! [[Muaskar]]
*&lt;&27&gt;30!123! [[M'Sila]]
*&lt;&27&gt;31!123! [[Naama]]
*&lt;&27&gt;32!123! [[Oran]]
*&lt;&27&gt;33!123! [[Ouargla]]
|
*&lt;&27&gt;34!123! [[Oum el-Bouaghi]]
*&lt;&27&gt;35!123! [[Relizane]]
*&lt;&27&gt;36!123! [[Saida (&251)|Saida]]
*&lt;&27&gt;37!123! [[Sétif]]
*&lt;&27&gt;38!123! [[Sidi Bel Abbes]]
*&lt;&27&gt;39!123! [[Skikda]]
*&lt;&27&gt;40!123! [[Souk Ahras]]
*&lt;&27&gt;41!123! [[Tamanrasset]]
*&lt;&27&gt;42!123! [[Tébessa]]
*&lt;&27&gt;43!123! [[Tiaret]]
*&lt;&27&gt;44!123! [[Tindouf &&251|Tindouf]]
*&lt;&27&gt;45!123! [[Tipaza]]
*&lt;&27&gt;46!123! [[Tissemsilt]]
*&lt;&27&gt;47!123! [[Tizi Ouzou]]
*&lt;&27&gt;48!123! [[Tlemcen]]
|
|[[&&20:&&26 &251s.png|&B|&359|Map &0 &251s of [[&&26]] in &22Cical &2FA.]]
|}

#103#
{{main|&&15E &68

[[&&20:&&26 map.png|220px|&B|Map &307 with &168]]
[[&&20:Hoggar3.jpg|&4B|left|The [[Ahaggar &&2B5|Hoggar]] &&2B5]]

Most &0 &229al area is hilly, &65 even &300, &3re are few good harbours. The area just &64 &0 &229, &DE &A [[Tell]], is &8AD. &&15C &64 &F [[&&76 &2B5|&&76 &375]] &2F9 &3 [[&&279]] &43C. [[&&1DB]], [[Oran]] and [[&&494, &&26|&&494]] are &F3 &168.

&&26's &36F arid and hot, &168 &229al &164 is mild, &3 &43Es &1 &300 &155 &57 &875. &&26 is prone to [[sirocco]], a hot dust- and sand-laden wind &B8 &3DA &167.

''&&166'': [[Extreme &F7s &307]]

!E5!
{{main|&&A0 &68

[[&&20:Un&DE &32F coin2.JPG|&4B|left|&5CC|&&26n coins]]
The &BE7 fuels &4BE &3F2 &F &EAD &0 &A0, &46Aing for &501 60% of &2BE 30% &306 &459 &22E over 95% of &553 &BE6. &&26 h&A &338-!7C! !7B! it ranks 14th in [[&&20D]] re&38As.

&&26’s &199 and &84 &A0C &6C1 &2A mid-&8F1, in part beca&5C &3A8 re&337 &118ed &11 IMF and debt &B8E &5 [[Paris Club]]. &&26’s &B8D in 2000 and 2001 &30Eed &1B3n &CC oil &7F2s &3 &1D’s &B1A fiscal &3A8, &640 &1B7 &162 &1 &1AA surplus, &2B6 highs &5F8 ex&25F re&38As, and reduction &5F8 debt. &&FB's &1C4 &13D &AB3 &C9 by &118 and &EF &246 &305 &3F2 &59C &370 in &40C &528 and &426 &10F &1ACs. In 2001, &FB &3AA an &&9C Treaty &B [[&&45 &&DF]] &6C4 &12E &225 &85Ds &&DC1 &1AA.

!E4!
[[&&20:&&1DB &229.jpg|&4B|[[&&1DB]] &229]]
{{main|&&B1 &68

&&5A 90% &307ns live &1 &AAern, &229al area; the &3Aity &6F5habit the [[&&279 &43C]] are &2BC &837 in [[oasis|oases]], &20C 1.5 &13F &5F6 [[nomad]]ic or &3A9 &CB4.

Ninety-nine &56B &0 &23 is &1B8ified &448ally as [[Arab]]/[[&&128]], &419ly as [[&&68A]]; &2E &F6s are &48C to &70B &27 &8A, &2BC &80Deigners. &&45s &46A for less than 1%.

Most &&26ns are Arab by &4E1 &7CC, &70B &8FE &&128-Arab &6AC. The &&128s &2FF &&26 &308 ar&F87 of Arab &B8A &2A &15F Islam, &1 7th &47. T&&B2D of &448ity &47A is &DC0 &54 many &5B &12E &F9alization of &&128 (or [[Amazigh]], as some &A0B) &38. Today, the Arab-&&128 &645 &7A a case of self-&39A or &39A &6A &4E1 &38, &51 a &23E or &448 &1CBion. The 20% or so &0 &23 who self-&3DB as &&128s, and &42B &554 &&128 &Cs (&C [[&&AAF]]), are &158 &85 &448 &8A, &5A4 [[Kabyle]] (the &B2) &1 &300 &AA-&80 area, [[Chaoui]] &1 &EA [[&&76 &&2B5]], [[Mozabite]]s &1 [[M'zab]] &321, and [[Tuareg]] &1 far &64.

==&&C==
{{main|&&Cs &68

The [[&E7 &C]] is [[&&10E &C|&&10E]], &2E9 &13Bly in &A7Aal form (#0#[[&&26n &&10E|Darja]]#0#) &5B7 80% &0 &23; &4E 20% or so &554 [[&&128]] ([[&&AAF]]), &E7ly a [[&2A &C]]. [[&&48 &C|&&48]] &F most &3A5 &287 &D8 &C (&DBF &25E by [[&&46 &C|&&46]]), but &7C7 rare as a [[&13B &C]]. &&87 &F3, &FB has &8F2 a &69E &351 [[&&C41]] of &C9D&829d &916, with some &3B2, &430 &39 &454s &3E6 &1B &442 in &&48.

!121!
[[&&20:&&1DB mosque.jpg|&4B|[[Mosque]] in &&1DB]]
{{main|&&38 &68

&&66 &&26n &158, &5CB &4E &&10E and &&48, &28 &EE &11 &5F's &262 &33.§2[[&&275 &&26n &294|&&170 &127ists]] &0 &22D &7B [[Mohammed Dib]] and [[Kateb Yacine]], &50 [[Assia Djebar]] is &3A5 &64A.§2&&6C &127ists &0 &527 &7Bd [[Rachid Mimouni]], &B4 vice-&E8 Amnesty Inter&2A, and [[Tahar Djaout]], &BAC &44C [[Islamist]] &11F in 1993 &FD &CCBist &24B.§2As &2BC &&CA &144, [[Apuleius]], born in [[Mdaourouch]], was &13B &5AA &2C9come &&26.

In &15 &3 &81ities, [[Malek Bennabi]] and [[Frantz Fanon]] &9Ded &10ir &A1ts on [[de&434]], &50 [[&&1D6ine of Hippo]] &F9 in [[Tagaste]] (&5A 60 &3D1 &5 &79 day &7CB [[Annaba]]), and [[Ibn Khaldun]], &A1 born in [[Tunis]], &266 the [[Muqaddima]] &50 staying in &&26.

&&26n &38 &28 &EE by [[Islam in &&26|Islam]], &F3 &F6.§2The &DD &0 [[Sanusi]] &CE in pre&203 &634 of Emir [[&&D04]] and &&76B [[Ben Badis]] in &203 &144, are &3A5 &719.

The [[&&DC &307|&&26n &DCal]] genre &600 a&A1A is [[raï]], a pop-flavored, &78Dated take on folk &DC, &DD5 &F79&2A &5C0 &C [[Khaled (&DCian)|Khaled]] and [[Cheb Mami]].§2&&1A3 &&26 &23F &5A6er, &360 &A07 [[chaabi]] &68 &12D more &C9, with such &5C0 as [[El Hadj El Anka]] or [[Dahmane El Harrachi]], &DA tuneful melodies of [[Kabyle]] &DC, exemplified by [[Idir]], [[Ait Menguellet]], or [[Lounès Matoub]], &EB wide &69C.§2F&5B1 &14D tastes, [[Andalusian &14D &DC|Andalusi &DC]], &1DE from [[Al-Andalus]] by [[Morisco]] &BD3es, is &17d &C3 &7DF &229al &B29.

In &4D9, [[Mohammed Khadda]] and [[M'hemed Issiakhem]] &9Dable &68B &5B.

== &&2CD &A87 ==

&lt;&A87&gt;
&&20:Houbel.JPG|''The Monument &0 Martyrs &&1DB''
&&20:Algernuit.jpg|''&&1DB by &3D3''
&&20:Finace.jpg|''&&1CE &0 &B8D''
&&20:Makam Echehid.jpg|''&&1DB view by air''
&&20:Benyen.JPG|''the Forest Bainem in &&26 at (Bouzareah)''
&&20:&&1DBsnow.jpg|''Snow on &&1DB''
&&20:&&11C Saint&577algiers.jpg|''The &11C§2Saint &577 at &&1DB''
&&20:PE &&8AC &&279 0121.JPG|''&&279 &307''



&lt;/&A87&gt;

!130!
* [[&&61B &307]]
* [[&&101s &479
* [[&&D8 &19F &307]]
* [[&&275 &&26-&&CB9]]
* [[&&275 &168 &479
* [[&&275 &&26ns]]
* [[&&275 &5F9 &A]]
* [[&&C3 &307]]
* [[&&131 in &&26|&&131 &479
* ''[[The &&6D3 &&1DB]]'' &17B
* [[&&26n War of &&F3]] (1954-1962)
* [[&&26n Civil War]] (1991-2002)

=== &&1E1ies ===
*[#1#&41Ajaunes-dz.com/&12B.php?lang=en Yellow Pages &307]

!E!
!120!
{{&522&2FC|&&26}}

'''&&1D'''
*[#1#el-mouradia.dz El Mouradia] &E7 &3Eial site (in &&48 and &&10E)
*[#1#apn-dz.org/apn/&46/&12B.htm &&2A &&1C's &&57C] &E7 &1A5ary site
*[#1#&26-us.org/ The Embassy &307 in &&C5, DC]

'''News'''
*[#2#all&12.com/&26/ all&&12.com - ''&&26''] news headline &2FC
*[#1#elkhabar.com/FrEn/?idc=52 El Khabar]
*[#1#&AA-&12.com/one.htm The &&AA &&12 &&34D] &209 news

'''Over&24B'''
!2E!Bations/&286/geos/ag.!148!&&28 #113#- ''&&26'']
!7D!/frd/cs/dztoc.html &&5CB &&1CA - &&5F Study: ''&&26''] data as of &&143 1993
* [#1#exile.ru/2003-&&105-20/war_nerd.html &&26: The Psychos Will Inherit the Earth] - an irreverent look at &&26's &C3 &2B8

'''&&310'''
*{{&61A}}

'''&&2E'''
* [#1#&26-&9B7.org/&F78ais.htm &&26 Watch] &24C &13C &294 &25D &C88 &173d &11 régime (in &&48)
* [#1#open&274.net/&328ization-&18D_&1D/&26_2874.jsp &&26’s past &555 &C87, not c&781] Analysis &8 &8B &7AF held [[29 &&26F]] [[2005]] by Veerle Opgenhaffen and Hanny Megally 
*[#2#algerie.el-annabi.com all City of Algéria]
*[#1#dicodialna.com &&26n-&&46 &&27C &&550]

{{&&12}}
{{&&803}}


[[&&9:&&12n &&47F &A]]
[[&&9:&&26| ]]
[[&&9:Arab &&6B4]]
[[&&9:Peace and &&6C8 &&296]]

[[af:Algerië]]
[[am:አልጄሪያ]]
[[an:Alcheria]]
!32!الجزائر]]
[[ast:Arxe!F1!
!D6!আলজেরিয়া]]
[[bs:Alžir]]
[[ca:Algèria]]
[[cs:Alžírsko]]
[[cy#7F#
[[da:&&8ACt]]
[[de:&&8ACn]]
!49!Αλγερία]]
!125!lĝerio]]
[[es:Arge!F1!
[[et:Alžeeria]]
#F9#الجزایر]]
[[fi#7F#
[[fr:Algérie]]
[[gl:Alxeria - الجزائر]]
[[ha:Aljeriya]]
[[haw:ʻAleke!F1!
!1B!אלג'יריה]]
#BE#अल्जीरिया]]
[[ht:Aljeri]]
[[ia#7F#
[[id:Aljazair]]
[[io:Aljeria]]
[[is:Alsír]]
[[it#7F#
!17!アルジェリア]]
#3A#알제리]]
[[kw:Aljeri]]
[[la#7F#
[[li:&&8ACë]]
[[lt:Alžyras]]
[[lv:Alžīrija]]
#BF#Алжир]]
[[ms#7F#
[[na#7F#
[[nds:&&8ACn]]
[[nl:Algerije]]
[[nn:&&8AC]]
[[no:&&8AC]]
[[pl:Algieria]]
[[pt:Argé!F1!
[[rm#7F#
[[ro#7F#
!1E!Алжир]]
[[sa:अल्जीरिया]]
[[scn:Algiria]]
[[&1D3#7F#
[[sk:Alžírsko]]
[[sl:Alžirija]]
[[so:Aljeeriya]]
[[sq:Algjeria]]
!37!Алжир]]
[[sv:&&8ACt]]
[[tg:Алҷазоир]]
#80#ประเทศแอลจีเรีย]]
[[tl#7F#
[[tr:Cezayir]]
[[ur:الجزائر]]
[[wa:Aldjereye]]
[[yi:אַלזשיר]]
#2C#阿尔及利亚]]
[[zh-min-nan:&&26#1D#
!3!
!2!
!5!
§4<&8>&&11 #9C#</&8>
§4<id>359</id>
!1!
§6<id>41302556</id>
!D!-02-26T11:34#4A#
!0!
§8<&6>B&4D2</&6>
§8<id>671891</id>
!4!
§6<&5>Re&4D1 inccorect info &5A &2BE of #0#mooch#0# see &228</&5>
§6#4#'''&&11 in [[Ayn Rand]]'s &127, [[&&76 &&3]].'''

!11F!

==Balph &&9B0==
Called #0#the &2DF &1D8 &0 age#0#, &296 fact &41 &272&347 &13E any&336 &54F &230 want to read. What &1C ''want'' to read, he says, is ir&6C3. He com&D55s that &26 disgraceful &6F0rtists are &409 as &F41s, and &15re &B6 a law &D66ing the sales &73E to &4B4 copies. &&52 &2C3 &0 ''&&1BA''. Balph &&9B0 &B3 &E &!152!
==Ben Nealy==
A &133 contr&278 whom ''&&73 &&24'' hires to re&195 the &8B1 &8 [[&&77 #9C##Rio Norte Line|Rio Norte Line]] with [[&&C6 #9C##&&37 Metal|&&37 Metal]]. Nealy &272&F48nt, but &&73 can find &257 &244 in &DC &5F. Nealy &12A any&336 can get done with &39D muscle &FD. He sees no role f&798telligence in &81 &37E, and &85 &7E7 &58 in&646 &EA6 the &1A1 &238 make &7D5s. He &B89 on &&69B ''Ellis Wyatt'' to run &77, and resents &786 &644 it, &2FB &B3 &710 like &107 just bossing &1C &180. Ben Nealy &B3 &!72!

==&&654 &&653==
Editorial &853 &10 &2D8 ''The Future''. He &271 bashes &209 and &209men, &801 &15A says any&336 &176 &58 &EEs, &658 innuendo, sneers, and denunciation. &&4A7 a hatchet job on ''Hank &&37'' &6B ''The Octopus''. He &4A &D4F in &118 &0 [[&&77 #9C##&&524 of &&303 Bill|&&524 of &&303 Bill]]. &&654 &&653 &B3 &E &!152!

==Betty Pope==
A &55Ay &42ite &32F &1D2 a &109less &2E4 &549 ''James &&24'' that coincides &B &CB7 &109lessness &233 life. She regrets &1D2 to wake up &12C &8BA &28E h&26C face an&2E empty day. S&52 &B88 crude in a way that casts ridicule on her high &42 &136. Betty Pope &B3 &E &13 &&3|&51s]] 142 &476
==&&3CB==
An un&24C &DE3ee &1FC &8 [[&&77 #9C##&&24 Comet|&&24 Comet]] &8DD. ''&&73 &&24'' &B2F &&3CB &DBE the &2C1 a &385. When she asks him what &9B5 &26 from, he says &26 [[&&77 #9C##&&19D's Fifth &&385|&&19D's Fifth &&385]]. When &&73 &F7s &746 ''&&17C &&19D'' only &5F7 &385s, &&3CB &2CBs &5A8 a mistake &15E doesn't recall &176 &7C0 the &9B5.

&&B4, &541 instructs the &8DD crew &69D proceed, he asks a co-&5FD who s&52, and &38Cs she &F one who runs [[&&94 #9C##&&24 &&41|&&24 &&41]].

&&26 &B4 &186 &15 un&DE &3CB &1AF &0 &2D1, when &&73 meets him &1 &321. &&3CB &B3 &!41! and 113.

==Cherryl Brooks==
Dime store shopgirl who marries James &&24 &54 a &261 &5E9 in her store the &3D3 the John Galt Line was &BB9 his &ACest &3B2.§2She marries him &44E he &F &84F &17F &1FE &&24 &&41. S&52 horrible to &&73 &8E &3D3 &A4 she commits &C98, &749 confesses to &&73 &2C8 &313 Jim, &44E s&81 marrying &&73. Like Eddie &&657, Cherryl &1AF re&79ation of a #0#good#0# &17F who lacks the &B09 capa&168 &0 &31C &4BA &0 &127.

==Claude Slagenhop==
The &E8 &35 &13C [[&&11 #9C#|Friends of &&328 &&4DA]] (&3A &118ed by ''&&433 &&37''), and &2C ''&&177 &&37's'' &2CC. He &12A &1D7 &2D4 air, that &85 no time for talk, but &EDction. &&52 not b&2Eed &11 &B3 &DB un&5C4d by &1D7 is random and &F7less. &&328 &&4DA is a sponsor &0 [[&&77 #9C#|&&524 of &&303 Bill]]. Claude Slagenhop &B3 &E &!152!
==Cuffy Meigs==
A &DBD who's as&3AA by &&749 Mouch &7D8 &9B7 &106 &1FCs of ''&&24 &&41,'' &22A assumes &C0 &106 &D7 &541 &&24 &BF7. He &A5E a pistol &60 lucky rabbit's foot, he dresses in &621 uniform. The #0#&171 heir&&108 Dr. &&91 &&33D, Meigs &5D3 to a fitting end &1F &4C8 ''&&1A1 X.''

==&&73 &&24==
&&F3 &36 #9C# (also &5A &233 &2EDake ''Mrs. &&169 &&24''). &&73 is Vice-!79!B at &&24 &&41.§2She &F &605 hero, the &C93part to John Galt, her &A4E &F &A4E &0 &780 &DBC and &121&627ing Galts &15. &&AE &1 know &121st&6D she &F one who &5E2 runs the &133. &&1 &454 &0 &127, she &337 &CAtic &B87 with &E5 &7FC &31D. &&57, Hank &&37 and John Galt &105. John &F one who, &74 &0 sum-&2F8 &1D &436, &&65F the &4A2 of &&73. &&73 &B3 &!41!, 113, 114, &3C0 141, 145, &737, 148, 151, 152, &476

==Dan Conway==
The &19A-aged &3E &0 [[&&94 #9C#|&&30F-&&412]] &133. Running a &133 is just &AC only &336 he &8F9. &&FA [[&&77 #9C#|Anti-dog-eat-dog Rule]] is &83 &7F5 his &209 out &50 #9C#|&&141]], he loses t&58E &4FB, and re&7E1 &165 to a quiet life &73E &571. He &298 &EA5 had &1B &6EEd, it &282 out &1B him, &15E has no &767 com&D55, bowing &4 will &0 &145ity. When &160ed he says he doesn't &5E2 &154 &85 &B, &801 can't &121&627 why &26 &52D and wh&1F &F81&13B &78E. &&52 trapped by &26B code that &3E5 &828 &8FC &836, and &51 &709 that &1B0ity, he &1FF &4C8 up. Dan Conway &B3 &E &13 &&3|&51s]] 145 and 146, &B1 &2F &51 148.
==Dick McNamara==
A contr&278 who &7AE !78!Line]] and &32F hired to lay &14C [[&&C6 #9C#|&&37 Metal]] &8B1 &10 [[&&77 #9C#|Rio Norte Line]]. &&A4 he gets a &261 &622 so, he &61Dly dis&B3. Dick McNamara &55 &E &13 &&17B and 141.
==Eddie &&657==
&&179 &&6EF &4 Vice-!79!B at &&24 &&41. He grew up with ''&&73 &&24''. &&62D and &184&27E &549 &10 &&24s, &15E &25E &1ir &DBB. &&52 &206ly loyal to &&73 &238 [[&&94 #9C#|&&24 &&41]]. He &4A &6D8ly in &6AE &&73. &&657 &24A &8D0 &E7 &30F man: &58A who &7D &A4D the promethian &7FD &607 The &&2D1, but &15Atheless &20Fes them in &1B0 courage &B1 &347 appreciating and &281 use &0ir &986s. Eddie &&657 &B3 &E &13 &&157 114, 117, &3C0 141, 151, and 152.

==Ellis Wyatt==
!77!|Wyatt Oil]]. He &17Dlmost &456-&EA4 revived &C9 &50 #9C#|&&141]] by &72D oil &D3. Of &DC dis&3B6ances of &1ADists &1 &127, Wyatt's, &DE7 the fiery &4AB &1D oil wells, is surely &31 &4E0. Ellis Wyatt &55 or &B3 &E &13 &&157 114, 132, &737, 148, and 152.

==&&57 d'&&A8==
!76!6 &&3]]. By all &46As, &52 &540 &13Faire &A4C, &8AB by &C3E &0 &28's &B2 &352 &9E2 &11B, the man &1FE !78!Mines]], &60 &1C2 &5F6 &40 love of ''&&73 &&24''.

&&57 &1AE &1FC &8 sly as a teenager in &102 &38C all &4C1 &5A &209. &&50 &7B6 &5A2 &53F #9C#|&&285 Henry #DA#, he &1AE &1FC at a &352 &156ry, &122vesting &1 stock &3A4. &&11 time &81 &4B2 &319 made &39D to &95F the &156ry. He &1AE &545 [[&&94 #9C#|d'&&A8 &&352]] as &F76ant &F84intendent of a mine in &&663, but was &758 &904d to head &0 !14F! &2E6. He &3D5 d'&&A8 &&352 &698 23, &DD &1FA &1D &27E.

When &81 26, &&57 &6D8ly &606 the ''&&2D1&7F5 &10C &9BA &116 d'&&A8 &11B so the ''&&1BA'' &11C get it. He &410 &33Ca of &540 &A4C, &731 &52 &DE &4 &28, &276 &21Aive &9BF.

His full name is &&57 Domingo Carlos Andres &&14A d'&&A8.

''&&29 [mailto:areed2@cal&1Ela.edu Adam Reed] ([#1#monmouth.com/~adamreed/Ayn_Rands_jewish_&5B/Who_is_&&57_D&&A8.html &&32F &&57 D'&&A8?]), d'&&A8 &F only Hero-&1B8 &36 &32F recognizably Jewish (not &1 &138, but &1 &A9 &2FB, like Ayn R&15Erself).'' &&57 D'&&A8 &B3 or &55 &E &13 &&3|&51s]] 132, 141, 144, 151, and 152 - this last &51 &7Bs a &383 &33 &1D life.
==Hank &&37==
!76!6 &&3]]. He &F &665 [[&&94 #9C#|&&37 Steel]] &3 inventor of [[&&C6 #9C#|&&37 Metal]]. He &47C &197 #9C#|&&42A]] &161 wife ''&&177'', his br&2E ''&&433'', &60n elderly &5BF &DE &6D5s ''&&37's M&2E'', &800 &7CA &118s. [[Gwen Ives]] is his &6D8ary.

The &A7 Hank &&37 &7E8 &6C &8F0 to play &1 &127. &&40, &52 &1 same &136 &A &780 in &41 is aware &15re is &1C3 &52D &B &28 but &6B sure what &26. &&37 is &5C4d &4B4 an &121&627ing &0 &6A1 &6A his &2CChip with ''&&57 d'&&A8'', who does know &5EC, &1C0 this &AAD the &780 &4A &96A to &121st&3 &6D8 when &26 &7F9 &47D &5F5 &&3/Galts &&239|Galt's &&239]]. 

&&8D, &&37 is &83 &7AD Rand's [[&&1AB #9C#|&11A sex]]. ''&&177 &&37'' can&44Dppreciate Hank &&37's &354s, and s&52 &44D &745 disgusted by sex. ''&&73 &&24'' cl&6D does &D02 &&37's &354s, &1D4 &84D &9BDs &321 &2E4 &3AC. &&37 &333rn by a &4C5 &31F &897s the &959 &0 &90 &39F sex as a &225 &B86, &50 &CC4ing &2E4ly to &&73, who re&79s his &34B &FE. &&37 &44Fs to resolve th&272ternal &207 &122 &751 &7ADs Rand's &2E4 &E4. &&37 &B3 &E &13 &&3|&51s]] &69A 147, and 161, &B1 &2F &51s 114 and 131.

==Hugh &&523==
Identified as #0#One &0 last &AC &6D4s of &15F.&&793 &44 ren&717 &9D &3 head &0 &&99 &&40B [[&&77 #9C#|&&285 Henry #DA#, &176 &442 ''&&57 &211 Galt'', &478 &&3EBöld''. &&81, &13B ''&&91 &&33D'', a &27E &6D1 &4se &E5. &&523's name is so h&5CDed &6F0 &366 lady, on &8DF that &&57 had &287 &121 him, is &C85. S&60F he must &22 &2C &AE &AC &2ED &1B3n &238 &47. Hugh &&523 &55 &E &!152!
==James &&24==
The &&E8 [[&&94 #9C#|&&24 &&41]] &60 &1D8 &0 ''&&1BA''. &&24 &5F &E27 &126 &F41 who &272&347 &281 &7D5s &244 own. He &B89 &244 &522 ''&&73 &&24'' to &230 run the &133, but nonetheless &A1Ds her in &324 &12C &EA3. In a &2FB, he &F anti&9DD of &&73.

&&A &127 &4DAes, &3E6 &15 &0 &&1BA is &7F9: &26 a code of [[&F16]]. The goal &63 code &333 not &4D0, &1Bcome a zero. &&24 &44Fs to &5F6 &CC3 that &85 his goal. He &AB8 his pretence &41 wants &7B0, and &36Ds horrified whe&15A his mind st&7C3 &D51 the &471 &5A &165. This &4C5 &9C7 &4 recurring &E41 &1D life: &5FC &34D &AE on whom his life &66B, &3 &DBA &41 will &F35 &5AF. James &&24 &B3 &E &13 &&157 &738, 132, 143, 144, 152 and 161, and &55 &E &13 &&3|&51s]] 146 and 148.

==John Galt==
*The &1E8 #0#[[&&32F John Galt?]]&&D6 &7CD &54F &6Aout [[&&76 &&3]]. Late in&4 book we &38C that '''John Galt''' &F &7DA &8CA &699 &0 &28 &3 &1D8 &0 ''&&2D1''. He &4A &B4 &36 &A '''&&748 Worker'''.

The son &146 [[Ohio]] garage mechanic, Galt left home &698 12 and &1AE &107 &53F #9C##&&285 Henry &&39|&&285 Henry #DA# &698 16. &&D3 he befri&46D [[#&&57 d'&&A8|&&57 d'&&A8]] and [[#&&332 &&3EBöld|&&332 &&3EBöld]], all &E5 of whom &6DF-&145ed in [[&12A]] and [[&15]]. They &2CC cherished &1C6 &0 &AB7 &AEB [[#&&91 &&33D|&&91 &&33D]] &3 &AB7 &9D [[#Hugh &&523|Hugh &&523]].

&&54 graduating, Galt &163n [[&B91]] &1F [[&&94 #9C#|&&446 &&47 Motor &&DD]] &176 de&3AA a r&15Dary new &2F4 &5F4 ambient &9AF &5C3 &B &275 to &25F &4B. Like [[#Ellis Wyatt|Ellis Wyatt]], &695 &152 what many had for &5B said was im&C1. &&FA &D7 &8ABs &629 run &2BBory &11 &B85 maxim, 'By each &29 his &31D, to each &29 his need', Galt &AFC a &1A9 [[&38D &4B0]], pro&2CBing his &C97 to stop &699 &0 &28.§2He &1AE traversing the &9F1, &59C &4B's most &1A9 &209men, &58atically &7B6 &37D &3F7 &58 &DBB; one by one, they &1AE abandoning &8C &209 &11Bs (&18, Galt &6FC them, were doomed to &78C anyhow, &6F9 &162d &2Aization of &1CC &11 &1D).

Secretly, &86 captains of &1CC, &4FC Galt and [[banker]] [[#Midas &&4D8|Midas &&4D8]], had &152 &239 &53 #3#&8E; &74B enclave of &253 &A3ists &187 #0#[[&&77 #9C##Galt's Gulch|Galt's Gulch]]&&719 town &EA2 high in a wilderness of &2B5.§2[[#&&73 Taggert|&&73]] &541 &7BD the town #3#&8E; &60 &C85 John Galt #3#&8E; by crash-landing &7E6 [[&A6]] &50 pursuing [[#&&747 &&9FAs|&&747 &&9FAs]].

!75!F3 &F71ing the &776, #0#&&32F John Galt?#0#, &26 &75 that &2A3 &EBttempted &449swer that &1E8. The &776 &36Ds an &408 &B84 and despair &1F &153 &1E &0 &28. ''&&73 &&24'' &B2F a &2D [[&&77 #9C##John Galt &&465|John Galt &&465]] &A4 &CBC &2BA John Galt &&AAC joining his &2C9, and &2E0 &169 &0 &411 &EBn &235 of &471 &4m.

:''&&B7 a clo&336 store in [[Vail, &&141]] &6B John Galt Ltd. One &EC0 that, on &56A, a &B83 un&A75ly walks in &60sks, #0#&&32F John Galt?#0#''

==&&177 &&37==
The &E37 un&118ive wife of ''Hank &&37''. They &22 &313 &711 &5B &A &127 &773.

&&177 is a frigid ''Moocher'' who &A1B &34D her &74C. She &EA1 &78 &&37's wife with &E06 &4B's most &FDful &B21. &&87 she &443 &8E1ably ride a &B21 that goes too fast, she must bridle it down to her &276, even if that &1B7 &270 &15A &9EE its full &275 &278 &FD &152 greviously &B2Ad.

&&177 also &38As to &7AD Rand's [[&&1AB #9C#|&&11A sex]]. She &154s sex is &804 &3EE &B86 &6D &2E4 indulgence is a sign of &1B0 &B82. S&52 in&347 &A91 this &5B5 &3AC, &18 &260 testifies to her &1B0 &C3D. &&32, &30C &4 &11A sex &&177's &10D &2E4 &94B &3FAs from her in&646 &1D5 &2F2 in &C8E; she &Frefore un&C0 &CC4 &2E4ly &749 &1D5s &2F2 &2C2s.

&&177 &DB9 sex with her husb&71C &74 s&52 'realistic' &39D &79D &52 &803 brute who &322 satisf&DB &1D brute &B86s. &&E &13 &&3|&51]] 161 she &AAB &2C8 abhors ''&&57 d'&&A8'', &74 &260 &52 a &2E4 &AC7r. &&177 &&37 &B3 &E &13 &&3|&51s]] 121 &476

==The &&1BA==
A &16E evil &11 &65 &78 as #0#James &&24 &9E &2CC#0#. &&107 &29B &4 &&B81. The &&1BA &302 men and &8EF who use &1F7 to &DB8 &2F2 from &120 &2C2 it. They seek to &116 &2C2rs &296 fact &15y are &514 up&8m. The &&1BA &7B: Mr. &&B80, Balph &&9B0, Floyd Ferris, James &&24, Orren Boyle, Paul Larkin, &&91 &&33D, Simon &&AAA, &&749 Mouch, and Cuffy Miegs. 
==Midas &&4D8==
A &55Ay banker who &61Dly dis&43 &8E6 &54 &52 &20E a &1F5 &102 loan &3DC &449 &5B8 loan applicant. Midas &&4D8 is &5B7 &10 creati&829d &393 &0 &3DC &C1 &408 &1BE Galt's Gulch, and &F &119 &8AB &0 land &AD Galt's Gulch &1EB. He &4A &5B7 &10 &9B &0 &3DC used &D3.
==The &&B81==
A &16E &11, &29B &4 ''&&1BA'', who use guilt as a &A16 &92 &120 &2C2 &2F2. They seek to &116 &2C2rs &296 fact &15y are &514 up&8m. The &&B81 &7B ''&&177 &&37'', ''&&433 &&37'', and Hank &&37's ''m&2E''.

==Mort Liddy==
A [[hack &853|hack]] &7BA who &A26 trite &4C6s for &17Bs &5F2 symphonies that &257 listens to. He &154s melody is a &887 vulgarity. &&52 &2C ''&&177 &&37's'' &2CC &60 &268 &0 &56 &D57. Mort Liddy &B3 &E &!152!

==Mr. Mowen==
The &3E &0 [[&&94 #9C#|&&913 &&5F0 Signal &&D7, Inc.]] of &&917. &&52 a &209&7DA sees no&336 &52D &B &1B0 code &C1 &35E &53 &697 &15A dream of &3F6 &52 in &209 &EDny &15F &2E than &1DE of &53. &&52 un&C0 grapple &32bstract &27B, &B1 f&Bened &146y&336 &134. &&73 &&24 hires Mr. Mowen to &2C2 &B7F made of [[&&C6 #9C#|&&37 Metal]]. &&52 reluctant to &B17 any&336 &6EA un&B39n &C6, &1AD &1B ridden and cajoled &A4 &52 &8FC &3C5 the &962.§2When &160ured by &8B &78D, he dis&3E6s &9B &0 &B7F, &585 &&73 to find &3A9 &3B7. Mr. Mowen &B3 &!72!

==&&748 Worker==
A menial &5FD for [[&&94 #9C#|&&24 &&41]] who &71 dines with ''Eddie &&657'' &1 &DE3ee's cafeteria. Eddie &7BD him very easy to talk to, and &&748 Worker not-so-subtly &9C7 &6E8 &1BF Eddie &A4B &6C &280 ''&&73 &&24&7F5 &&24 &&41. Eddie &71A him &18 suppliers and contr&278s &&73 &7D6 &47D, &2CA &9B4 &923, &AE &104 next &6DC dis&3B6 &61Dly. &&748 Worker is &230 John Galt. &&748 Worker &!74!133.

==The un&24C news&627 &8AB==
He &DD &1 &&24 &&94A. Twenty &5B ago he &717 a &AA9 f&278y &6A2 went &121, &15E's been &1FC &6D1 news&627 ever &87. &&52 a collector of &9AE, and &8F9 &12C &9B9 ever made. He &44A chats with ''&&73 &&24'' &749 &5D3 by. On one &56A, &E &13 &&3|&51]] 132, &541 asks &828bout his &490, he bemoans &2BB &15re are no new &9B9s &3 old &9B9s &39E dis&3B6ing. He exa&334 a &AA9 &780 &&73 by ''Hugh &&523'', but &26 &301 &9B9 &41 has &15A seen &A4. It &A5E the sign &0 &49E. &&58 &40 &3B6ance, the News&627 Owner likens the fire of a &AA9 &4 fire &0 mind. This alludes &4 &&5C myth of &&D32, who gave &A4A the gift of fire, &5CDing &653 &F22 &23F up and &36D &114ized. &&5F5 &&3]], it &F mind of man that &F22s &A4A. Thus the &9AE &36D &49Fic &0 men &0 mind. The dis&3B6ance &0 old &9B9s &397 dis&3B6ance &0 men &0 mind, &3 News&627 Owner's &3C6 &0 new br&7A7eshadows &&73's &23C &301 &5B5 men &0 mind.

==Orren Boyle==
!77!|&&267 Steel]] &60 fri&159 ''James &&24''. &&52 one &0 ''&&1BA''. &&52 an investor &1 [[&&77 #9C#|San &&14A Mines]]. Orren Boyle &B3 or &55 &E &13 &&157 &738, 132, 144, and 152.
==Owen &&8AA==
&&6EF &4 Manager &0 &&24 &&94A &197 #9C#|!14F!]]. He catches ''&&73 &&24's'' eye &4EB &0 few &F48nt men on &B16. &&54 &871 the sorry &1E &0 Ohio Di&609 she &A20s &26A him &232 new Superintendent. &&32, as soon &6AC &27Ds &111 #9C#|!14F!]], &&8AA in&337 her &41 is quitting his job. He admits &41 loves his &696 that's not &39D &7D8 him. &&4BC't say why &52 &675 or what &58E do. &&B4, &52 noticed &1FC as &7A8ient &38D &11 un&1A9/un&4FD &209man ''Mr. Mowen''. Owen Kellog &12E &9EEes, and settles in &&949. Owen &&8AA &B3 &!41! and 114.

==Paul Larkin==
An un&1A9, &19A-aged &209man, a &55C &0 &&37 &CE, &60 &268 &0 ''&&1BA''. &&E &13 &&3|&51]] 121 Larkin &F28s [[&&14E #9C#|&&42A]] to warn ''Hank &&37'' of &C1 &58D &409 #9C#|&&C5]]. &&E &13 &&3|&51]] 131 he meets &B &2E &&1BA to work out a plan &2D3 &&37 down. James &&24 &8F9 &52 &477 Hank &&37 and &709s his loyalty, and Larkin assures &&24 &41 will go &720 &Bm. Paul Larkin &B3 &E &13 &&3|&51s]] &69A and 2A1.
==&&433 &&37==
The &366er br&2E of ''Hank &&37'', &60 ''Moocher''. He &47C &58 br&2E's home &197 #9C#|&&42A]] &B1 &206ly &47D him. He &154s &15 &3B7 &1D sustenance is evil &697 love &4E8 him &425. He has &15A &140 &197 and &B2Es his time perfunctorily &545 &123 &42 &8A.
He &36Ds resentful &1D br&2E's &402. &&7B5 requests &41 be &694 job from his br&2E &31F &2EA no&7F8 &1B &B90 &11 &A91 of inadequacy of not earning his own &D01. When con&362ed &4CA br&2E &7FE this job &B6 a &4B6ly &3E1 ar&2F9ment, &&433 shrugs the &4E6 off as ir&6C3 and &15 job &B6 entit&23F him &87A &A9 his &73A &3DC &3 f&6E6 familial ties. &&433 &&37 &B3 &E &13 &&3|&51s]] 121 &476

==&&747 &&9FAs==
An &D6Cp&874 &B91 hired by ''&&73 &&24'' to &C3C ''John Galt's'' &2F4.§2Partway &6A this &1C0, &&747 &BE5s his &329 &10 same &15Fs John Galt &165 had.§2&&73 sets out to meet &&747 in &8BE of &7B6 &4D7 resume &740.§2John Galt n&B25ly gets &710 &40.§2&&73's &316 &&747 &9C7 her to #0#[[&&77 #9C##Galt's Gulch|Galt's Gulch]]#0#

==&&332 &&3EBöld==
One &0 &119 ''&&2D1''. &&52 now &28 &170 as a &BE4. &&332 was &409 #9C#|Norway]], &7DE of a &6AB &3 scion of &2C Norway's most &6F, &D0C &380. He att&46D [[&&77 #9C#|&&285 Henry #DA# and &BF &477 ''John Galt&7F5 ''&&57 d'&&A8'', &50 &15Bing &121 ''Hugh &&523&7F5 ''&&91 &&33D''.

&&332 &F86s &DB7 &D2F &D7 &78 sent &5 [[&&14E #9C#|&&10 &&A]] &111 #9C#|&&89]]. No one &8F9 &7EF does &B &417 he &F86s. &&A &127 &4DAes, &&332 &773, &10 &53A &1Bcome &32D in &&13 &2F5s, &B1 even spotted &197 #9C#|&&BBD Bay]]. &&498edly, his ship is &244 &343ny &1E7 &1 fleets &0 &28's navies. 

&&109 &163 &BE4, &81 dis&717 and ex&92Cd. &&B7 a &7F2 &244 head &197 #9C#|Norway]], [[&&14E #9C#|&&373]], [[&&14E #9C#|Turkey]]. 

&&29 Ayn Rand (&A07 &498), his name is a &A53 to &&784 Hugo.§2In Hugo's &40 &127, ''Hans of Iceland'', the hero &36Ds &23 &!10F!öld.§2His name &5D a pun on 'Dane's Gold', &7D #0#skjöld&&53B &E0E, not gold. &&332 &&3EBöld &B3 &E &!152!

==&&37's m&2E==
Named Gertrude, s&52 a ''Moocher'' who &47C with her son ''Hank &&37'' &6D1 home &197 #9C#|&&42A]]. S&52 &1A4 &11C-&116 &402 work, and berates &&37 whe&15A she can. She &F75s him by &3F6 he &44lways &659, even as a &211. She dotes on her weak son ''&&433 &&37''. &&37's m&2E &!74!121.

==&&17C &&19D==
&&73 &&24's &6C0 &7BA, who &61Dly dis&3B6ed &DD evening &1D &ACest &A6E. &&E &13 &&3|&51]] 141 we &38C that &&17C &&19D &8C3 &5B as a &D00 and un&D02d &7BA. At age 24 his &6E7 ''&&948'' was per&32B &10 &53A &449 &69C who booed &15Eckled it. (&&71 &116 &8 [[&&5C &D0|&&5C myth]] &97 [[&&948]] steals &62D's &F42, and dies &448 audacious &EC &690 sun &1E4 sky. &&19D &25Fd &3CB, &A1, into &2C &A6E, &97 &&948 &F35s.) For &5B &&19D &266 in &E0A. &&54 nineteen &5B, ''&&948'' was per&32B &5BA, but this time &71 &2DA &4 &ACest ovati&8 &6E7 &194 had ever &7C0. &&605 his &347 felt &319 paid his dues long &39D &41 &44t last worthy &0ir &EA0. &&59 day, &&19D &F4Bd, sold &6AFs &325 &DC, and dis&3B6ed. &&17C &&19D &55 &!41!, 114, 133, and 141, &60ppears &E &13 &&17A
==Dr. &&91 &&33D==
A &265 &70F at &&285 Henry &&39, ment&820 ''&&57 &211 Galt'' &478 &&3EBöld''. He has &87 &4E3 sell-out, one &38C &AC &C97 but squandered it for &42 &EA0, &4 detriment &0 free. He &DD &1F &&1E &&4A &&EF &AD all h&272ventions are perverted for use &11 &C3, &5B &7AC &1D &DB5: ''&&1A1 X.''
==Dr. Simon &&AAA==
The &C3B head &0 &&99 &&40B [[&&77 #9C#|&&285 Henry #DA# &B1 &36B &485 &9D &0 age. He &4A a ''Looter''. &&52 &FBly re&79ative &0 &15 &0 age - &52 a crude reductionist &54Bs man &6Bhing &447 &D2 &161s; he &154s &B9 no &1ACs, that &40F are fluid, &15F is a &B7E, that &26 futile &4E8k &64C life, and &15 duty of a &9D &333 show &7EE&336 &57 &121&F24. He &6CA all this &58 book ''The Meta&B6 Contradictions &0 &&175'', &60t &EFE &40C. Dr. &&AAA &B3 &E &!152!
==The &&2D1==
&&1C &0 mind who go on &4B0 beca&1C6y &73 &D02 &78 &885 by ''the &&1BA&7F5 &DB4 by a &53 who &66B &8m &5A1 very &305. &&303 &0 &&2D1 is ''John Galt''. &&2E &&2D1 &7B: Hugh &&523, &&57 d'&&A8, &&332 &&3EBöld, &&17C &&19D, &3 &&3CB. &&11 who jo&1 &&2D1 &1 &454 &0 book &7B: &&73 &&24, Ellis Wyatt, Hank &&37, Dick McNamara, and Owen &&8AA.
==Mr. &&B80==
The #0#[[&&26E &&1E|Head &0 &&1E]],&&28C &404 &1B7 &41's the [[&&3E &0 &&10 &&A]], &A1 he's &15A &176ally &78 as such. &&1 &768 ''&&76 &&3'' all &&3Es!139!ime &&1CEs are &78 &1FF as #0#Head &0 &&1E&&40 #0#Mr. ____.#0# &&85 &74 &4D &22 &1ACized as #0#&&1C's &&A&&28C seem to &A01 &736 form &12E. Thomspon's &8 can thus be seen as &8D8ing &2BB &15 US is &1 &1C0 of &E9F into one &0se #0#&&1C's &&A.#0# One &0 &&1BA, he's not &338telligent and &17D very un&4C7 look. He &8F9 &59, &32, &B1 a &78E of &8B &19F and back-room &B38. Rand's &4CD indicate &2C8 &4CBled &6E8 &&3E [[Harry S. Truman]].

==&&749 Mouch==
A &268 &0 ''&&1BA&7F5, &1F &2C0 &0 &22Aline, the &5B8 lobbyist whom ''Hank &&37'' reluctantly &C84 &197 #9C#|&&C5]]. &&3C4 &&749 Mouch &F &906 &FDful and &906 &120 &0 &&1BA - &4E &D6 &63 &11F feel &4E5 look down upon &74F imp&B35. &&12E he &36Ds &31 &FDful Looter, &3 [[&&14E #9C#|&5F's]] &84 &E9E, &D3by &B97 Rand's &2A2 a &1D-run &A0 &14E too much &FD &1 &4C8 &5B8 &A33crats who &69 &15A have &136s of &29B &126 in a &290 &3F2 &209. &&749 Mouch &!74!131 &B1 &2F &51 161.

!25!
*[[&&3A &11 #9C#]]

!4C!
[[&&9:Lists &475 &11|&&76 &&3 &11#1D#
!3!
!2!
!5!
§4<&8>&&C6 #9C#</&8>
§4<id>362</id>
!1!
§6<id>33289648</id>
!27!-12-30T20:28:28Z</&1>
!0!
§8<&6>Brianhe</&6>
§8<id>82697</id>
!4!
§6<&5>/* Galt's Motor */ &5C9type</&5>
§6#4#'''&&C6 #9C#''', [[Ayn Rand]]'s &127 &7Bs a &344 techno&257al &2DB and &499s.§2In &198 real &28 &C6 ([[&A6]], [[auto&397]]s, [[diesel &DB3]]s, [[phonograph &2B6]]s, [[&4C1]]s, [[telephone]]s, [[&221]], and [[&17D &8A9]]) [[&&76 &&3]] also &7Bs &123 &182 &398 or &182 &673s on real &835s.

{{&C86s}}

==&&182 &C6==
&&182 &835s &14F &1 book &7B refr&278 rays (Gulch mirage), &&37 Metal, a sonic [[&1FA ray]] (#0#&&1A1 X#0#), &7E0 &DB2 &5F1 (Gulch &FD &586), &2F4s &5F4 [[&9AF &5C3]], palm-&DB2 &5F1 (Galt's NY lab), shale-oil drilling, &60 [[nerve]]-induction [[&C88]] machine.
 
===&&17D Signals===
&&6D on, &73B &BD4 the #0#screech&&108 a &17D signal as it &25Fs. This &CC0 &5A6er &C6 of &52B &17D &8A9, the kind &18 dis&791 pennant or flag &9FF stop or go, &3 inverse &DB1 &1 &B7D &237. &&17D &8A9 &22B &4CEs &22 &180 for over 40 &5B, so any&336 &63 type &7C7 old &6A3 to &159.

===&&1A1 X===
&&1A1 X &5F &835 &0 &1A7 &1F &1E &4A &EF, &AB4 tons of &&37 Metal. Basically, &26 a #0#&1FA ray#0#, &B1 &347 &35E any&336. The &1A7 &2CB &15 &1A1 &152 &83 &17 &6FA and squash &273. &&26 &425 &247 &14F &0 book, and emits a pulse of &3C0 that &CD5s &12C&336 &1 &24D area, &3F Cuffy Meigs and Dr. &&33D, &F6 &A &&24 Bridge.

===&&37 Metal===
&&37 &739 a [[&&182_&161_&5E1#&&182_&DB0_and_alloys|fictitious &16F]] alloy &3CA &3F &14_&&3|Hank &&37]].§2&&26 &4CEer than &90 [[&20C]] but &263er, &B1 to &20C what &20C w&26C [[iron]].§2&&26 &FF as &713ish-blue.§2Among its &C51 are &4CD [[&352]].

&&3C4 &257 is &623 use &&37 &16F &74 &257 wants to stick his neck out and be &23 to try it.§2&&EDly, [[&&11 &14_&&3|&&73 &&24]] &14E an &2FA for &&37 Metal &749 &555 rails to re&B17 the dying [[&&77 &14_&&3|Rio Norte Line]].

&&23 &336 made from &&37 &739 a [[&&77 &14_&&3|&4D7]].

&&37 &16F &55 &E &13 &&3|&51s]] 114, 121, 131, 148 &476

===Galt's Motor===
John Galt &3CA &301 type of &9AD apparatus &FF &1 book as a [[&2F4]].§2&&586 &7D &6E7te like a &2F4 &1 &E8 use &0 word &159:§2&26 &347 harnessing, &7A8&A85 &60pp&D23 &4BE &C3 ways &2E than &52B.§2Galt's Motor was &347 [[Radio jamming|jamming]] all [[&4C1 &349r]]s on Earth, and &206ly &35E the &670s of Galt's [[booby-trap]]ped &38Datory &10B ca&22B [[col&B4al &88D|col&B4al &7AB &88D]].


&&A1 Rand &707 it as &A49 [[&9AF &5C3 ]] in&7F1ful [[&52B work]], its &30B &5A2 &C60 &124 &497 &5A [[zero-&F7 &4BE]].

&&73 dis&74F a discarded &5C9type &0 &692 &26 &F84ficially &FF &E &13 &&3|&51]] Part 1, &&346 9.§2Galt &9D2 &&73 the &692 &707 it &E &13 &&3|&51]] Part 3, &&346 1.


!4C!
[[&&9:&&182 &C6|&&76 &&3#1D#
!3!
!2!
!5!
§4<&8>&&94 #9C#</&8>
§4<id>364</id>
!1!
§6<id>32287258</id>
!27!-12-21T22:16#AD#
!0!
§8<&6>Topynate</&6>
§8<id>85137</id>
!4!
§6<&5>re&4D1 NPOV and ir&6C3 &985s to &&24 &&41</&5>
§6#4#'''&&94 #9C#''', the [[Ayn Rand]] [[&127]], &44ly, are§2&158 two &8A, &86 &D7 &6E7ted by &196 are &20E &5A &0 &8AB, &50 &94 &6E7ted by evil &798&F48nt &11 are &20E &A5C &2ED.§2&&5F5 &&3]] men who give &8C &2ED &4ir &94 all &36D [[&&11 #9C#|&&2D1]] in due time.

==&&913 &&5F0 Signal==
A &D7 run &3F #9C#|Mr. Mowen]] and &2CF &197 &14_&&3|&&917]].§2They have &EF0 &&24 &&41 for &353s.§2[[&&11 &14_&&3|&&73 &&24]] &2FAs [[&&C6 &14_&&3|&&37 Metal]] &B7F &5m.

&&913 &&5F0 Signal &B3 &!72!

==&&267 Steel==
&&267 Steel &F &D7 &717 &3F &14_&&3|Orren Boyle]].§2&&115 was &311 with just &446 &50F-thous&6FEllars of [[&&11 #9C#|Boyle's]] own &3DC, and &569 &19C &49Es in &1D &2A3s.§2Boyle used this &3DC to buy out his competitors, and now &B89 on &126 peddling and &35 &8FFs to &7B4 &209.

&&267 Steel &55 &E &13 &&157 &738 and 171.

==!73!7==
!73!7 &F &899 &0 &DC of [[&&11 &14_&&3|&&17C &&19D]].§2[[&&11 &14_&&3|&&73 &&24]] &58Fs [[&&11 &14_&&3|Mr. Ayers]] &822quire as &4 &305 of [[&&77 &14_&&3|&&19D's Fifth &&385]].

!73!7 &55 &E &13 &&3|&51]] 114.

==Bart&829d Jones==
&&115, &2CF &197 &14_&&3|Denver]], that &E9D food &10 &1DD re&594 &22B &14_&&3|Rio Norte Line]].§2They go &957 &1 &19A &0 &1A1.

Bart&829d James &55 &!72!

==d'&&A8 &&352==
A &352 and &9E2 &300 by [[&&3A &&11 #9C#|&&14A d'&&A8]] &197 &14_&&3|&&88F]] &2A time &0 &&72C.§2Each &7DA ran &115 saw it grow by 10% &58 &F15, so &11 time [[&&11 #9C#|&&57 d'&&A8]] &8F4 &115 it &F &B2 &1 &28.§2His dream, from &1C2, &333 &162 the size &0 &D7 by 100%.

d'&&A8 &&352 &55 &E &13 &&3|&51s]] 152 and 171.

==Hammond Motors==
A car &D7 in &&141.§2They make &16B cars &8 &3A4 &8E fo&121 dis&B3.

[[&&11 &14_&&3|Hank &&37]] buys a Hammond &244 trip &111 &14_&&3|&&141]] &!72!

==Incorporated Tool==
A &D7 &C1 &962ed to &8A8 drill &8F4 to &&24 &&41 but who fail &622 this.§2&&26 &14F &!72!

==&&30F-&&412==
The &&30F-&&412 &5F old, &27 &133 &2CF &1 &&64west run by§2[[&&11 &14_&&3|Dan Conway]] that &28 in&120 for &70 its &305.§2&&4E9 &&30F-&&412 grows &583 when [[&&11 &14_&&3|Ellis Wyatt]] revives &C9 #E1#|&&141]] and &&24 &&41's [[&&77 &14_&&3|Rio Norte Line]] fails to &1A2 Wyatt adequately.§2&&B4, [[&&11 &14_&&3|James &&24]] conspires &7FB the &&30F-&&412 &7F5n out #E1#|&&141]] &B [[&&77 &14_&&3|Anti-dog-eat-dog Rule]].

The &&30F-&&412 &55 &E &13 &&157 &738 (&C83 to), 132, 145, &737 and 152.

==&&37 Coal==
!12F!

==&&37 Lime&48F==
!12F!

==&&37 Ore==
&&23 &2B9 &3F &14_&&3|Hank &&37]].§2&&26 &14F &E &13 &&3|&51]] 121.

==&&37 Steel==
A &300 &3F &14_&&3|Hank &&37]] &5A ten &5B &5D1 &4 &416 &0 &22A &1 &127.§2&&37 bought an &5DC &20C mill &197 &14_&&3|&&42A]] at &80F when &DC &E27s &261 &497 venture &2C9 hopeless.§2He &282 it in&4 most &C1D and profi&544 &20C &D7 &1 &5F.

As [[&&11 &14_&&3|&&73 &&24]] &44Fs &7E7 &&24 &&41, she &36Ds &1EE &47D &&37 Steel.

&&37 Steel &55 &E &13 &&157 114, 121, 131 (&C83 to), 161 and 162.

==Summit Casting==
A &D7 &197 &14_&&3|&&60]] &121 &962 to &8A8 rail spikes to &&24 &&41.§2They go &957 &308y can &8A8, &DC3 [[&&11 &14_&&3|&&73 &&24]] to fly &111 &14_&&3|&&467]] and buy &115 &7FB it &311 &5BA.

Summit Casting &55 &!72!

==&&24 &&41==
The &182 [[&133]] run &3F #9C#|&&73 &&24]].§2Her commitment &4 &133 &6DAs one &0 book's &145 &207s.

&&24 &&41 was &156ed &3F #9C#|&&169 &&24]] &691 &E5 &353s (or so) &174 &&73's &353.§2&&71 &5CF &3CAny &2A3s, loans, or &8FFs &5 &1D, and w&A last &133 that &3BE &717 and &C0&4FC its fo&121's &377.§2Its &907 is, ''From Ocean to Ocean''.

The '&E9C' of &&24 &&41 &F [[&&77 &14_&&3|&&24 Comet]] &18 runs &409 #9C#|!14F!]] &111 &14_&&3|San &&57]], and &182 &15A &5EE

==&&10 &&CFF &&DD==
An &5B8 &D7 &C1 &7BC to &8A8 Diesel &DB3s to &&24 &&41. The &2FA is &8E2ed in perpetuity, &3 [[&&11 &14_&&3|&3E]] &0 &D7 &635 ever give a &7F8 &78B &26C why &85 so.

&&1A &&CFF &&DD &55 &E &13 &&17B and 141.

==Wyatt Oil==
The oil &D7 run &3F &14_&&3|Ellis Wyatt]].§2Wyatt's &27E had squeezed a &10F out &0 oil &1FBs &197 &14_&&3|&&141]], but when Ellis Wyatt took &106 &209 took off.§2He &186 a &423 for extr&A18 oil from wells that &AB &5DC as dried up.§2The &3B2 of Wyatt Oil that &25E this &3C6 &BF5 and un&388ly &282 [[&&14E &14_&&3|&&141]] in&4 &485 &A0 &1 &5F.

Wyatt Oil &90ly &BA9 on &&24 &&41's [[&&77 &14_&&3|Rio Norte Line]] to ship its oil.§2But when that &D7 &11C grow fast &39D &7D8 up &B booming [[&&14E &14_&&3|&&141]] &A0, Wyatt &311 &22B the sm&7E4 well-&755 &&30F-&&412 &2CA.§2This prompted [[&&11 &14_&&3|James &&24]] &26A &B38 &161 &2CC to &690 &&30F-&&412 out #E1##102#§2&&54wards, [[&&11 &14_&&3|&&73 &&24]] h&26C re&B17 &22B &14_&&3|Rio Norte Line]] so it can supply &131 to Wyatt Oil - if she fails, &C9 #E1#|&&141]], and &0 &38B &5F, &115 &2E1.

Wyatt Oil &55 &E &13 &&157 132 and 171.

!4C!
[[&&9:&&182 &94|&&76 &&3#1D#
!3!
!2!
!5!
§4<&8>&&1AB #9C#</&8>
§4<id>365</id>
!1!
§6<id>28929793</id>
!27!-11-21T20:43#79#
!0!
§8<&6>Iceberg3k</&6>
§8<id>50063</id>
!4!
§6#4#Some &0 &6C '''&1AB''' &4FC &5F5 &&3]] &7B§2&68Ection &0 Victim'' &3 ''&&11A Sex''.

===&&3CD &0 Victim===

The &&3CD &0 Victim &649 as #0#&341 &0 good to &DAF &1F &5CE &0 [[evil]], &3C5 the role of &C3A &836 &10 '[[sin]]' &521 &FE.#0#

The &538 &22A &13 &&3 &57 seen &276 &78B &4 &1E8, what &69 &DE6 if this &3CD was revoked?§2When &&76 shrugs, relieving &165 &0 &DAE of &97A &4B, &52 revoking his &3CD.

&&2AB is &7BCly &119 &1 thin&7B1 [[Ayn Rand]] &B1 &156ational to her &1B0 &E4.§2She &63A that evil is a parasite &8 good and &752 &4D0 if &1DE &DB9 it.§2To quote from [[&&76_&&3/Galts &&239|Galt's &&239]]: #0#Evil is &B95 &1AD no &FD but that &18 we let it extort from us&&5EB, #0#I saw that evil was &B95...&3 only &A16 &1B8 &A6E w&A &8FCness &0 good to &38A it.#0#§2Morality &322 &384 &73 &3CD &7C6 &836hood, Rand &2CBs.§2In &E9B &597 &3B4, R&60s&7E1 &354 &4 &F7F of [[&5B9]].

&&6Aout &&76 &&3, &22F &11 admit &15re is &1C3 &52D &B &28 &1BAy &443 put &8C &E36 &7C0 &26.§2&&2AB &4E5not &D51 &F &3CD &0 &836.§2&&23 &70E &D51 &2AB is [[&&11 #9C#|John Galt]], who vows to stop &699 &0 &28 by &8DA the &F3Bs &0 &28 to withhold &8C &3CD.

We &40 glimpse &2AB &E &13 &&3|&51]] 121 when [[&&11 #9C#|Hank &&37]] feels &52 duty-&F21 &630 his &CE, &296ir hostility &247 him.

&&E &13 &&3|&51]] 146 the &307 is &1Ed &47D &3F #9C#|Dan Conway]]: #0#I &F3A &EA5's got &1B &6EEd. If it &282 out &1B me, I have no &767 com&D55.#0#

===&&11A Sex===

In &834 &2EE [[&&BCity|&&BC]] &5AA [[&1B0 code]], R&&A08 &E46s the &2E4 code that, in her view, is a [[&257al implic!153! of [[&52]].

R&122troduces a &11A sex &5EA &&3'' &3A &C43 implied by her &672 &17E and &187 &298.§2Far from &7DD debasing &3EE &B86, sex &F &34B &918 &7FD &ACest &FE.§2Sex is a &B6 &2AE &171 and &20A &FE#3#&8E;a &AAD for &542 &ED2 ex&160ion to &FE that &115 &2Ewise only be &1D5d &1 &440.

One is &2E4ly &5F3 to &120 &DAD one's &FE.§2&&120 have base &FE &152 &5F3 to &E9A, to &120 also have ig&D0C &FE.§2&&120 lack any &5D2 &318 will find sex &3BD &109.§2&&18E high &FE will &CC4 &2E4ly to &120 &DAD high &FE.

That our [[&2E4 &3AC]] is a &4ED &4 &9E0 &7FD &FE &2C2s is a &3A7 and &119 &E4.§2&&32, even &120 are &92B to th&Fory have &2EC it &745 in&206.§2F&&3C2, &87 &29 R&3 &A0 &4A &497n &408 &FE, and &87 &26 &361 &52B &5E9 &58A who em&746 one's &FE more &206ly, &148 seem &26A [[&CE]] un&AF9. (&&5DF, Rand &F5C #0#&CE&&505 a sort of trap.) &&15Cmore, [[promiscuity]], [[prostitution]], &60n endless [[&2AF-robin]] of #0#&FE-&7F5n#0# &2E4 &18Fs &2C9come inevi&544.§2From this view&F7, one &115 &77A [[Aldous Huxley]] &44D &2C7l &2E4 &1E: ''[[Brave New &&28]]'' &C2 &81s &1BD in&347 deviating &5ir caste-&7AA #0#&FE&&B0 &75ly &7B a code of &2E4 desir&31D.

Her &2E4 &E4 is &739 &1 &2DEing &18Fs of [[&&11 #9C#|Hank &&37]] with [[&&11 #9C#|&&177 &&37]] and [[&&11 #9C#|&&73 &&24]], &22A with &&73 &&53C [[&&11 #9C#|John Galt]].§2

&&2E &6C &610 of th&Fory are &1F5:

!71!]] 152 - re&DB6 &&73's &18F with [[&&11 #9C#|&&57 d'&&A8]].

!71!]] 161 - re&DB6 Hank and &&177 &&37's &1F5ship, and &&177's attitude &247 sex.

!CC!
!3!
!2!
!5!
§4<&8>&&14E In &&76 &&3</&8>
§4<id>366</id>
!1!
§6<id>15899096</id>
!26!-03-13T15:37:38Z</&1>
!0!
!51!
!50!
!4!
!6!
§6<&5>Making &1A</&5>
!B6!
!3!
!2!
!5!
§4<&8>&&77 #9C#</&8>
§4<id>368</id>
!1!
§6<id>35151715</id>
!D!-01-14T15:11#3E#
!0!
§8<ip>80.177.190.150</ip>
!4!
§6<&5>/* John Galt &&465 */</&5>
§6#4#&&85 a &275 &44 &A03 in [[Ayn Rand]]'s ''[[&&76 &&3]]''.

!11F!

==Anti-dog-eat-dog Rule==

The Anti-dog-eat-dog Rule is &4B9 &11 &&2A &&537 &&133s &E &13 &&3|&51]] 145, &F38ly &61E #0#&734 &4B1#0# &4E [[&133]]s.§2The rule &4C8 the &&7F6 the &16C to forbid &4B1 &4E &133s in &FB &33A &0 &5F.§2&&71 &F7Ced &3F &14_&&3#Orren Boyle|Orren Boyle]] as a &8FF for [[&&11 &14_&&3#James &&24|James &&24]], &B &610 &CB3 &304 &14_&&3#&&30F-#E2#-!70!#

==Bracelet==

The &636 &336 made from ''&&37 Metal'' is a &4D7.§2The &4D7 is &83 &7AD Rand's [[&&1AB #9C##&&11A Sex|&&11A Sex]].

The &4D7 &49Fizes the &2F2 &152 &3F &14_&&3#Hank &&37|Hank &&37's]] long &44F &822vent &&37 Metal.§2&&109 &4C8 &653 [[&&11 &14_&&3#&&177 &&37|&&177 &&37]] as a &79 in &51 121; she says, #0#It's &70D as &4DB as a &9B5 of &133 rails.#0#§2&&32, &&177 &70D &D51s the &424 &0 gift; her snide remark is her &334 denig&F6D her &74C's ethos.

In &473 &&177 wears this &4D7 at a &99 thrown on her &C39.§2She &3E5 fun of it all &3D3 long, and when [[&&11 &14_!6E!&24]] &B2F &&177 say s&160 gladly &1AA it &ED &E8 &A48 &4D7, &&73 &A2C her up on it.

&&177 &B4 asks &816 back upon &DCC her &FD over her husb&14A &9BA diminishing.§2&&73 denies the &716.

The &4D7 &B3 &E &13 &&3|&51s]] 121 &476

==Cub Club==

A &3D3 club &197 &14_&&3|!14F!]].§2When [[&&11 &14_&&3#&&57 d#19#-&5ED &1F Cub Club &3 &9AC at Moe's &&521 on Third Avenue.

==&&524 of &&303 Bill==

A bill de&3AA &11 [[&&11 #9C##&&1BA|&&1BA]] that &F49s to &D66 the &2D &209es any one &17F can own to one.§2&&26 aimed &42B at [[&&11 #9C##Hank &&37|Hank &&37]], who uses #61##&&37 Ore|&&37 Ore]] to guarantee #61##&&37 Steel|&&37 Steel]] &32 supply of iron ore.§2By &A70 this Bill, the &&1BA can &F86 &&37's &2E &209es &&E23, &3n deny &5A7 iron he &747 &7B4 &20C mills.

The &&1BA &2CB the Bill is &8A7 &596 a &261 &4 &13D guy.

The &&524 of &&303 Bill is &B3 &E &!152!

==Galt's Gulch==

A &EA2 &BD3 in a &321 of &&141 &249 &7FC &31D have re&409 &54 relinquishing &60E in &&13 &53.§2Nick&24C #0#Galt's Gulch&&171 its &374, &26 &595 the &E6 of #0#Midas#0# &&4D8, one &0 &6D &2D1 to &3F7 John Galt's call. This call was &4 &AC &7FC mind &60ction to aband&8 &1EE &3E8-&1E incli&EC of a decaying &&10 &&A - &827 on &4B0 - &D3by with&790 &1D7 &336 &118ing the para&1DF and &DBDs.

Sarcastically nick&24C Midas &1 &160 &74 &12C&336 he &778 to touch &282 &827ld, &&4D8 &410 &49B &323 &E2D &560 &197 &A4 &E99 &817 &A2B.§2He had &95Fd this l&60mong his far-&76E &736 &EA3s, and &536 re&409 to it up&244 dis&3B6ance.§2&&2E &2D1 soon &25E &5A7re, &3F John Galt, renting or buying l&7A7 &167 re&F5C as a re&D1E from &7E8 &8C &2F7 &75C &2D1 &AA &1EE collapsing &&13 &53.§2&&12E, a &53 &348s in Galt's Gulch as more &1C live &D3 year-&2AF &A &246 &28 &36Ds &83E unsafe &48C.

We &4CFtroduced to Galt's Gulch &1 &ED &51 &0 Novel, &1 &40 &346, en&8d &&949.§2&&1D5 live with &137 in &206ly free &53 and &DAD &12C&336 &18 &F &9DD &0 Novel, the &40A &FE &ED &61B Mankind: &63, &1B0, &84, &5BE, &ABF, and &2E4, &213 &2Es too &22F to &CBF.

We find industrious, &DAC, happy &1C &7E8 &8C &6A0 &3B7 &EA3 &58C yokes &146y &97B or regulation.§2Conversely, &B7 a &AB9 for &290 &E6; &12C&336 &7A8acted is paid for &B re-&3CA &22D of &8CF gold coin &9D5 &5 &293 Midas &&4D8's bank &18 now resides &1 &321.§2The &B29&1C &349 &157 &5 &123 &4BA we have met &BC Novel, who all now reside and &2C2 &1 &321. They &95F &FD in&5E6ly from Galt &9E &835 &0 &9AF &5C3 &2F4, &C01&1ir anonymity &5 &246 &28 via Galt's &835 &0 air-wave &7A9 &499 (&542 the view &1B3bove the camoufl&1C1 &505 &20s &1CB &2B5ides &BE9), &1F1 &9CF Galt's &BA7 on &&12A, &176 &6CA his &2A8 on new &382 laws &60pplied &5C2.§2&&1D5 &95F &343 &2BB &5 care of Dr. Hendricks, who uses h&272vention of a por&544 [[X-ray]] machine &822itially diagnose &&73 &&24 upon her crash landing in&4 &321, &9CF &F44s of new &DCal com&136s of &&17C &&19D who has &AF compose &1 &&321, acquire raw &CDs &5 &329s of &&57 D'&&A8's &130s &1EE &321, &9CF &15 &BA7 &5 now-&F4Bd &BE4 &&332 &&3EBöld, &349 loans from Midas &&4D8, etc.

Rand's de&BEion of Galt's Gulch &502spired by a &F28 she &15Er &74C Frank O'Conn&820ok to [[Ouray, &&141]] &50 &6Eing &&141 &10 &127.

==&&19D's Fifth &&385==

[[&&11 #9C##&&17C &&19D|&&17C &&19D]] dis&3B6ed &54 &319 &1A3 only four &385s.§2&&E &13 &&3|&51]] 112, [[&&11 #9C##&&73 &&24|&&73 &&24]], an enthusiastic fan of &&19D's &DC, &B2F an &D4E &A32 &78 whist&4FC a [[&&11 #9C##&&3CB|&3CB]] &8 &&24 Comet.§2She asks him what &26; he &975 &&19D's Fifth &&385.§2When &&73 &538 only &5F7 &385s, the &3CB says &5A8 a mistake and denies &A75 wh&1F song was.

&&B4, &&73 calls [[&&3A &11 #9C#|Mr. Ayers]] to find out if &&19D &266 a &2FE Ayers &538 &DB.

&&19D's Fifth &&385 &55 &!41!, 114 and 152.

==&&19D's Fourth &&385==

&&1E0 &336 [[&&11 #9C##&&17C &&19D|&&17C &&19D]] &266 &6E4 dis&3B6ed.§2&&26 a song of &B23li&829d defiance that &778 &807 agony and &DAB &2C5 &240.§2[[&&11 #9C##&&73 &&24|&&73 &&24]] &EDE &597 &9B5 &E &13 &&3|&51]] 141.

&&26 #83#

==''Heaven's In Your Backyard''==

A film.§2[[&&11 #9C##Mort Liddy|Mort Liddy]] &266 the &4C6, &7CC bastardized &E4 ''&&19D's Fourth &&385''.§2&&26 &14F &E &!152!

==John Galt &&465==

!75!F3 asking, #0#&&32F John Galt?#0#, &26 not surp&874 &3E5 &53D come up &32nswers.§2A &2D John Galt &&465 are told, each &162, &F6Cally, &8DE out &1B true, &1F2 &49Fically.

'''''Legend 1''''' ([[&&!40!1):§2A [[&&3A &11 #9C#|spinster]] at [[&&11 #9C##&&177 &&37|&&177 &&37's]] &99 &71A [[&&11 #9C##&&73 &&24|&&73]] &3CB.§2John Galt &44 man of &C38 &55A who &156 &7C2ken &66B [[&&949]] &50 &4B3 worst storm ever wreaked up&8 &28.§2The &A2B was so &839 that, &1D2 seen it, &4C1 &15A go back &4 &28, so he sank his ship &&703 h&808tune down with him.

The &5E5 John Galt &44 &7DA &152 &1C3 of &C38 &2F2, &301 &2F4, and who &186 &5EC to &4D4 &52D &B &28 &50 &6D9 &31 evil &42 &15 ever put into &173.§2&&4B he en&609ed was so &839 &41 ref&83 live &1 &28 &4A6, and dis&3B6ed, &2E7 &5EC of &2F4 with him.

&&949, the Isles &0 Blessed, is a &195 &AD &257 &115 &D6C &698 &120 &7D1 &70D a hero.§2&&FF &1se &38E, it &F same as ''Galt's Gulch''.

==Moe's &&521==

A delicatessen &197 #9C##!14F!|!14F!]].§2When [[&&11 #9C##&&57 d#19#-&5ED &1F ''Cub Club'' &3 &9AC at Moe's &&521 on Third Avenue.

==&&2A &&537 &&133s==

An &36D &32B &309 the &57F &0 &1CC as a &38B, &AB4 &D6 to &6EE &8C &A3 &183 &10 &E8 good.§2[[&&11 &14_&&3#Orren Boyle|Orren Boyle]] has &2CC &8 &&2A &&537 &&133s, &15E gets &37D &118 the Anti-dog-eat-dog Rule, &18 &814 &6B3 of pretenses to &7F5 &304 &14_&&3#&&30F-#E2#-!70!#

The &&2A &&537 &&133s &55 &E &13 &&3|&51s]] 131, 145 and 146.

==&&2A &&1FC Metal &&3CC==

An &36D that uses &35 pull &7FB &7B2. [[&&11 #9C##James &&24|James &&24]] has &2CC &8 &&2A &&1FC Metal &&3CC, &15E gets &37D &118 &37C &6C4 hurt #61##&&37 Steel|&&37 Steel]] &15Elp #61##&&267 Steel|&&267 Steel]].
 
The &&2A &&1FC Metal &&3CC &55 &E &13 &&3|&51]] 131.

==&&285 Henry &&39==

&&31 &C3B &39 &1 &28.§2It &44tt&46D &3F #9C#|John Galt]], [[&&11 #9C##&&57 d'&&A8|&&57 d'&&A8]], and [[&&11 #9C##&&332_&&3EB.F6ld|&&332 &&3EBold]], &249y met and &BF &2CC.§2[[&&11 #9C##Hugh &&523|Hugh &&523]] and [[&&11 #9C##&&91 &&33D|&&91 &&33D]] &442 &D3.§2&&26 &2CF &197 &14_&&3|C&276and]].

==Rio Norte Line==

!6F!1|&&24 &&179 runs &409 &14_&&3|Cheyenne, Wyoming]] &111 &14_&&3|El Paso, Texas]].

&&26 &14F &E &13 &&157 &738 (&C83 to), &3C0 141, &737 and 148.

==Rockdale Station==

A &586 &8 #61##&&24 &&41|&&24 &&41]] line, &2CF five &3D1 &5 &&24 e&708 over&66F the [[&&14E &14_&&3|Hudson River]].§2It w&A site of [[&&11 &14_!6E!&24's]] &40 job &B &133, &3D3 &6E7tor, &698 16.

&&605 &E &13 &&17A

==San &&14A==

A &8F &5CF to ho&1C6 &1DD &0 ''San &&14A Mines'' &3ir &380.§2As it &8DE out, the &194s, roads, and &12C&336 of &42F &2F2 is &5CF so &9AB &15 &8F &57 &297 fall &70C &46C year or two.§2Only the &11C &3BC to last.

&&26 #83#

==San &&14A Line==

!6F!1|&&24 &&179 &38As &68E &&14A Mines'' &197 &14_&&3|&&35C]].

The &334 &365 &3F &14_&&3#&&57 d'&&A8|&&57 d'&&A8]] &60ttracted &120 &560s from [[&&11 &14_&&3#James &&24|James &&24]] and [[&&11 #9C##Orren Boyle|Orren Boyle]], who &8D0 &&57 &15D &F77ed on to &8A8 a &863.

The San &&14A Line is &2Aized &11 &&676 &1D &5F9 completion.

When &26 &2Aized &E &13 &&3|&51]] 142, &26 &78 &A San &&14A &&133.

&&26 &14F &E &13 &&3|&51s]] &738, &3C0 142, 143 and 152.

==San &&14A Mines==

San &&14A Mines is a &352 &9E2 &1A1 &197 &14_&&3|&&35C]] &156ed &3F &14_&&3#&&57 d'&&A8|&&57 d'&&A8]] and &55F h&5Fcestor [[&&3A &11 &14_&&3|&&14A d'&&A8]].§2&&57's &D10 as a &209man is so &AC &392vestors flock &710, &C8C &822vest &3DC &1 &9AA.§2Investors &7B [[&&11 &14_&&3#James &&24|James &&24]] and [[&&11 &14_&&3#Orren Boyle|Orren Boyle]]. &&24 goes so far &26C &B17 &301 &68F #61##&&24 &&41|&&24 &&41]], &68E &&14A Line'', to &38A the &334, sinking $30 &13F in&4 &1A1.§2When &38 &0 &334 &B3 &206, the &&676 &1D &2Aizes them &F6 &A ''San &&14A Line'', &380 dis&9BF &B7 no &352 &3re &15A was.

When &&24 &71A &&57 he &28Ds the Mines a rotten swindle ([[&&!40!1), &&57 &6CA that &&24 &B6 &5F7d &B way he ran the &334.§2He says he put into &173 &AE &1B0 precepts &384re &205 &180 &4B.§2&&4B says &26 evil &6B9 a &786 &&203 got no &786 &5 &AFD &334.§2&&4B says the &318 &146 &9AA &6B to &2C2, but &596 a &D01 &232 &DE3ees #3#&8E; it &1E9 no&336, but &152 jobs &1E1 &15A have &241 &7F9 was only &4F6 with &2F1 a real mine.§2&&4B says the &8AB &5F exploiter &3 &1DD do &DC real work &&203 left the &9AA &2D9 &1 &5CE &0 &1DD and &DB &DAE anyone &161 &6B0.§2&&4B says need is &36C &343bility &&203 hired a &9E2 &179ist who &A1E a job very badly, but had no &31D.

In &17A, the San &&14A Mines were an &846 of what &8D9 when this &1B0 code is put into &173, &60 warning of what will soon &DE6 &4 &28 as a &38B.

The San &&14A Mines &3B6 &E &13 &&157 131, 132, 142, 151, 152 &476

==&&24 Building==

A skyscraper &197 &14_&&3|!14F!]], &73D&33Bs of #61##&&24 &&41|&&24 &&41]], &3 &5AD &0 &&24 &&94A.

==&&24 Comet==

The &&24 Comet is #61##&&24 &&41|&&24 &&41's]] &E9C &8DD.§2It runs &409 &14_&&3|!14F!]] &111 &14_&&3|San &&57]], &1AD &15A &5EE

The &&24 Comet &B3 &!41!, 113 and 152.

==The Future==

!6D!4 #66#

==''The Heart Is A Milkman''==

''The Heart is a Milkman'' is a &127 &78 &1A3 &3F #9C##Balph &&9B0|Balph &&9B0]].§2&&26 &AC &80 fact &92 &305, &924.§2&&9B0 says &58E dedicate &653 [[&&11 #9C##&&177 &&37|&&177 &&37]].

&&26 &14F &E &!152!

==The Octopus==

!6D!4 #66#

==''The Vulture Is Molting''==

A best-&A73 &127 that &762s the &6D5 &0 &144, ''The Vulture Is Molting'' is #0#A &C37 &F5 a &209man's greed.§2A fearless revelation of man's depravity.#0#§2&&73B &55 &E &13 &&3|&51]] 141 &4EB &0 &432 of [[&C9 &38]] that de&160es [[&&11 &14_!6E!&24]] &172 &E9A.

==Wayne-Falkland Hotel==

A luxurious hotel &197 &14_&&3|!14F!]], &26 &72 &16B hotel left &1 &28.§2&&26 &AD [[&&11 &14_&&3#&&57 d'&&A8|&&57 d'&&A8]] stays when &52 in town.§2It &&3D2 the &D30 of [[&&11 &14_!6E!&24's]] debut ball when s&81 &2ACteen.

It &5D &116 &8 Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in !14F! City.

The Wayne-Falkland Hotel &55 &E &13 &&3|&51s]] 141, 151 and 152.

==Wyatt Oil &&245==

!6C!are &197 &14_&&3#102#§2&&107 a bunch of old, &5DC oil wells &384re revived by &301 &423 &3CA &3F &14_&&3#Ellis Wyatt|Ellis Wyatt]].§2This &17Dlmost &456-&EA4 revitalized &C9 #E1##102#

!6C!&3B6 &E &13 &&3|&51s]] 111 &476

!4C!
[[&&9:Lists &475 &77#1D#
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§6<&5>&F70 &44ization &5A &10D &D23</&5>
§6#4#===&&76===
As told in ''[[&&76 &&3]]'', &&76 &5A1 &4B &244 &2EAers. But &1 [[&&5C &&D0|&&5C Myths]], the Titan [[&&76 (&D0)|&&76]] &627s &8 &142 and &63A &24D sky. &&1 &65C that re&79 &&76, the big &2AF &336 &244 back &397 &65A, &18, &74 &0 &4E8 &7BB &21B &0 &9ECs &1EE &142, were &833 of &745 &2AF. Some &F46s &0 &&76 myth have him &97A &725 &142 &3 &65A &244 back, but this &B3 &1B a &66 re&F46; &15C &6E &2F3 confirm this.

===&&36 &2ED===
Some &0 &36 &2ED are, or &3B6 &1B, puns, or have &33A &424.§2(&&166 [[&&11 #9C#]].)
When &7CD why so &14E her &2ED have syllables &6B4 hard consonants like dag, tag, den, stad, Rand said &2C8 just liked &AE &5BBs.

*'''&&332 &&3EBold''' - &536 'Dane's Gold', a &A53 paid &11 &3E7 &&46 &4 Vi&7CB to bri&265m in&1Bing &6FAful.§2(&&32, note #0#skjold&&53B &E0E, not gold.)§2&&4E9 hero of [[&&784 Hugo]]'s &40 &127, ''Hans of Iceland'' &36Ds &23 &!10F!öld.§2&&1 1970's, R&238ld Marsha Familaro En&B &41r &5C this name &153 plagiarism beca&1C6re &5E2 were Counts &28Döld.
*'''&&91 &&33D''' - &5BBs &4EF &&535 for &1E, Staat. Dr. &&33D is a &8EA, in &41 &154s it &40A and &240 &10 &1E to fund &D2 &6E.
*'''&&57 d'&&A8''' - Rand's husb&14A Frank O'&&752.
*'''John Galt''' - &5A of a &264 Scottish &127ist, &A1 &85 &4E8ly co&EF7al. Galt is &472 'Geld' and 'gold'. &&5A was &387 used &2FB had &1B such &87 &15Dcome &B39rbial#3#&8E;&148 &67A &C1 &32 long, awkward name.
*'''&&749 Mouch''' - Mouch is &57A wh&6D1 name &536, a mooch.§2He has no real &354 or skill, but somehow &36Ds a &FDful &6D1.

===Crime===
&&E8 &F63 crime is &B0C absent &5EA &&3''. &&11 walk the &F63s &7B3 &60D &78 mugged or &94D.

===&&A9 &413 &469ts===
''&&76 &&3'' &532 in a &28 &32 &4C &33 from &7C6, but &B9 some &A9 &413 &469ts &D7 &14F.

*[[&&E]] ([[&&117 &13 &&A6 &&57 d'&&A8 &266 a &9DD &8 &126 &F7 &E4 &0 Immovable Mover.
*[[Dark Ages]] ([[&&!40!1): &&332 &&3EBold's &BE3 is likened &3A8&336 out &0 Dark Ages.
*[[&&72C]] ([[&&117 &13 &&A6 &&14A d'&&A8 flees Spain &707 persecution &8D &&72C.
*[[&&19A Ages]] ([[&&!40!1): &&26 said that &&332 &&3EBold hides &1 &&6E6 fjords &A Vi&7CB did &1 &&19A Ages.
*[[Nero]] ([[&&117 &13 &&A6 &&57 d'&&A8 &EA1 &165 &4 &&655 Nero.
*[[&&285 Henry]] ([[&&117 &13 &&A6 The [[eponym]] of &&285 Henry &&39.
*[[Vi&7CB]] ([[&&!40!1): &&26 said that &&332 &&3EBold hides &1 &&6E6 fjords &A Vi&7CB did &1 &&19A Ages.

===Humor===
&&E &13 &&178 &&57 cracks &15 &&676 &1D was &DFC a roast of pork &12C Sunday for &12C man, &5BF, &211 &60bortion.

&&E &13 &&178 &&57 &9F8 the &123 &594s &5D4 &10 &1DD &0 San &&14A Mines, &7EAes how &107 all &9AB &5CF and &57 &297 &2E1, &698 &10 &11C. #0#The &11C, I &55D, will &627. They'll need it,&&75E quips. &&87 &4E &315 &77 of &2F2#3#&8E;&194s, roads, etc.#3#&8E;&26 &F6C that &471 &11C &3BC to last; to R&60nd her &4BA, a &11C is of no real &2F2.

Almost &470 &1 &28 &698 &1A &&3D9 &78 as #0#The &&1C's &&164...#0#, &3y &39E, &4E8ly, the recipients of &DB7 &E9D &5 &&10 &&A. In &444, &1C casually &A35 &4m as #0#The &&1C's &&164...#0# &51 just, say, &&93 or Norway. &&26 &50D &54F &6D7 &103 &4D &11ir &77B &2ED in casual &444#3#&8E;we don't call &&54A #0#The Dominion of &&54A&&6C &&D9y #0#The &&124 Re&8B &3B2y#0##3#&8E;so by &1D2 her &11 do this R&B1 exercising her dry wit.

===Lying===
The &196 of ''&&76 &&3'' &44ly &73 tell lies. &&B &139 &698ions, even &FAy are cl&6D &3CE conceal &1C3, they &73 rely on overt &B1Fhood, even when &26 &50D &15y &115 do so &10B &78 &6EF.

*In &51 112 &&3CB &534 &&24 he &7D recall &5A &0 song &81 &DBE or &176 &7C0 it.
*In &51 141 &&57 d'&&A8 &71A the &160 he came &111 &14_&&3|!14F!]] beca&5C a hat &5ED &3 &9AC &53F &14_&&3|Moe's &&521]].
*In &51 151 we &38C &&73 &&24 once lied to her m&2E &5A a cut to her lip that &&57 had &20E her. This w&A only lie she ever told.
*In &51 152 &&73 &&24 asks &&57 if &&17C &&19D has &1A3 a &2FE &&52 evasive and &71A her that &&19D has &8CA &13E. Is this a lie?
*In &473 Hank &&37 &534 &41 w&A one &6F5vited &&654 &&653 &4 &&37's &C39 &99. It &&DAA &&177 &6F5vited him, and &&37 &AB furious &5A it.
*In part 2/&346 9, Eddie &&657 &534 &&24 th&6D1 hesitati&829d un&FBty is &2C9d &11 il&5BEity &233 &237s.§2&&595, Eddie was &C85 &11 &264 and thus &C6E &233 &549 Hank &&37.

===&&1C's &&A===
Almost &470 that &55, &2E &763 [[&&14E &14_&&3|&&10 &&A]], is &78 as a #0#&&1C's &&1E#0#. &&403:

!19!1#|&&403]]
!19!1#|&&93]]
!19!1#|India]]
!19!1#|&&35C]]
!19!1#|Norway]]
!19!1#|&&373]]
!19!1#|Turkey]]

&&303s &0se &4D are &20E &230 the #0#Head &0 &&1C's &&1E,&&40 &6B #0#Mr._____&&6B8 #0#Senor#0#____). The &&3E &0 &&10 &&3D9 &A35ed &44B #0#Mr. &&B80&&40 &1FD #0#Head &0 &&1E,&&28C &76E imply &173 &824 &7B2 &1B&44B a &&1C's &&1E &F6. 

!147!
&&E &13 &&3|&51]] 152 &&57 &534 he &24C &22B &14_&&3|San &&14A Mines]] &54 h&5Fcestor &&14A d'&&A8, &825 they both &6F2 &DD4. This, to &&73, is &DA9#3#&8E;&1D7 &5B5 &DA9 she &121&627s.

===&&42 &1B8es===
R&B1 &65 &6B an elitist. This &2CB &2A4 &691 if we &5CD &10 &B3 Rand had &7D4 &1AC of &D57ness#3#&8E;&6Aout ''&&76 &&3'', &354 is &A47 &406 &31D.§2&&26, &32, worth noting &392 ''&&76 &&3'', &B9 no &11 &406 &31D &18 &73 &533 [[&2BF surrogate]] &11 (&459 &&73 &&24); &C1Bly, all &0 [[Straw man|&11]] &18 dis&A15 &B &2BF are &B0F and &7FDly &957, and &10C &32Dly &734.§2Compare &4 real &28, &AD &1A7, inventors, &905 &122dus&9F6ists &71 have &E37 &CC5 and &263ly &207ing &3ACs and &78Ds.

&&4C &42 &1B8es are re&79ed &213 &725 &4BA &3 &B94 of ''&&76 &&3''. &&AA &4BA, John Galt and Hank &&37 &735 &130 back&16Bs, &50 &&73 &&53C &&57 d'&&A8 &735 &55Ay &380. &&AA &B94, Fred Kinnan is &1B3 &130 back&16B, &50 James &&53C Betty Pope &735 &55Ay &380.

!CC!
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!4!
§6#4#[[&&20:&&36E &9BF.jpg|&4Bnail|&8BF|''&&76 &&3'' &9BF by [[Nick Gaetano]]. ]]

'''''&&76 &&3''''' is a &127 by &&40D-born &853 and &9D [[Ayn Rand]], &40 &240 [[1957]] &1 [[&&10 &&A|USA]], and Rand's last work of &23D &A4 concent&F6D her &137 &408 on &15.§2Most &756 ''&&76 &&3'' as Rand's most &170 work, her ''tour de &1F7'', &1FA [[&&7E &15|&&7Es]] hold it &1B, &763ively (as &595ually), &245 &127 &242 time. Its &A32 (as &1Ed by Rand) is #0#the &3E9 &0 &A3's &15Fing &7BF &551#0#

&&26 &6CBly &133 [[&E98|allegorical]] &22A that &B38 &Bmes &7BC's own [[&&F2]], &A1 s&81 &5A0 &79 a &9D when &71 &1A3. Whether &813 s&319 &63 &9C4ions, &238 what &5DB or &2FB &231 &5F &E98, are &134 &1BFs. &&595, &2C7s &1FE &73B, &3ir extremism, as &BE its &4EB &C9ity &702 it one &0 most &134 &127s &0 [[&22D]]. &&26 also one &0 [[List_of_&CAC_&127s|&CAC &127s]] ever &1A3, &2F8ing one-&6DB &41A &5B1 (dep&6B2 &8 &8Bation).
 
!11F!

==&&15 and &13E==

The &2C1 ''&&76 &&3'' &1BB &CC, &253 &A1t &F &2F4 that &FDs &4B. &&1 book, #0#men &0 mind#0# go on [[Strike &DB|&4B0]], &5CDing the &547 what &471y hold &1C8 #3##8212; a &6FAful cohesiveness Rand &298 &81s, &CF &120se &48Eive work &139 &55E &329, may &6DA &ADver &1F7ful &81 &F79ference is absent. Given no &F81&13B, they &694 &16D &5 #0#&DBDs.&&B5 &8 &5F analogy: the &253 men, like &121 God &&76, hold &4B &8ir &2EAers; &1 &277 a &4B0, &18C &6A0 to 'shrug.' &&73B is rooted in [[&&7E &15|&&F2]], the &63 &58 &156ed by Rand.

Rand &7DB that &53 stagnates when &F3 &&5B6 &37E are &92A or &DB4, &6D, inversely, a &53 &&65F more &7C7 as it &5CDs, &85Cs, and &F5Es &F3 &&5B6 &37E. Rand &4C &F3 flourishes &4 &5DB that &33D free, &6D &37E is &BA0 best when [[&290 &E6]] is &450 &7DD. She &600 [[Laissez-faire|laissez-faire &ABism]] &A [[&35 &58]] &C1 most &54B &Bse &344. &&86 &28Dations make ''&&76 &&3'' &6CBly &35 book, &401 its &6E9 of [[&345]], [[&42ism]] and [[&19C]], &798deed any &277 &1E &6BC in &977 &3AF, as fatally flawed. &&32, Rand &4A2 &26 &44D ''&382ly'' &35 book, but &15 &59 &44D &1 &127 are &756 &233 &EC &5A8 her &20 &0 &7D8 man &3 &136 &0 &81 &7BF &53.

R&60rgues &392&D1C &&5B6 &37E &7F5 &4B, and &B6 &7F1. Her &28view &322 a #0#[[&253ity|&253]]#0# [[&1B0 code]]. She &596s the &A2A that [[self-&6EE]] is a &354, &B1 &29Bly dismissive &92 &8B9 in a [[divinity|god]] or &3A2 &78. &&73B &136s &23F &92 [[&&BCity]] &176ally, &71 &54Ely with&1 &11' dialogue.

== Setting ==

Exactly when ''&&76 &&204 &8A7 &38B &195 is kept &B88 vague. In [[Wiki&193:&&117 &13 &&178 the &23 #E1#|!14F! City]] is &20E as 7 [[&13F]]. The &A9 !14F! City &2CE 7 &13F &1C &1 [[1930s]], &18 &2F3 &195 &231 &976 &54 that. &&B9 many &6D [[&22D]] &398 &1E7, &1BA &35 &2B8 is cl&6D &4C &1B3ctual &33. One &316 is &15 &127 &532 a &50F (or &31A ''&50Fs'') of &5B &1 &2E3, imp&D23 that &87 &4B lapsed in&232 &42istic morass, a &328-wide stag&200 has &598 in techno&257al &2B7, &23 &2B7, &&A88 &2B7 of ''any'' kind; &100s, &84 de&160ions, &4D &327 &0 &22D &2C9 a distant &769 to &7E4 [[&A62]]s and [[&25Bian]]s. &&148 be in line with Rand's ide&276d &5ary on &2E &127s &AE3 &8E9 and dystopian &16A. &&15Cmore, this &4A in line &32n excerpt &1B3 1964 &F79view with ''Playboy'' &2D8 &97 Rand &A #0#What we have &159 &6B a &ABist &53, &447 &8FE &A0 -- &C1, a mixture of &47F and &C0s, &18, &11 &79ly &4E2 trend, is &862 &4B4 &832. The &DB &5EA &&3'' &532 at &80F when &53 has &2CE the st&1C1 &832. When and if this &8D9, that &152 &7C &827 on &4B0, &5B4 &8En.#0#, thus imp&D23 &41r &127 &532 &7AC &F7 &1 &2E3. &&2AB of &977 stag&200 &1 wake of &B85 &58s is &80 &4 plot &146&2E &7BC's &DD, ''[[&&27A (&127la)|&&27A]]''.

All &4D &246 &173 have &36D, or &36D &2A &127, #0#&&1C's &&A#0#. &&B9 many &582 &6D &22D [[&&C6 &14_&&3|&C6]] &5EA &&3'', but no post-war &3A0s &C [[nu&5D2 &A16]]s, [[helicopter]]s, or [[&104]]s. [[Jet plane]]s are &14F &D54ly &745 a &1A8 new &C6. [[&&221]] is a &127ty &4FF yet &44Bsume any &56 &424, &50 [[&4C1]] &2FEs are &210. &&A1 Rand &7D use &1 book many &0 techno&257al innovations &1E7 &50 s&81 &13E, she introduces some &3A0d, &182 &835s (e.g., &5BB-&116 [[&A16s of mass &4AB|&A16s of mass &4AB]], &C88 &499s, as &BE &FD &46Cs).

Most &0 &DB &5EA &&3'' &7E5s &1 [[&&14E &14_&&3|&&10 &&A]]. &&32, &B9 &6C &327 &180 &4B, &C &1 &&1C's &&A of [[&&35C]], [[Chile]], and [[&&88F]], and [[&BE3]] at sea.

==Plot==

A &51 by &51 &557 ''&&76 &&204 &1E7 on [[Wiki&193:&&76 &&3|Wiki&193]].

&&231’s plot, &5CB into &E5 &51s (&A1 &3CB is &F0A &70C &5se,) is &70B &26A. &&23 two &51s, &238 some &5DB &1E0, &3F7 &&73 &&24, a no-non&2FB &133 &234, &15Er &EC keep &115 &9B6 &296 &B3 &53 is falling &247 &54C/&52/&8F5. All &BC &127 &1C &F71 a platitude &&73 &ACly resents: ‘&&32F John Galt?’ &&26 a &7A9 &0ir &B84, &A &3F6 &1B7 ‘Don’t ask &6C &1E8s, beca&1C6y don’t &EBnswers.’ 

The geniuses &0 &28 seem &1B dis&3B6ing, &3 &4E8 dec&7C9 &114ization is &3BB &2CD more &36B &7BD to &CC1 her life-long &C47 of &768 the &7A8-&BBal &133, &18 &28 in her &CE for &85 &353s. She &614 &2E &11 &C Hank &&37, a self-made &209man of &AC &850 &3E0 &197 is hindered &4CA &B1F &7E3 of &205wards his wife. &&57 d'&&A8, &&73’s &1C2 &55C, &40 love, and king &0 &352 &1CC, &B3 &9C &4E3 &AFD &A4C &32F &318ly &35E his &209. 

&&A &127 &4DAes: the myths &AC real John Galt, as &BE &&57 d'&&A8’s &DBs, &36D &2CD more a &7A9 &0 &1E &0 &38, and seem &26A &2CD more &2FB; and, Hank &6A5 &74C &1D5 the &E97 &0ir &560 &A6F in a &53 that hates them &183 &4EFm &10ir &ACness. 

&&2Air p&4CE, &&69B Hank find the &BC1 of a &2F4 that &8DE atmospheric &4BE into kinetic &4BE, an astounding feat; they also find &264 &15 minds (the ‘&&76es’) &0 &28 are dis&3B6ing beca&5C one &12F ‘&6FB’ &2E7 them away. &&69B Hank deal &B ir&253ities &60pparent &4C5s &0ir &9EA, and &369 &10 &F3B &0 &2F4 as &BE ‘the &6FB’ &32F draining &4B &1B8 &1D0 movers, &448 &329 to &86C &8C &646 live &253 &47C.

All &63 &9C7 &449 e&38Date &DB-&116 &B20&200 &469tual climax, &79ing an &D5 all &0 &27B &7CA, and &7BF &12C&336 down into one &463 &207. &&180 &33A &0 &127 involve a &239 &11 &22A's true protagonist, &60 re&6A1 &745ing the fate of &53. The &1E8 '&&32F John Galt' &4A &78Bed.

* [[&&11 #9C#|&&11]]
** [[&&3A &&11 #9C#|&&3A &&11]]
* [[&&94 #9C#|&&94]]
* [[&&1AB #9C#|&&1AB]]
* [[&&14E &14_&&3|&&14E]]
* [[&&C6 &14_&&3|&&C6]]
* [[&&77 &14_&&3|&&77]]
* [[&&283 of note #9C#|&&283 of note]]

==Film &529==
&&Bs &4 &127 ''&&76 &&3'' were &95Fd &11 Baldwin &&4C0 Group in [[2003]] &B &9C4 of &ADF a &570-&495 film. &&D7 &1D8 [[&&77A Baldwin]] was &BB3 in &&26F 2004 as &3F6 #0#...&12C&336 &824 &8B1 and [the &17B] hasn’t been held up one bit... I assure you &3D7 &152 a big &17B and ''&270 get made''.#0# Two &2C0 Rand's#3#&8E;''[[The &&216]]&7F5 ''[[We the &&10F]]''#3#&8E;&22 adapted into &17Bs so far.

!E!
* #1#&666.org
* #1#&76&53.org/news_&76-&17B-&A45050304.asp
* #1#cordair.com/gaetano/&12B.htm

==&&9A and &15C &468==

===&&8Bations===

* ''&&76 &&3'', Ayn Rand; Signet; (&&26F 1996) &&&A8451191145
* ''&&76 &&3 (Cliffs Notes)'', &&5ED Bernstein; [[Cliffs Notes]]; (June 5, 2000) &&&A8764585568 
* ''&&21D &13 &&3'', &&91 Bidinotto/The &&7E &&F; HighBridge &&D7; (April 19, 2001) ISBN 156511471X 
* ''&&76 &&3: &&511 &0 Mind (Twayne's Masterwork &&B9, No. 174)'' Mimi Reisel &&6E8; Twayne Pub; (June 2000) &&&A8805716386 
* ''The Moral R&15D #9C#'', [[&&169 &&129]]; The &&7E &&F; (July 1999) ISBN 1577240332 
* ''&&320, Jesus, &6A5'', Susan McCloskey; The &&7E &&F; (&&1D6 1, 1998) ISBN 1577240251

=== &&D8 &52A ===

* [[&&D9 &C|&&D9]]: ''Wer ist John Galt?'' (Hamburg, &&D9y: GEWIS Verlag), ISBN 3-932-56403-0.
* [[&&479 &C|&&479]]: ''La rivolta di Atlante'', 2 vol. (Milano, Garzanti, 1958), Out of &9C1. &&520: Laura Grimaldi
* [[&&571 &C|&&571]]: ''肩をすくめるアトラス'' 　(ビジネス社), ISBN 4-8284-1149-6. &&520: 脇坂 あゆみ.
* [[&&6E6 &C|&&6E6]]: ''De som beveger verden''. (Kagge Forlag, 2000), ISBN 8-248-90083-5 (hard&9BF), ISBN 8-248-90169-&36A &&520: John Erik Bøe Lindgren.
* [[Polish &C|Polish]]: ''&&76 Zbuntowany'' (Zysk i S-ka, 2004), ISBN 83-7150-969-3 (Twarda). &&520: Iwona Michałowska.
* [[&&151 &C|&&151]]: ''La &&531 &&76.'' (Editorial Grito Sagrado#101#-872-09510-8 (hard&9BF#101#-872-09511-&36A
* [[Swedish &C|Swedish]]: ''Och vä&734älvde.'' ([#1#timbro.se/rand/ Timbro Förlag], 2005#101#-175-66556-5. &&520: Maud Freccero.
* [[Turkish &C|Turkish]]: ''&&76 Vazgeçti.'' (Plato Yay#3##305;nlar#3##305;, 2003#101#-759-67726-1. &&520: Belk#3##305;s Çorapç#3##305;.

===Re&24B===

*{{note|geoff}} [#1#cix.co.uk/~morven/&76.html &&49C] &1B3 self-pro&2CBed non-&&174
*{{note|weird-&193helf}} [#1#st&2F9&277.com/&482/ayn.html &&49C] &5 Weird Bookshelf (#0#fine &4A &23D &193#0#).
*{{note|Slade}} Slade, &&91 M. [#2#&784ia.tc.ca/int-grps/&193/techrev/bkatshrg.rvw &&49C] &5 &&299 &&49C &&1A1 (1998).
*{{note|&E96}} [#1#&E96.com/cfile/&7E.htm A &49C] &18, &50 &CD6ing to &406 the &F1alist &27B, &298 ''&&76 &&204 a sequel to ''[[The Lord &0 Rings]].''
*{{note|&232}} [#2#&76&3&127.&8E5pot.com A &&49C] &122-depth &&346-by-&&346, Motif-by-Motif, etc. &232.

===Satires and parodies===
*[#2#kamita.com/misc/&72B/&72B.html #0#Telemachus Sneezed#0#] &219 &&91 Anton &&754's [[&&72B! Trilogy]] (&&2F7 #0#Taffy Rhine&48F#0# &1 &265 link to read the spoof.)
*[#1#spud&DD.com/&EE/66/2/ The A&BDBd ''&&76 &&3''] - &2FD &41A di&146ed &321bout &2FD &277.
*[#1#&66humorist.com/mh/0101/rand/ &&76 Shr], a look at [[&595 &175 (&23D)|&595 &175]]s &AD&499 &488 Rand's &193 are four &50F &41A &17Aer
*''Elvis &&3'', an &6D '90s &B1D book mini&367 &D1 by R&15Dary Comics &97 &C9 &C67s [[Elvis Presley]], a cyborg [[Frank Sinatra]], [[Frank Zappa]], [[Madonna (&C67)|Madonna]], [[Spike Lee]], &4Ds &4E7 &195 &643 ''&&76 &&3'' &C93&33A.
*[#1#mskousen.com/Books/&&EEs/&3.html Oscar &&3], a &F62ion &0 &40 film &6AA &5A9 Galt's Gulch
*[#1#angryf&225.com/&76s.gif ''&&76 &&3 2: One Hour &&B4''], &EC4 Bob the Angry F&225



[[&&9:1957 &193]]
!4C!
[[&&9:Novels]]
[[&&9:&&63 &127s]]
[[&&9:Books &294 &&BCity]]
[[&&9:Books by Ayn Rand]]

[[de:&&76 wirft die Welt ab]]
[[es:La &&531 &&76]]
!1B!מרד הנפילים]]
[[sv:Och vä&734älvde]]
#2C#阿特拉斯摆脱重负#1D#
!3!
!2!
!5!
§4<&8>&&D</&8>
§4<id>569</id>
!1!
§6<id>41967527</id>
!D!-03-02T23:04:10Z</&1>
!0!
§8<ip>168.18.146.160</ip>
!4!
§6#4#'''&&D''' (&5 [[&&5C &C|&&5C]] word ''άνθρωπος'', #0#&81&&6C #0#&17F#0#) &7FF &0 &F5 [[&81ity]] (see &9A8 ''[[Homo (&9A8)|Homo]]'').§2&&26 [[holism|&B7C]] &705 &2FBs: &26 &4F6 &32ll &81s at all &68C &32ll &9A7 &92ity.§2A &31C &F7F that &90ly &4C7 &D from &2E &81istic &140s &5F &113 &56 &CFE, indepth &369 &28C, and &9E7 &56 com&1F6ons.§2

In [[&&AA #112#, #0#&D&&D6 &90ly &158 four sub-&140s: 
* [[&B6 &D]] or [[bio&257al &D]], &18 &B9 [[primatology|&F47 &F5]], [[&81 &15D]], [[osteology]], [[forensics]] and [[&23 &66Ds]]; 
* [[&56 &D]], (&6B [[&42 &D]] &1 [[&&10 &&108]] and now &71 &79 [[&F7E-&56 &D]]).§2Areas &287 by &56 &9F &7B &42 net&DD, [[&AA8 (&D)|&AA8]], &42 &F5, [[kinship]] &2D7, law, &59, [[&6C6]], &F6, &344, &2D7 in &48Ei&829d &C36, ex&25F, &42ization, &6CB, &4D ex&160ions of &38, &530 &C1E &8 &41C [[&1FBwork]] or &72A-&2A9 (i.e &10F &AA &42 &11F &78 &287 &EDn &258 &3D8 time); 
* [[&351 &D]], &18 &B9 &DA8 in [[&C]] &794 &4E4 &2B, &650 uses of &C, &3 &90 &4E1 &38; and
* [[&1F]], that &195 &CD &12D &92 [[&53|&16A]]. &&1F &23F &528 &409 as &1D2 (but &248) &1FB &1 rest &0 &28, &7D &314 &248 &4 &C4 &1FB of [[&CD &38]], &18 &614 &B6 &28B &152 or used &46C &10F or past &11F as &5DDs of &121&627ing its &56 &FE.

&&417, some &D &2C4s &1AE dividing &229 into two, one &91A the [[&81ities]] and [[&457 &E4]], &4E &91A the &1D1 and [[&7BE|&4F5 &2A9]].

==&&A9 &122stitutional &28C==
:''Main &&EE: [[&&2B &D]]''
The &569 [[T J Brewer]] once &36ized &D &A most &D2 &0 &81ities, &3 most &81istic &0 &4As.§2Under&627ing &821nthropology &7C &A05s &D0ing how it fits into &2E &25B &140s.

&&18C &9F &2CB a &2D &238 &449 &Air forebearers &3 &140 has &85 &3AB. &&32, &D &57st be &121&F24 &276 out&2B7 &0 [[&&1C1 En&4CEenment]]. &&71 &52F &280 that &&45s &AFE &58atically &733 &81 &F5. &&112s of [[jurisprudence]], [[&33]], [[&DA7]] and [[&3C1]] &7C &52F time &122&32B &38 &0 [[&42 &4As]] &162 &D &44 part. &&1F &660 the [[&CAticism|&CAtic]] re&DB &4 En&4CEenment &1E9 &449 &C [[Herder]] &22A [[Wilhelm Dilthey]] &3E0 work &32B &23E &10 &38 &3B4 &3A &80 &4 &140.

&&73Aally &D &573 from [[&75 &33]] (&DEC by &2BFs &C [[&&1B4s-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon|Buffon]]). This w&A &15B &92 &78s - &271 &1C &187 &&45 [[&203ism|&1C5]]. Thus &15Bing the &C, &38, physiology, &&9A6 &523 &1C5 was more or less &619 &733ing the &3BA &B15 &1DB &14E. &&71 for &4CC f&&3C2, that [[Lewis Henry Morgan]] &115 &A2D &CFD on both ''The &&6B4 &0 Iroquois&7F5 ''&&E6 Beaver and His &&DD''. This &4A why the &CD &38 of '&114ized' &EC &C China have &A9ly been dis&4B8 in fine arts &217s &720side &&45 art &50 &432 from &&12 or &&13B &&AA &&13 &38s were dis&4B8 in &&75 &&33 &&217s with dinosaur bones and &1B6 dioramas. This &78 said, curatorial &173 has &25Fd &4E0ally &68B &5B, &68A &2C9 &52D &4E8 &D as &873 an &DA6 of &203 rule &4F6 [[chauvinism]], &87 its &18F to [[&925]] &44nd is &26A.

&&D grew &1EE &418 &75 &55B &11 end &0 &53B &570 &140 &10C crystallize in&232 &66 form - by 1935, &37 &71 &C1 for T.K. Penniman &48D a &33 &0 &140 en&8d ''A Hundred &&5B of &&D''. &&6D &D was &831 by 'the &493 &21D'. It &44ssumed &169 &16A &4B9 &6A &2CB &15Dary &1C0 &5 most &887 to most &3A0d. Non-&&45 &16A were thus seen as &15Dary '&10F &BE7s' that &15D stu&599 &102 &121st&3 &&45 past. &&288 &266 hi&411 of pre&379 &6FEs &18 were &65 &4DB but &71 also &BA5. &&71 &52F time that &&45s &40 &691ly &DA5 [[polynesia|Polynesian]] &6FEs &1E4 [[&&1DC Ocean]] f&&3C2 - &20C &0m &154d it &32Fated in [[Egypt]]. &&EDly, &2AB of [[race]] &44ctively &4FC as a &685 &1B8ify - and rank - &494 &A9 &C02 bio&257al &2F7.

&&1 &446 &47 &25B &140s &10C &EA6 &180 &E5 main &A34s. The #0#[[&4As]]#0# &A1B to derive &75 laws &6A reproducible and &C4A &642s. The #0#[[&81ities]]#0# &505 an &EC &15B &4C &2A &112s, &1 &277 [[&33]] &3 [[art]]s, &276 &EC &31B &3C6 &EB5 &200-&A &32 &F4 coherence. The #0#[[&42 &4As]]#0# &573 &5AF time &276 &EC &348 &27Ds to &406 &42 &2BA, &448 &EC &31B a &B0 bas&808 &42 &A5. &&D &7D &552 fit into one &0se &1A6, and &4C &333 &&60D draw &7FF &5B1 &0se &A34s.

Drawing &8 &21Ds &0 &1D1 as &BE &2F1 new &402volving &4E2 &117d &F79&24B but un&117d #0#&72A-&2A9#0# – &52E &8 new [[&11A &15D]] &6A [[&75 s&2F1y &1E3 the &D2 &F5 &301 &763: #0#&81kind,#0# &833 of as a &38B.§2Crucial &597 &15B &F &3B4 #0#&38,&&28C &9F &319 both as a &B0 &94B and propensity for &42 &2E0, &44E, &60cting (&188y &81A a &48E &92 &15D &1F1&336 that &727es Homo sapiens – and &31A all &392 of &9A8 ''[[Hominoid|Homo]]'' – from &2E &392), &60s a &12F &529 to &192 &2AB that &A2C &1F8 of &360 &689 &344 and &173s.§2Thus, #0#&38#0# &4E2 &7A8cends the op&136 &4E &1B6 and nurture; it &7A8cends &60bsorbs the peculiarly &&45 &1CBion &4E &59, &F6, kinship, &3 &A0 as &48B &A34s.§2&&D thus &7A8cends the &42E &7B &75 &4As, &42 &4As, and &81ities &5E0 the bio&257al, &351, &CD, and &49Fic &9A7 &92kind &499 &337.

==&&D &1 U.S.==
&&D &1 &&10 &&A was &AFF by &B16 &0 &&228 &&1EB Affairs &3 Smithsonian &&73A's Bureau &C7 Ethnology, &C John &&749 Powell and Frank Hamilton Cushing.§2&&25B &&D was &61 by [[Franz Boas]], who used his &136s at [[&&4D6 #DA# &3 [[&&13 &&217 &5E9 &&33]] to tra&448d &348 &589 &353s of &1C6. Bo&7CF &D was &35ly &32D and suspicious of &6E dictated &11 U.S. &1D or &55Ay &F4Cs. It &&3D2 &E7Cly &4F5 and skeptical of over-&44izations &60ttempts to &849 &B0 laws. Boas &287 immi&2A3 &BA in &102 &C35 that bio&257al race &153 immu&544 &6D &81 &767 and &F5 w&A &3D6 nurture &51 &1B6. 

Drawing &244 &&D9 &B33, he &64Dd &15 &28 was full of &1CB '&38s' &51 &16A &3E0 &15D &15D &771d by how much or how &13D '&114ization' &727. Boas felt that each &38 has &1B stu&599 its &12Fity, &60rgued that &9E7-&56 &44izations like &AE made &1 &1D1 &2C5 &C1. In &751 Boas &54D discrimi&200 &92 immi&2A3s, Afric&51As, and &&13B &&AA &&13s. Many &&13 &9F &410 Boas' &5E8 &42 &6DD, &3ories &5A5 &3E6 &1B &C9 targets &EDnthrop&F7Bsts &159.

Boas's &40 &353 of &1C6 &7Bd !15B!B Kroeber]], [[&&91 Lowie]], [[&&6BB Sapir]] and [[Ruth &&947]]. All &0se &288 &1E9 richly &383 &B9 &18 &FF &&13B &&AA &&5E. In &751 they &1E4 a &55A of &215 &83 &BBB the &11A &2CB &15Dary &1C0. Kroeber and Sapir's &732 &&13B &&13 &Cs &52D &849 [[#117# as a &B37 &44 &4A and free it &4A0 &A9 &732 [[Indo-&&45 &Cs]].

The &8Bation of !15B!B Kroeber]]'s textbook ''&&D'' &53E a &A49 &F7 in &&13 &D. &&54 &E5 &593 of amassing &CD the urge to &44ize grew. &&16F most &50D &1 '&&38 and &&17Fality' &B9 &584 &5E7 Bo&7CFs &C [[&&7DA Mead]] and [[Ruth &&947]]. &&404 psycho&EC9 &60F &C [[Sigmund Freud]] &5E6 Jung]], &86 &2BFs &75D to &121st&3 way &&C48 &17Falities were &E20 &11 &B1B &56 &340 &1F7s &97 they grew up. &&50 such &DD as ''Coming of Age in &&4F'' &3B9 Chrys&27Aum &3 Sword'' rema&31B &B &&13 &8B, Mead and &&947 &15A &7D1 &880 &8 &140 &&60D &3E5 &388. Boas had &8BC for Ruth &&947 to &F35 &828s chair of &&4D6's &D &370, but s&81 sidelined by [[Ralph Linton]] and Mead was &654 her &2E6s &1F [[&&13 &&217 &5E9 &&33|AMNH]].

==&&D in &&46E==
Whereas Boas picked &450s to &9B5s &678ttention to &BED, in &&46E &66 &D was &32B by &834 &A9 &FA &1 &381 a &13A &53 that &1FB &DD2 how &16A held &1C8 &1 &79.

&&149 most &6C &2ED &14D &112 were !15B!B Reginald &&830-Brown]] and [[Bronislaw &&618]], both of whom &BE2 seminal &743 1922. &&830-Brown's &8B5 &1FBwork &1 [[Andaman &&122]] was &584 &1 old &68, &447fter &468 [[Émile &&946]] he &D1 an &46A &1D &6E (en&8d &1FF ''The Andaman &&1B5ers'') &18 drew &8E3 &8 &&48 soci&F7Bst. Over time he &7C an &22E &79 &7AB-&384alism, &18 &1FB how &18D in &16A &549 to &A69 out or &6DA an equilibrium &1 &42 &58 &7D8 it &21E harmoniously. [[Bronislaw &&618|&&618]], &8 &2E hand, &600 an unhyphenated '&384alism' &18 &7A7 how &53 &384ed to meet &A3 &555. &&618 is &600 not for h&Fory, &32, but &FD &383 [[&5B5]] &60dvances in &21Dology. His &1B8ic ''Argonauts &0 &&67 &&1DC'' &600 &8DA 'the &13B's &F7 &7C1' &60n &22E to &1FB work &57D &1AC &1 &1FB.

&&618 and &&830-Brown's &3B2 stem &5 fact &15y, like Boas, &32Dly &8DB &1C6 &60ggressively &5CF up &18D &18 fur&D3d &8C &2C4matic &DD6. &&16F &CF &728 with &&830-Brown, who &559 his &5E8 '&&42 &&D' by &58E at &1ED &1E4 [[&&BD of &&EC|&&BD]]. &&5 late 1930s &8E post-war &280 a &6B3 of &CFD and &2E8 &3F9s &3B6ed &18 &EA7 the &E95 &637 &&42 &&D. &&170 ethnographies &7B ''The Nuer'' by [[&&6BB Evan Evans-Pritchard]] &3B9 Dynamics of Clanship &&AA T&F1Fsi'' by [[Meyer Fortes]], &50 well &DE &2E8 &3F9s &7B ''&&12n &&58s of Kinship and Marriage&7F5 ''&&12n &&35 &&58s''.

==&&D in &&93==
&&D in &&93 &17D less &5D2 genealogy than &561 &4C0 &112s. Most &5ators &28D [[Marcel Mauss]] &1B the fo&121 &0 &&48 &C4 &112. Mauss &44 &8C [[Émile &&946|&&946's]] [[Annee Soci&F7Bque]] &11F, and &50 &&946 &4Ds &7A7 &74 &124 &16A, Mauss &9E col&38Dators (&C [[Henri Hubert]] &22F Hertz]]) &7AF &5B5 and &DA7 &449alyze &16A &18 &2C5 as '&4Ciated' as &&45 &200 &A. &&372 Mauss's ''Essay &8 Gift'' w&26C &B39 of en&284 &DA4 &448thropo&257al &B9 of [[&1AA|ex&25F]] and [[&4A5 (&56 &D)|&4A5]].

&&BC &F79war &5B, &&48 &299 &D &71 dovetailed with &B1B &56 &62s &C [[surrealism]] and [[&4AC (art &62)|&4AC]] &18 &7AF &5B5 f&798spi&D3Fn. [[Marcel Griaule]] and [[Michel Leiris]] are &582 &642 &57B &D &B &&48 avant-garde. &&52F time &70 &84 &79 ''ethn&D9E'' was &48C to &217s, &&802 &140 &48A &18F with &B9 of [[folklore]].

Above all, &32, &71 [[Claude Lévi-&&652]] who &4BC &73Aalize &D in &&93. &&577 &4 &EE7 &126 his [[&612]] exerted &794 &589 &140s, Lévi-&&652 &61 ties with &&13 and &&A7 &9F. &&1F same time he &61 &Fs and &38Datories &219 &&93 &34A an &73Aal &28C with&&B05 &50 &588 &30A &1C6 &C [[Maurice Godelier]] and [[&&E40ise Heritier]] who &69 &B39 &30A &1 &768 &&48 &D. Much &0 &1CB &A7 &&93's &D &159 is &756 &0 &B3 most &D is &584 in &2Aly-&881 &6E &38Datories &51 &25B &370s in &1ED.

==&&D &54 &&28 War Two==
&&A4 [[&&28 War II|WWII]] &&A7 '&42 &D' &4C0 '&56 &D' were &146 &1CB &112s. It &44fter &100 &15 two &69 blend &3B8 a '&F7E&56' &D.

&&1 1950s and mid-&4CC &D t&46D &1EE to &4CB &23F &DD &1D1. Some, &C [[Lloyd Fallers]] and !15B!A Geertz]], &1FB &1C0es &124ization &731 newly &CC &A &115 &348. &&2Es, &C [[Julian Steward]] and [[Leslie White]] &1FB how &16A &9BD and &688 eco&257al niche - an &22E &C9ized by [[Marvin Harris]]. [[&&84 &D]] as &404 [[Karl Polanyi]] and &173d by [[Mar&71C &&A46]] and [[&&1B4 Dalton]] &1FB how &90 [[&84s]] &8B0 &56 &340 f&278s. In &&403, &&A7 &&42 &&D's &E95 &10C &ED5 as [[Max Gluckman]] and [[Peter Worsley]] &642ed with &&8F6 &60uthors &C [[Rodney Needham]] and [[Edmund Leach]] &6D2 Lévi-&&652's &612 in&4ir work.

&&7ABism also &126d a &2D &83 in &4CC and &5CA, &3F [[&876 &D]] and &888ial &232. &&2BFs &C [[David Schneider]], !15B!A Geertz]], and [[Mar&71C &&A46]] &7C &6FF fleshed-out &5FE &38 as a web of &109 or signification, &18 &6CE very &C9 with&448d &545 the &140. In &F34 &B &144, much &&60D &BF politicized &53 [[&&26n War of &&F3]] and op&136 &4 [[&&461 War]]; [[&&8F6]] &163 &2CD more &C9 &1F1 &22E &1 &140. &&11 &5CA the &2BFs of &3F9s &C ''Reinventing &&D'' worried &5A &D's &DA4.

&&1 &527 &27B of &FD, &C &AE &7A7 in [[Eric Wolf]]'s ''&&89 &3 &&1C &&10B &&33'' - were &80 &4 &140. Books like ''&&D &3 &&203 En&C93'' &E94 &D's ties to &203 ine&56F, &DA immense &C9ity &0orists &C [[Antonio Gramsci]] and [[Michel Foucault]] &4D1 &27B of &FD &15Egemony in&4 spot&4CE. Gender and &2E4ity &163 &C9 &8E7, as did the &90 &33 &&802, &404 [[Mar&71C &&A46]] (&5BA) who &7AF [[Claude Lévi-&&652|Lévi-&&652]] and [[Fernand Braudel]] to &C82 the &90 &42 &117 &&5B6 &76A. 

&&1 late &527 and &8F1 &2BFs &C [[&&1B4 Marcus]] and [[James &&B7A]] &E94 &B79 &16C, &CF &821nd why &C4 &A5 was &C1 &60uthoritative. Ethnographies &BF more reflexive, &47D &406ing the &2BF's &21Dology and &56 &136ing, &278 &126 &8ir &B79 &232. &&16F &49 &6FF &44 tr&159 [[post&66ism]] &4A6 &C9 contemporaneously. &&153ly &9F have begun &6AA &306 to &328ization, &18B and bio&C6, &F8 &Bs, &3 &D of &&89.

==&&59 &&60D==
&&D's &90 &5BD &7B3n&67 &38s h&799volved it in &59 &C3 &4C ways. 

Some &35 &292 arise &1FF &74 &9F &10C have more &FD &763 &1C they &15B. Some &EBrgued &15 &F55&7E5 &263 of &203ist theft &97 the &569 &D0F &FD &1F &A8A of &1BFs. The &569, they &64D, can gain yet more &FD by &D67 &A5 &&9A6 &0 &1C he &B9 &DA &1C he &B9 gain no&336, &379 lose, &1 ex&25F. &&5E3 &63 exploitative &18F &57en seen &1 col&38Dation &6D4 &174 &&28 War II &637 &9F (&C Fortes) and &203 &1F7s. &&417, &D3 &22 new&156 &597 &5A bioprospecting, &13B &44Fs for self-re&79ation for &13B &1Cs &3 &688 of &F8 &52C &CD &38.

&&2E &35 &611 come from &&13 &D's &113 &56 &620 &278 long-&627ing antipathy &4 &3B4 &5A5. The &86 [[&F7E&341]] &1 late &4CC was &34C by &56 &9F &C [[Mar&71C &&A46]], who &64Dd &15se &136s were reductive.§2&&50 &2BFs such John Randal Baker &AF &348 the bio&257al &3B4 &5A5 in&4 &5CA, &1F7 of &66Ds has &B39n &1B &80 &648ments on this &362. &&262ly, [[Kevin B. Mac&&9D6]] &2EC Bo&7CF &D as &49 a #0#Jewish &28F to &A04 mass &386 &238 &E59 &730#0# ([[The &&38 of Critique]],2002). As &66Ds &46D &3A0 as a &4A some &9F &C Luca [[Cavalli-Sforza]] have &AF &7A8form &60dvance &A2As &5A5 &53 &5C &262 &83s in &66Ds, &C t&F5A past &6FEs &689s &53ir mitcochondial and Y-chromosomal DNA, and [[&6AC-in&DCBive &DCF]]s.

&&EDly, &D &17D &2B ent&D3Ement with &1D &39B agencies &60nti-war &59. Boas &8Bly &763ed to US &60E in [[&&28 War I]] &3 col&38Dation &154 &9F with US &39B. In &2DE, &14E Boas' &569 &578 were &32D &1 war &329 &271 form, &3F dozens who &38Ad &1 [[Office of Strategic &&157]] &3 Office of War &&3D. &&1 1950s, &FE &&C4 &&9C]] &1E4 the [[CIA]] &3D &8 area &179ities &1B8 &D6, &60 &2D &9F &3A6 &1 U.S. &1D's #114#B Camelot]] &2A war in &&461. &&1F &660 many &2E &9F were &32D &1 antiwar &62 and &4B9 re&6A1s &1 [[&&13 &&C4 &&9C]] (AAA) condemning &C4 &5BD in &9BFt &30Bs. &&9F &3C1 &D4F &1ir op&136 &4 war in Iraq, &168re &7F2 &890 &213st &4C2 &0 &140.§2

&&F4 &C4 &746 &71 &763 &4 &5C &D &10 &30E &0 [[&1E]]. &&8C &2B0 of &11D or &1Ements may proscribe &9F from &542 &6D8 &D54ings. &&561 &&2FC &&42 &&2B8 &6B &FB &288hips &17Ely &E4C. &&37 &561 &&2FC &&42 &&2B8 &DA3 the [[CIA]]'s Pat &&91s &&39B &&288 Program[#2#avenue.org/ngic/&5A_prisp.htm], &18 funds &D &1C6 at US &329 &C6F &10m to spy &10 [[&&10 &&A]] &1D. The AAA's &153 '&&1Ement of &&F4 Responsibility' cl&6D &29A #0#in &982 &Bir own &1D &2CA host &1Ds... no &6D8 &6E, no &6D8 &3AE or de&D54ings &146y kind &B6 &82F to or &20E.#0#




&&D &F &15B &92 &36C--&227 body and &F5, &1 past and &79.§2&&D &110 four sub&1FBs or sub&140s:

'''&&B6 &D'''--&195 &36C &0 &5D8 &1 past and &79. It &7Bs how we &96E the &117 &7FD body over time, &C1 &81 &15D, as &BE &2F7s and &18Fs &4E &81 &23s &159 &3ir &529s &4ir &192 &F1s.§2It also &65 &44E evoluti&829d &227 our nearest &4EBs, the &F47s (apes and monkeys).

'''&&56 &D'''--!6B! &79.§2&&85 what most &9F do &2D7 most &0 &8B sees &FAy look at #0#&&2A &&460#0# &2D8 &1B5 #0#Dis&9BFy#0# &A6C on TV.§2&&56 &9F &9E1 to &D8 &16A (&7D &26 &52B do &D on y&7C6 &53!), live &AA &1C &D3, and try &375 &Ay can &D0 how &AE &1C live.

'''&&1F'''--!6B! past.§2&&87 it &B9 how &1C &557 &1 past, &86 &1C &9D &1E7 for us &48C and talk to...or &1F2, not &1C &1BD &153ly &10F &1 same way &15ir &602 did &1 past.§2&&D3fore, &96 must &F6F &8 &432 and &C2 &15 &1C &1E9 &1 past &60ttempt to &C3C &8C &E93 &334 life &5 &BC1 &0ir &38.

'''&&351 &D'''--&195 &36C &92 &C &1 past and &79.§2&&50 &C is &75ly a &49 &38, &26 &497 huge &8E7 &6F0nthrop&F7Bsts have &233d it in&232 own &5B0 &15B.§2&&351 &9F are &4F6 &5A &38 of &Cs, &31A even back &4 &40 &4F8 &405 how &C &25Fs over time.§2&&107 also &1CDed &7F7 &4C &18C &Cs &9C3 &159, how &107 &248, and how &80A &38C &5A &77 like migrati&829d &AA8 &6C3 data.§2They &4EEsk how &C is &143 and &8D8s on &2E &318 &38.

&&2E &4As &15B &81s too, of &454.§2&&33, &84s, &226, &3C1, even &341 and &181 can &15B &81s. How &5Fthropology &4C?

The &78B &F &C4 &1F0, &C1, the way &6F0nthropology &22Ees &559 and &55Ds &5A or &B9 &81s &3ir &F5.§2The &C4 &1F0 has &E5 &888s:

(1) Cross-&56 or &493--&D investigates &81s &4D1 form &15y take.§2We &4CFterested &4E8 the &538 &147 &92 &746 and &F5s, &3CE &38C &687 &92ity--&DC ways &384 &57 &81.§2By &871 &81s &1ir &12C manife&586, and comparing &AE manife&3D4 to &137, &80A ask &84 &C1 for &81s and &84 &240 for &81s.

(2) Holistic--&D &F7D to &DC2 &12C &49 &38 &78B &2E part.§2It &121&627s &15 &123 &95 &38 are &226 &137 &6D &FB combi&EC &1C2 &7E5 or &48F &7E5 (&37 &B9 no &8C0 and &82E &38s that &90ly &557 in &168...that's just im&C1!).§2We &170 &1CDed &7F7 a &1C's &38s is &517 &4ir &F1; &5BA, &10B high &C6, you &9D &1F3 see &A80 or &168 &1 &19A &0 &43C &1B5 arctic.

(3) Relativistic--this &F &41E yet &134 part &0 &C4 &1F0.§2Relativism &1B7 &15 &4C3 or norms or &FE of a &38 are &52A that &176 &38.§2In &234 say, monogamy &5D &3F3 or &510 &81D &38, but polygamy &5D &3F3 or &510 &448&2E.§2The &F7 &1BB &4C &38s &154 &4C &77 or &2F2 &4C &77 &379 mean &4C &77 with &31A &607-&66F &F5s or &28B. 

When you go &449&2E &38, &379 just &C1A &32n&2E &38 (&37 when you are &644 &F79&2A &209), you can&44Dssume that &23A &121&627 &77 &B4 way you do.§2&&595, you &2EA assume &15y don't! &&D counsels &92 hasty judgement of &301 &38: &48D that &686 &F28or &49F st&2F9 or &C61 &57 &121&F24 when &945 with&7EC &38's &55B &AC2 (&121&627ing &0 &28). &&D3 &152 a &253ity &10 &3D6; it &5D '&253', &32, &29 &5C6 &257 that &207s with &&67 &121&627ings.§2&&618's primacy of &901 &D0 #0#the &13B &F7 &7C1#0# &12D &382 to &F7E-&56 &D &159.

The &F7 &1BB, if we want to &121st&4D &1C &5FCly, we must see wh&1Fir &F5s or &277 or &1AB mean &4m, not wh&1Fy &69 mean to us. Meaning is &4EB &4 &38 that &6DAs that &109.§2This &6B &807 &169 &315 true &379 &169 &315 good - &56 &620 &7D &5C7 entail &1B0 &620. &&5DF, &E6 &&C4 &&9C's &851 &118 (1948; 1997) &10 &&B0 &&5C5 of &&81 &&Bs, as &BE work by Sally Engle Merry, &9D2 &1E7 &6B &736 &C4 &F7 &7C1.

How does &D &15B &38?

One &2E way &6F0nthropology is &78F &AA &4As that &15B &81s is &706 &113 '&1FBwork'§2You &443 get &79D an&2E &38 just by &468 &5A it or &95E &17Bs &5A it.§2At best, you &115 &38C what &23A &EBl&F20 &186, but you &11C &38C any&336 new.§2So &D &322 &230 &1F3 that &53 and &10F with&1ir &38 &375 as &C1.§2&&85 &6B [[Participant &2A9|&72A &2A9]]. This &66B &CBDly on &CBC (&A0Brably &55Cly) informants with&1 &53, who will teach you &8C &38's &4C3 &3E1 &506, &&EBF you &1ir &2AA.§2Then, &375 as &C1, you will try to e&1Fir food, &554 &8C &405 live &8C &47C, &71 &230 residing &32 &CE &7EC &53.§2&&26 not easy work, and &26 &44Dlways fun, but &B7 no &244 &685 &38C.

==&&C4 &1FBs and sub&1FBs==
*[[Bio&257al &1D0 [[&&B6 &D]])
**[[Forensic &D]]
**[[Paleoethnobotany]]
*[[&&56 &1D0 [[&&42 &D]])
**[[&&D of art]]
**[[&&492 &D]]
**[[Cross-&&56 &&B9]] 
**[[Cyber &D]]
**[[&&83 &D]]
**[[Dual &C3E &E4]]
**[[&&F1al &D]]
**[[&&84 &D]]
**[[Eco&257al &D]]
**[[Ethnography]]
**[[Ethno&DCology]]
**[[&&208 &D]]
**[[Gender]]
**[[&&81 &F5al &40B]]
**[[&&343 &D]]
**[[&&187 &D]]
**[[&&35 &D]]
**[[&&D of &F6]]
**[[&&8B &D]]
**[[Urban &D]]
**[[Visual &D]]

*[[&&C4 &1BB|&&351 &D]]
**[[De&BEive &1BB|Synchronic #117# (or De&BEive &1BB)
**[[Diachronic #117# (or [[&&A9 #117#)
**[[Ethno#117#
**[[Socio#117#

*[[&&1F]]

!E!
*[#1#aaanet.org/ &&E6 &&C4 &&9C &&437] - the webpage &0 &B2 &F4 &13C &&944 &1 &28.
*[#1#&28cat&DEF.org/wcpa/ow/09dbb3346fc1c2a4.html Race] - &7F6 by John Randal Baker &636 the &5E4 &23E &253 op&136s &4 &3B4.
*[#1#&3FF.info &&D.Info]
*[#1#the&200.com/doc.mhtml?i=20001120#3#c=2#3#s=&7F2 &&9F as Spies] - an &EE by David Price exa&9E2 the &90 &&13 &&D and US &39B &157.
*[#2#news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/&14B/4603271.stm Pat &&91s &&39B Program] - a BBC &EE &8 &2C4
*[#1#&3FF.info/blog/&D &&42 and &&56 &&D &1 News] - (n&6D) &4C9 &A45 blog
*[#1#anthrobase.com Anthrobase.com]§2- &&D2 &C4 &2F0
*[#1#cybercultura.it Cybercultura]§2- &&D2 web &C7 &5A &D of cyber&2B (in &&479)
*[#1#&D.net &&D.net] - A &8F orientated &D web &4B7 with user run &8E5, &478s, tags, &60 wiki.
*[#2#sscl.berkeley.edu/~afaweb/re&24B/&12B.html &&2FC &&208 &&D]

!25! 
* [[List &&944]]
* [[&&275 &8Bations in &341#&&D|&&6C &8Bations &&B05]]
#C0#--What are our &5D1ities for &13E &14D area?§2To help &348 a list &0 most &463 &283 in &&D, &5F7 &103 [[&&D &463 &283]].--&gt;
[[&&9:&&D|&&D]]
[[&&9:Mammalogy]]
[[&&9:Behavioural &4As]]
{{&&42 &4As-footer}}

[[af#A4#
[[an#116#ochía]]
!32! علم الإنسان]]
[[ast:&&CFCía]]
#81#Антропология]]
[[bm#10A#
!D6!নৃতত্ত্ববিদ্যা]]
[[bs:&&3FFja]]
[[ca#58#
[[co#58#
[[cs#A4#
[[da#8D#
[[de#10A#
!49!Ανθρωπολογία]]
[[eo:&&3FFo]]
[[es#116#ogía]]
[[et#116#oogia]]
#F9#مردم‌شناسی]]
[[fi#58#
[[fr#10A#
[[fy#116#ogy]]
[[gl:&&CFCía]]
!1B!אנתרופולוגיה]]
#BE#मानव शास्त्र]]
[[hr:&&3FFja]]
[[hu#116#ógia]]
[[ie#A4#
[[io:&&3FFo]]
[[it#58#
!17!人類学]]
#3A#인류학]]
[[ku#116#ojî]]
[[ky:Антропология]]
[[lt:&&3FFja]]
[[lv#116#oģija]]
#BF#Антропологија]]
[[ms#8D#
[[nl#A4#
[[no#8D#
[[pl#58#
[[pt#58#
[[ro#A4#
!1E!Антропология]]
[[sa:मानवविज्ञानं]]
[[scn#116#uggia]]
[[&1D3:&&D]]
[[sk#116#ógia]]
[[sl:&&3FFja]]
[[su#8D#
[[sv#8D#
!BE!மனிதவியல்]]
#80#มานุษยวิทยา]]
[[tl#116#ohiya]]
[[tpi:&&C34]]
[[tr:&&C34]]
!36!Антропологія]]
[[zh-min-nan:Jîn-lūi-ha̍k]]
#2C#人类学#1D#
!3!
!2!
!5!
§4<&8>&&1F</&8>
§4<id>570</id>
!1!
§6<id>41925879</id>
!D!-03-02T17:45#7A#
!0!
§8<&6>Edgar181</&6>
§8<id>491706</id>
!4!
!B1!925705 &27
§6#4#!120!'''&&1F''' or '''&61B''' (&5 [[&&5C &194 ''αρχαίος'' = &6F and ''λόγος'' = word/&239/dis&454) &F &F5 [[Homo (&9A8)|&81]] [[&38]]s &53 &971, &BDEation &60nalysis of &CD &52C &F1al data, &3F [[&840]], [[Artifact (&1F)|&B78]]s, [[biofact]]s, &3FC, and [[&3BF]]s.

The &484 &367 are &622cument and &B20&1 &32Fs and &86 &81 [[&38]], &121&627 [[&38 &33]], &DCA [[&56 &15D]], and &15B &81 [[&F5]] and [[&40B]], for both [[pre&33|pre&379]] and [[&33|&379]] &16A.§2&&26 &72 &1B one &0 four sub-&3B7 [[&D]].

!10A!
As with &277 &C [[&1B3]] and [[gyna&40B]], &1F &90ly &17Dn ''ae'' combi&200; &32, &5FE &234 the ''ae'' is &7E4 &B0ly &69B. Contrary to &C9 &36A &2C2 &33A &0 &28, the &943 ''&61B'' &6B pre&4E2 in [[&&10 &&A]] [[dictionary|dictionaries]] &697 look &639 odd to most &&13s. Like the &606 ''&4FA'' &11E a &594 and ''[[&A63]]'' &6DE &4 [[&7B7 arts]], the &2A2 ''&61B'' &5F [[&&13ism]] is &13D &123 an [[&705 myth]]. &&2EE &943, ''&1F'', &3E6s &1B &1BE &12Cday &13E &6Aout &4B, &5B U.S., even more so &763atre (the &AEA &943 &162, &50 &72 accep&544, is &510 less &71 than not).

==Ontology and &475==

&&1 [[Old &&28]], &17F t&46D to &4CF &8 &F5 &B6 &12D, the &21Ds &1BE re&9BFing them &3 &1F1 and &63 &121pinnings in &82D &559's &484. The &140's &B33 in [[antiquarian]]ism &3 &F5 [[Latin]] and [[&&6F &&5C]] &1E4 it &32 &75 &C06 &B &1FB of [[&33]]. &&1 [[New &&28]], &1F &5A2 &E8ly &903 &4 &15B &92 [[&53|&16A]] &B1 &409 &4EB &0 four sub&3B7 [[&&D]]. &&4E sub&3B7 [[&D]] &9A5 the &CBCs &367 in a &B7C &753.§2&&86 sub&1FBs are [[&56 &D]], &18 &B9 &506al, &49Fic, and &CD &9A7 of &38; [[#117#, &18 &B9 &C, &5B &5E4 &C &47A &8A; and [[&B6 &D]], &368 &8B &92 evoluti&829d &B6 and [[&66Ds|&66D]] &36istics. &&2E &140s also &9A5 &1F, &C [[paleontology]], [[paleo&A61]], [[&687]], [[paleobotany]], [[&15E]], [[geology]], [[art &33]], and [[&1B8ics]].

&&1F &28 &FF as a [[&F7C]] that en&9F8 the [[&4A|&4As]] to illuminate the [[&81ities]]. &&13E in 1948, &E6 &60B [[W&F81 &&75B]] &BB8 that #0#&&1F is n&1FD &33 n&796thropology. As an &48B &140, it &110 a &21D &60 &81C &179ised &148 &10 &82E, or '&9B' &525 &3D#0#.

&&1F &5F &22E &D0ing &81 &38 &6A its &CD &12D &52C of chronology. In [[&&403]], &96 have un&486 the long-lost layouts of &3E7 &7FA &5DC &DD crises &0 14th &47 &3 &B36ly lost layouts of 17th &47 parterre gardens swept away by a &25F in fashion. In &F05 [[!14F! City]] &96 have exhumed the 18th &47 &12D &0 Black &868 &16B.§2&&90 &&1F is &558 &A &F5 pre-&A9 &81 &38s; &C1 &38s that &241 &A4 &38 of [[&13E]] for that &38.§2[[&&A9 &1F]] &F &F5 post-[[&13E]] &38s.

&&1 &F5 &1A8 &262 &38s, &18 &22 ob&38Ad and &287 by &&67 &288, &1F is &314 allied with [[&5B5]]. This &F case in &212 &95 [[&&AA #112#, [[Oceania]], [[Siberia]], &4D &14E &AD &8B &367 mingles &B &10F &112s &0 &38s &78 &287. [[Kennewick Man]] &5F &1E6 &1F &F79&A18 with &66 &38.§2&&1 &F5 &38s &384re &7E2 or had &7E2 &9A4, [[&33]] &60rchaeology &9A5 one an&2E for &672 &121&627ing &0 &206 &56 &28C, as at [[Hadrian's Wall]].

==Importance &60pplic&31D==

&&70 &81 &33 &6B &FF &44Cy &1A3 &2B6s. [[&&13E]] &DB &4D0 any&AD &1 &28 &1D9 &5A 5000 &31C &71C &559 &213 a &1A8 &27 &2D techno&257ally &3A0d [[&114is!153!s. In &2DE [[Homo Sapiens|''Homo sapiens'']] have &241 &EDt &906 200,000 &5B, &4D &392 of [[Homo (&9A8)|''Homo'']] for &19C &5B (see [[&&81 &15D]]).§2&&86 &114isations are, not co&EF7ally, &16B-&DE; they &22 open &4 &8B8 &1Dtorians for &20B, &50 &8B of pre-&379 &38s &17Drisen only &262ly. Even &46C &114isation &C1 &7E2 &7AC &276s, many &6C &81 &173s &9D &E7ly &2B6ed. Any &A5 &0 &DCBive &6D &5B &92 &114isation - &38 of [[agri&38]], cult &173s of [[folk &F6]], &1F7 &0 &40 [[city|&168]] - must come &1B3rchaeology.

Even &AD &1A3 &2B6s &684 &107 invariably in&206 or biased &3A8 &5DB. &&C3 &16A, &58B was &48C &4 [[&D57]] &1B8es, such &A [[clergy]] &1B5 [[&916]] of &1F5 or &5F1. The &58B even &146 [[aristocracy]] has &65 been &48C to deeds and &962s. The &183 and &28-&39F &D57s &3D3 &639 &4C &5 &47C &&D34 &0 rest &0 &B99. &&137 &384re &1E9 &3B6 more re&79ative &0 &44 &23 were un&4BD to find &8C way into [[&D5|&DEF]] and be &17d &D3 for posterity. Thus, &1A3 &2B6s &1C2 &8D8 the biases &0 &7E2 &1B8es, and can&67A trusted as a sole &3B7. The &CD &2B6 is nearer to a fair re&79ation of &53, &A1 &26 &1BF &232 own inaccuracies, &C [[&7A6 bias]] and [[&4Cial &39F]].

&&577 &4ir &D2 &3E9, &3C &12D &65 have &35 &424 to &377 &0 &642 &1E9 them, &94E &2F2 to &9A3, or &1FF &263 [[&ABF]] &E49. &&2A3 &3DB &1F &B &971 of &497esthetic, &138, &35, or &84 &B75s &51 &B &FA of past &16A. 

This view &7A espo&1BE &2C0 &C9 &23D, &C ''[[Raiders &0 Lost Ark]]'', ''[[The Mummy (1999 &17B)|The Mummy]]'', and ''[[King &&A44's Mines]]''. When such &C45 &1BFs are &409 more &ADD, &D68s of [[&E4D&4A]] &4CFvariably &276led &1Fir &A19 (see &&E4D&1F, &24A). &&37E &82Cs, &72F &182, &9D re&79ative &0 &66 &164 &1F.

==Goals==

&&B7 &7B6 &A0A &C1E &1 &173 &367 on &1FB &148 and &21D&D9Es. &&403 the tasks of &198ing &77C &102 find new &1DF, digging &1DF in &102 un&142 the &56 &12D &D3in, and &253 &39F &402 &102 analyse and keep &86 &12D. Every &8A6 &63 &1C0 &57 a &24E &3D.

The &484 &367 &9D &361 &B4. &&B9 &1F2 &E5 &A1A, &1CB &298 of &57A what &3C &6E &2EA do. (&&86 are &545 the scope &0 &79 &228, &60re &4FC at &495 &24A.) &&1B2, &B7 much &E8 &16B.

===&&25B sub-&140s===

''Main &136 sub-&140s]]''

As with most [[academia|&25B]] &140s, &B9 &327 &212 &2D [[&3C sub-&140s]] &36ised by &138 &21D or type of &CD (e.g. [[lithic &232]], [[&DC (&1F)|&DC]], [[archaeobotany]]), &460al or chrono&257al &4CF (e.g. [[Near &&EA &1F]], [[&&3E7 &1F]]), &2E thematic &745 (e.g. [[&3BF &1F]]), or &138 [[&3C &38]] or [[&114is!153! (e.g. [[Egyptology]]).

===&&56 &C7 &1D4===
''[[&&56 &C7 &1D4]]'' (CRM) (also &6B ''&3D0 &1D4'' in &&46E) is a &55B &367 that &46B most &6E done &1 [[&&10 &&A]] and &269 &392 [[&67 &&89]] &F6. &&1 &&10 &&A, CRM &1F &28 a &3A1 &745 &DE &A72 &0 [[&&2A &&379 Preservation Act]] of 1966 &1FA &0 &1F done &7EC &5F &159 proceeds from &1FD &54E or &248 &487ments &5A4 &771. &&1 &&10 &&A, the vast &290 taxpayers, &288, and &4AF &B2 CRM h&&CCA &564 &269 that &200's &55B pre&33 that &E5 &2Ewise been lost &1 &15F &168, dams, and highways. &&13B &2E statutes, this man&7EA &7EE &259 &1A1 on [[&8B land]] &798volving &8B funds may &88D an un&287 [[&3C site]]. 

The &1B9 CRM &1 &&10 &&108 &6B &654 &1D-&881 &1A1s. &&87 1990 [[PPG 16]] has &438 planners to &28D &1F as a [[&CD &28D!153! in &4A7 &31F for new &83. As &682 &22F &3C &551s &121take mitigation &7AB &3A0 of (or &284) &259 &7AB &3Cly &DC0 &155, &1F &348er's &A8A.

&&AA &484 of CRM &104 &39A, &39F, and maintenance of [[&56]] &1DF on &8B and &290 &D56, &3 &C9B &525ly &4DB &CDs &1B3reas &249y &69 &2Ewise be &425 &72D &32C, &C &1E3 &259. This &15B &4E9 &1F2 a cursory exami&200 to &879 &3AD or &44Dny &120 &3C &1DF are &79 &1 area &590 &11 &1E3 &259. If &86 &684 &4E4 &3DC &151 &E91 &10ir &130. If &8B5 &198 and/or test &130 &AAB the &6B0 &146 &F26ordinarily &4DB site, the &259 &5D prohibited &2D9. CRM is a &BFD entity, &B8 &1 &&10 &&C2 &&89 &AD &96 from &290 &94 &60ll &276s &12E &878 &1 &173 &0ir &140.

&&56 &C7 &1D4 has, &32, been &2EC. CRM is &4F8 by &290 &94 that bid for &1A1s by &F61ting &E90s outlining the work &1B done &60n &388 &792. &&26 not un&7C0-of &10 &76A &5B7 &10 &259 &693 &9ED the &E90 &6F0sks &10 &906 &8DC. CRM &96 face &28Dable time &160ure, &71 &78 &246 &206 &5E2 in a fr&DB &0 time that &78E &E91 &ED &DE1 &A62ly &82C.

==Field &21Ds==
===&&198===
A &66 &3C &1A1 &71 &773 &32 [[&3C &198|&198]]. ''&&23Cal &198'' &F &EC &58atically locate &3EA un&DE &1DF in a &23C. ''Site &198'' &F &EC &58atically locate &C2 &57B, &C ho&814nd [[midden|&C81]], &46C site. Each &0se &683 &5D &A00ed with &212ly &B4 &21Ds.

&&198 &153 &3A5 &173d &1 &6D days &367. &&56 &35F and &5D1 &6Eers were &10C &670 with &72D the &46A monu&55E &1DF &5 &192 &B99, and &E8Cng &471 &D55ly &66A &C2 &D3. [[Gordon Willey]] &400 &423 of &23Cal &222 &584 &198 in 1949 &1 [[Viru &&321]] of &229al [[Peru]], and &198 &242 &276s &BF &210 &B &7AD &1C0ual &1F some &5B &B4.

&&198 work has many &2D2 if per&32B as a &C54 &E8F to, &379 in &794, &130. It &322 &1A8 &13D &4E4 &A8A, &2FB &7D &487 &1C0ing &212 &3F9s of soil to &369 out &608. (&&1B2, &198ing &1B7 &23C or site &57 &5E6, so &96 &71 &DE3 [[&7A6 (&172)|&7A6]] &21Ds.) It &A09s &17E &27B (of &12F &745 to &9A2 &1Cs) &A4 &35E a site &6A &130. It &F only &685 gather some &4F8 &3D, &C [[&222 &584|&222 &2D7]] and &222 &117. &&198 data &644ly &DF2 into [[map|maps]], &18 may show &163 &C2 and/or &B77 &393.

The &1D3st &198 &423 is ''&163 &198''. It &4E9 combing &72C &10C on foot but &65 &B &5C mechanised &5EF, to &2F7 &C2 or &608 &66A &8 &163. &&163 &198 &443 &DA2 &1DF or &C2 &D7 &206ly &69A &121 &142, or overgrown with vegetation. &&163 &198 &1CF &7B mini-&1AC &C [[auger|augers]], [[corer|corers]], and [[shovel test]] pits.

''[[Aerial &198]]'' is &4F8 &22B [[&869|&869s]] &BF9 to [[&A6]], [[balloon|&E8E]], &379 [[kite|kites]]. A bird's-eye view is useful for quick mapping of &212 or &26A &1DF. Aerial imaging &16A &DA2 many &77 not &66A &5 &163. [[Plant|Plants]] &3A1 &249 a &48F &117, &C a wall, will &348 more &9BA, &50 &AE &249 &2E &7DE of &C2 (&C [[midden|&C81]]) may &348 more &583. &&9FBs of ripening [[&F58|&F1B]], &18 &25Fs &9F4 &583 at matu&D3Fn, have &7F9 &69A &117s with &AC &ABD. Aerial &198 also &C84 [[infrared]], &16B-&C37 [[&41C]] wave&495s, and [[thermography]].

''[[Geo&B6 &198]]'' &F most &21Aive way &4E8 beneath the &16B. [[Magnetometer|Magnetometers]] &DA2 &B76 &CFB &1 [[Earth's &E8D &1FB]] &704 [[iron]] &608, [[kiln|kilns]], some &7DE of [[&48F &117s]], &469 ditches and &C81. Devices that &771 the [[&9AD &912]] &0 soil &170 &3A5 used. Most soils are [[moisture|moist]] &24A the &163, &18 &4C8 them a &1A8 low &912. &&C2 &C hard-packed floors or &B0Ds of &48F &EB &3A2 &912. 

&&20C &96 &28D the &5C [[&16F &DA2or|&16F &ABB]] &1B tanta&701 to &B75 &8C0, &2Es deem them an &21Aive tool in &3C &198ing. Examples &80Dmal &3C &5C &16F &ABB &7B musketball &CFA&829alys&824 [[&&46 Civil War]] &36F&1FBs, &16F &CFA&&AA7 &174 &3FD a &53B &47 ship wreck, and &1A2 cable &5AD &284 &A0E. Metal &B74 &EBlso &405 &4 &3C &2B6 &AD &18C made &383 &2B6s &0ir &3FAs and refrained from &A4F &432 &5ir &3C &28C.§2&&1 UK, &16F &B74 &22 soli&A22 f&798volvement &1 [[Por&544 Antiquities Scheme]].

&&23Cal &198 in maritime &1F uses [[side-scan sonar]].

===&&130===
[[&&130|&&3C &130]] &241 even &FA &1FB &3BE the &712 &C7Cs, &68A &12D &5E1 &0 &290 data re&486 in most &1FB &1A1s. It can reveal &85 &7DE of &3D &10C &44Dccessible to &198, &C &B73, &E5-&C44 &117, and verifiably &31C &28C.

&&66 &1AC &487 &15 &A5A &46A &28B &3FF &DE &Air [[&B39nance]] or &B39nience, be &2B6ed. This &361 &4E9 &4A7 &8C &9E6 &5ADs, &1F1&144 &6B5 &136 &F6 (also see [[Primary &&7E2 &&1F]]). Similarly, &8C [[&3C &9C|&9C]], or &18F with &BE9 &28B &3FF &555 &1B &2B6ed for &B4 &232. This &5CDs the &60B to deduce what &3FE &C2 &529 &83gether and &18 &5D from &4C &8A6s of &32C. &&37 &3FD a site &A4B its [[&B73]]; if a site was &25A by a &3B2ion of &1CB [[&38|&38s]], &608 from more &262 &38s will lie &249 &AE from more &6F &38s.

&&130 &F most &5E6 &8A6 &132 &6E. Also, as a &734 &1C0, it &A5E [[&11D|&17E]] &597. As &682 very few &1DF are &82B &1ir &538ty. [[Sampling (&172)|Sampling]] is even &36C in &130 than in &198. &&26 &E8 for &212 &52B &3BA, &C [[backhoe]]s ([[J. C. Bamford|JCBs]]), &1B &1BE &130, &B8 to &694 the [[topsoil]] ([[over&DAE]]), &A1 this &21D &272creasingly used with &AC &F3D. &&139 this &4BF &4E0 step, the exposed area &1EA hand-cleaned with trowels or hoes to &A25 &169 &C2 are &4E8.

&&721 task &333 form a [[&&3C plan|site plan]] &3n use it &26F &A20 the &21D of &130. &&C2 dug in&4 &75 [[subsoil]] are &3F3ly &82B in &8E4s in &102 &2C2 a &66A [[&3C &51]] for &2B6ing. Scaled &9DB and &51s of &A3 &C2 &39E &534 on site, &191 and &224 and &9F4 &9FBs &0m are &419, and &2B6ing sheets are &B72 in &366 [[&28C]] of each. All th&&B71 &38As as a &DA1 &2B6 &0 now-&425 &1F &B1 &1BE &649 &122terpreting the site.

==Post-&E8C&&AA7==
Once &3FE &117s &22 &82B, or &3BC from &163 &198s, &26 &240 to &5FCly &15B them, &7A8 &375 data as &C1. This &1C0 is &79 post-&E8C&&AA7, &B1 &3F3ly &31 time-&ADC part &0 &3C &4C4. &&26 not un&E8 &10 &ED &130 &3AE on &145 &1DF &38B &5B &1B &D1.

At &72B &463, &7A4e&D21 &156 are cleaned, catalogued and &6A3 to &D1 &490s, in &102 &1B8ify them [[&B70|typo&257ally]] &238 &3DB &2E &1DF with &29B &B77 assemblages. &&32, a &256 &805 &2F9 &146alytical &148 are &1E7 &6A [[&3C &4A]], &109 &6F0rte&D21 &57 dated &3ir com&136s &7A7. The bones, &46Cs and pollen &3BC &1B3 site can all be analysed (&22B the &148 of [[zoo&1F]], [[&687]], and [[palynology]]), &50 any &2F0 can &10C be [[Decipherment|&CF9]].

&&86 &148 &357 &31B &3D &1E1 &20B be &DE &&477 &A05 &ACly &4 &D5 a site.

==&&2B &1F==
!30! &1F]]''

The &2B &1F &28 &2C &2EE &F4isation, &3 &5C an &2EE &1CE &148, to &DB8 &375 data &8 site &78 &7A7 as &C1.

&&130s &&E8B monuments &3 &D2 &911 &22 &2E7 &195 &433 of &5B, &1BAse were &3F8 &10 extr&DB of &4DB or &ABFally pleasing &608.

&&71 only &1 &264 &15 &58atic &15B &0 past &6A its &B6 &12D &1AE &1B &584. &&3C &21Ds &365 by both &1CDed &C7Cs and &F4s, &3F [[&&1D6us Pitt Rivers]] &441 &&942 Petrie]].

This &1C0 was &1C4 &1 &22D by such &1C as [[&&BA4 Wheeler]], &3E0 &360 &140d &22E to &130 &ACly &6C1 the &56F of &207 &15D &696.

&&2A &22D, &38 of [[&705 &1F]] &3n [[&DA0 &1F]] &22 &6C f&278s, as h&A &86 [[&3C &4A]], &182 &ACly &162d &32D of data that &26 &52B &DB8.

==&&3C &E4==
''Main &136 &E4]]''

&&B7 no &456 &11A &1F, &469 &40F are &596d. &&8E mid-&22D &3 &18A &C6, &D3 &44 &44 &890 that &2FA &314 &143 both &33 &&802. &&23 &145 &8A6 &1 &2B &3C &E4 is &E8ly &78 as '''[[&&56-&33 &1F|&56, or &38, &33#BD#, &61 &7C &2A late 19th and &349 &20B.

&&1 &4CC, a &2D &366, &42B &&177, &C [[Lewis Binford]], &B23led &2AA &E95s &525 &33. They &1E3 a #0#New &&1F&&B0 &2C9 more #0#&D2&&40 #0#&C4#0#, with [[&634]] &CBA &3 [[&27D]] very &6C &95 what &BF &79 '''[[&1C0ual &1F#BD#.

&&1 &527, &301 &62 arose led &11 &&A7 &96 [[&&18A Shanks (&60B)|&&18A Shanks]], [[&&729 Tilley]], [[&&9FA Miller]], and [[Ian Hodder]]. It &1E8ed &1C0ualism's &E49s to &4A and impartiality and &C1Eed the &41C &620, &381 &79 '''[[post-&1C0ual &1F#BD#. &&32, this &22E &28 &548 by &1C0ua&9F8 as lacking &D2 rigour. The &B2Bity of both &1C0ualism and post-procuessualism &72E &121 &5FB.

&&3C &E4 now &F6As &1B3 wide &1CE &126s, &3F [[&15D|neo-Darwinian &15Dary &A1t]], [[phenomenology]], [[post&66ism]], [[&&117 &60gency|&76A &E4]], [[Cognitive &1F|&876 &4A]], [[&&60C (&3C1)|&&60C]], [[Gender &1F|&6CB-&116]] and [[&&208 &1F]], and [[&&58s &680 &1F|&&58s &E4]].

==&&8B &1F==
&&6D &2FA &212ly an &EC un&9BF &910 &432 &3FF or &5E0 vast and &61D &5DC &168. Such &791s &542 fascinate &144, &44D in &193 (&C ''[[King &&A44's Mines]]'') and &29F (&C ''[[The Mummy (1999 &17B)|The Mummy]]&7F5 ''[[Raiders &0 Lost Ark]]'').

Much &BAF and &48Eive &6E h&799deed been &4F8 in &4E0 &192es &C [[Copán]] &3 [[&&321 &0 Kings]], &1BA stuff &124 &1F &6B so &E8A sensational. &&577, &3C &AC7 &411 &1C2 ignore the pains&2E7 work &1A4 &66 [[&3C &198|&198]], [[&130]], and [[&3C data &1C0ing|data &1C0ing]] &148. Some &96 &103 such &6E9s as #0#[[&E4D&1F]]#0#.

&&1B2, &17F &786ed &4A0 &6E9 &1 &474 &3E4. Many &4C2 &F7 &4 &1C2 excitement of [[&&1EBa Jones]] &29F and [[Tomb Raider &2A4]] &A &C33 &10m &72A &229. &&96 &170 very much reliant on &8B &118, the &1E8 of &57A who &107 &644 &5E2 for &7A &4FC. &&10B a &263 &8B &1CD &1 &1BF, &71 sparked by &120 &7BD and celebrity &96, it &2C9 &7C4 deal harder &EDrchae&F7Bsts to ga&1 &35 and &199 &118 they &487.

&&1 UK, &C9 &1F &2C4mes &C ''[[Time Team]]&7F5 ''[[Meet the Ancestors]]'' have &3FAed in a huge upsurge in &8B &1CD.§2Where &C1, &96 now make more pro&609 for &8B &5BD and &941 in &212r &1A1s &763y once did. &&4E9 &25E &78 more &F4 has &8A7 that &ABC &14E are now relegated to uns&3B3 &32E, &469 &85 less &E50 &1E7 than &A4. Developer-&881 &130 necessitates a well-&8DB &B16 &788 work &758 &60ccurately, ob&8B4 the &240 [[&330 and &9A1]] &122demnity &DF0 &27B &1A4 &1FC on a &66 [[&259|&594 site]] with &B1A dead&483. Certain &DDB and [[&192 &1D]] &746 &65 &716 &14E on &6E &1A1s &1FD as &49 &25B work or as a &319 &8F &1A1. &&D3 &4A a &914 &1CC &A73 &14E on &2A7 [[&588 &130s]] &60rchaeo&257al &C9A tours.

&&96 &531 &192 &A5 &6D2 liaise with &192 &A9 &60rchaeo&257al &16A. Anyone &66F &7FB &3EC &1 &1FB &10B &1D2 &6AA &622 so &2EA &58F a &192 &11F.

===&&E4D&1F===
''Ma&80Cicle: [[&&E4D&1F]]''.

&&E4D&1F &5F umbrell&81B &EDll &2AA that &2CB &1B &3C &24B fact violate comm&6D5ccepted &3C &173s. It &7Bs much &182 &3C work (&4FC &249), as &BE some &5E5 &32C. Many non-&23D &2BFs have &8B0 the &27Ds of [[&1C0ual &1F]], &1B5 &176 &981s of it &A5Bed in§2[[Post-&1C0ual &1F|Post-&1C0ualism]].

&&5E3 &63 type &F &13E of [[Erich von Däniken]]. His ''[[Chariots &0 Gods]]'' (1968), &1C8 &6B4 &641 &896-&DE &DD, expounds a &11A &6F &58Fs &4E &81 &114isation on Earth &2D9 techno&257ally &3A0d &F26terres&9F6 &114isations. Th&Fory, &79 [[palaeo&58F &E4]], &6B &408 Däniken's nor did &2C7 &32Fate with him. &&DD &63 &1B6 &553 &53E &11 renunciation of well-&61 &298 &8 &71E of &242 &264, &3 &316 of &264 &32 pre&833 &680 mind.

===Looting===
Looting &132 &1DF &3B6 in &369 of [[hoard|hoards]] of &69A &B75 &5F &6F &674. F&&3C2, many &0 tombs &0 &&103 [[pharaoh|pharaohs]] were looted &448tiquity. The &F60 of &17F made &6F &1DF &28B of &AC &D2 and &8B &1CD, &6A2 &17Dlso &5F3 unwelcome &306 &4 &2C0 past &1Cs. A brisk &2A7 &BF4 &EDrte&D21 &85Cs &3FE &3 [[illicit &911]] &1AA, &18 smuggles &A03 a&A1A to &290 &9A3. &&1BA &88D the &850 of a &379 site, deny &96 &4DB &3D &1E1 be &38Ct from &130, &60re &71 &BB9 &1B robbing &192 &1C &0ir &3D0. 

&&2AD &806 &71 &9C2 &3FE with poor [[Third &&28]] &4D. Many are &265 homes to many well-&DE &6F &114izations but lack the &199 &C7 or &35 will to &900 even &31 &120 &1DF. Certainly, &729 &7F2s &392tact &28B can &503 &52A a poor &BC5's &6AD make &3FE a tempting &199 pro&136 &78F &192 &1C. &&32, &3FE has &419 its toll in &14E as rich and &7B0 &A &&10 &&C2 &&67 &&89 &F6. Abandoned &B29 &0 &6F [[Sinagua]] &18E [[Arizona]], cl&6D &66A &1 &43C &3BF, &22 &425 in &212 &31E by &B75 &C12s. Sites in more densely &AD1 &155 farther east &EBlso been looted. Where &3FE is proscribed by law it &532 &121 &9BF of &3D3, &B [[&16F &DA2or]] a &3DAstrument &83 &3DB profi&544 &14E to dig.

===&&8B &941===
Motivated by a &3AC to halt '''&3FE''', curb '''&E4D&1F''', &238 &86C &ACer &8B &8DC &60ppreciation &10ir work, &96 are &701ing '''&8B-&941 &204s'''. They seek to stop &3FE by in&A85 prospective &B77 &9A3 &0 &B39nance &0se &417, &1C0 alerting &642 live near &3C &1DF &0 &DFF of &3FE &3 danger &87 poses to &4A &3ir own &3D0. &&E8 &5DF &8B &941 &7B &160 &BA3 &3 &85Cment of &1EC &1FB trips to &1DF &121 &130.

&&180 &69C &EDrchae&F7Bsts' work &F &8B and &26 &1EE &EC8 &15ir work is &546 &78 done &1Bnefit &122&4D8m. The putative &42 &2D2 of &192 &3D0 &23A &170 &78 &904d with &C32 &&E21 civic &&5B6 pride &6A &1A1s &C &8F &130 &1A1s and &244 &E34ati&829d &79ation of &44C &1DF.

===Descendant &1Cs===
&&1 &&10 &&A, &1C1s such &A case of [[Kennewick Man]] have &739 the &B8B &4E [[&&13B &&13s &1 &&10 &&A|&&13B &&13]]s &60rchae&F7Bsts &18 &57 summarised as a &207 &4E a &274 &5F6 &5A0ful &247 &868s &391 &1DF &3 &25B &30E from &15Bing them. For &5B, &&177 dug on &&1EB &868 &16Bs &4D &14E &72 &391, re&862 &3FE &3FC to &C80 &635 f&604 &15B. In some &715 &3FC &2C5 even tho&501 &287 &24Bstead &482d &51 re&69A. &&15Cmore, &&67 &96' &24B &0 past &71 &9C3 from &2DB tribal &1Cs. The West &24B time as &E1D; for many &13Bs, &26 cyclic. From &686 &1F0, &156 is long-gone; &1B3 &13B &1F0, &D4D &156 can have dire con&702 &1 &79. To an &60B, &156 is long-gone and &151 re&5D4 &6A its &CD &12D; &822digenous &1Cs, &26 &71 &7B6live.

As a con&7DC &63, &&13 &&1EBs &468 &8FD &3C &3FD &1DF &2FF &11ir &602, &50 &&177 &154d &15 &3A0ment &3FB &A5 &44 &B2B &15F to &3E6 &8C &B9. This contradictory &2B8 &44ddressed &11 [[&&13B &&13 Graves &&900i&829d &&688 Act]] (NAGPRA, 1990), &18 &75D to &9EE a &255 by &D66ing &6AF of &6E &18D to &A4D &3FC. Due in part &4 &70D post&1C0ualism, some &96 have &781 &32Dly enlist the &7D6 of [[&F8 &1Cs]] &4BD &1B desc&46D from &AE &121 &15B.

&&96 &EBlso been obliged to re-&C82 what &530s an &3C site in &39F what &13B &1Cs &154 to &530 &391 &2B. To many &13B &1Cs, &75 &C2 &C lakes, &2B5 &379 &A3 &633 have &56 &424. &&14n &96 &B8 have &7CA &85sue &60ttempted to &198 &86 &1DF in &102 &6B7 some &62E from &78 &7C. Such work &322 &48A &2FC and trust &4E &96 &3 &1C &107 &C1C &26F and &1F same time &15B.

&&50 this &1BD &79s &301 &81C &709s and hurdles to &1FBwork, &31A &2D2 &EDll &40C &3EC. Tribal &B6F co&502 &32rchae&F7Bsts can &8FD the &3FD &2DD &1DF &15y &28D &391, &DA &96 ga&1 &B6F' aid in &E34ing &8C &7BD. &&D3 &EBlso been &32D &13D recruit ab&119 &1Cs &54Ely in&4 &3C &D46.

====&&688====
A new trend &1 heated &2AD &4E [[&&40 &&EC]] &1F9 &1A7 &F [[&688]] of &13B [[&432]] &4 &119 &377. &&5E3 &63 &598 June 21, 2005, when a &8F &527 &B6F from &B8 &0 10 [[Algonquian]] &EC &1 [[Ottawa]] area &E89 &8 Kitigan Zibi reservation in [[Kanawagi, Quebec]], &822ter ancestral &3FC and &868 &417 — some &86A back 6,000 &5B. 

The &4DC &53E &14F of a &A4E &94F &4C3 &3B4 many &3D1. The &12D &&9A6, &3F [[beads]], [[&908]] and [[&A16s]], were &119ly &82B from &123 &1DF &1 [[Ottawa &&321]], &3F [[Morrison]] &3 [[Allumette &&122]]. They &AB part &0 [[&&68D &&217 of Civiliz!153!’s &6E &490 for &593, some &87 &D8 1800s. Elders from &123 Algonquin &1BC &D9F &829 &40A re&868, &12E deciding on &90 [[&E88]] and [[birchbark]] boxes lined with &E88 chips, [[muskrat]] and [[beaver pelts]]. 

Now, an inconspicuous rock mound marks the re&868 site &AD &472 90 boxes &643 sizes are &69A. &&7D &6C4 were at &144 tense &7B Kitigan Zibi &8F and &217, &186 &C0 &9EE &435 (&3B7: [#1#canadian&460.ca/&2D8/SO05/indepth/&1F.asp &&68D &&460 &&27C]).

!25!
*[[&&275 &120 &3C &2A8]] 
*[[List &132 &1DF sorted by &5F]] 
*[[&&275 &96]]
*[[Biblical &1F]]
*[[List &132 &280s]]
*[[Pre&33]]

!E!
{{&E8scat|&&1F}}

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* [#2#nefer-seba.net/&&3C-Fieldwork.php &&130 Sites] &&3C work and &ABC &41A.
* [#2#&B2Aflake.com/tiki-&12B.php?page=&&C9&&1F &&1F in &&C9 &&38]
* [#1#&D-&C7.org/ &&D &&C7 &8 &&299] - &&D &&C7 &8 &&299 : a web &1E1y, part &0 WWW Virtual &&D5, with over 4000 &2FC &11Fed in &179ised &283.
* [#1#&1F.org/ ''&&1F'' &2D8] &D1 &11 &&3C &&EF &13E
* [#1#&1F&1E1y.com/ &&1F &&1E1y] - &&1E1y &132 &283 &8 web.
* [#2#cctr.umkc.edu/user/fdeblauwe/iraq.html The 2003- Iraq War #3# &&1F] &&280 &3FE in Iraq.
* [#1#galilean-&D5.org/newarch.html &&15 &3 New &&1F], an &6EB &1F Galilean &&D5 &8 &63 &121pinnning &367 &3 &5FB &106 New &&1F.
* [#1#&12n-&1F.net/ WWW VL &&12n &&1F] - The &12n &1F &4B7, part &0 WWW Virtual &&D5 : &DC web &1DF &581 &12n &1F are &886 here.

==&&15C &468==
* Ashmore, W. and Sharer, R. J., ''Dis&9BFing Our Past: A Brief &&2C1 to &&1F'' &&375 View: May&1FB &&227 &&D7. &&&A876741196X. This &17Dlso been &5AE a &3B7.
* Neumann, &&19E W. and &&91 M. Sanford, ''Practicing &&1F: A Training &&6CF for &&56 &&C7 &&1F'' [#1#rowman&13D&1FB.com/ Rowman and &&13D&1FB Pub Inc], &&1D6, 2001, hard&9BF, 450 &41A, &&&A8759100942
* Renfrew, Colin #3# Bahn, Paul G., ''&&1F: Theories, &&21Ds!139!actice'', Thames and Hudson, 4th &317, 2004. &&&A8500284415
* Sanford, &&91 M. and &&19E W. Neumann, ''&&56 &&C7 &&1F: An &&2C1'', [#1#rowman&13D&1FB.com/ Rowman and &&13D&1FB Pub Inc], &&143, 2001, &1AA &543back, 256 &41A, &&&A8759100950
* Trigger, Bruce. 1990. #0#A &&2B &&3C &&A1t#0#. &&6F1: &&6F1 &&39 Press. &&&A8521338182

[[&&9:&&D]]
[[&&9:&&1F]]
[[&&9:&&81ities &3DFs]]
[[&&9:&&42 &4As]]

[[af:Arge!149!
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!32!علم الآثار]]
[[an:Arquiolochía]]
#81#Археология]]
!D6!প্রত্নতত্ত্ববিদ্যা]]
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[[es:Arqueología]]
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#F9#باستان‌شناسی]]
[[fr:Arché!149!
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#3A#고고학]]
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#C1#არქეოლოგია]]
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[[ky:Археология]]
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#80#โบราณคดี]]
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!36!Археологія]]
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§4<&8>Anomalous Phenomena</&8>
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!6!
§6<&5>Disambiguate [[GMO]] to [[Genetically &B6E &953]] &27
§6#4#'''&&1CD''' is a &A1A &B1E&F55linary &1FB that &C30 the &95 exact, &75, &84, and [[&42 &4As]] &D7 used &1 &173 and &D5 [[agri&38]]. ([[veterinary &18B|Veterinary &4A]], &5B4 [[&3EE &4A]], &7A &E87 &5 &475.)

==Agri&38 &60gri&56 &5DE

&&149 &38E &3D3 &6CC. &&4E9y &9BF &4C &1AB:

:Agri&38 &F &81C &2AA that &7A8&4D8 &F1 &10 &9B &146imals and &46Cs for &81 use. Agri&38 &597 &148, &5B &1B9 agronomic &6E.

:&&685 is [[&6E and &83]] &143 &15Bing and &426 &46C-&116 agri&38.

&&1CDs &7B &6E and &83 on:

* &&9B &148 (e.g., [[irrig!153! &1D4, recomm&46D [[&E86]] inputs)
* Improving [[agri&56 &48Eivity|&9B]] in &1F6 quantity and &56F (e.g., s&190 of [[&8AE]]-&C0Aant &9EF &&C7Fs, &86 new [[&D9D]]s, yield-sensing &398, simulation &4CBs of crop &2B7, in-vitro [[cell &38]] &148)
* Trans&45C &31C &2DB into end-[[&E85]] &2DB (e.g., &9B, &39F, and packaging of [[dairy &48E]]s)
* Pr&D61i&829d &CA0ion of adverse &F1al &1BE (e.g., [[soils retrogressi&829d &919|soil &919]], [[&B2A &1D4]], [[biore&3E4tion]])
!6A!, &581 crop &9B &4CBing
* [[&90 agri&56 &58s]] &C &18 &38A to feed most &1C &1 &3C2 &18 &71 retain &5C6 with &1B6 in a way that hs &B39n more &CC1able than &66 &58s
* Food &48Ei&829d &BF4 on a &328 &71E, with &179 &306 paid &4 &145 &2C2rs of China &826ndia.

== &&1CD: a &192 &5DE

&&B &698ion of [[&1F1 &9B &40B|&1F1 &685]], &6E in &685, &123 &448y &2E &1FB, is &263ly &143 &192 &155. It &57 &72 a &13A [[eco&23Cs]], &74 &26 &314 &B6D to soil &5FCties and [[&164]], &18 are &15A &57A &B4 &71A &195 &449&2E. &&2A3 &55D an agri&56 &9B &58 &658 &192 &513, [[soil]] &36istics, and &176 &9EF has &1B &287 &192ly. &&2Es feel a &274 know and &121&627 &9B &58s in as many &155 as &C1, &3 &81 dimension of inte&D3Fn with &1B6.

== &&2B &1CD ==
''Main &&EE: [[&&2B &1CD]]''

&&1CD is seen &5B7 &9C &1AE with [[Mendel]]'s in&A2Bful genetc work, &24B &66 &38E &2F3 &6C5 dated &5 [[&161 &99F]] &CAB of [[&46C physio&257al]] &121&627ing in &711eenth &47 [[&&D9y]]. Today &26 very &364 what &71 &7E9 1950. Intensification of agri&38 &DE &4CC in &7C and [[&2F1 &4D]], &71 &78 &A [[Green R&15D]], was &314 tied to &4DA made in§2s&D6Eing and &426 &9EF &&C7Fs for high &48Eivity, as &BE &648ing &1F3 inputs &C &632 [[&99F]]s and [[&D9D|phytosanitary &48E]]s.

&&A &690 and &B2 &81 &6BC in &1B6, the &F1al &880§2of agri&38 &145 &2D9 &262ly [[&D9C agri&38]], &1AD &83, and &23 &2B7 have &866 many &1E8s &213 agri&56 &1A7 &45B led &4 &83 and &D9B of new &1FBs. &&403 techno&257al &1FBs§2&6F0ssume the &6A1 to techno&257al &292 &7E1 &244 &C6, &C [[&D4B pest &1D4]], [[&B2A &1D4|&B2A &2BB]] &398, [[&3BF &840]], [[genomics]], and [[agri&56 &15]] &1FBs &392clude &9A to &2F9 as &1C3 &404 &364 non-&D9A e&84 '&417'. &&595, the &F79&DB &7Bse two &22Ees &31B a &8AD &1FB for deeper &121&627ing in &1CD.

New &398, &C [[bio&C6]] and [[&104 &4A]] (for data &1C0ing and &C80), and techno&257al &3A0s &702 it &52B &348 new &6E &1FBs, &3F [[&66D &2A0]], [[agro&12A]], &6C1 [[&172|&8EAical &232]], and [[&ABD &A80]]. Balancing &86, as &249, &104 &75 and &81 &4As of &1CD that seek to &121st&3 &81-&1B6 &F79&DBs of [[&90 agri&38]], &3F &F79&DB of [[&F6 &60gri&38]], &3 non-&CD &888s of agri&56 &9B &58s.

=== Prominent agri&56 &1A7 ===

* [[Norman Borlaug]]
* [[Luther B&705k]]
* [[Louis Pasteur]]
* [[Gregor Mendel]]
* [[Rene Dumont|René Dumont]]
* [[&&1B4 &&C5 Carver]]

== &&1CD &60gri&38 &C15==

Agri&38 &4As seek to feed &4B's &23 &50 &8FDing [[bio&9A1]] &292 that may &F72 &81 &330 &3 [[&&75 &F1|&F1]]. This &322 &AB6 good &1D4 of [[&75 &C7]] and &5A0 &10 &F1, &122creasingly &745 &10 &187 well&78 &242 &4F6 &1 &2F9 and &C36 &58.

&&84, &F1al, &340 &318 agri&38 &4As are &1BFs of on&64C &5FB. &&262 crises (&C Avian Flu, [[Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy|mad cow &508]] &B1sues such &A &5C [[&66Dally &B6E &953]]s) &7AD the &26Aity and &3E9 &63 &5FB.

== &&245 of &1CD ==

* [[Agri&56 &2A0]]
* [[Agri&56 &15]]
* [[Bio&58s &2A0]]
* [[Aqua&38]]
* [[&&685]] and [[Horti&38]]
* [[Agro&12A]] 
* [[Livestock|&&3EE &4A]]
* Plant [[&99F|&80A]], [[&3EE &AE1|&3EE]] and [[&81 &AE1]]
* Plant &62E &&C7F &330
* [[Soil &4A]], &B8 [[edaphology]]. 
* [[hydrology|&2F5 &4A]] 
* [[Agri&56 bio&C6|Bio&C6]], [[&66D &2A0]], and [[micro&341]]
* Farming &3BA
* [[Irrig!153! and [[&2F5 &1D4]]
* Agri&56 [[&84s]]
* [[Food &4A]]
* [[&&F1al &4A]] and [[&F1al &2A0|&2A0]]
* [[Waste &1D4]]
* [[Ecology]] and [[&&75 &F1|&F1]]
!6A!

!102! 
*[[&&1CDs &463 &283]]
*[[Agrology]]
*[[&&685]]
*[[&&2B &1CD]]

[[&&9:Agri&38]]
[[&&9:&&685|*]]
[[&&9:Soil &4A]]

#81#Аграрни науки]]
[[da#108#
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#80#เกษตรศาสตร์]]
#2C#农学#1D#
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§4<&8>&&31</&8>
§4<id>573</id>
§4#54#
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§6<id>42147983</id>
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!0!
§8<&6>Silence</&6>
§8<id>84942</id>
!4!
!6!
§6<&5>/* &&31 &522 &&89 */</&5>
!12E!
{{&&2Euses}}

[[&&20:&&C8's &&3C9, Heinrich Khunrath, Amphitheatrum sapientiae aeternae, 1595 c.jpg|&4B|&B|&339|&&C8's &38Datory, by Hans Vredman de Vries, c 1595.]]

'''&&31''' &5F &6D [[&5C9&4A|&5C9&D2]] and [[&15|&63]] &140 combining &235s of [[&181]], [[&16Flurgy]], [[&12A]], [[&18B]], [[&2B4]], [[semiotics]], [[&684ism]], [[&20Aism]], and [[art]]. &&31 &28 &173d &324 [[&&6F Egypt|Egypt]], [[India]], and [[China]], in [[&&14D Antiquity|&&14D]] [[&&4A1]] and [[Rome]], &1 [[Caliphate|&&340 &11B]], &3n &410 up &4 &264 #3#&8E; in a &26A &671 of &1ECs and &63 &58s &94F &1F2 2500 &5B.

&&67 &31 &17Dlways been &314 &517 with [[&&568ism]], a &133 &20A &289 &F25s its &B33 to [[&&2E2 &&B6B]], a [[syncretism|&E45]] &&103-&&5C &99E and &53Aary &C8. &&86 two &140s &126d the &335 of [[&&744]], &EA &7A5 &62 &0 17th &47. &&1 &264, as &474 &31 &66E into &66 &181, its &684 and &&568 &48D &E9 &4CF of a &66 [[&20A &31]], &AD &CD &B9Es are &67F mere &2C7 of &20A &414.§2

The &70 &DB &3F7 &84 now &DE &A [[&27D]], and much &0 #0#&A5&&11Dy &1E9 &3D1 &156 &1B banal, &242, &52D, or &109less. Today, the &F55&7E5 &57B &2BC to [[&2B &4A|&35F of &4A]] and [[&2B &15|&15]], and &5A1 &684, [[&D99|&7A5]], &60rtistic &48D.§2&&1B2, &288 one &0 main precursors &124 [[&4A]]s, and we owe &4 &6F &70 the &23C many &350 and &1C0es &D7 &F3stay &124 &161 and &16Flurgical &3CC.§2

==&&43F==
[[&&20:&&11A Fettes &&2C5 - The &&C8.jpg|&4B|&B|&359|The &C8 - by Sir [[&&11A Fettes &&2C5#FA#

=== &&5DD a &5C9-&5DE=
The &E8 perception of &3FA &15y were [[&E4D&4A|&E4D-&1A7]], [[crackpot]]s and [[&CF8]], who &468 turn [[lead]] into [[gold]], &154d &15 &175 was &4E7 &0 [[&14D &235|&41D]] of &142, air, fire, and &5DC &8C3 most &0ir time concocting &CF7 [[medication|&940]], [[poison]]s, and [[&46B (para&3F3)|&46B]] [[potion]]s. 

This &2CD is &4BF unfair.§2&&430 &70 were &5DF crackpots and &CF8, many were well-&109 &122telligent &288, &4B8 &1FF &D00 &26A &F4 a &1BF &18, as we now know, was far &545 the &9EE &0ir &908.§2&&86 &1C were &463ally #0#&5C9-&1A7#0#, who &468 &CD0 &122vestigate the &262 &161 &350 and &1C0es. They had to rely on un&58atic &2C3, &90 know-how, [[&7B9 &4B|&4C3 of &4B]], #3#&8E; and plenty of &736 &A1t to fill &1 wide gaps in &44C &A5. 

Given &86 &2AB, the &684 &A7 &31 is &639 &121&627able: &4 &6D &C8, &161 &414 &115 only seem like &46Bal &2BA &996ed by incomprehensible laws, &3E0 &275 and &5B3 &319 no &334 &A75. Having &331 &138 &D98 &5DB an &142-like ore into glistening &16F, &71 only &75 to &AEE &3E5 &4C &D98 &5DB a &16F &321n&2E.

&&1F &660 &71 &5D2 &4 &70 that #0#&1C3&&190 &44ly &78 con&38Ad in &210 even &1 most &4E0 &25Fs of &B6 &1E &60ppearance; i.e. that &350 &A5Bed some #0#&185&&2F8 &15D &5F4 &121 many outer &337, &467 by &5FC &B9E.§2&&BC &33 &0 &140, &70 &44Fd very hard to &121st&3 &1B6 &0se &185, and find some &2FA and &2FB &1 &3FAs &0ir &161 &642s #3#&8E; &18 were &71 &121mined by impure or &9AB &36ized re&D6Bs, the &10D &42D &771ments, and conf&22B &122&54B nomenclature.

In &D1E &1DB &25C, &70B many &B1F &8DE and loops, the &70 &755 &26A steady &4DA &1 &121&627ing &0 &75 &28. &&4m we owe the &23C many &6C &350 and &210 &18 paved the way &10 &66 &13A &181, &60re &146 &F3stay of§2&159's &161 and &16Flurgical &3CC.

=== &&5DD a &133 &20A &140 ===
The &600 &484 &0 [[&C8]]s &2CC [[&220]] &225 &526 [[gold]] or [[&5DE]], &3 &117 a #0#[[&B0 &8A5|&8A5]]&&719 remedy that &7BCly &69 cure all &508s and &466 &844. Starting &B &&19A Ages, &&89&222s invested much &329 &8 &369 &10§2#0#[[&20F]]&&719 &E84 &5E1 &4A6 &154d &1B an &D9A ingredient for &1FD or both &1DB &484. &&70 &8B2 &E83 and &118 &53 &20B, &A1 not &10ir &791 &1DB unattainable &484, n&1B5 &684 and &63 &497 that dominates &8C &158. Rather &71 &10ir mundane &1B1 &4 #0#&161&&77dus&F7D &0 day #3#&8E; ore &CBA and refining, &16F&1FC, &9B of ink, dyes, paints, and &AA5, leather tanning, ceramics and glass manufacture, &363 &EA9 and liquors, &703 on. (It &8FA &15 &363 ''[[aqua vitae]]'', the #0#&2F5 of life#0#, &44 &A0D &C9 #0#&642&&79Fmong &&89&222s.) 

&&8 &2E hand, &70 &15A had &2B7 &908 n&1B5 &622 to &233 the &B6 (&161) &48D &0ir &F7C &5 meta&B6 &2D0. &&5DF, &1B3ntiquity &1D9 well in&4 [[&&66 Age]], a &12A &3BD meta&B6 in&A2B &69 &22 as unsatisfying as a &F0 &3BD &B6 manife&586. For one &336, the &10D &E8 &277 for &161 &1AB and &1C0es, &F6 &A &73A secrecy, led &70 to &F6A &10Es and &2C7 of [[Bible|biblical]] and [[Paganism|pagan]] [[&D0]], [[&2B4]], [[kabbalah]], &4D &684 and [[&D99|&7A5]] &1FBs; &1BF even the &D55est &161 recipe &46D up &468 like an abstruse &46B incantation.§2Moreover, &70 &75D in &AE &1FBs the &1F1 &3D8&743to &188y &115 &688 &3A1 &D2 disjointed &32A &D21.

Starting &B &19A ages, some &70 &1EE came to view &86 meta&B6 &48D &A true &156ation &1CC; and &161 &350, &B6 &A, and &CD &1C0es as mere metaphors for &20A &E82, &C2 &414. Thus, &725 &220 &225 &526 gold &3 &B0 &8A5 &49Fized &15D &1B3n im&CB5, &508d, corruptible and ephemeral &1E &247 a &CB5, &330y, incorruptible and &920 &1E; &3 &20F then re&79ed some &684 key &1E1 &3CC &15D &C1. &&492 &4 &C8 &165, the twin goal &49Fized his &15D from &82A to en&4CEenment, &3 &48F re&79ed some &5F4 &20A &471 or &FD &1E1 lead &7D3 goal. In &2F0 &D7 &1A3 &29 &5DA the &A43 [[&A2 &49F]]s, diagrams, and textual &20ry of late &A2 &DD &271 &A5B &589 &B14s of &109s, &CF6, &3A7 to &2E &B36ly &A43 &DD; and &151 &38Dously #0#decoded&&77 &102 disc&106ir true &109.

Some &81istic &288 now &7DFse &20A and meta&B6 &CF6 &A truest &1FA &4DB &E17 &1CC, &469 &2CB &15 &86 &181 out &1CC &44 #0#&3CE#0# &0 &119 &&568 &112. This &F view espo&7A5 &18C &4C2 of [[&20A &31]]. Most &1A7, &8 &2E hand, &1C2 take &639 the &B7D view: &4m, the path &5 &CD side &1CC to &66 &181 w&A #0#&7F8 road#0# &1 &15D &0 &140, &DA§2meta&B6ly &7AA &9B9 &1CC &44 #0#&52D turn&&2F8 &23F no&AD. In &1FD view, &4E9 naïve &125 some practitoners &1B5 fraudulent &8BE fostered &720s &2EA not diminish the &829 &0 more &87re &70.

===&&31 &60strology===
&&87 its &6D3 &144, &31 &28 &314 &226 [[&2B4]] #3#&8E; &18, in Islam and &&89, &44ly &8A7 &2EE [[&&F33]]ian-&&5C &6C2 &2B4. &&A2 &5E5ten &CF5 that each &0 &2AC [[&9EC]]s &DE &4 &6Fs #0#[[astro&257al sign|&B18]]&&6C &&C66 &32 &FB [[&16F]]. See the &233 &EE on [[&2B4 &&B6A]] f&604 &215.

===&&31 &1 &1C1 &4A===
Up &4 18th &2B6 &&DAA &72 serious &4A in &&89; f&&3C2, [[Isaac &&828]] &903 &28Dably more &1D &4E4 &13E &4 &F5 &31 than &4BF to &1FD optics or &12A, for &18 &52 &170, (see [[Isaac &&828's &B69 &B9]]). &&2E eminent &70 &0 &&67 &28 are [[Roger Bacon]], Saint [[&&19E &&574]], [[Tycho Brahe]], [[&&19E Browne]], and [[Parmigianino]]. The &A54 &1CC &1AE &1 18th &47 &B &335 &124 &181, &18 &1E4 &6FF &A5A and &224 for &60A &220s and &18B, &219 &301 &184 &BA2 &0 &175 &A9 &253 &CDism.§2

&&1 &63E &0 &53B &47, one &61 chemist, Baron [[Carl Reichenbach]], &6Eed on &1AB &29B &4 old &31, such &A [[Odic &1F7]], but his &6E &DB &D6C &F3stream &3FB &228.

Matter &220, &5A6 goal &1CC, &8B2 a &891 &1 sun &1 &22D when &99D were &C0 &CD1 lead atoms in&827ld atoms via a [[nu&5D2 re&DB]]. &&32, &14C gold atoms, &78 uns&544 [[isotope]]s, &C00 for &121 five &8Ds &308y &B24 &70C.§2&&417, &3AE of &544-top &235 &220 — &2D8 of [[&D6Erolysis]] or [[sonic cavit!153! — &2CC pivot &0 [[cold &E00]] &2AD of 1989. N&2C &AE &2CBs have yet been &E8A duplicated.

&&A2 &49Fism &28 &44A used &1 &22D by [[&226|&60F]] and &9Ds. [[Carl Jung]] re&7A7 &A2 &49Fism &3ory and &10C show the inner &109 of &A2 work as a [[&20Aity|&20A]] path. &&A2 &15, &2C7 and &21Ds have &8B2 &1C3 of a renaissance in [[post-&66ism|post-&66]] &28Cs, such &A [[New Age]] &62. Even some &99D have &4B8 &32l&161 &726 &193 &C ''[[The Tao of &&12A]]&7F5 ''[[The Dancing Wu Li &&E9]]''.

===&&5DD a &1BF &1Dtorical &6E ===
The &2B &31 has &4E3 vigorous &25B &1FB. &&A obscure#3#&8E;''&568'', of &454#3#&8E;&C &0 &3FA &AA4 &78 #0#&CF9#0#, &35F are &381 more§2aware &0 &171 &481s &4E that &140 &4D &BF0 &34C &56 &33, such &A &3C1 and &226 &0 &171 &1BC, [[kabbala|kabbalism]], [[&20Aism]], [[&&744]], &4D &684 &62s, [[&883]], [[&CF4]]#3#&8E;and, of &454, the &465 [[&4A]] and [[&15]].

!103!
{{&&A28par|&31}}
&&2D1 ''&31'' &5D3 &5 [[&&10E &C|&&10E]] ''al-!69!;'' or ''al-kh#3##299;miya#3##704;'' (#3##1575;#3##1604;#3##1603;#3##1610;#3##1605;#3##1610;#3##1575;#3##1569; or #3##1575;#3##1604;#3##1582;#3##1610;#3##1605;#3##1610;#3##1575;#3##1569;), &18 &78E &32B &5 &EE ''al-'' &3 [[&&5C &C|&&5C]] word ''chumeia''§2(#3#chi;η#3#mu;#3#&A42;#3##943;#3#&3D7;) &109 #0#cast &1C8#0#, #0#pour &1C8#0#, #0#weld#0#, #0#alloy#0#, etc. (from ''khumatos'', #0#that &3A poured out, an ingot&&17E from &&668 ''Kimia'' &109 #0#gold.#0# A &F54 of [[&&CF3]], &1A3 &5A 300 CE &75B, &554s &92 #0#the &6F &137 &0 &&103s, &18 &F7A &0 ''kh#3##275;mia'' [&220] of gold and &5DE#0#. 

It &28 &304 &15 &&10E word ''al-!69!;'' &230 &1B7 #0#the &&103 [&4A]#0#, &F6Aing &5 [[&&827 &C|&&827]] word for #0#Egypt#0#, ''k#3##275;me'' (or its &619 &1 Mediaeval [[Bohairic]] &A7A of &&827, ''kh#3##275;me''). The &&827 word &C92 from [[Demotic &&103|Demotic]] ''km#3##7881;'', &23F &1B3ncient [[&&103 &C|&&103]] ''kmt''. The &6F &&103 word &78 both &292 &3 &9F4 #0#&191#0# (Egypt w&A #0#Black Land&&6E1 &2DE &B #0#Red Land#0#, the &24D &43C); so this &2BE &115 also &B20&1 &C19 #0#&&103 &191 arts#0#. &&32, th&Fory &5D &803n &1E6 [[folk &2BE]].

!28!
[[&&20:&&31-Digby-RareSecrets.png|&4B|&B|&339|Extract and &49F key &1B3 17th &47 book on &31. The &2C7 used &EB one-to-one &751 with &2C7 &1BE [[&2B4]] &1F time.]]
&&31 &C30 &85 &63 &112s &94F some four &D97 and &E5 &BBs.§2&&86 &112s' &44 &E81 for &A43 and &49Fic &C &78A hard to &F25 &8C &4B6 &126s and #0#&66D#0# &18Fs. 

One can &727 &1F2 two &145 &C7E, &18 &3B6 &1B &212ly &CC, &1F2 &1ir &238 &9E4s: [[&&D4 &31]], &Fed in [[China]] &278 z&2C &56 &126; &202 &31]], &3E0 &F has shifted &106 &D97 &4E [[Egypt]], [[&&4A1]] and [[Rome]], the [[Islam]]ic &28, and &EDly &150 [[&&89]]. &&D4 &288 &314 &226 [[&&788]], &ADas &&67 &31 &7C &594 &63 &58, with only &F84ficial &481s &4 &145 &&67 &F6s.§2&&26 &7B6n open &1E8 &573se two &C7E &A01 &736 &32F, or &5AA &5DB they &126d &137.

===&&31 in &&6F Egypt===
The &67E &67 &31 may &44ly be &DA5 to [[&&6F Egypt|&6F (pharaonic) Egypt]].§2[[Metallurgy]] and [[&684ism]] were inexorably tied &1C8 &1 &6F &28, &A &7A8&45C drab ore into shining &16F mus&7F8 &778 &1B an &6E6 &46B &996ed by &61D &4C3. &&26 &2CBed &D3fore that &&31 &324 Egypt w&A &A34 &0 &E10ly &1B8.§2

&&103 &31 &15B &3F8 &53 &137 &&E8B (&&B68) [[&&4A1|&&5C]] &9Ds, &762 turn &661 &6A2 &59E &&340 &52A. &&42Fly no &119 &&103 &5DA on &31 have &6A2. &&AE &137, &4F1y &241, &529 lost &FA [[&&CA &&655|emperor]] [[&&CF3]] &2FAed the burning of &A2 &193 &54 sup&160ing a &E3C in &&51F (292), &18 &AB a &F of &&103 &31.

&&1B2 [[&3C]] exp&317s &68B &144 have un&142ed &264 of &161 &232 &2A [[Naqada]] &280s. &&37 a [[&352]] tool &86A &4 [[Naqada]] era bears &264 of &1D2 been &1BE &497 way (&16E: &B78 5437 on dis&79B [#1#&8EBegypt.ucl.ac.uk/naqada/tombs/&7BD7.html]). Also, &C8 of [[tanning]] [[&3EE]] [[Rawhide|skins]] &&E80 &724 [[Predynastic Egypt]] &78D &A [[6th &631 BC]] [#1#touregypt.net/ebph5.htm]; &287 &445 was &186 haphazardly.

&&2E &264 &AAB &6D &70 in [[&&6F Egypt|&6F Egypt]] had &3CA [[Mortar (masonry)|mortar]] by [[4000 BC]] and [[glass]] by [[1500 BC]]. The &161 re&DB &3EC &1 &9B of [[Calcium Oxide]] &1AF &0 &690 &DE (&9A: [[Calcium Oxide]], [[limekiln]]):

:CaCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; + heat → CaO + CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;.

[[&&6F Egypt]] &1F3ly &1E9 [[&AA5]], [[&F59]], [[faience]] &&A08 [[Pitch (resin)|pitch]] for [[ship&594]]. [[Papyrus]] &140lso been &3CA by [[3000 BC]].

Legend has it &15 &665 &&103 &31 w&A [[&99E|god]] [[Thoth]], &6B &&2E2-Thoth or Thrice-&&AC &&2E2 (''[[&&2E2 &&B6B]]'') &11 &&5C. &&29 &53A, &4A7 what were &1FD forty-two Books of &&A5, &9BFing all &3B7 &A5—&3F &31. &&2E2's &49F w&A [[&E7F]] or serpent-&B16, &18 &BF &2C &14E &31's &83B &2C7. The #0#[[Emerald Tablet]]&&6C ''[[&&568a]]'' of Thrice-&&AC &&2E2, &3A &DE only &6A &&3B5 [[&&10E &C|&&10E]] &52A, &24A &121&F24 &7AA &23E for &&67 &A2 &BD &173, &1FD [[&568ism|&568 &15]] &706 &6D &4C2.

&&23 &F7 &0 #0#Emerald Tablet#0# &71A the &318 &233metical &4A: #0#in &471 &FBly &2CAout &6F8, &C0D is &24A is &6BF &3A &249, &2D7ever is &249 is &6BF &3A &24A, to &A00 the miracles &4C9 &336.#0# {{ref_&106|&&196|&&1A4, p. 196-7|a}} This &F [[&826]]-[[&825]] &36A &80 &4 &568 &15.§2In &234 the &5D8 (the &825) is &590 &11 &E7E &28 (the &826), &368 the &65A &6A [[&2B4]], &3 &142 &53 [[&14D &235|&235]]s. {{ref_&106|&&196|&&1A4,p. 34-42|b}}

It &28 &AEEd &6F0 riddle &5 Emerald Tablet—#0#&71 &5A1 &1 womb &11 wind#0#—&6DE &4 di&146ation of &B67 from [[&B66 nitrate|saltpeter]]—a &1C0 &4A6 un&724 &&89 &1D9 its (re)&3C6 by &&C2F &1 17th &47.

&&1 4th &47 BC, &121-&1C7 [[&&A60|&&A60ia]]ns &4FE Egypt and &156ed &167 of &&51F in 332.§2This &1DE them into &58F with &&103 &1D7. See [[#&&31 &1 &&5C &28|&&31 &1 &&5C &&28]] &24A.

===&&D4 &31===
Whereas &&67 &31 &12E &Fed &8 &220 of base &526 &D0C ones, &&D4 &31 &140 more &50D &481 to &18B.§2The [[&20F]] of &&89&222s &57 &6A3 &4 [[Elixir of life|Grand Elixir of &&5B2]] &75D by &&D4 &70. &&32, &1 &568 view, &86 &683 &2C5 un&517, &3 &20F &3C9 &A47 &B [[&B0 &8A5]]; &D3fore, &149 &112s &2CF had more &67D than it &3C4 &B3.

[[Black &D96]] may &22 &EA &835 of &&D4 &70. &&FF in 9th &47 &2F0 and &1BE [[fire&DD]] &11 10th &&47, &71 &1BE [[cannon]]s by 1290. From China, the &5C &AA3 &559 to [[Japan]], the [[Mongol]]s, the Arab &3C2 &&89. Gun&D96 &723 &11 Mongols &2AA &&820s in 1241, &122 &&89 &416ing &B 14th &47.

Black &D96 was most &4BD &3CA &1 &19A east &A4 it &156 &7B2
to China. Saltpeter, the &457 oxidising &888, was &156 &75ly in India and
&3C8 Salt &1AA &A2Es &1 &&19A East.

&&D4 &288 &314 &226 Taoist &4F8 [[&90 &&D4 &18B|&18B]], &C [[&&C2E]] and [[Moxibustion]], &238 [[&8C4 arts]] &C [[Tai Chi Chuan]] and [[Kung Fu]] (&20C Tai Chi &1ECs &154 &15ir art &C92 &5 Hygienic or &&63 &2AC &&788, &273 &&A2).

===&&1EB &31===
&&13D &15B &1 West &AC &36 and &2B [[India]]n &31. An 11th &47 [[Iran|Persia]]n &C8 &24C [[al-Biruni]] &37F &15y #0#&EB &4A &142 &31 &3A &639 peculiar &4m, &3A &6B [[Rasavātam]]. It &1B7 &7A4 &3A &48C to &FB &30Bs, drugs, &DB0, and &18Bs, &70 &18 are &419 from &46Cs. Its &185 &960 the &330 of &120 were ill &545 hope and gave back &556 to fading old age.#0#§2The best &1E6 a text &A9 this &4A is ''The Vaishashik Darshana'' of [[Kanad]]a (fl. 600 BC), who &FF an &692 &E4 &4FE &47 &A4 Democritus.

The &2F0 of [[Ayurvedic]] &&18B and &&4A &EBspects &143 &31, such &1D2 cures &EDll &DE &508s. The &29Bities in [[Ayurveda]] &&B6A are &6F7 had &21Ds &83 &F7A &1C by &CA3 oils &106m.

Some &1C &EBlso &719 &FB &29Bities &7B [[&F0]] &0 [[Samkhya]] &63 &112 of &&B98 &3 &F0 &1CC. Whether &D3 &5Fy &54E &481 &7B two &58s &5F open &1E8.

The Rasavadam was &121&F24 by very few &1C &1F time. Two &39Bs were &&6E4 and Nityanadhiya. &&6E4 &44 buddhist monk who, &324 &144, ran the &AC &39 of Nagarjuna Sagar. His &170 book, Rasaratanakaram, is &4BA &1E6 &6D &&1EB &18B. 
In &90 &&1EB medicinal &4A6 'rasa' &7A8lates as '&400' and &&6E4 was said &9C &7C a &21D to &57F &400 in&827ld. Much &1D &119 &137 are &353 us, but his &58Es &146 have &263 &460 &90 &&1EB &18B (Ayureveda) &597 day.

===&&31 &1 &&5C &28===
The &&5C &7CB [[&&51F]] in Egypt &44 &F &722 &A2 &A5, and &69B its preeminence &6A most &0 &&3B5 &&CA &280s. The &&5Cs &40Ad the &51E &344 &0 &&103s and melded &Bm the &1EA of [[Pythagoras|&&C2Dism]], [[ionianism]], and [[&99C]]. &&C2D &15 is, &404, the &2A2 &31E rule &464, &32Fating &5 &2A9s of &5BB, &5C0, and geometric shapes like tri&B4B, &796y&336 &615 a [[&D3F]] &15D &489. [[Ionia]]n &A1t was &116 &8 &36A &15 &175 &15D &5F8 &6A &B0D on [[&3D6|&75 &2BA]]; t&383 is &154d &9C &32Fated with [[Thales]] &9E &F1D [[Anaximander]], &22A &7C by [[Plato]] and [[&&E]], &3E0 &DD came &1B an &BA1 &49 &31.§2&&29 this &36A, &464 &57 &FF by &446 unified [[law (&307)|&75 laws]] that &57 &254 only &6A careful, &BAF, and ex&A18 &63 explo&D3Fns. The &35B &888 &2EF to &51E &15 &11 &&5Cs was [[&99C]], a &36A &AEF &1 &&BC &681 post-&&BC [[&&CA &11B]], &15 &28 is im&CB5 &74 &71 &152 in a flawed &753, &6D &2E0 &AC &262 &20A &60A &69 lead to &838.§2They &15C &4C [[god (&CF2)|God]] &DB #0#&6DA&&11D &175 &1 &1B8ic &2FB, but &15 &175 &1A1 #0#from#0# him, but was &AF4 &1 &1C0 (&51 &381 &AF4 &11 &7A8gressions of Adam and Eve, i.e. [[&119 sin]]).§2&&29 &&F32 &36A, by &56Cping the cosmos, &1B6, &1B5 &D95 &0 &28, one &56Cs the True God.§2&&F32s &73 seek &838 from sin, &24Bstead seek &707 &82A, &E53 that sin is &873 a con&7DC of &82A. &&683 and neo-&&683 &298 &5A &B0s &3 &C6D &70A &3C1 &BEC.

One very &6C &3B4 &2EF &5AF time, &32Fated by [[Empedocles]] and &7C by &&E, was &169 &77 &1 &175 were &32B from only &41D: ''&142'', ''air'', ''&2F5'', and ''fire''. &&29 &&E, each &235 &140 &DE5 to &18 it &968 &238 &18 it &69 &27D if left undisturbed. {{ref_&106|&&30D|&&30D, p. 16|a}}§2

The &41D &0 &&5C were &3F8 &738 &318 &60A, not &42D, as our &66 &463. #0#...True &31 &15A &331 &142, air, &5DC fire as corporeal or &161 &350 &1 &79-day &2FB &0 word. The &41D are &1FF &29C, &1FA &44, &436 &2D8 &162 the amorphous and &DE1 &42D &5E1 &242 &746 &40 &A4B &23F in &4Ciated form.#0# {{ref_&106|&&6E3|&&6E3, p. 66|a}} &&B4 &70 (if &&3CD &&E &57 &6B &70) &3C3ly &7C the &684al &48D &63 &3B4.

===&&31 &1 &&CA &&11B===
The [[&&6F Rome|&&CAs]] &410 &&5C &31 and &F0, just &Ay &410 &269 &&5C &A5 and &15. &&11 end &0 [[&&CA &11B]] &121 &A2 &15 &AB &606 &4 &1EA &0 &&103s &3B8 the cult of &&568ism. {{ref_&106|&&30D|&&30D|b}}

&&32, &38 of [[&&BCity]] &1 &&11B &1DE a &6C5 &7C9 &44E, &E7D from [[&&1D6ine of Hippo|&&1D6ine]] (354-430 AD), an &6D &&BC &9D who &266 &1D &344 &17Aly &308 [[fall &0 &&CA &&11B]]. In &4F7, he felt that [[&15F]] and [[&8B9]] &15D &83 &121&627 God, but [[&32A &15]] was evil: #0#&&D3 &4A &79 &1 soul, &2D8 &0se same bodily &2FB, a &5B5 empty longing and &ACB &18 aims &44Dt &2E7 &EC6 &1 flesh &447t acquiring &1D5 &53 flesh, &1D4 empty &ACB &52 dignified &11 &2ED of &2E0 &462#0# {{ref_&106|&&1D6ine|&&1D6ine, p. 245|a}}

&&1D6inian &1D7 were &8FBly anti-&32A, yet when &&E1 &32A &148 were made &1E7 &4 West &186 not shunned.§2Still, &&1D6inian &A1t w&F6 in&F1Bed in [[&3E7 &53]] &14A &83 show &5DD &78 un-Godly.

Much &0 &&CA &15A &&31, &6BF &0 &&5Cs and &&103s, &461 lost. In &&51F, the &77E of &A2 &B9 &1 &&CA &&11B, &7A4 was &2BC oral and &1 &25D secrecy &13D was &D94 to &543. (Whence the &5C #0#&568&&4F2 mean #0#&6D8ive#0#.) {{ref_&106|&&30D|&&30D, p. 155|c}} &&26 &C1 &3E5 &13E was done in &&51F, &6D &71 &536 lost or &425 in fires &3 &D93 &280s that &25E.

===&&31 &1 &&340 &28===
&&DD fall &0 &&CA &&11B, the &4CF of &A2 &83 &4D1 &4 &&19A East. Much more &15B &5A [[Islam]]ic &31 &74 &71 &244 &BDEed: &5DF, most &0 &238 &137 &700 come down &53 &5B were &4AE &&340 &52A. {{ref_&106|&&196|&&1A4 p. 46|c}}

The &&340 &28 &44 melting pot &EDlchemy. [[Plato]]nic and [[&&E|&&E1]] &A1t, &18 &&6F7 been &592 &40Ad into &51E &4A, &1C4 &1B assimilated.§2&&340 &70 &C [[Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi|al-Razi]] (Latin Rasis or Rhazes) &405 key &161 &2A8 &0ir own, such &A &423 of [[di&146!153! (&2D1s ''[[alembic]]&7F5 ''[[&CAE]]'' are of [[&&10E &C|&&10E]] &32F), the [[&B65 acid|&B64]], [[&93F acid|&93F]], and [[&99B acid|&99B]] acids, [[&B66 &9EBate|soda]], [[potash]], &2D9. (&&5 &&10E &2ED &0 last two &350, ''al-natrun&7F5 ''al-qalīy'', Latinized into ''Natrium&7F5 ''Kalium'', come &656 &2C7 for [[&B66]] and [[&D92]].) The &3C6 that [[aqua regia]], a mixture of &99B and &B64 acids, &115 dissolve the &D0Cst &16F; gold, w&26C fuel the imagi&200 of &70 &10 next &631.

&&340 &9Ds also made &AC &1B1 to &A2 &568ism.§2
&&31 &30A &2BF &14D &756 &44rguably [[Abu Musa Jabir Ibn Hayyan|Jabir Ibn Hayyan]] (&&10E #3##1580;#3##1575;#3##1576;#3##1585; #3##1573;#3##1576;#3##1606; #3##1581;#3##1610;#3##1575;#3##1606;, Latin Geberus; &10C &B63 in &&46 as Geber). Jabir's &7C2 goal was [[takwin]], &7A4ificial &117 life &1 &A2 &38Datory, &823 &122cluding &551 He &BD7 each &&E1 &235 in &1F6 four &463 &436 of ''hotness'', ''coldness'', ''dryness'', and ''moistness''. {{ref_&106|&&196|&&196, p. 29|d}}§2&&29 Geber, in each &16F two &0se &436 were &F79i&796d two were &E7E. &&37 lead was &800ly cold and dry, &50 gold was hot and moist.§2Thus, Jabir theorized, by rear&76E the &436 &4C9 &16F, a &4C &16F &69 &3FA. {{ref_&106|&&196|&&1A4, p. 29|e}} By this &15Fing, the &369 &10 [[&20F]] &&90D to &&67 &31. Jabir &7C an e&38Date [[&CF1]] &AD&11 root &202s of a &5E1's name in &&10E, when &409 with &123 &414, held &751s &4 &235's &B6 &5FCties. 

&&26 now comm&6D5ccepted that &&D4 &31 &126d &&10E &70 {{!67! pp. 33-59|a}}{{ref_&106|&&196|&&1A4, p. 10-22|f}}, &168 &5DB of &392fluence &72E &1E5 of &5FB. Likewise, [[&&B98|Hindu]] &2E0 &44ssimilated into &&340 &31, &447ga&1 &5DB and &1BE &63 &9D well &DE.

===&&31 &522 &&89===
[[&&20:&&19BW&B-&&C8-1.jpg|&4B|&359|&B|''The &&C8 in Search &0 &&9Ds Stone''. By [[&&19B W&744 Derby]], [[1771#FA#
Beca&5C its &263 &481s &4 &&3B5 &&CA &38s, &288 &4BF &552 &205 into &&BC &15, and &&3E7 &&89&222s &3C3ly &BEC &&340 &A2 &A5.§2[[Gerbert of Aurillac]], &1B4 &B4 &1Bcome [[Pope Silvester II]], (d. 1003) &44mong &23 &2D3 &&340 &4A to &&89 from [[Spain]].§2&&B4 men &C [[Adelard of Bath]], &691 &1 12th &47, &1DE &1F3 &2E0.§2But &8E 13th &570 moves were &2BC assimilative. {{ref_&106|&&110|&!68!

&&14D &280 &D3 &3B6ed some &CFB &5 [[&&1D6ine of Hippo|&&1D6inian]] &185 of &238 &&BC &449. [[Anselm of &&CF0|Saint Anselm]] (1033–1109) &44 &&947ine &54Bd &8B9 must &F31 &253ism, as &&1D6ine &1FA the&F7Bans &174 Anselm had &154d, but Anselm put forth the &78D that &8B9 and &253ism were &7B4 and &47E &253ism in a &&BC &28C.§2His &24B set the &9E4 &10 &63 &E29 to &7E5. [[Peter Abelard]] &25E Anselm's work, laying the &156ation &EDcceptance of &&E1 &A1t &A4 &23 &DD &15C &2CE &730.§2His &145 &460 &288 his &2A2 &&683 &B0s &DB &EB &233 &305 &346 man's [[&806]]. Abelard also &58atized the &557 &63 &4C5s. {{ref_&106|&&110|&&110, p. 287-8|b}}

[[&&91 &&C2C]] (1170–1253) &44 &F30 &0 &D2 &E4 &1E1 &B4 be used and &CAA &11 &70.§2He took
Abelard's &21Ds &146alys&5Fd &B22 the &5C &2A9s, &2C3, and &648s &67B &D2 &A0Es. &&C2C also did much work to &BDB &&683 and &&E1 &44E. {{ref_&106|&&110|&&110 pp. 294-5|c}}

[[&&537us &&2B9]] (1193–1280) &486 &&574]] (1225–1274) were both [[Dominican Order|Dominican]]s who &287 &&E and &549 at reconciling &38Ds &4E &BD &&BCity.§2&&574 also did &7C4 deal of &7AB &2F1 &16D &21D]].§2He even went as far as &2CBing that &B0s &15D &186 only &6A [[&257al &15Fing]], and, &87 [[&15F]] &11C run in &12C God, &15F &151 &7B4 with [[&95B]]. {{ref_&106|&&110|&&110 p. 290-4, 355|d}}. This ran &6C5 &4 &E8ly held &&683 &2A2 &B0s were &156 &6A [[&BC8 illumi&200]] &8EC. &&2B9 and &&574 were &213 &23 &38B &24D &369 &A2 &E4, and &115 &129 &1B &70 &16D, &698 &15se two did &13D &1 &334 [[&2C3]]. 

&&23 true &C8 &522 &&89 was [[Roger Bacon]].§2&&740 did &375 &EDlchemy as [[&&91 Boyle]]'s w&26C do for [[&181]] and [[&&750 Galilei|&&750]]'s for [[&302]] and [[&12A]]. Bacon (1214–1294) &44n &&847 [[&&99A]] who &7CA [[optics]] and [[&1BB|&Cs]] in &198 &31. The &&99A &7D8s of &2E7 &8 &28 &51 &834 &4B &23F his conviction that &2C3 was &36C than &15Fing: #0#&&0 &E5 ways &97 men &55D &15y acquire [[&A5]] of &77: &16C, [[&15F|&15Fing]], and [[&1D5]]; only &1E0 is &21Aive &60ble &2D3 &6FA &4 intellect.#0# (Bacon p. 367) #0#[[&&32A &&4A]] &C0s &385s &242 &2E &4As. It &A4B &471s &18 &15Fing from [[law (&307)|&44 &185]] &69 &15A have &186.#0# {{ref_&106|&&110|&&110 p. 294-5|e}}§2Roger Bacon &17Dlso been &A30 with &32Fating the &369 &10 &20F &3 &824 of life: #0#That &18B &18 will &694 all impurities and corruptibilities &5 &896 &16Fs will also, &1 &78D &0 wise, take off so much &0 corruptibility &0 body that &81 life &5D prolonged for many &20B.&&B5 idea of [[&5B2]] was re&195d &B &711 [[longevity|long life]]; &54 all, man's time on Earth was &1FF to wait and prepare for &5B2 &1 &28 &70A. &&5B2 on Earth &DB mesh with &&BC &95B.§2{{!67! p. 37-8|b}}

Bacon &153 &1D7 &C8 &0 high &19A ages, &801 w&A most &120. &&740s were &7A5 &E14 &70 &0 &AB2 &6A &53B &20B. &&2E &3F9 Bacon's time &5F2 &85 &E22. &&40, &1FA &50Dly, n&6D all were &D6 &0 clergy.§2&&16F &1FF &74 few &1C &50C parochial &1ECs &7D1 &14B to &C82 the &&10E-&489 &DD.§2Also, &31 &5AF time was &3CDed &11 &11C as &6C0 &21D of &DBC and &2F1 &95B. &&288 &1CDing &4 wide &344 &11Cmen &2FB &58C a &253istic view &0 &175 when men were just &2C0 to &38C &5A &253ism. {{!67! p. 24-7|c}}

So &11 end &0 &BABth &2B6 had &7C &321 &A0D &117d &3DE &36A. Adepts &154d &1 &826-&825 &298 of &&2E2, &C1 &807, they &4C &1C0es &6F0ffect &7B1 &4D &350 &115 &EBn &21A &8 &5D8 (e.g., &7F9 &115 &38C &5EC of &D91 gold, one &115 &1C6 &423 to purify the [[soul|&81 soul]].) They &154d &1 &41D &3 four &436 as &FF &249, &3y &140 &263 &112 of cloaking &8C &1A3 &726 a labyrinth of coded [[jargon]] set with traps to mislead the un&F02d. &&EDly, the &70 &173d &8C art: they &32Dly &642ed with &161s &718 [[&2A9]]s and [[&E4|&298]] &267 &464 &6E7ted. &&8C &538 &15 r&66E &1EEir &2A2 man's soul was &29A &219 &165 &DD f&800 Adam.§2By &D91 &149 &95 man's soul, man &15D re&10 with God. {{ref_&106|&&196|&&1A4 p. 149|g}}

&&1 &9B3 &4D9se &24B &121went &593 &25F. [[&&11A of Ockham]], an [[&&847]] &&99A who &599 1349, &94D the [[Thomist]] &39F &3F5 &4E &8B9 and &15F. His view, &3A5 &205 &159, was that God &151 &205 on &8B9 &8EC; He &11C be &242 &72D &15F. Of &454 this view &153 in&CA0 &7F9 &205 the &D90 of a &D66less God versus &242 &81 &15Fing &2B1, &6A2 &83E erased &31 from &173 &1 &9B3 and &AB2 &20B.§2{{ref_&106|&&110|&&110 p. 335|f}} [[Pope John XXII]] &1 &6D 1300s &645d an &F1A &92 &31, &18 &21Aively re&4D1 all &11C &17Fnel &5 &173 &0 Art. {{!67!, p.49|d}} The &164 &25Fs, [[Black Death|Black &9F5]], and &CC [[war|&C89]] and [[famine]] that &36ized this &47 no &6F8 also &38Ad to hamper &63 &791s &145.

[[&&20:flamel-&413.png|&4B|&359|[[Nicholas &&5D9]] &7D1se &61D &A2 &2C7 carved &244 [[tomb]] &1 &&11C &0 [[Holy Innocents]] in Paris.]]
&&288 kept &9B6 by men &C [[&&A41 &&5D9]], who &153eworthy only &74 &81 one &0 few &70 &13E in &AE &58Dd &144. &&5D9 &557 from 1330 to 1417 &697 &38A &A [[&DE8]] &10 next &8A6 &1CC. &&81 &44D &138 &A62 as were many &1D &452, &9E &538 &1CD &1 &1BF r&66E &1EE &791 &0 &20F, &18 &52 reputed &9C &156; &740 &B2Es &7C4 deal &5B3 &649 &C8es and re&DBs, but &15A &230 &4C8 &1F8ula for &97A &7A3 &220s. Most &1D work &44imed at &82E &A2 &A5 &766 &241 &558 &B8 as &331 the &9Ds' &48F. {{ref_&106|&&196|&&1A4 pp.170-181|h}}

&&6A the [[high &19A ages]] (1300-1500) &70 were &3DB &&5D9:§2they &837 on &66F &10 &9Ds' &48F &3 &824 of &556, now &154d &1B &233 &77.§2&&8C &A43 &AC6 and [[&49Fism]] &23F wide &540 in &316 &0 art. &&37 many &70 &52F &280 &C70 the &B62 &0 soul &5B8 the [[&220]] of &679 gold (&97 &4FAd &235al [[&400 (&235)|&400]], or 'quick&5DE', &791 &CBD role). &&86 men were &67F [[&46B (para&3F3)|&46Bians &703rcerers]] &39C, and were &71 &D5D &10ir &173s. {{!67! pp. 50-75|e}}{{ref_&106|&&999|&&999 pp lxiii-lxvii|a}}

One &0se men who &573 &1F &2C0 &0 &AF3 &47 &6D0 [[Heinrich &&AC0 Agrippa]]. This &C8 &154d &165 &1B a wizard &60ctually &A1t &165 &347 summoning [[&20A &78|&6D5]]s.§2H&&D20 was &9B1, but like &&5D9, he &1E9 &137 &18 were &78 by &3F9 &B4 &5B. Again like &&5D9, &4BF much to &25F &31 &1B3 &684al &15 &449 [[&B69]]ist &46B. He did keep &9B6 the &1EA &0 &238 &70, &3F &32A &4A, &CF1, etc., &801 &B22 &46B &E4, &18 rein&1F7d &2C7 &1CC &276 &B69ist &36A.§2In &D1E &242 this, Agrippa &146 &223 a &&BC, &A1 his &24B &71 came into &207 &B &11C. {{!67! p.56-9|f}}{{ref_&106|&&754|&&754 p.23-9|a}}

===&&31 &1 &&66 Age and &&90E===
&&45 &31 &1C4 &14D way &53 dawning &0 [[&&90E]].§2The era also saw a &914 of [[con &E3E]]s who &69 use &161 tricks and sl&711 of h&238 #0#&C35&&11D &220 &225 &526 gold, or &2CB to &A4D &6D8 &A5 that — &32 #0#&27&&77itial &560 — &69 surely lead &7D3 goal. 

&&31 &6C name &14D &280 is &&433pus Aureolus [[&&7A4]], (&&695 Bombastus von Hohenheim, 1493–1541) who cast &31 into &301 form, &834 some &0 &B69ism that &140ccumulated &106 &3B4 &AB6 the &5C &2A9s and &642s to &38C &AC &5D8. He &28E &&F32 &112s, but kept much &0 &&51E, neo-&&683, and &&C2D &1EA; &32, &&51E &4A had so much &&E1 &E4 th&6D1 &884 of &&F32ism was &42Fly &109less. &&372 &&7A4 &28E the &46B &298 of Agrippa and &&5D9. He &DB &757 &662 a &46Bian, and scorned &120 did. (&&11As p.239-45) 

&&7A4 &400 &5C &161s and &7B1 in &18B, &6AD #0#Many have said &5D6, that &26 &10 ma&7B1 gold and &5DE. For me such &6B the aim, &810 &28D only what &354 and &FD may lie in &18Bs.#0# {{!67!, p.47|g}} His &51E &24B were that &EE1 &15Ealth &1 body &BA9 &8 &A8D of man the &825 and Nature the &826. He took an &22E &364 &AE &558 &22B th&5Falogy not &1 &753 of soul-&B62§2but &1 &753 that &81s mus&7F8 &FB &A69s of &7B1 &1ir &746, &6D &FB &F45es &0 body had &161 &940 that &115 cure them. {{ref_&106|Debus|Debus #3# &&B61, p.6-12|a}} &&50 his &C17 of &F7Aing &508s with such &940 as Mercury &2F3 seem ill-&C94 &1B3 &66 &F7 &7C1, his &463 idea of &161ly &1E9 &18Bs has &F24 time surp&874ly well.

[[&&20:Alchemik Sedziwoj Matejko.JPG|&4B|left|400px|&&C8 Michal Sedziwoj|#0#Alchemik Michał Sędziwój#0#, oil on &D37 by [[Jan Matejko]], 73 x 130 cm, &&217 of Arts in [[Łódź#FA#
In [[&&403]], the &8E7 &1CC in &3E3 &3D8 &7A &267§2with Doctor [[John Dee]] ([[13 July]] [[1527]] – &&143, 1608), &45F &FD role as [[astrologer]], cryptographer, and &44 #0#&D2 consultant&&4F2 [[&&4F1 I of &&403|Queen &&4F1 I]]. Dee &38E an &16C &8 &2C0 [[Roger Bacon]], &14A &1CDed &39D in &31 &48D &7F6 on that &1BF (''Monas Hiero&CDFica'', 1564) &126d &11 [[Kabbala]]. Dee's &D8F [[&&6BB &&841]] — who &2CBed to &439 [[angel]]s &678 crystal ball &238 own a &D96 &1E1 turn [[&400 (&235)|&400]] into [[gold]] — may &22 &5E1 &0 &C9 &20 &0 &C8-&D8E. 

An&2E &4ED &C8 was [[Michał Sędziwój|&&18A &&C2F]] (''Michał Sędziwój'', 1566 - 1636), a [[Poland|Polish]] &C8, &9D, &343 doct&796d &F30 of &181. &&29 &421, he di&146ed [[&B67]] in a lab &976 &180 1600, 170 &5B &A4 [[Karl Wilhelm Scheele|Scheele]] and [[&&19B Priestley|Priestley]], by &669 nitre ([[&D8D]]). He &A1t &0 gas &20E off as #0#the &824 of life#0#. Shortly &54 &72D this &21D, &26 &4C Sendivogious &442 his &423 to [[&&AC0 Drebbel]]. In 1621, Drebbel &42Fly &492 th&272 a sub&B50.

[[Tycho Brahe]] (1546–1601), &45F &FD [[&563ical]] and [[astro&257al]] &4C4s, &&3D2 &222. He &140 &38Datory &5CF for that &318 &6D1 [[Uraniborg]] observatory/&6E &EF.

===The &A54 &34C &31===
The &DB5 &34C &288 &1DE &5A &11 rise &124 &4A &172 &113 &E7C &42D &2C3 &278 disdain for #0#&6F wisdom#0#. &&168 seeds &0se &327 were &46Ced &78D &A 17th &2B6 &146 &D2A &78F two &50F &5B, &122 fact &2CF &2CE its apogee &1 18th &47.

[[&&91 Boyle]] (1627–1691), &45F &FD &B9 of gases (cf. [[Boyle's law]]) &400 &27D in &161 &4C4s. He &8D0 no&336 &58 &642s and &958 &12C &9B5 of &6C3 data; in a &50B &642, Boyle &6D7e the &195 &97 the &642 was &584, the wind &36istics, &46F &0 Sun and Moon, &3 barometer &468, all just in case they &6CE &1B &6C3.§2{{ref_&106|&&617|&&617 p.11|a}} This &22E &374 &4 &156ing &124 &181 &1 [[18th &47|18th]] and [[&264|19th]] &20B, &A9 r&15Dary &2A8 of [[Antoine Lavoisier|Lavoisier]] and [[John Dalton]] — &18 &EDly &1E4 a &257al, &42D and &224 for &121&627ing &60A &220s, &467 the &E97 of long&627ing &A2 &484 such &A philospher's &48F.

Mean&50, Paracelsian &31 led &4 &86 &66 &18B.§2&&32Aists &AA4 un&486 the &1FCs &0 &5D8, &C &62D &C58 ([[&&11A Harvey|Harvey]], [[1616]]), &&AAC &DA5 many &508s &822fections with germs ([[&&91 Koch|Koch]] and [[Louis Pasteur|Pasteur]], &264) or &10D ''&75'' nutrients and [[vitamin]]s ([[James Lind|Lind]], [[&&BD9iaan Eijkman|Eijkman]], [[Casimir Funk|Funk]], et al.). &&118ed by &595 &83s in organic &181, &14C &4A &552 dis&195d &31 &4A0 &343 &8F0, &E34ive and pre&BEive, &50 def&2C8g its &8BE of &CF7 &824s and &EB2 the in&21Aiveness &379 toxicity &1B8 &940.

Thus, as &4A &EDF &AF unc&4FEnd &253ize the clockwork &0 &175, &156ed on &594 &CDistic &F0, &&288 left &E7B &1B8 &161 and &343 &481s — but &146 incurably &B90 &11m.§2Reduced &449 arcane &63 &58, &9AB &517 &4 &CD &28, it &699 &30F fate &1CB [[&7A5]] &140s &C [[&2B4]] and [[Kabbalah]]: &E87 from [[&39]] curricula, shunned &706 &265 &F4Cs, [[damned &A5|ostracized]] by &1A7, and &E8ly &558 &A epitome of [[&D8E]]ism and [[&B7E]].

&&86 &83s &15D &FF &49 a &672 re&DB in &&45 &171ism &2AA [[&&CAticism|&&CAtic]] &62 &0 preceding &47. Be as it may, &26 sobering to ob&38A &821 &140 &41ld so much &171 and &CD &E83, for &123 two &6DB &5B, &115 dis&3B6 so &552 &5 &175 &34C &A1t.

===&&66 '&31'===
In &429 &4DA &28 made &4B4 &82D the &484 &1CC &22B &D2, &51 alchemic, &1B7.§2&&86 &83s may on &56A be &6B #0#&31&&6EE &3CFal &15Fs.

In 1919, [[Ernest &&D35]] used [[&632 dis&5C6]] to &CD1 &E86 into &B67. This &1C0 of bombarding the &692 nucleus &6F4 &4BE p&EEs &F &307 &1FE &66 [[p&EE accelerators]], &97 &220s of &463 &E8. &&5DF, in 1980, [[Glenn Seaborg]] &7A8muted &679 gold, &A1 &32D of &4BE used &3 microscopic &D05 &152 negated any &C1 &199 &30E.

In 1964,§2[[&&1B4 Ohsawa]] and [[Michio Kushi]], &116 &8 &2CBs of [[Louis Kervran]], &37Fly &1A9ly &7A8mutated [[&B66]] into [[&D92]], by &5C an &D6Eric arc, &22A of [[&9EB]] and [[&B67]] into [[iron]]. In 1994, [[R. Sundaresan]] and [[J. Bockris]] &37F &15y had ob&38Ad &E00 re&DBs in &9AD dis&C14s &4E &9EB rods immersed in &2F5. &&32, none &0se &2CBs &22 &F2Eted &720 &1A7, &3 idea &461 tho&501 discr&2E8.

As of 2006, a &B0 &8A5 &12D elusive, &A1 [[futurist]]s &C [[Ray Kurzweil]] &154 sufficiently &3A0d [[nano&C6]] may &466 &844. Some say the &35B goal &1CC &28 fulfil&4FC [[In vitro &80A|IVF]] &3 [[cloning]] of a &81 embryo, &168se &398 fall far &17A &521 a &81 life from &C90.

The aim of [[&632 &39B]] &6E &15D said &1B &7F7 a life from &C90, &183 &63ly &34C &4 possibility of AI have &6A3 it &32lchemy, &C &&480 and Stuart Dreyfus &1ir 1960 &543 ''&&31 and AI''.

==&&31 &80C and &4C0 ==
&&9A to &31 &80C and &4C0 are far too &22F to list.§2Here we give only &446 indicative samples.§2More &8s &57 &156 &1 [[&20F]] &EE.

===Novels and plays===
Many [[&158|&294]] lampooned &70 and used them &A butt of [[satire|satirical]] &A7E.§2Two &6D and well-&DE &1C1s are

*[[Geoffrey Chaucer]], ''[[The Canon's Yeoman's Prologue and Tale|Canon's Yeoman's Tale]]'' (ca. 1380). &&F3 &36, &222 &8 &685 [[&&CF0]], &2CBs &41 will #0#pave it &800 &5DE &70B gold#0#.
*[[Ben Jonson]], ''[[The &&C8 (play)|The &&C8]]'' (ca 1610). &&14D five-act play, &20As &6EB an &31 &DDhop to swindle &1C. 

[[&&20:&&A2 &&3C9 - &&1A1 &&14C eText 14218.jpg|&4Bnail|&B|&359|An &&A2 &&3C9, from ''The Story &5D6 &3 &&2C0s of &&181'']]

In more &262 &DD, &70 are &44ly &79ed in &6FF romatic or &684 &4CE, &6D2 &13D &1CBion is made &4E &31, &46B, and &CF4:

*[[Mary Woll&48F&F7C Shelley|Mary Shelley]],§2''[[&&823]]'' (1818). &&784 &&823 uses both &31 &5F2 &4A &3B8 [[&&823's monster]].
*[[&&A21 &&93E von Goethe|Goethe]], ''[[Faust, Part 2]]'' (1832). Faust's servant Wagner &814lchemy &3B8 a [[&998]].
*[[Gabriel García Márquez]], ''[[One Hundred &&5B of Solitude]]'' (1967). An &C8 &24C Melquíades adds &4 &127's surreal &9EA.
*[[Paulo Coelho]], ''[[The &&C8 (book)|The &&C8]]'' (1988).
*[[J. K. Rowling]], ''[[Harry Potter &3 &&9D's Stone]]'' (1997). &&C2 [[Nicholas &&5D9]] as a &36.
*[[Neal &&512son]], ''[[The Baroque Cycle]]'' (2003–2004).§2&&C2 &72F &AE8 &70 &C [[Isaac &&828]], [[&&A41 Fatio de &&93D|de &&93D]], and [[Enoch Root]].
*[[&&759 Booth]], ''[[Doctor &&72B: The &&C8's Son]]'' (2003).
*[[&&7DA Mahy]], ''[[&&31 (&&7DA Mahy book)|&&31]]'' (2004). 
*[[John Fasman]], ''[[The &&7A3's &&D5]]''#C0#--DATE??--&gt;, &3E0 plot r&9BDs &180 &BAB &A2 &432.
*[[&&8CB Keyes]], ''[[&&1C1 Un&15F]]''#C0#--DATE??--&gt;.§2&&C2 [[Isaac &&828]] and [[&&A41 Fatio de &&93D|de &&93D]].
*[[Cornelia Funke]], ''[[&&74A Rider]]'' (2004).§2Twigleg the [[homonculus]] &1A1 by &222.

===Comics, manga, and video &2A4===
*[[Stan Lee]] and [[Jack Kirby]], ''[[Fantastic Four]]'' &9A9 (ca. 1962–). Villain [[Diablo (&9A9)|Diablo]] &5F &C8.
*[[Dark&D56]] PC game #104#.§2&&31 &C2 &210ly &BC game.
*[[Mike Mignola]]'s ''[[Hellboy]]'' &9A9 (1993–). &&20A [[Roger the Homunculus]] &1A1 by &31.
*[[Nintendo]]'s [[&&430 Sun]] video game (2001). &&31 &5F evil &1F7 that &DFFens &4B.
*[[Hiromu Arakawa]], ''[[Full&16F &&C8]]'' (2002–). '&&70' can &7A8form any&336 with&1 &307 of [[Equivalent Ex&25F]].
*[[Nobuhiro Watsuki]], ''[[Buso Renkin|Weapon &&C8]]'' manga (2003?–).
*[[Kazuki Takahashi]], ''[[Yu-Gi-Oh! GX]]'' anime (2004–). &&20A [[Lyman Banner|Daitokuji]] &5F &C8 who &17d his soul &46C &998.
*Nintendo's [[&&ED Fantasy Tactics &&3A0]] video game (2003). Has a playable &1B8 &6B &&C8.
*[[Bethesda Soft&DD]]' [[The Elder Scrolls III: Morrowind]] &210ly &C2 &5DD a &21D &521 &123 potions for use &11 &3B8.
*[[&&1EBa Jones &3 &&655's Tomb]] &104 game (2003). &&1B7 &8E4 &0 game is &Fed &180 a castle in Prague &265ly &760 &222 king.
*[[&&28 of War&F7C]] &104 game (2004). &&31 &1AF &0 [[Professions_(&&28_of_War&F7C)#&&31|&D46s]] &75Der can &38C.
#C0#--Please &31B &7EA --&gt;

===&&DC===
*[[Tool (band)]], &415 ''[[&&B4alus]]'' (2001).

!1F!
* {{note_&113|&&1D6ine|&&1D6ine, p. 245|a}} &9 &742=&&1D6ine &2E=The Confessions &21=!14F!: Mentor Books &39=1963 | &677 Trans. Rex Warner.
* {{note_&113|&&196|&&1A4, p. 196-7|a}}{{note_&113|&&196|&&1A4,p. 34-42|b}}{{note_&113|&&196|&&1A4 p. 46|c}}{{note_&113|&&196|&&196, p. 29|d}}{{note_&113|&&196|&&1A4, p. 29|e}}{{note_&113|&&196|&&1A4, p. 10-22|f}}{{note_&113|&&196|&&1A4 p. 149|g}}{{note_&113|&&196|&&1A4 pp.170-181|h}} &9 &26D=Titus &3E=&&1A4 &17=Titus &&1A4§2&2E=&&31: &&4A &0 Cosmos, &&4A &0 Soul. &21=&&AEC:Penguin &39=1967 | &677 Trans. &&11A Stoddart.
* Cavendish, &&17C, The Black Arts, Perigee Books
* {{note_&113|Debus|Debus #3# &&B61, p.6-12|a}} &9 &742=Debus, Allen G. and &&B61, &&91 P. &2E=&&31 and &&181 &1 S&D61eenth &&47 &21=Los &&401:§2&&11A &&5EDs Clark &&575 &&D5, &&12B &&1D1. &39=1966 | &677
* {{note_&113|&&102|&&102 pp. 33-59|a}}{{note_&113|&&102|&&102 p. 37-!66!02|&&102 p. 24-7|c}}{{note_&113|&&102|&&102, p.49|d}}{{note_&113|&&102|&&102 pp. 50-75|e}}{{note_&113|&&102|&&102 p.56-9|f}}{{note_&113|&&102|&&102, p.47|g}} &9 &742=&&102, &&18A &2E=The Dark Side of &&33 &21=!14F!: Ste&448d Day &39=1977 | &677
* &9 &742=Gettgins, Fred &2E=&&1B3 &0 Occult &21=&&4A4: Rider &39=1986 | &677
* {{note_&113|&&6E3|&&6E3, p. 66|a}} &9 &742=&&6E3, Ethan Allen &2E=Remarks Upon &&31 &3 &&70 &21=Boston: Crosby, Nichols &39=1857 | &677
* {{note_&113|&&110|&!68!{{note_&113|&&110|&&110, p. 287-!66!10|&&110 pp. 294-5|c}}{{note_&113|&&110|&&110 p. 290-4, 355|d}}{{note_&113|&&110|&&110 p. 294-5|e}}{{note_&113|&&110|&&110 p. 335|f}} &9 &742=&&110, C. &&5FF &2E=&&3E7 &&89: A Short &&33 &21=Blacklick, Ohio: McGraw-Hill &&107 &39=1990 &81F&&&A8075571412 }} 6th ed.
* {{note_&113|&&30D|&&30D, p. 16|a}}{{note_&113|&&30D|&&30D|b}}{{note_&113|&&30D|&&30D, p. 155|c}} &9 &742=&&30D, Jack &2E=The &&32Fs &5D6 in Graeco-&&CA Egypt &21=&&4A4: Muller. &39=1970 &81F&&&A8389010065 }}
* &9 &742=Marius &2E=&&8 &&235s &21=Berkeley: &&12B &&1D1 Press &39=1976 &81F&&&A8520028562 }} Trans. &&17C Dales.
* {{note_&113|&&999|&&999 pp lxiii-lxvii|a}} &9 &742=&&999, &&19E (Ed. John Reidy) &2E=Ordinal &5D6 &21=&&4A4: &&6D &&46 Text &&53 &39=1975 &81F&&&A8197222749 }}
* {{note_&113|&&617|&&617 p.11|a}} &9 &742=&&617, Roger &2E=&&91 Boyle:§2Father of &&181 &21=&&4A4: John &&4B5 &39=1959 | &677
* &9 &742=Weaver, &&700 Hane &2E=&&21D of &&12A &21=!14F!: Simon #3# Schuster &39=1987 | &677
* {{note_&113|&&754|&&754 p.23-9|a}} &9 &742=&&754, Colin &2E=The Occult: A &&33 &21=!14F!: Random House &39=1971 &81F&&&A8394465555 }}
* &9 &742=Zumdahl, Steven S. &2E=&&181 &21=Lexington, &&4DD: D. C. Heath and Co. &39=1989 &81F&&&A8669167088 }} 2nd ed.
* &9 &742=&&822, Adele Droblas &2E=Chemical &&33 Tour, Picturing &&181 from &&31 to &&66 Molecular &&4A &21=Wiley-Inter&4A &39=2000 &81F&&&A8471354082 }}

!25!
===&&2E &A2 &41A===
{{&E8s|&&31}}
*[[Vulcan &0 &70]]
*[[&&9D's &48F]]
*[[&&568ism]]
*[[Astrology &&B6A]]
*[[Transmut!153!
*[[Duality]]
*[[The four humours]]
*[[Alkahest]], [[arcanum]], [[berith]], [[&824]], [[quint&4F7]]
*[[Alembic]]
*[[&&A2 &49F]]#C0#--
§2*[[Circle &32 &F7 at its &77E]]
--&gt;
*[[Goldwasser|Gold &2F5]]

===Related &60lter&13B &1EA===
*[[&&67 mystery &112]]
*[[Astrology]]
*[[Nec&CAcy]], [[&46B (para&3F3)|&46B]], 
*[[Esotericism]], [[&&744]], [[Illuminati]]
*[[&&788]] &3 [[Five &&235s]]
*[[Kayaku-Jutsu]]
*[[&&C2E]], [[moxibustion]], [[ayurveda]], [[homeopathy]]
*[[Anthroposophy]]
*[[&&226]] &5E6 Jung]]
*[[New Age]]

===&&D2 &481s===
*[[&&181]]
*[[&&12A]]
*[[&&D2 &21D]]
*[[Proto&4A]], [[&&E4D&4A]], and [[Anti-&4A]]
*[[Obsolete &1AB
*[[&&379ism]]

===Sub&F5Bs &0 &70===
*[[gold]] #3#bull; [[&5DE]] #3#bull; [[lead]] #3#bull; [[&352]] #3#bull; [[zinc]] #3#bull; [[&400 (&235)|&400]]
*[[phosphorus]] #3#bull; [[sulfur]] #3#bull; [[arsenic]] #3#bull; [[&EAB]]
*[[vitriol]] #3#bull; [[cinnabar]] #3#bull; [[py&F23]] #3#bull; [[orpiment]] #3#bull; [[galena]]
*[[magnesium oxide|magnesia]] #3#bull; [[calcium oxide|lime]] #3#bull; [[potash]] #3#bull; [[natron]] #3#bull; [[&D8D]] #3#bull; [[kohl (&AA5)|kohl]]
*[[ammonia]] #3#bull; [[ammonium chloride]] #3#bull; [[&CAE]] #3#bull; [[camphor]]
* Acids: [[&93F acid|&93F]] #3#bull;[[&B65 acid|&B64]] #3#bull; [[&99B acid|&99B]] #3#bull; [[acetic acid|acetic]] #3#bull; [[formic acid|formic]] #3#bull; [[citric acid|citric]]#3#bull; [[&E7A acid|&E7A]]
*[[aqua regia]] #3#bull; [[&AA3]]

===&&2E &C7===
*[[&&275 &70]]
*[[&&275 &B69ists]]

!E!
Some web&1DF &636 &453 &711 &A2 &220:
* [#2#aras.org''Archive for &&6E in Archetypal Symbolism'':] A pictorial and &1A3 &482 of mytho&257al, ritualistic, and &49Fic &20s &1B3ll over &4B and &1B3ll epochs &92 &33.
* [#2#&365.lib.&1C9.edu/cgi-&192#6E#-04 ''&&550 &0 &&2B Ideas'':] &&31
* [#2#honolulu.hawaii.edu/&5A5/sci122/TVtext/24/MOD24.htm Skeptical Chemists]: &1B3lchemy to &181, t&F5A the &1B1 of &&7A4
* [#1#&31.cz The &&31 &&217 in Kutna Hora] : &&28's &&40 &&217 Dedicated to &&31 in All Its Aspects
* [#2#&AA6.ac.uk/ProjGall/martinon/&12B.html A 16th &47 lab in a 21st &47 lab] : &&DE0l &15B &0 &3C &12D &146 &A2 &38Datory
* [#1#&14C.org/&365/14218 The Story &5D6 &3 &&2C0s of &&181], 1913, from [[&&1A1 &&14C]]
* [#1#levity.com/&31/ The &&31 &&293] : A &D2 many &A2 &2F0 &4D &A2 &3D

Some web&1DF &18 &259 espouse &66 &18Es &1CC:
* [#1#rex&6E.com/ Rex &&6E] (&&91 Nelson).
* [#1#&A2taoism.com/ &&A2 &&788.com] Eases &15B &0 &26A Healing Tao qi gong (chi kung) &58.§2Essays by &1D5d &1C6 &122structors.

[[&&9:&&31]]
[[&&9:&&6F Egypt]]
[[&&9:&&10E &277]]
[[&&9:Esoteric &619 &A1t]]
[[&&9:Gold]]
[[&&9:&&2B &1D7]]
[[&&9:Obsolete &1AB

{{Link FA|es}}
{{Link FA|pt}}

[[af#D1#
#81#Алхимия]]
[[ca:Alquímia]]
[[cs:Alchymie]]
[[da:Alkymi]]
[[de#D1#
[[eo#F3#
[[es#E0#
[[et:Alkeemia]]
[[fi:Alkemia]]
[[fr:Alchimie]]
!1B!אלכימיה]]
[[hr:Alkemija]]
[[id:Alkimia]]
[[io#F3#
[[it:Alchimia]]
!17!錬金術]]
[[la:Alchemia]]
[[lt:Alchemija]]
[[nl#D1#
[[nn:Alkymi]]
[[pl:Alchemia]]
[[pt#E0#
!1E!Алхимия]]
[[sk:Alchýmia]]
[[sl:Alkimija]]
[[su:Alkémi]]
[[sv:Alkemi]]
#80#การเล่นแร่แปรธาตุ]]
[[tl:Alkimiya]]
[[tr:Simya]]
!36!Алхімія]]
#2C#炼金术#1D#
!3!
!2!
!5!
§4<&8>&&821 &&514 &&AF-&&2FE</&8>
§4<id>574</id>
!1!
§6<id>39084664</id>
!D!-02-10T16:43:29Z</&1>
!0!
§8<ip>195.157.81.101</ip>
!4!
§6<&5>/* &&BB */</&5>
§6#4#'''&&821 &&514 &&AF-&&2FE''' (also &6B '''ADS-B''') is a &676 &18 [[&A6|&E68s]] &ED8ly &2FE &8C &153 &136 &60ltitude, &9 of &A6, [[air&D39]], [[&39A]], and &573 &A6 is &A49, &E79 or desc&6B2 &4FE &35D &4C1 [[datalink]]. This &384ality is &79 #0#ADS-B out&&40 &F &463 &276 &2F6-B &384ality.

The ADS-&&71F &442 &1 &8F1.§2It &B89 on data &5 [[&&328 &&730 &&58]], &796y &64E &289 &31Bs an &619 or &244 &1A2. The maximum &2F9 &0 &58 is line-of-&A2B, &271 less than 200 [[nautical mile]]s (370 km). 

The ADS-B &682s are &2DA by [[air &2F5]] &3D4, &60ll &2E ADS-&&5D5 &A6 &219 reception &2F9. Reception by &A6 &2F6-B data is &79 #0#ADS-B in#0#. 

!10A!
The &8B5 &5C ADS-B is &388 &1B by [[air &2F5]] &7A7 &AF &318s &7A7 enhancing pilot &2B8al &23A. ADS-B is &225 cost than &625al &41C and &D7Fs &3A2 &56F &AF of &7A2 and &163 &62s.§2ADS-B is &21Aive in &75A &155 &798 &300 &8A2in &AD &B7 no &362, or &AD &362 is &242. The outback of &&E0 one &497rea &AD ADS-B will &31B &AF &AD &3EA none &241. ADS-B also enhances &AF &8 &470 &163, so it &16A be &83 monitor &17D &8 taxiways and runways &146 &470.§2

ADS-&&5D5 &A6 &1CF &EB [[&5A8]] unit &1 cockpit picturing &24D air &17D from ADS-B data (ADS-B in) &7A1-B (&&17D!15A!&&1A2-&&2FE) data &489 &1B3ir &17D &41C. Both Pilots and [[air &2F5ler]]s will then be &C0 #0#see&&11D &136s of air &17D &1 vicinity &0 &A6, &1D4 &5D &83 &31B an ASAS (&&7A2 &&7B2 Assurance &&58).

&&7A2 Collision Avoi&9C0 &&58s may &1 &2E3 also make &5C #0#ADS-B in#0#, &9A5ing the &44C TCAS collision avoi&9C0 &676 &84 &6B 'hybrid &AF'.

Airbus and Boeing are now &297 &7B ADS-B out (i.e. the &7A8mitter of &3D) as &1AC on new-&B17 &A6 from 2005 onwards. &&85 in part due &4 &&45 &487ments for Mode S &&235ary &&AF (&18 uses 1090MHz Mode S &5B1 &18 now &528 &CD3 &2F6-B via &&258 Squitter), &1F1 &E8 &384ality &45D-B out. 



==&&406ed and &&2FE ADS==
The Radio &&507 &&997 for Aeronautics’ ([[RTCA]]) Free F&4CE S&190 &&4FF &77F &AF as “&DA2ion, &8B1ing, &36izati&829d &2A9 of &A6, &2E &B9A &520 &2BA &10 &610 &767ing &3F0 &30Bs in a safe and &601 &753.#0#

&&821 &&514 &&AF (ADS) is &FF &A &1C0 &521 and s&6B2 &3B3 &5B sender’s &153 &136 &4D &AF &3D, &C &93B, &9C4 and &3F0 &39A. Th&&B71 &118s &A6 &7B2 &1D4 by &426 &AF &3D at &162d &2F9s, &2B8al &23A and &7D5 &281. ADS data &57 &1BE &1BD with &675 &153 &41C beacon &58s, &C Air &&17D &&C0 Radar Beacon &&58s (ATCRBS), Mode S, &&17D Collision Avoi&9C0 &&58s (TCAS) and &31C Air &&17D &&C0 (ATC) &41C, and &1CF be &5AE a sole &1B7 of &AF.

&&B9 two &E8ly &51D &7DE &2F6 &EDir&F7C &31F:
*ADS-&&406ed (ADS-A), also &79 ADS-Contract (ADS-C), and 
*ADS-&&2FE (ADS-B.

ADS-A &31Bs a &AF data &498 &C1 &7CD &138 &406ee. &&37 ADS-A &51F &DE3ed &1 Future Air &&64E &&58 (FANS) &22B the &&A6 &&101 &&406ing and &&498ing &&58 ([[ACARS]]) &A &101 &5C9col. During &7A8&3D5ic &3F0, &51F &280ically sent &44C &A6 &4 &C0ling air &17D &23C.

When ADS-B &7A9, &A6 &4D &B9A &D15ly &2FE &3B3 &3F &136, &C7D, &93B &&F2F. &&2E uses may &7B &AAE &7A8mitting a &136 &5A7. &&A6, &16B-&116 &3D4,§2&4D &61E &CEF the &A6Cs can &349 the in&DCBi&829d use it in &802 &344 &31F. Beca&5C this &275 for &A1A utilization, a &58 &22B ADS-B is &70ten &4FC as a re&195ment for &796 augmentation to &153 &5DF &CEF &55F &17D.

To &121st&3 full &2B1 &2F6-B, &28D how &114 Air &&17D &&C0 &58 &6DAs &3D. The &41C &587 &687 and bearing &146 &A6. Bearing is &771d &11 &136 &0 rotating &41C antenna &59F &349s a &4ED &232 &B04 &5 &A6, and &2F9 is &771d &11 time it &A2C &10 &41C &633 the &B04 &4ED. 

The antenna beam &36Ds &B1B &A &A6 get farther away, &281 &46F &3D less &691. &&1F3ly, &DA2ing &5FD &A6 &93B &322 &85 &41C sweeps &D7 &2Bd &85 &8Ds &70C. In &2DE, a &58 &22B ADS-B &6DAs and listens for &280ic &136 &&F2F &3AE &1B3ir&F7C. &&86 &51F &5E7 and dis&A53d &22B &A5A
&731, such &A &328 &136ing &58 (GPS) and Mode S &5B1s, &64Ctegrity &0 data &795 &9F9 susceptible &4 &2F9 &0 &A6 &1B5 &495 &5B3 &4E &41C sweeps. The &970 &974 &0 &3D &152 &83 &A40 &9A1, &118 &802 &344 &31F &&DC1 &470 &60ir&2B &94B.

Use &2F6-B for &16B-&116 &AF &322 only ADS-B Out (&7A8mit) &2B1 &8 &A6. &&B &985 &2F6-B In (&349) &2B1, &432 &7A2-B &31F grows &120ly. Some &0 &3BA and &157 &A4 ADS-B In &2B1 &7B:
*Cockpit Display of &&17D!15A!(CDTI), a &2F4 &AA2 &17D &A9 ADS-B &3AE from &2E &A6 and &16B-&116 &635.
*&&17D!15A!&&157-&&2FE (TIS-!142!-&45E &498 of &AA2 &17D &C1 &121 &AF by ATC but &6B ADS-B-&5AB.§2This &1A2 &2C9 &1E7 even with &242 ADS-B &295.
*F&4CE!15A!&&157-&&2FE (FIS-!142!-&45E of &3F0 &1CA &520 data.

==ADS-B &&B6 Layer==
&&E5 link &6A1s are &78 &1E3 &A &B6 &B14 for relaying the ADS-B &136 &3AE: 
*1090 MHz Mode S &&258 Squitter (ES), 
*&&B0 Access &&90C (UAT) and 
*VHF Digital Link ([[VDL]]) Mode 4. 

===Mode S===
The FAA &17Dnn&F80d its s&190 &0 1090 MHz ES and UAT &A &5DDs &10 ADS-&&71F &1 &&10 &&A. 1090 MHz ES &152 &29C &5DD &EDir carrier and high-&726 &2A7 &A6 &50 UAT &152 &29C &5DD for &44 &4D5 &A6. 

&&89 &17Dlso &6A0 1090 MHz &A &31C &B6 &B14 &7A2-B. &&32, &91 &5DD has &5A0 been s&34A &4E UAT and VDL Mode 4.

With 1090 ES, the &44C Mode S &5B1 (or a st&60lone 1090 MHz &7A8mitter) &118s &3B3 type &DE &A ES &5A7. &&26 a &280ic &5A7 that &31Bs &136, &93B, &C7D, time, and, &1 &2E3, &9C4. The &463 ES &7D &716 &9C4 &87 &153 &3F0 &1D4 &58s &73 &31B such data – &6B trajectory &25F &F7s. To enable an &A6 to send an &258 &B5F &5A7, the &5B1 is &B6E &60ir&F7C &136 &4D &6DC &3D is &A2Ed &4 &5B1. ATC &16B &3D4 and TCAS-&5AB &A6 &46F &71E &240 1090 MHz &349rs &633 &86 &8A9, &697 only &487
enhan&F59s &3C5 and &1C0 the &1F3 &3D. 1090 ES will not &118 FIS-B, &5E &CEE &487ments.

===&&B0 Access &&90C===
The UAT &58 is &176ally de&3AA &7A2-B &30B. A 1 MHz &A6C &1 900 MHz &706 &2F9 is &35D for &682 of &7A2 ADS-B &3AE &7A7 &2FE of &16B-&221 &3D. UAT &61E &E5 &893 &4 &1F3 &16B-&221 data &697 &349 &3AE from &AA2 &17D (FIS-B &7A1-B).§2

===VDL Mode 4===
The VDL Mode 4 &58 &115 utilize one &5B1 &0 &44C &55F VHF frequencies &A &4C1 &706 &B6 &B14 &7A2-B &682s. VDL Mode 4 &814 &5C9col (STDMA) &169ows it &1B self-organizing, &109 no &78E &16B &586 is &438. This &5DD is best used for &17A &5A7 &682s &1B3 &212 &2D &61E. VDL Mode 4 &58s are &347 &162d &2F9 in com&1F6on to L Band Mode S (1090 MHz) or UAT &58s. 

==&&295 Time&544==
The time&544 &EDirborne ADS-B &7A1 &152 &254 by &16B &&D8C &B8F &295, &3BA cost, &6E2 &2D2 of &D8B and &CEE &DBs &11 Civil &&4D5 &&2BFities (CAA). The cost to equip &45D-B &&361 is &1A8 &27 and &2C9nefit the air&2B by enabling &1AA &23A. ADS-B In &2B1 &575 &1F3 &2D2 when &16B &3D4 &3 &457 mass of &A6 &170 &5AB. This data &6CA into &28Dation when &594 &59 &26E &295 time&544. 

===Near-&20E (2006-2008)=== 
&&721 &E5 &5B will see a continuation &2F6-B &9F6s &1F1 &295 in “pockets” &AD &242 &A6 &7A1 can &B3A ope&253 &2D2. Some &0se &7B:
*'''Cap&48F'''.§2In &&86E, the FAA is &767ing its Cap&48F &2C4 to &A40 &AF &271 &0 more &75A &46A &&86E &60s a test bed for &AA1ing &235s &2F6-B in&4 ATC &F1. &&33C 190 &44 &4D5 &61E &22 &201 GPS &349rs, UAT &7A8ceivers and &3F0 deck &5A8s. &&577, 11 &16B-&116 &7A8ceivers &22 installed for &41C-like &157, and &3F0 &1CA data (FIS-B), &3F &513 &3D, is &78 up&B6D &5 &16B. Phase II &0 &2C4 will exp&3 &4EC &60dd &123 250 &1F3 &61E.
*'''Gulf of &&35C''' – &&1 Gulf of &&35C, &AD ATC &362 &272&206, the FAA is locating ADS-B (1090 MHz) &349rs on oil rigs and buoys to relay &3D &2DA &1B3ir&F7C &201 ADS-B &258 &B5Fs back &4 ATC &Fs to exp&60nd &A40 &AF &4EC. 
*'''&&14'''.§2&&E0 &AA1ing ADS-B &9F6s in Queensl&238 test the feasibility of 1090 MHz ADS-B &276 &360 &16B-&116 &41C. ADS-B is &388 &1B a &256 cost-&21Aive &21D of &870 ATC &AF &4EC for &75A &155 &18 &153ly have &242 or no &AF &4EC.
*'''Cargo Airline &&9C'''.§2Cargo &E78 &502 &1Fir hub &470s &6E7te &212ly at &3D3. Equipage &0se &A6 &45D-B and CDTI &5A8s &720 &32 &16B-&116 &7A8ceiver &1Fse hubs will &5CD &244 &2B8al &23A at &3D3 &122 inclement &513 &70Bfers &432 f&798creased &470 &17D &EE3 &2B1.
*'''Embry Riddle &&55F &&39'''.§2Embry Riddle &&55F &&39 is &D8B the &588 &A6 at its two main campuses in &&665 and Arizona &45D-B &2B1 as a &9A1 enhan&F59. The FAA will &31B FIS-B &7A1-B uplink capabilities in &AE &77C &118 &63 &7A1.
*'''Safe F&4CE 21 East Coast &&2FE &&157'''.§2The FAA &17Dnn&F80d its &9C4ion to &AA1 ADS-B &4EC &10 &538 east &229 &0 U.S. &11 &159 2004. &&1A2 &2F9 will &E2F &9E9 150 &3D1 &32 &39A &870 &4EC at altitudes down to 2,000 feet. The &5DD &152 UAT &3 &295 will also &7B TIS-B and FIS-B &3D.

===Mid-&20E (2008-2012)=== 
With&79A to &711 &5B, an &2EE &2D &A6 &45D-B &&361 &720 &B &416 of &16B-&116 ADS-B infra&117 &152gin &26A a &2D ADS-B &31F attr&32D.
*Benefits of “Pockets of &&295” &&65F &A77 &3se &155 &152 &950, encouraging more &61E to equip &45D-&&3F8
*&&2C0 in 2004 the FAA is &297 deploy ADS-B &16B infra&117 &A9 ASDE-X &3BA. Th&272fra&117 will &5CD the &5C ADS-B data for ATC &318s &C &163 &62 &8B1ing/gui&9C0 &&D8C &AF.
*G&2AF up&2FC of TIS-B and FIS-B will commence &249 &16B infra&117 is deployed.
*&&2E Civil &&4D5 &&2BFities may install ADS-B &16B infra&117 and &487 &A6 &1B &201 ADS-B Out for &30B in s&34A air&2B. &&E0 &388 &1B &23 &5F &622 so; &32, a &2D &2E &4D with &242 &AF &4EC &49F ADS-B an attr&32D &360 &41C &AF.
*Significant &1E9 &61E &&65F &5AB &32 &CB6 &2F6-B &&361. In &&89, 1090 MHz ES &&65F &1AC &2B1 &EDll new Mode S &5B1 installations &54 31 March, 2005. UAT &&65F &1EE &C9 &1 &646 end &0 &44 &4D5 &3A4.
*Airport Situational &&23A – A &395 &383 &470 maps, &470 &B1E&B4ation (ASDE-X) &58s, &970 &A6 &5A8s and ADS-B have &432 to &120ly &A40 Runway &2B8al &23A.
*Oceanic In-&D33 – ADS-B &575 &970 &2B8al &23A and &9A1 for Oceanic In-&D33 maneuvers as &1F3 &A6 &36D &5AB.
*Use &2F6-B and CDTI will &5CD decreased &22E spacing and &314 &2Bd &595 &22Ees at congested &470s with &6C1 &9A1 and &94B &284 low-/&225-visibility &30Bs.

===Long-&20Es (2012 and &545)===
*Air &E78’ fleets will &66C int&46D ADS-B &2D2 &1 terminal and &44F air&2B.
*New &&A6 &&7B2 Assurance &31F will take &AB0 &0 &1AA &23A and &136al &974 &1E7 &448 air&2B &F1 &212ly &201 ADS-&&3F8
*FIS-B &7A1-B &157 will &85C &44 &4D5 &7A1 &499 &3A4 &E77.

!1F!

!25!
*[[DO-212]]§2Minimal Ope&253 &&726 &&1ACs for &&7A2 &&821 &&514 &&AF (ADS) Equipment

!E!
*[#1#air&157&14.com/pilot&77E/&1A1s/adsb/&A3F.asp Air&157 &&14 ADS-B info]
* [#1#flyadsb.com Safe F&4CE 21 ADS-B &&1A1s]
* [#1#alaska.faa.gov/cap&48F/ Cap&48F ADS-B &&1A1]
* [#1#nup.nu NUP II &&1A1]
* [#1#adsmedup.it/ ADS-MEDUP &&1A1]
* [#1#euro&C0.int/cascade/&8B/subsite_&437/&437.html Euro&C0 CASCADE Programme]
* [#1#eurocae.org/ &&45 &&551 for Civil &&4D5 Equipment]
* [#1#janes.com/aero&2B/&114/news/jar/jar060117_1_n.&9B8 US crunches &1F0s &A4 &D19 to ADS-B] Jane's Airport &&49C

[[&&9:Avionics#1D#
!3!
!2!
!5!
§4<&8>Air &&5EF</&8>
§4<id>575</id>
!1!
§6<id>15899106</id>
!26!-12-11T16:14#7D#
!0!
§8<&6>Optim</&6>
§8<id>20978</id>
!4!
§6#4##&&&1A [[&&4D5#1D#
!3!
!2!
!5!
§4<&8>&&30</&8>
§4<id>576</id>
!1!
§6<id>42041443</id>
!D!-03-03T11:38#AE#
!0!
§8<&6>Tasc</&6>
§8<id>853739</id>
!4!
!6!
!22!&179:&&1B1/193.171.250.252|193.171.250.252]] to &24F by Gugganij</&5>
§6#4#{{&&476_&&5F|
&E8#115#		= &&30|
&13B#115#		= &&B5E Ö&2B3|
&20_flag 		= Flag &5D4.svg|
&20_coat 		= &&30 Bundesadler.svg|
&20_map 		= &&5AD&&30.png|
&2A_&907 		= none|
&2A_&27A 	= [[Land der Berge, L&60m Strome]]|
&E7_&Cs 	= [[&&D9 &C|&&D9]]&lt;!156![[&&3B9 &C|&&3B9]]#!151!([[&23Cal &C|reg.]]) [[&&B5D &C|&&B5D]]#!151!(reg.) [[&&820 &C|&&820]]#!151!(reg.)|
&AB 		= [[&&422]] |latd=48|latm=12|latNS=N|longd=16|longm=21|&DC4=E|
&B2_city 		= &&422 |
&1D_type 	= [[Re&8B]] |
&1D8_&8s 		= [[&&124 &&E8 &&30|&&3E]]&lt;!156![[&&261llor &5D4|&&261llor]]|
&1D8_&2ED 		= [[Heinz Fischer]]&lt;!156![[&&93E Schüssel]]|
area 			= 83,871|area_rank=113th|area_&50E=1 E10|&56B_&2F5=1.3|
areami²§11= 32,383 | #C0#--!141!--&gt;
&23_&2D6 	= 8,206,524|&23_&2D6_year=2005|&23_&2D6_rank=86th|
&23_&342 	= 97|&23_&342_rank=78th |
!140!²§3= 251 | #C0#--!141!--&gt;
&23_&218 	= 8,032,926|&23_&218_year=2001|
GDP_PPP 		= $267 &766|GDP_PPP_year=2005|GDP_PPP_rank=35th|
GDP_&8A4		= $318 &766|GDP_&8A4_year=2005|GDP_&8A4_rank=22nd|
GDP_PPP#F2#	= $32,962|!7A!k=9th|
GDP_&8A4#F2#	= $39,292|GDP_&8A4_per_&49D_rank=10th|
HDI_year§10= 2003|
HDI§15= 0.936|
HDI_rank§10= 17th|
HDI_&9§C= &&1AE#0##009900#0#&gt;high&lt;/font&gt;|
&24E_type 	= [[&&F3]]|
&61_&327 	= From #114#-&&743]]|&61_&7EA=&lt;!156!1919|
&22D 	 	= #114#n euro coins|Euro]]#3#sup1;|&22D_code=EUR|
time_zone 	 	= [[&&80 &&45 Time|CET]] |utc_&6BA=+1 |
time_zone_DST	 	= [[&&80 &&45 &&167 Time|CEST]] |utc_&6BA_DST=+2 |
cctld		 	= [[.at]] |
&4FB_code	 	= 43|
foot&4CD 	 	= #3#sup1; &&174 2002: &&30n [[Schilling]]|
}}

The '''&&517 &&30''' ([[&&D9 &C|&&D9]]: ''&&B5E Ö&2B3)'' is a [[&7A0]] &5F &65B [[&&80 &&89|&&89]]. It &201s [[&&D9y]] &3 [[Czech Re&8B]] &4 &AA, [[Slovakia]] and [[&&743]] &4 east, [[Slovenia]] and [[Italy]] &4 &64, and [[&&725]] and [[Liechtenstein]] &4 west.§2The &AB &F &7CB [[&&422]].

&&30 is a &1A5ary [[re&79ative &274]] &42F nine &124 &A &B1 &2C two &&45 &4D &700 &4EE &8C &920 [[&8D6 &5F|&8D6ity]], &4E &78 &&725. &&30 is &2C3 &0 [[&&10 &&EC]] (&87 1955) &3 [[&&45 &&DF]] (&87 1995). &&10 &63E of 2006 &&30 &63A the seat &0 [[&&626 &0 &&296 &0 &&45 &&DF|&&626 &0 EU]].

==&&32F &9Etory &0 name==
The [[&&D9 &C|&&D9]] name ''Ö&2B3'' &57 &33F [[&&46 &C|&&46]] &A #0#&EA &9C9#0#, &3A &489 &5 [[Old &&D9]] ''[[Ostarrîchi]]''. ''Reich'' &16A mean #0#&11B#0#, &1D4 connotation &F one &C1 &121&F24 &1 &28C &0 #114#n &&11B|&&30n]]/#114#-&&743|&&6B6-&&820 &&11B]], [[Holy &&CA &&11B]], &7D not &1 &28C &0 &66 &&517 ''Ö&2B3''. &&10E &387 &32Fates in a [[&CED]] &5BC &0 [[&&3E7 Latin]] name &10 &23C: ''Marchia orientalis'', &18 &7A8lates as #0#&EA &201&&719s &71 &945 &1F &EA edge &0 [[Holy &&CA &&11B]], that &&3D2 &E52ed &1 name ''[[Ostmark]]'' &492 &54 ''[[Anschluss]]'' to [[&&D9y]].

!28!
{{&215|&&2B &&30}}

===&&30 &3 Holy &&CA &&11B===
The &220 &&30 &119ly &DE &A [[Celts|Celtic]] &108 of [[Noricum]], &44 long time ally &790 &&71 &25A &51 &4FE &11 [[&&6F Rome|&&CAs]] &2A &71D [[Caesar &&1D6us|&&1D6us]] &718 the &251 Noricum§2in [[16 BC]]. &&B4 &71 &4FE by [[Huns]], Rugii,§2[[Lombards]], [[Ostrogoth]]s, [[Bavarii]], [[Eur&7CF Avars|Avars]] (&1D9 c. 800),§2and [[Franks]] (&7EC &2FA). &&EDly, &54 48 &1DC &&820 rule (907 to 955), the core &220 &&30 &&B92 to [[Leopold I &5D4 (&&D8A)| Leopold of &&D8A]] in 976. Being part &0 [[Holy &&CA &&11B]] the &&D8As &B18 and &950 &&30 &5 10th &47 &4 13th &47.

[[&20:Juliusz Kossak Sobieski pod Wiedniem.jpeg|&4B|left|&359|&&6D3 &&422 1683]]

&&54 Duke [[&&AF1 II]] &599 1246 &4D3 no &3B2or, [[Rudolf I of &&567]] &458 &D56 &325 sons marking the &2C0 &0 line &0 [[&&567]]s, who &AF &996 &&30 &8E &22D.

&&B &17A &698ion of [[&&577 VII &&537]] of Bavaria, &&30n &&567s held &46F &3B2 &&655 &2C0 in 1438 with [[&&537 II of &&567]] &8E end &0 [[Holy &&CA &&11B]]. &&2A [[14th &47|14th]] and 15th &47 &&30 &AF exp&278 &82 &1D9 it &2CE &46F of a &&45 &E76 &FD &1F end &0 15th &47 &8E end &0 &&567 &566 in 1918.

===&&66 &33===
Just two &5B &308 &71B &0 [[Holy &&CA &&11B]] in 1806, in 1804 the #114#n &&11B|&&11B &5D4]] was &156ed, &61 &7A8&32B in 1867 in&4 dual-&566 #114#-&&743]]. The &11B was &5CB &4A1 &CC &A in 1918, &DD &5FA &0 [[&&80 &&FDs]] in [[&&28 War I]], with most &0 &&D9-&1C7 &33A &381 a [[re&8B]]. (See [[&&674 Saint-Germain]].) Between 1918 and 1919 &71 &E7ly &DE &A Re&8B &3B2 &&30 (''&&B5E Deutschö&2B3''). &&DD [[Entente]] &FDs forbade &&D9 &&30 to unite with &&D9y, they also forbade &5A, &3n &71 &25Fd &693 &&517 &&30. The &98 re&8B &C00 &1D9 1933 &FA &261llor [[Engelbert Dollfuß]] &61 an autocratic &E3F &7AA &247 &&479 &345 ([[&&6B6&345]]).

&&30 &BF &49 [[&&D9y]] in 1938 &53 [[Anschluß]] and &2DC &121 [[Nazis|Nazi]] rule &8E &159 [[&&28 War II]]. &&DD &5FA &0 [[Axis &&FDs]], the [[Potsdam &&643|Allies &25A &&30]] &1D9 1955, &FA &5F &163 &70D &CC re&8B &8D &50C &87 &69 &5F6 &8D6 (see: #114#n &&1E Treaty]]). &&30 also &163 &268 &0 UN &1 same year. &&DD &547 [[&309 &1E]]s in [[&&EA &&89]], &&30 &BF &1EE &1A4 &&45 &3AF, &122 1995, &&30 &606 the [[&&45 &&DF]], &3 [[Euro]] &94E &58 in 1999.

!E3!
{{&215|&&59 &67
[[&20:&&30n&&1A5.jpg|&4B|&B|&339|&&30n &&1A5 in &&422]]

&&30 &163 &124, [[&1A5ary &274|&1A5arian, &98]] [[re&8B]] &53 [[&&124 &&5D (&&30)|&&124 &&5D]] of 1920. &&71 re&2EF in 1945 &4 nine [[&&A &5D4|&A]] &0 &&124 Re&8B. The [[&26E &1E]] &F [[&&E8 &&30|&&124 &&3E]], &32F &54Ely &34A. The &EB4 &0 [[&&1D &5D4|&&124 &&1D]] &F [[&&261llor &5D4|&&124 &&261llor]], &32F ap&F7ed &11 &3E. &&FB &57 re&4D1 from &2E6 by &1FD a &3Eial &F54 &797 [[vote of no &995]] &1 &225 &8D3 of &1A5, &377 &&1FC &&30|&&2Arat]].

The [[&&1A5 &5D4]] &110 two &8D3s. The com&136 &0 &&2Arat is &254 &12C &5D3 by &809 &44 &190 &97 &12C &660 is &60A vote to fill its 183 &7CE. A #0#Four Percent Hurdle#0# pr&327 &1B7 spl&F79ing &0 &35 &3BF &1 &&2Arat by &1DAing &7CE &380 &35 &40C &700 &696 &1F2 &7F4 &56B threshold &0 &44 vote, or &F81&13Bly, &498 a &54E seat, or ''Direktmandat'', &81D &0 43 &23Cal &190 &3BB. The &&2Arat &F &4E2 &8D3 &1 &45C &37C &5D2. &&32, &3D0 ho&5C &1A5, the [[&&124 &&1FC &&30|Bundesrat]] &17D &242 &744 [[veto]] (the &&2Arat can - in most &715 - pass the &5A0ive bill a &8D time by&A70 the Bundesrat al&1C8). A &625, &1FD ''Ö&2B3#3#&1E0;Konvent'' [#1#konvent.gv.at/] was &E89 in [[June 30#C2# to &A20 upon &9D1s to re&4D8 &5D, but has fai&23F &2C2 a &E90 &1E1 &349 &149 &35Bs of &41B &1 &&2Arat &240 for &5Dal &355s and/or &6DD. &&32 some &6C &33A &0 &ED &498 were &44ly &82F upon &60re &146 &388 &1B &49A.

==Sub&42E==
{{&215|&&A &67

A &124 re&8B, &&30 is &158 nine [[&A]], ([[&&D9 &C|&&D9]]: ''[[&&A &5D4|Bundesländer]]''). &&86 &A are &158 [[&6AE]]s (''[[Bezirke]]'') and &168 (''[[Statutarstadt|Statutarstädte]]'').§2&&3BB are sub&158 &A3E (''Gemeinden''). Cities &71E &F48ncies &2Ewise &2A3ed to both &3BB and &A3E. &&74s &9D mere &45F &42E, bu&7F8 some &1CB &24F &16C &233 &5 &11B.

[[&&20:The &&A &5D4 Numbered.png|&B|&&A &5D4]]
{| &201 &68=#0#&201-!11E!
!&491=2|[[&&46 &C|In &&46]]
!&491=2|[[&&D9 &C|In &&D9]]
|-
![[&&A &5D4|&&1E]] !! [[&&AB]] !! &&1E !! &&AB
|-
|'''1''' [[&&79F]]§A||[[&&CEC]]§C||&&79F§D||&&CEC
|-
|'''2''' [[&&421 (&1E)|&&421]]||[[&&CEB]]||Kärnten||&&CEB
|-
|'''3''' [[Lower &&30]]||[[St. Pölten]]||Niederö&2B3||St. Pölten
|-
|'''4''' [[Upper &&30]]||[[Linz]]||Oberö&2B3||Linz
|-
|'''5''' [[&&565 (&1E)|&&565]]||[[&&565]]||&&565 (Land)||&&565
|-
|'''6''' [[&&81F (&1E)|&&81F]]||[[Graz]]||Steiermark||Graz
|-
|'''7''' [[Tyrol (&1E)|Tyrol]]||[[&&AA0]]||Tirol||&&AA0
|-
|'''8''' [[&&994]]||[[Bregenz]]||&&994||Bregenz
|-
|'''9''' [[&&422]]||[[&&422]]||Wien (Land)||Wien
|}

#103#
{{&215|&&15E &67

[[&20:Oe&2B3 topo.png|&4B|left|&5B0|Topography &5D4]]

&&30 is &1B7ly [[&375]]ous &5F &5E its &5AD &1 [[Alps]]. The [[&&80 &&EA Alps]], [[&&AAern Lime&48F Alps]] and [[&&64ern Lime&48F Alps]] &39E &3A9 &5D2.§2&&0 &2F8 &5B0 &&30 (84,000 km² or 32,000&&128#!151!mi]]), &6D5bout a &33B &57 &72 low &D23, &71C 32% &0 &5F3 &24A 500 [[&D38]]s (1,640#!151![[foot (unit of &495)|ft]]).§2The high &300 Alps &1 west &5D4 flatten &592 into low &D56 and &D55s &1 east &0 &5F.

[[&&20:Au-map.png|&4B|&B|&5B0|Map &5D4]]

&&30 &5D &158 5 &4C &155.§2The &A3D area &104 [[&&EA Alps|&&30n Alps]], &18 &530 62% &21E &2F8 area. The &&30n &D89 &1F base &0 [[Alps]] &3 [[&&CEA &&2B5|&&CEA]]s &46A &ED&2AF 12% &1B8 area.§2The &D89 &1 east &&9E3s &24D the periphery &0 Pannoni low &5F a&701 to &5A 12% &0 &2F8 &B5C. The &8D &ACer &375 area (much &225 &763 Alps) is &945 &1 &AA.§2Known &A &&30n [[granite]] [[&D3Aau]], &26 &2CF &1 &80 area &0 Bohemian Mass, &60c&DB6 for 10% &5D4.§2The &&30n &8E4 &0 [[Viennese basin]] &7D7s the &515 4%.

=!14B!=
The &ACer &49 &&30 lies &1 cool/&81E [[&164 zone]] &97 humid westerly winds &90B. With over half &0 &5F &831 &11 [[Alps]] the [[alpine &164]] &F pre&4E2 one. &&1 East the &164 &9D2 &BBal &C2 with less rain &763 &155 &6F4 &BE0 &399s. 
The six &34B &2B5 &5D2 are:

{|
|----- &88=#DDDDDD
! #!151!#!151!
! Name
! #!151!H&711#!151!(m)
!#!151!H&711#!151!([[foot (unit of &495)|ft]])
! Range
|-----!29!
| #!151! #!151!1 !11D!ßglockner]]#!151! #!151!
| 3,797 m || 12,457 &445 [[Hohe Tauern]]
|-----!29!
| #!151! #!151!2 || [[Wildspitze]]#!151! &&36 3,768 m || 12,362 &445 [[Ö&21F
|-----!29!
| #!151! #!151!3 || [[Weißkugel]]#!151! &&36 3,739 m || 12,267 &445 [[Ö&21F
|-----!29!
| #!151! #!151!4 !11D!ßvenediger]]#!151! &&36 3,674 m || 12,054 &445 [[Hohe Tauern]]
|-----!29!
| #!151! #!151!5 || [[Similaun]]#!151! &&36 3,606 m || 11,831 &445 [[Ö&21F
|-----!29!
| #!151! #!151!6 !11D!ßes Wiesbachhorn]]#!151! &&36 3,571 m || 11,715 &445 [[Hohe Tauern]]
|-----!29!
|}

!E5!
{{&215|&&A0 &67
[[&&20:20ec_oes.png|320px|&B|&3D8| The [[&&A9F (palace)|&&A9F]] &&772, &5E3 &0 [[Baroque]] ]]

&&30 &17D well-&7C [[&42 &3A4 &A0]] &60 high [[&1AC of &10F]]. &&8E &527 &14E &&30's &B2 &1CC firms were &2Aised, &32 &68B &5B &B03 has &8CC &1E &C9Es to a &276 compar&C0 &2E &&45 &427. Labour &62s are &217 &5D2 &45B &212 &460 &32E &59.

[[&&D9y]] &2B5 been &F3 &8F7 &A58 &5D4, &3BB vulner&C0 rapid &25Fs &1 [[&&D9 &A0]]. Slow &2B7 in &&D9y and else&AD &1 &28 &590 &&30, slowing its &2B7 to 1.2% in 2001. But &87 &&30 &163 &268 &1E &0 [[&&45 &&DF]] &31A &783 &48Ar ties to &2E [[&&45 &&DF]] &427, &7FC its &84 &D1C on &&D9y. &&577, &D6hip &1 EU has &534 an influx &80Deign investors &5F3 by &&30's &893 &4 &456 &&45 &3A4 and &45A EU &EB9 &427. &&D3fore &2D6s of &2B7 in 2005 (&823 2%) are &256 &F5Fable than &1 &DCE &&D9 &A0.

'''Agri&38''': &&30n farms, like &AE &1CB west &&45 &300 &4D, are &27 and &ED5ed, and &9B is &1A8 &5E6.

'''Industry''':§2&&20C &3CC, &C &85 &4CD &20C &DD and &161 &46Cs, are &212 &1AD &915 &DE3ing &4C3 &1C, most &3AA &2A7 &915 &5D2 are &1A8 &27 &829 &F79&2A &4CA.

'''&&157''': Like &2C2 &67 &4D, the &A3D contribut&820 &&30's GDP is its &1A2 &3F2. Most &5A4 is [[&310]], &B8 [[&43E]] [[&310]].

To meet &162d &4B1 &6A0 EU and &&80 &&45 &4D, &&30 will &274 &6FF &A5-&116 &3F2s &0 &A0, &542 de&F00 the [[&1A2 &3F2]], and &225 its tax &DAE.

&&166: [[&&275 &&30n &94]]

!E4!
{{&215|&&B1 &67
[[&20:1Canaletto-Wien-&&A9F.jpg|&4B|&B|&339|[[&&422]] &284 &23 half &0 18th &47, &4D9 by [[Canaletto#FA#

&&30's &AB [[&&422]] is &2C &&89's &145 &168 &32 &23 &ACE 1.6 &13F (2 &13F with suburbs) and &530s a ''melting pot'' of &660s &1B3ll over &&80 and &&EA &&89. In &54E this ''Metropolis'', &2E &168 &73 &F57 1 &13F &374, &595 &91 &B2 [[city]] [[Graz]] is home of 305,000 &1C (&25E by [[Linz]] with 180,000, [[&&565]] with 145,000 and [[&&AA0]] with 134,803 (2005). All &2E &168 have fewer than 100,000 &374.

&&30ns &3B2 m&2E tongue, by far &D1 &B2 &11F, form 91.1% &21E &23. &&3F7 [[&3FC]] &21E &33D of non-&&30n &8C6, many from &24D &4D, &B8 &5 &265 [[&&EA Bloc|East Bloc]] &EC. The &&30n &124 &6EC [[&&421 (&1E)|&&421]] and [[&&81F (&1E)|&&81F]] are &5AD &12F (&F8) &&3B9 &3Aity &32&2AF 14,000 &D6 (&&30n &218; un&E7 &1E9 Slovene &8A &554 &2D2 40,000). So-&6B guest &1DD ''(Gastarbeiter)'' &3ir &377 also form &EA [[&3Aity &11F]] &5D2. A&2AF 20,000 [[&&820s]] and 30,000 [[&&B5Ds]] live &1 east-&2B4 [[&&79F]] (&265ly &49 &&743).

&&4F9 &C, [[&&D9 &C|&&D9]], is &2E9 by &324 all &AE4 &0 &5F. &&30's &300 &8A2in led &4 &86 many &1CB &&D9 &93A. All &0 &93A &1 [[&5F]], &32, &3B1 [[&&6B6-Bavarian]] &8A &3B2 &93A, &B &698ion &0 &A7A &66A its west-&2B4 [[&&994]], &18 &CCE &4 &16E [[Alemannic &&D9|Alemannic]] &93A.
&&D3 &4A a &1CB &C2B &1AC for #114#n &C|&&30n]] &&D9 &32 few &2F7s &4 &&D9 &66A &&D9y.

===&&59 &745ing &448 &8A (Volksgruppenpolitik)===
An &26E 25,000-40,000 [[&&3B9s]] &1 &&30n &164 [[&&421 (&1E)|&&421]] as &BE &&B5Ds and [[&&820s]] in &&79F were &51D as a &3Aity &45B &8B2 &179 &Bs &206 &&30n &&1E Treaty (Staatsvertrag) of 1955. The &&3B9s &1 &&30n &164 [[&&81F (&1E)|&&81F]] (&26E at &B8 &4E 1,600 and 5,000) &9D &51D as a &3Aity and &73 enjoy &179 &Bs, &168 &&1E &&674 July 27, 1955 &A &2Ewise.
The &B for &6E1 &90A &7E1 &10 &23Cs &AD Slovene and &&B5D &1C7 &&30ns live &720side &B &&D9 &1C7 &23 (as &438 &11 1955 &&1E Treaty) &72E &1B &70D &49A. &&D3 &4A an &121&153 of &44E &213st &33A &0 Carenthian &23 &15 [[&&3B9]] &5BD &1 &E75 war &2AA [[Nazi]] &3DF &1F7 &44 bad &336, &&A88 #0#Tito &E75&&D6 a &44Dn in&EB1 &F75 hurled &92 &D6 &0 &3Aity. Many &&421ns are afraid of &&3B9 &724 &2CBs, &F7ing &4 &B3 &&E74 &6D6 &5A9 &74 &54 each &0 two &&28 Wars and &28Ding that &14Bficial &&3B9 &76es &146 show &95 &&421 as &&3B9 &56 &82. &&114 &1CF, [[Jörg Haider]], has made this fact &1E5 of &8B &4E6 in fall 2005 by &562 &162 the &2D &6E1 &90A &7E1 in &&421. A poll &11 Kärntner &&81institut &4F8 in &&EB 2006 &29A 65% of &&421ns &9D in &F5F &146 &29F &6E1 &90A &7E1, &DE &119 &487ments set &11 &&1E &&674 1955 &EBl&F20 been ful&B72 &30C &4ir &F7 &7C1.§2An&2E &1CDing &3D6 &F so &6B #0#&&CE9-Theorie#0# [#2#de.&1EF.org/wiki/&&CE9-Theorie] stating &15 &&3B9s &57 &5CB &705 &8A: &5E5 &&3B9s and Windische, &A9 &2F7s in &C &4E &&30n &&3B9s, &4B8 &442 &&3B9 &1AC &C in &1EC &183 &&3B9s, who spoke &8C &192 &&3B9 &A7A but went to &&D9 &1ECs. &&4 &793 &11F &10E #0#Windische&&6B8iginally the &&535 for &&3B9s) &&F09, &2CBing &15y were a &4C &448 &11F. Th&Fory was &15A &44ly &205 and &28 &546 &28E &85 &593 ago.

*[[&&275 &168 &5D2]]

==&&F6==
[[&&20:&&655_&577_v.png|&4B|&B|&359|'''&&577 V''' &&30n &&567 &7F3 &7DC &0 &145 &413 with&1 [[Counter-&&909#FA#

&&50 &AAern &515 &&D9y w&A &32F &0 [[&&909]], &&30 (and Bavaria) &2CC &62C &0 [[Counter-&&909]] &1 [[16th &47|16th]] and [[17th &47|17th]] &47, &FA &7E6 &566 of [[&&567]] &75E a &C0B &E3F to &C01in [[&&28Aism]]'s &FD &122fluence &213 &&30ns. &&3B5 this &3FB of &&28Aism &A pre&4E2 [[&&BC]] &F6 (&&8E6ants have &6Aout &&30's &33 &65F &1A8 &27 &11F), &&30's &5D0 a &B1E&2A &1E has made it &240 for &&567 &7F3s &5B6 &32 heterogeneous &138 &23. &&138 &47F &251 a &5Dal &B as &2BC 1867 and #114#-&&743]] was home of &22F &F6s beside [[&&CA &&28Aism]] &C &&5C, Serbian, &&CAian, &&40D, and Bulgarian [[&&939 &&BCs]], [[Jew]]s,§2[[&&68As]] (&&30 neighboured the [[Ottoman &11B]] for &20B), [[Mormons]] and both [[Calvinism|Calvinists]] and [[Lutheran]] [[&&8E6ants]].

Still &&30 &2DC &212ly &404 &&28Aism. &&54 1918 &&40 Re&8B &&28A &1D8s &C [[Theodor Innitzer]] and [[Ignaz Seipel]] took &485 &136s &219 or &48A &4 &&30n &&1D &&DC1d &8C &126 &2A time &0 [[&&6B6&345]] – &&28Aism was &409 &3DB a [[&1E &F6]] by &E9Es [[Engelbert Dollfuss]] and [[Kurt Schuschnigg]]. &&7D &&28A &1D8s welcomed &5D1s in 1938 &2A [[Anschluss]] &5D4 into [[&&D9y]], &&30n &&28Aism &8CA its &65D [[Nazism]] &B4 on &481 &265 &138 &8B &413 &BF &3EC &B &363 &2A [[Third Reich]]. &&54 1945 a &C0Ber &CCBism was &75E &5D2 &419 &460 &59 has n&6D &E93.

As &0 end &0 &22D &5A 73% &21E &23 are &62A as &&CA &&28A, &50 &5A 5% &28D &16D [[&&8E6ant]]s. Both &86 &31E &22 &8 &A54 for &593, &B8 &&CA &&28Aism, &182 &699 an &2EE &2D &F67rs &0 &11C. &&85 due &3A9 to [[&211 &2E4 &F27]] scandals by &CCF &F6 &A &F38 un&8FCness &0 &&CA &&28A &&11C to &AA1 re&337. &&577, &&30n &&28As are obliged &6AA &825datory tax (&993 by &6AD – ca 1%) &4 &&30n &&CA &&28A &&11C, &18 acts &276&2E &E28 to leave the &11C.

&&5A 12% &0 &23 declare &15y &73 &3B1 any [[&11C]] or &138 &8F. &&0 &515 &1C, &5A 180,000 are &D6 &0 [[&&EA &&939|&&EA &&939 &&11C]] &60bout 7,300 are [[Judaism|Jewish]]. It has &1B &719 &15 &&30n Jewish &&8F of 1938 – &&422 &8EC &F77ed &123 200,000, &162 &87A 4,000 to 5,000 &2DC &DD [[&&28 War II|&&8D &&28 War]]. The influx of [[&&EA &&89|&&EA &&45s]], &B8 &5 &265 &&E74 &EC, &&407 &777icularly from [[Turkey]] &212ly &405 to a &496 &&68A &3Aity &5D2 – &180 300,000 are &62A as &D6 &643 &&68A &1BC. The &1E9 &1C &E9B &4 [[Islam]] &437 &212ly &2A last &5B &B1 &297 grow &1 &2E3. [[&&7B8 &5D2|&&7B8]], &61 &5BEly &51D as a &F6 &5D2 in 1983, &E1F &25D &7C6 and &17D &139 of 20,000 (10,402 &1F 2001 [[&218]]).
A 2005 &198 &213 8,000 &3C6 &123 [[&&89]]an &4D &76D that &&30ns are &146 &AA &4D &B &263est &6C1 [[god (&CF2)|God]]. 84% &242 &&30ns do &1E &4FA in God, with only [[Poland]] (97%), [[&&373]] (90%) and [[&&4AE]] (87%) in &362 &0 &4D &198ed. &&85 a much &212r &6D1 than &452 aver&1C1 71% or [[&&D9y]] with 67%. [#1#&780s-digest.de/&1A2_fuer_&34Disten/&12B.php?id=mrd#3#no_cache=1#3#tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=251#3#tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=15]

!121!
{{&215|&&38 &67
{{&&30ns}}
[[&20:&&B5B2.jpg|&4B|left|&5CC|Ludwig &&B5B]]

&&7D &&30 is a &27 &5F, its &5D0 a &28 &FD &278 &78F &56 &F1 &1 &62C of &&89 have &5E7 &1B1 to &A4A &4D1 &C1 &1FB. One &2F3 &C4 &&30 &272ter&2Aly &600 &5A1 &DCians. It &28 the &335&794 many [[&&DC &5D4|&170 &7BAs]] &C [[&&93E Amadeus Mozart]], [[Haydn|&&19B Haydn]], [[Franz Schubert]], [[Anton Bruckner]], [[&&A21 &&652, Sr.]], [[&&A21 &&652, Jr.]] or [[&&F53 Mahler]] as &BE &D6 &0 [[&&8D Viennese &&1EC]] &C [[Arnold Schoenberg]], [[Anton Webern]] or [[Alban Berg]].

Complementing its &6DC as a l&70B &905, &&30 &17Dlways been &6DD of &AC poets, &294 and &127ists. It w&A home of &127ists [[&&3F1 Schnitzler]], [[Stefan Zweig]], [[&&19E Bernhard]] or [[&&91 Musil]], of poets [[Georg Trakl]], [[Franz Werfel]], [[Franz Grillparzer]], [[Rainer Maria Rilke]] or [[Adalbert Stifter]]. &&170 &18C playw&Bs and &127ists are [[Elfriede Jelinek]] and [[Peter Handke]]. Among &&30n &905 &60rchitects one can find pa&F79s [[&&F53 Klimt]], [[Oskar Kokoschka]], [[Egon Schiele]] or [[Friedensreich H&121twasser]],§2&9FBer [[Inge Morath]] or &DD0 [[Otto Wagner]].

&&30 w&A &E15 of &22F &1A7 &3F &99D [[Ludwig Boltzmann]], [[Lise Meitner]], [[Erwin Schrödinger]], [[Ernst Mach]], [[&&93E Pauli]], [[&&17C von Mises]] and [[&&BC Doppler]], &9Ds [[Ludwig &&B5B]] and [[Karl Popper]], &D14 [[Gregor Mendel]] and [[Konrad Lorenz]] as &BE &B06 [[Kurt Gödel]]. &&71 &5AD &60F [[Sigmund Freud]], !15B!B Adler]], [[Paul Watzlawick]] and [[Hans &&29C]], &87C [[Viktor Frankl]], &7B5 [[&&19B Schumpeter]], [[Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk]], [[Ludwig von Mises]], and [[&&603 Hayek]] (#114#n &&1EC]]) and [[Peter Drucker]], and &B91s &C [[Ferdinand Porsche]] and [[Siegfried Marcus]]. 

&&7D &&30ns can look back with pride &8ir &56 past, &153 &&30 &7D &627 back &80C &462 &&30 hosts a &A0A &3D2 &38, &172 &14D &DC &6AAs in [[&&422]], [[&&565]] and [[Bregenz]], its &66 &28B &294, its &A63s and &6E7 &194s.

* [[&&275 &&30ns]]
* [[&&DC &5D4]]

==&&1D3==
* #114#n folk dancing]]
* #114#n &&D9]]
* [[&&101s &5D2]]
* [[Cuisine &5D4]]
* [[&&14B &5D2]]
* [[&&D8 &19F &5D4]]
* [[Media &5D2|Media &5D2]]
* [[&&C3 &5D4]]
* [[&&8B &C9As &5D2]]
* [[&&151 Riding &&1EC]]
* [[Stamps and &43B &2B &&30]]
* [[&&310 &5D2]]
* [[&&131 &5D2]]

!1F!
* &&9A and &256 &57 &156 &1 more &383 &EEs &B6D to &14D &EE

!E!
{{&522&2FC|&&30}}
* The ''[[&B13 &&1B3]]'' ([#1#&B13.at/;&3E2#3#&DB=_set&C.&DB?LANGUAGE=en &&437] | [#1#&B13.at/&B13.encyclop.a Table of Contents] | [#1#&B13.at/;&3E2#3#&DB=&369.&DB Search])
* [#1#oevsv.at Amateur Radio &5D2]
* [#1#&78Bs.com/&30 Answers.com] &&EE on &&30
* [#2#&30.&89-&4D.com &&30 in &&2CDs]
* [#1#&30.info/ &&30.info] &&E7 &437 &0 &&30n &&2A Tourist Office (&&D9, &&46 &4D &Cs)
* [#1#acfny.org &&30n &&56 Forum !14F!] &&56 &59C &195 in Manhattan
* [#1#cookbookwiki.com/&&9:&&30n &&30n Recipes on CookBookWiki.com]
* [#1#&6B6&369.at/ &&6B6&369] Bilingual &&30n Search &DB3 and &&1E1y (&&D9, &&46)
* [#1#bundeskanzleramt.at/ Bundeskanzleramt Ö&2B3/&&124 &&261llor &5D4] &&293 &0 &&124 &&261llery &5D4 (&&D9, &&46)
!2E!Bations/&286/geos/au.html Cia.gov] CIA's #113#on &&30
* [#1#dwellan.com/&5DA/&2FC_at_en.html Dwellan.com] &&310 &5D2
!65!9&2A/&89an/&30/au.html &&D5 &4A9 &&4B7s &8 &&28 - &&30
* [#2#peter-diem.at/&A3F_e.htm Peter Diem] The Symbols &5D4
* [#1#photo&9F1.info/e&193/&30/ Photo&9F1.info] &&5F &&B9 - &&30 Info
* [#2#&4C1.orf.at/ Radio-ORF] &&30n Radio &3D4 - both &14D &5F2 &DC (live feed)
* [#1#tis&9BF.at/ Tis&9BF.at] &&30 &9E1 &5C4
* [#1#&1E.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3165.htm US &&99 &&1E] Facts &2F3 (&A45 &&105 2005)
* [#1#aua.com/ &&30n Air&483]

{{EU_&4D}}
{{&&89}}
{{&&A &67

[[&&9:&&30| ]]
[[&&9:Erasmus Prize &863s|&&30, &&18E]]
[[&&9:Landlocked &4D]]

[[af:Oostenryk]]
[[als:Ö&2B3]]
[[ang:Ēastrīce]]
!32!نمسا]]
[[an#2A#
[[ast#2A#
#81#Австрия]]
[[zh-min-nan:Tang-kok]]
[[be:Аўстрыя]]
!D6!অস্ট্রিয়া]]
[[bs#CF#
[[br:Aostria]]
[[ca:À&D88]]
[[cs:Rakousko]]
[[cy:Awstria]]
[[da:Østrig]]
[[de:Ö&2B3]]
[[et#2A#
!49!Αυστρία]]
[[es#2A#
!125!ŭstrio]]
[[eu#2A#
#F9#اتریش]]
[[fo:Eysturríki]]
[[fr:Autriche]]
[[fy:Eastenryk]]
[[fur#CE#ie]]
[[ga#D0#
[[gd#D0#
[[gl:&&30 - Ö&2B3]]
#3A#오스트리아]]
#BE#ऑस्ट्रिया]]
[[hr#CF#
[[io#2A#
[[id#2A#
[[ia#2A#
[[is:Austurríki]]
[[it#2A#
!1B!אוסטריה]]
#C1#ავსტრია]]
[[kw:Estrych]]
[[ku:Avusturya]]
[[la#2A#
[[lv#CF#
[[lt#CF#
[[lb:Éisträich]]
[[li:Oosteriek]]
[[hu:Ausztria]]
#BF#Австрија]]
[[mt:Awstrija]]
[[ms#2A#
[[na#2A#
[[nl:Oostenrijk]]
[[nds:Österriek]]
!17!オーストリア]]
[[no:Ø&E73]]
[[nn:Au&E73]]
[[oc:À&D88]]
[[os:Австри]]
[[pl#2A#
[[pt:Á&D88]]
[[ro#2A#
[[rm#2A#
!1E!Австрия]]
[[se:Nuortariika]]
[[sa:आस्ट्रिया]]
[[sq#2A#
[[sh#CF#
[[scn#2A#
[[&1D3#2A#
[[sk:Rakúsko]]
[[sl:Avstrija]]
!37!Аустрија]]
[[fi:Itävalta]]
[[sv:Ö&E73]]
[[tl#2A#
!BE!ஆஸ்திரியா]]
#80#ประเทศออสเตรีย]]
[[vi:Áo]]
[[tr:Avusturya]]
!36!Австрія]]
[[yi:עסטרייך]]
#2C#奥地利]]
[[fiu-vro:&&30#1D#
!3!
!2!
!5!
§4<&8>&&14</&8>
§4<id>577</id>
§4<&252>move=&B1C</&252>
!1!
§6<id>42149638</id>
!D!-03-04T03:38#5A#
!0!
§8<&6>Jackp</&6>
§8<id>988990</id>
!4!
§6<&5>/* &&15E */</&5>
!39!
{{&&476 &&5F|the=|
&13B#115#=&&BD &E1|
&E8#115#=&&14|
&20_flag =Flag &E1.svg|
&20_coat =Aust Coat &7A0 (&212).jpg|
&20_map =&&5ADAU.png|
&2A_&907 =none (&265ly ''&&3A0 &&14'')|
&2A_&27A=''[[&&3A0 &&14 Fair]]''|
&E7_&Cs =[[&&46 &C|&&46]] (&456)&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;|
&AB =[[&&4D4]]|
latd=35|latm=15|latNS=S|longd=149|longm=28|&DC4=E|
&B2_city =[[&&81D]]|
&1D_type=[[&&5Dal &566|Const. &566]]|
&1D8_&8s = #!151!• [[Queen &E1|Queen]]&lt;!FC!• [[&&1CF-!FE!-&&44]]&lt;!FC!• [[Prime &&1CE &E1|Prime &&1CE]] |
&1D8_&2ED = [[&&4F1 II &0 &&10 &&108|&&4F1 II]]&lt;!156![[&&18A Jeffery]]&lt;!156![[John &&77A]]|
area_rank=6th|
area_&50E=1_E12|
area=7,686,850|
areami² = 2,967,909| #C0#-- &&73 &694 [[WP:MOSNUM]]--&gt;
&56B_&2F5=1|
&23_&2D6 = 20,502,900|
&23_&2D6_year = &&105 2006|
&23_&2D6_rank = 52nd |
&23_&218 = 18,972,350 |
&23_&218_year = 2001|
&23_&342 = 2|
!140!² = 5.2|#C0#-- &&73 &694 --&gt;
&23_&342_rank = 191st|
&24E_type=[[&&F3]]|
&61_&327= #!151!• [[&&BD &E1 &&5D Act 1900|&&5D Act]]&lt;!156! #!151!• [[&&8A3 &7E0minster 1931|&&8A3 &7E0minster]]&lt;!156! #!151!• [[&&14 Act]]|
&61_&7EA=&&5 [[&&10 &&108|UK]]:&lt;!156![[1 &&EB]] [[1901]]&lt;!156![[11 &&143]] [[1931]]&lt;!156![[3 March]] [[1986]]|
&22D=[[&&14n &49E|Dollar]]|
&22D_code=AUD|
time_zone=[[&&C2 &E0 &E1|&123]]&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;|
utc_&6BA=+8–+10|
time_zone_DST=[[&&C2 &E0 &E1|&123]]&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;|
utc_&6BA_DST=+8–+11|
cctld= [[.au]] |
&4FB_code=61|
GDP_PPP_year=2006|
GDP_PPP=$674.97 &766|
GDP_PPP_rank=16th|
GDP_PPP_per_&49D=$32,686|
!7A!k=13th|
HDI_year=2003|
HDI=0.955|
HDI_rank=3rd|
HDI_&9=&&1AE#0##009900#0#&gt;high&lt;/font&gt;|
foot&4CD=&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&&46 &7D have &51B &2F2 ([#1#immi.gov.au/&B1E&56/_inc/&8Bations/confer/04/&23918b.htm &3B7]) &lt;!156!&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&&B9 some &3A &540 &5se &E5 timezones, see [[&&C2 &E0 &E1]]&lt;div &1B8=#0#no&9C1&&69#0#float:&B;#0#&gt; ''[#2#en.&1EF.org/w/&12B.php?&8=&&7F4:&&476_&&14#3#&DB=edit edit] [#2#en.&1EF.org/w/&12B.php?&8=&&7F4:&&476_&&14#3#&DB=&9B7 &9B7] [#2#en.&1EF.org/w/&12B.php?&8=&&14#3#&DB=purge purge]''!D8!
}}
#C0#--PLEASE USE AUSTRALIAN ENGLISH THROUGHOUT THIS ARTICLE--&gt;
The '''&&BD &E1''' is &6DD &1 [[&&64ern Hemi&DE5]] comp&874 &4B's &27est [[&BB]] &60 &2D &122 &1 [[&&64ern Ocean|&&64ern]], [[&&1EB Ocean|&&1EB]] and [[&&1DC Ocean]]s. &&14's &525 &4D &7B [[Indonesia]], [[East Timor]] and [[Papua New &&390]] &4 &AA, the [[&&A44 &&122]], [[Vanuatu]] &3 [[&&93|&&48]] &F6Fency &76B Caledonia]] &4 &AAeast, and [[New &&760]] &4 &64east.

The [[&&14 (&BB)|&BB &E1]] &28 &2FF for over 40,000 &5B by [[&&F8 &&14ns]]. &&54 &BE1 &F28s by &DEB &5 &AA &1C0 [[&&89]]an &CD0rs and &D87 &416ing &1 17th &4D9 &EA half &0 &BB was &2CBed &11 [[&&A7]] in 1770 &70Bficially &3B0 &A [[penal &52F]] &76B &&64 Wales]] on [[26 &&EB]] [[1788]]. &&A &23 grew and new &155 were &7CA, an&2E five &212ly self-&81C [[&&A7 &681 &82|&&A7 Crown Colonies]] were &3B2ively &61 &106 &454 &0 &264.

On [[1 &&EB]] [[1901]], the six &1C5 [[&&3DE &E1|federated]] &3 &&BD &E1 was &32B. &&87 &3DE, &&CF &640 a s&544 [[&4F9 &274|&4F9 &98]] &35 &58 and &12D a [[&&BD Realm]]. &&114 &42C &180 20.4 &13F is &837 &2BC &1 &212 &229al &168 of [[&&81D]], [[&&34F]], [[Brisbane]], [[Perth, &&67 &&14|Perth]], and [[Adelaide]].

== #53#
&&5A &&E0 &489 &5 [[Latin &C|Latin]] ''australis'', &109 ''&64ern''. &&465 &146 #0#un&DE &64ern land#0# (''[[Terra &&81B|&8A2 austral&272cognita]]'') date back &4 &&CA &68C were &E8&195 in &3E4eval &15E, but &186 not &A9 any &5E5 &A5 &0 &BB. The Dutch &D3B form ''&&81Bche'' (#0#&&14n#0#, &1 &F4 #0#&64ern#0#) &723 by Dutch &E7s in [[Jakarta|Batavia]] to &A35 &4 newly &186 land &4 &64 as &2BC 1638. &&23 use &0 word #0#&&14&&77 [[&&46 &C|&&46]] &44 1693 &5BC of ''Les Aventures de &&8EE Sadeur dans la Découverte et le Voyage de la Terre Australe'', a 1692 &&48 &127 by [[Gabriel de Foigny]] &8D pen name &&8EE Sadeur {{ref|Baker}}. #C0#-- &D3 &44 1676 &18E, but &71 sup&160ed --&gt;§2[[&&E3 Dalrymple]] then used it in ''An &&A9 &&D2 Voyages and Dis&9BFies &1 &&64 &&1DC Ocean'', &240 1771. He used &10E to &A35 &4 &538 &&64 &&1DC &23C, not &176ally &4 &&14n &BB. In 1793, [[&&1B4 Shaw]] and [[James &&6BB Smith|Sir James Smith]] &D1 ''Zoology and Botany of New &&74E'', &97 they &266 of #0#the vast &1B5, or &4BF &BB, &E1, Australasia or [[New &&74E (&&14)|New &&74E]].#0#
[[&&20:&&942 View of Port &&664 &419 from &&64 Head.jpg|&8BF|&4B|left|View of [[Port &&664]], &419 &5 &&64 Head, from ''A Voyage to Terra &&81B''. [[&&81D]] was &61 on this site.]]
&&5A #0#&&14&&190 &C9ised &11 1814 work ''A Voyage to Terra &&81B'' &11 &D86 [[&&656 &&942]]. &&3B5 its &8, &18 &505 the view &0 Admiralty, &&942 used &2D1 #0#&&14#0# &1 book, &61 &3A5 read and gave &10E &44 &22D. &&1CF [[Lachlan Macquarie]] &76B &&64 Wales]] &536 used &2D1 &58 &D24 to [[&&403]]. In 1817 he recomm&46D &87 be &E7ly &410. In 1824, &561 Admiralty &82F &15 &BB &B6 &DE &E7ly as &&14.

&&2D1 #0#&&14&&77 [[&&14n &&46]] is [[IPA chart for &&46|&7D4]] as &1FD {{IPA|/ə.ˈstɹæɪ.ljə/}}, {{IPA|/ə.ˈstɹæɪ.liː.ə/}} or {{IPA|/ə.ˈstɹæɪ.jə/}}.

!14E!
{{main|&&2B &&14}}
&&23 &81 habitation of &&E0 &26E &9C &598 &4E 42,000 and 48,000 &5B ago.{{ref|&&B02}} &&23 &&14ns &2CC &602 &0 &153 [[&&F8 &&14ns]]; they &A67 via land &BDBs and &17A sea-&9E7ings from &79-day [[&&64east !155!. Most &0se &1C were [[&C12-ga&D3r]]s, &32 &26A oral &38 and &20A &FE &A9 &AB9 &10 l&60nd a &36A &1 [[&&81A (&D0)|&&81A]]. The [[Torres S&F7F &&1B5ers]], &448ally [[Melanesia]]n, &2FF the [[Torres S&F7F &&122]] and &95 far-&AA [[&&51B]]; they &A4D &1CB &56 &173s &5 Ab&32Fes.
[[&&20:&&82C &F2E in Cooktown harbour.jpg|&5B0|left|&4B|Lieutenant [[James Cook]] &51D East &229 &E1 on [[HM Bark &&82C|HM Bark ''&&82C'']], &2CBing &77E for &&46E in 1770. This &F2E &3BC in [[Fremantle, &&67 &&14|Fremantle]] in 1988 for &&14's bicentenary.]]
&&23 un&596d &2B6ed &&45 &A2Bing &0 &&14n &BB &779 &11 Dutch &D86 [[Willem Jansz]], who &A2Bed the &482 [[Cape York &&3BD]] in 1606. &&2A 17th &4D9 Dutch &51D &38B &0 &67 and &AAern &229&774 wh&1Fy &6B [[New &&74E (&&14)|New &&74E]], but made no &CD6 at &222. In 1770, [[James Cook]] sailed &720 and &F52 the east &229 &E1, &D9 &24C [[New &&64 Wales]] and &2CBed for &&46E. The exp&317's &2A8 &1E4 &C9F &10 &3FB of a [[penal &52F]] &D3 &206 loss &0 &&13 &1C5 that &394 &B72 that role.
[[&&20:Port &&3F1 Seeseite.jpg|260px|&4B|&B|[[Port &&3F1, &&564|Port &&3F1]], [[&&564]] was &&14's &B2 penal &52F.]]
&&561 [[&&A7 &681 &82|Crown Colony]] of New &&64 Wales &311 &B &3FB of a &222 at [[Port &&664]] by Captain [[&&3F1 Phillip]] on [[26 &&EB]] [[1788]]. This date &3D1 &1Bcome &&14's &2A day, [[&&14 Day]]. [[Van Diemen's Land]], now &79 [[&&564]], was &3B0 in 1803 and &163 &233 &52F in 1825. &&1A &&108 &77Bly &2CBed &291 &49 &&14 in 1829. Separate &1C5 were &152 from &95 New &&64 Wales: [[&&64 &&14]] in 1836, [[&&37B (&&14)|&&37B]] in 1851, and [[&&51B]] in 1859. The [[&&AAern &&82]] (NT) was &65E 1863 as part &0 &&251 of &&64 &&14. &&37B and &&64 &&14 were &156ed as #0#free &1C5#0# — &C1, &186 &15A penal &1C5, &168 &265 did &349 some &B5A from &&564. &&67 &#9C#D2 &156ed #0#free#0#, but &B4 &205 &5EFed &B5A &5E an acute &32E &17Aage. The &131 of &B5A to &&14 was &8A6d out &4E 1840 and 1868.

The [[&&F8 &&14n]] &23, &26E &77D 350,000 &1F &1B2 &&45 &222,{{ref|Smith1980}} &7C5 steeply for 150 &5B &139 &222, &2BC &5E infectious &508, &1F7d &6FE, the [[Stolen &&353|&C9B of &BA]], &4D &203 &1D &4E3 &3E5 &35F &35D &&14ns &EBrgued &115 &129 tanta&701 to [[&&625 &8 Pr&D61i&829d Punishment &0 Crime of Genocide|&938]] by &159's &121&627ing.{{ref|Tatz1999}} Such &125 Ab&119 &33 are &596d &5B7 &745 &91D or &CE8 for &35 or ideo&257al &15Fs.{{ref|&E72}} {{ref|smh2002}} This &5FB &15B with&457 &A [[&&33 Wars]]. &&139 &66 &7AF, 1967 (Ab&119s)|1967 &7AF]], the &&124 &1D &783 &672 to &AA1 &4E3 and make laws with &60C Ab&32Fes. &&90 &85B of land — [[&13B &8]] — &153 &CE7 &8E [[High Court &E1|High Court]] case ''[[Mabo v &&51B (No 2)]]'' over&282 the &A2A &E1 as ''[[&8A2 nullius]]'' &1F &1B2 &&45 &3DF.
[[&&20:Anzac1.JPG|left|&4B|&5B0|The [[Last Post]] is &791t an [[ANZAC Day]] &4DC in [[Port &&34F, &&37B]], [[25 April]] [[2005]]. Ceremonies &C this are &5A9 &83E &12C suburb &238wn &457.]] 
A [[gold rush]] &1AE &457 &1 &6D 1850s, &3 [[Eureka Stockade]] &273 in 1854 &44n &6D &408 &2Aist &E09. Between 1855 and 1890, the six &1C5 &A3ly &783 [[&5B7 &1D]], managing most &0ir own &3AF &50 &515 part &0 [[&&A7 &&11B]]. The &&203 Office in &&4A4 &69B &141 some &60As, &5A4 &D8 &3AF, &8A1 &122ter&2A shipping. On [[1 &&EB]] [[1901]], [[&&3DE &E1|&3DE]] &0 &1C5 &44chieved &54 a &9FD of &ED7, consultati&829d &39E, &3 &&BD &E1 &F9, as a [[Dominion]] &0 [[&&A7 &&11B]]. &&66 &&AB &&82]] (ACT) was &32B &76A &&64 Wales in 1911 &34A a &5AD &10 &1E3 new &124 &AB of [[&&4D4]] ([[&&34F]] w&A &AB from 1901 to 1927). The &&AAern &&82 was &7A8ferred &5 &C0 &0 &&64 &&14n &1D &4 &&BD in 1911. &&14 &8FCly &3A6 in [[&&28 War I]];{{ref|Bean1941}} many &&14ns &756 the &5FA &0 [[&&14n and New &&760 Army Corps]] (ANZACs) &19B of &&819|&&819]] &A &335 &0 &200 — its &40 &145 &C3 &DB. The &&819 &204 &7A erroneously &44D as or &833 to &22 a &87A or &2BC ANZAC &204. The &59D was that &&A7 &1FAs &2A &204 were twice as &7E3 &2DB ANZAC &1F7s. Much like &&819, the [[Kokoda Track &&204]] is &331 &39C as a &200-defining &36F from [[&&28 War II]].

The [[&&8A3 &7E0minster 1931]] &77Bly &46D most &0 &5Dal &2FC &4E &&14 &3 &&10 &&108, but &&14 &DB [[&&8A3 &7E0minster Adoption Act 1942|adopt the &&8A3]] &1D9 1942. The shock &0 &&10 &&108's &5FA in Asia in 1942 &3 &DFF of &&571 &69D &2C9d &&14 to turn &4 [[&&10 &&A]] as &301 ally and &900or. &&87 1951, &&14 &28 &263al &C3 ally &0 US &8D auspices &0 [[ANZUS]] &6D7. &&54 &&28 War II, &&14 &47E mass &2B3 &&89; &DE &5CA &3 &71B &0 [[White &&14 &3A8]], &2B3 Asia &4D &33A &0 &28 &&3D2 &47E. As &682 &&14's demography, &38 and &20 &1B8elf were &3A7ly &7A8&32B. &&180 &5Dal ties &4E &&14 &3 &&10 &&108 &46D in 1986 &B &A70 &0 [[&&14 Act 1986]], &6B2 any &&A7 role &1 &&14n &&A, and &6B2 &7C4 &E49s &4 UK Privy &&296. &&14n voters &28E &7F3 &1Bcome a re&8B in 1999 by a 55% &145ity,{{ref|AEC}} &1BA &3FA &24A &558 in &1F6 dissatisf&DB &B &176s &0 &1E3 re&8Ban &4CB &51 &63C &4 &566. &&DE &190 &0 [[Gough Whitlam|Whitlam &&1D]] in 1972, &D3 &28 an &2EE &4CF &8 &200's &2E3 as a part &0 Asia-&&1DC &23C.

!E3!
{{ma&80Cicles|[[&&1D &E1]] and [[&&59 &E1]]}}
[[&&20:New&&1A5HouseIn&&4D4.jpg|&4B|&B|&5B0|New [[&&1A5 House, &&4D4|&&1A5 &&620 [[&&4D4]] &63B in 1988 &D85 the [[Old &&1A5 House, &&4D4|pro&609al &&1A5 House &594]] &895 in 1927.]]

The &&BD of &&E0 a [[&5Dal &566]] and &17D [[&1A5ary &58]] &12E. [[&&4F1 II &0 &&10 &&108|Queen &&4F1 II]] &F [[Queen &E1]], a role &C1 &418 her &136 as &&4F1 II &0 &&10 &&108. The Queen &795minally re&79ed &11 [[&&1CF-!FE!-&&44]]; &168 [[&&5D &E1|&&5D]] &4C8 &3C3 [[&&234 (&1D)|&234 &FDs]] &4 &&1CF-&&44, &3C7 &3F3ly &DF4 only &8 &BB4 &0 [[Prime &&1CE &E1|Prime &&1CE]]. &&31 no&544 &E8F &0 &&1CF-&&44's [[re&38A &FD]]s &50C Prime &&1CE's &237 w&A dismissal &0 Whitlam &&1D &1 [[&&14n &5Dal &671 1975|&5Dal &671 1975]].{{ref|PL1997}}

&&B9 &E5 &333 &12E.
*The &2A5: the [[&&1A5 &E1|&&BD &&1A5]], comp&874 the Queen, the &&395, &3 Ho&5C Re&79atives; the Queen &10B &11 &&1CF-&&44, &6F5 &173 &E8Fs &13D or no &FD &106 &&1A5.
*The &234: the [[&&124 &&234 &&296]] (&21C-&&44 as &C94 &11 &234 &296lors); in &173, the &296lors &104 &1D0 &1CE and &1CEs of &1E, &3E0 &BB4 &21C-&&44 &897s, with rare &698ions.
*The &A9E: the [[High Court &E1]] &4D [[&&14n &1F5 &88B|&124 &1F5s]]. The &&1E &1F5s &BF &77Bly &CC &5 [[Judicial &&4FF &0 Privy &&296]] &FA ''[[&&14 Act]]'' was &4B9 in 1986.

The [[Bi&869lism|bi&869l]] &&BD &&1A5 &7FF &0 Queen, &66 &&395|&&395]] (&3D0 &194) of 76 &7D0, &60 [[&&14n Ho&5C Re&79atives|Ho&5C Re&79atives]] (the &225 &194) of 150 &D6. &&D6 &0 &225 &194 are &34A from &456-&268 constituencies, &E8ly &79 '&D6Eorates' or '&7CE'. Seats &1 Ho&5C Re&79atives &39Eocated to &A &8 &71E of &23. &&1 &&395, &2F0, &52C of &23, &10B by 12 &7D0, &B ACT &3 NT each &D6Eing two. &&190s for both &8D3s are held &12C &E5 &5B; &271 only half &0 &&395 &7CE are put to each &190, &74 &7D0 have &C2A six-year &38E.§2The &99 with &145ity &118 &1 Ho&5C Re&79atives &337 &&1D, &172 &1D8 &381 Prime &&1CE.

&&B9 &E5 &145 &35 &40C: &66 Labor &&99|Labor &&99]], the [[&&4F9 &&99 &E1|&&4F9 &&99]] &3 [[&&2A &&99 &E1|&&2A &&99]]. &&CC &527 &85 &3A &40C — &5B [[&&14n Greens|Greens]], [[&&CE &&40 &&99|&&CE &&40]] &3 [[&&14n &&308]] — &EBchieved re&79ation &457n &1A5s, &3F8 in &646 &194s, &168ir &126 &28 &F9al. &&87 &66 &1A9 1996|1996 &2F1 [[&&710 (&&14)|&&4F9/&&2A &&710]] led &11 Prime &&1CE, [[John &&77A]], &28 in &FD in &&4D4. &&1 [[&&14n &1A9 2004|2004 &2F1 &&710 won &C0 &0 &&395, &23 time &6F0 &99 (or &710 of &81C &40C) has done so &50 in &1D in &123 20 &5B. The Labor &&99 &272 &FD &4D1 &708 &82.§2[[Compulsory &39E|Voting is &61C]] in &2F0 and &82 and &1F &124 &276.

== &&C2 &E0==
{{main|&&C2 &E0 &BA
[[&&20:Map &E1.png|&4B|&5B0|&&C2 &E0 &E1]]
&&14 &110 six &A, two &145 mainl&DF, &4D &3A &E0. &&74s are [[New &&64 Wales]], [[&&51B]], [[&&64 &&14]], [[&&564]], [[&&37B (&&14)|&&37B]] &202 &&14]]. &&149 &145 mainl&DF &104 [[&&AAern &&82]] &3 [[&&14n &&AB &&82|&&14n &&AB &&82]].
In most &5A0s, the &E0 &384 &29Bly &4 &A, &1BA &&BD &&1A5 can override any &37C &0ir &1A5s. By &2DE, &124 &37C overrides &1E &37C only with &60C &FB &155 as set out in [[&&51 51 &0 &&14n &&5D|&&51 51]] &0 [[&&5D &E1|&&5D]]; all residual &24F &FDs are &69B &11 &1E &1A5s, &3F &FDs over hospitals, &14B, police, the &A9E, roads, &8B &5EF and &192 &1D. 

Each &708 &82 has &594 [[&&1A5s &0 &&14n &C2 &E0|&2A5]] ([[Uni&869lism|uni&869l]] &1 case &0 &&AAern &&82, the ACT and &&51B, and bi&869l &1 &515 &A). The [[&225 &194]] &15B &A [[&&24F &&57C]] ([[Ho&5C &&57C]] in &&64 &&CE &&564) &3 [[&646 &194]] the [[&&24F &&296]]. The [[head &12E|&8F4 &0 &1Ds]] in &2F0 and &82 are &6B [[Premiers &0 &&14n &A|premiers]] and [[Chief &&1CE|&418 &1CEs]], &323. The Queen &10B in &2F0 by a [[&&1CFs &0 &&14n &A|&1CF]]; an [[Administrator &0 &&AAern &&82|administrator]] &1 &&AAern &&82, &3 &&1CF-&&44 &1 ACT, &EBnalogous &8F0.

&&14 &776 &85 &3A &E0; the &11B ad&1CEs &1D2 area &219 New &&64 Wales, the [[Jervis Bay &&82]], as a naval base and sea port &10 &2A &AB. &&577 &&14 h&A &139, &2FF, &800 &E0: [[Norfolk &&1B5]], [[&&BD9mas &&1B5]], [[Cocos (Keeling) &&122]], and &85 &212ly un&2FF &800 &E0: [[Ash&2CD Cartier &&122]], [[Coral Sea &&122]], [[Heard Isl&60nd Mc&&9D6 &&122]] &3 [[&&14n Antarctic &&82]].

==&&D8 &19F and &C3==
{{ma&80Cicles|[[&&D8 &19F &E1]] and [[&&14n Defence Force]]}}

Over &262 &593, [[&&D8 &19F &E1|&&14's &D8 &19F]] &22 &7F5n by &7AE &9C &B [[&&10 &&A]], &53 [[ANZUS|ANZUS pact]] &1C0 a &3AC &648 &18Fs with [[!155! &3 &&1DC, &CF &6A [[&&9C of &&64east Asian &&EC|ASEAN]] &3 [[&&1DC &&122 Forum]]. In 2005 &&14 &86Cd an &35A seat &1F [[East Asia Summit]] &139 its &893ion &4 &&674 Amity and &&1BD. &&E0 &2C3 &0 [[&&BD of &&EC]], &97 the [[&&BD Heads of &&1D]] &59Cs &31B &F3 &478 for co-&30B. Much &E1's &D2B &4BE is &1FB &F79&2A &1AA &4F9isation. &&14 led &1F8ation &0 [[Cairns Group]] and [[Asia-&&1DC &&84 &&1BD|APEC]], &B1 &2C3 &0 [[&&551 for &&84 Co-&3F5 &&83|OECD]] &3 [[WTO]]. &&CF &8F2 &85 &145 bi&B4al free &1AA &435s, most &262ly the [[&&14-&&10 &&A Free Trade &&435|&&14-US Free Trade &&435]]. &&E0 a &156ing &268 &0 [[&&10 &&EC]], and &AB8 an &F79&2A aid &2C4 &121 &18 some 60 &4D &349 &7D6. The 2005–06 &792 &31Bs A$2.5#!151!bn for &83 &7D6;{{ref|AGov2005}} as a &56B&1C1 GDP, this &829 is less than that &0 UN [[Millennium &&83 Goals]]. 

&&14's &714 &1F7s — &66 Defence Force]] (ADF) — &7D7 the [[Royal &&14n Navy]] (RAN), &66 Army]], &3 [[Royal &&14n Air Force]] (RAAF). All &333 &0 ADF &22 &1A4 UN and &23Cal &6FA&F34 (most &2A9 East Timor, the &&A44 &&122 and [[Sudan]]), &B59 &DB7, &60rmed &207, &5B [[2003 Invasion of Iraq]]. &&FB ap&F7s the &418 &0 Defence Force &71A &0 &714 &157; &114 &418 is Air Chief Marshal [[Angus Houston]]. In 2005–06, the &8A1 &792 is A$17.5#!151!bn.{{ref_&113|AGov2005|8|a}}

#103#
{{main|&&15E &BA
[[&&20:&&14-&164-map_MJC01.png|&4B|&359|&&164 map &E1]]
&&14's 7,686,850 [[&458 &818]]s (2,967,909 [[&458 mile|sq.#!151!mi]]) &B5C is &8 [[Indo-&&14n Plate]]. Sur&2AFed &11 [[&&1EB Ocean|&&1EB]], [[&&64ern Ocean|&&64ern]] and [[&&1DC Ocean|&&1DC]] &3D5s, &&E0 &233d from Asia &11 [[Arafura Sea|Arafura]] and [[Timor Sea|Timor]] seas. &&CF a &2F8 25,760 [[&818]]s (16,007#!151![[mile|mi]]) of &229line and &2CBs an &3C3 [[Exclusive &&84 Zone]] of 8,148,250 &458 &818s (3,146,057#!151!sq.#!151!mi). This &AE9 &84 zone &7D &7B &66 Antarctic &&82]]. 

The &&AC Barrier Reef, &4B's &B2 coral reef, lies &592 &5A5 &399 &AA-east &229 and &E2Fs for over 2,000 &818s (1,250#!151!mi). &&4B's two &B2 monoliths &286 &457, Mount &&1D6us in &&67 &&14 &F &B2 and Uluru &65B &&14 &F &35F. At 2,228 [[&D38]]s (7,310 [[foot (unit of &495)|ft]]), Mount Kosciuszko &8 &&AC Dividing Range &F &34B &375 &8 &&14n &96F, &7D Mawson Peak &8 &75A &&14n &220 Heard Isl&B1 taller at 2,745 &D38s (9,006#!151![[foot (unit of &495)|ft]]).

!14B!
The &B2 &49 &&E0 [[&43C]] or [[semi-arid]] – 40% &0 &B5C is &63F [[sand dune]]s. Only the &64-east &703uth-west &F4Es &EB &81E &164 and &57Dly &8AD soil. The &AAern part &0 &5F &17D &43D &164: part is &43D [[&9F0]]s, part &8D7&D56, and very &13D &43C. &&14 &349s [[snowfall]] &271 &168, but &3F8 in &B29 &60t &3A2 &A0Es. &&164 is &360 &404 &3D5 &153s, &5B [[El Niño]] &64ern oscillation, &3A cor&248 with &280ic &8AE, &3 &989al &43D low &160ure &289 &2C2s cyclones in &AAern &&14. Rainfall is &360 &689, with &EB1 [[&8AE]]s. Rising &3DC [[salinity]] and &43Cification &271 &155. 

&&E0 &945 &1 &19A &0 tectonic &D3A, &&477 has no &32D volcanism only &C7B volcanos, &287 may &65 &349 &3A &142quakes. The &8A2in &7D6ly &8E3 wea&D3d, low [[&D3Aau]] with &43Cs, &2F9&D56 &60 &8AD &D55 in &64east.§2&&564 &3 [[&&14n Alps]] &73 conta&448y &DA1 [[ice&1FB]]s or [[glacier]]s, &168y &2CF &241 &1 past. The [[&&AC Barrier Reef]], by far &4B's &B2 [[coral]] [[reef]], lies &592 &5A5 &399 &AA-east &229. [[Mount &&1D6us &&2A Park|Mount &&1D6us]], in [[&&67 &&14]], &F &B2 [[monolith]] &1 &28.

== Flora and &B15 ==
{{ma&80Cicles|[[Flora &E1]] and [[Fauna &E1]]}}
[[&&20:Koala &E79 tree.jpg|&B|&4B|&5B0|The [[Koala]] &3 ''[[&&992]]'' make an iconic pair &E1n &3BA &B15.]]
&&7D &70 &&E0 semi-arid or &43C, it &74F a &8F8 &1CE habitats, &1B3lpine heaths to &43D [[&9F0]]s. &&74 &0 gre&698 and consequent low &3DC &DC8 &0 &BB, its &70B &689 &513 &2D7 &278 long-term &460 &A9D, much &E1's [[biota (&40B)|biota]] is &78F and [[bio&36C|&8F8]]. &&5A 85% of [[f&225ing &46C]]s, 84% of [[mammal]]s, &123 45% of [[List &E1n birds|bird]]s, and 89% of in-shore, &81E-zone fish are [[Endemic (&40B)|endemic]].{{ref|DEH}} Many &E1's eco&23Cs, &3 &392 &219 &AE &23Cs, are &7C3 &72D &2AA and [[Invasive &392 &457|&2EF &46C &&C7F &392]]. The &124 ''&&F1 &&900i&829d Bio&36C Conservation Act 1999'' is a &5BE &3D8work used &10 &62E of &7C3 &392. Numerous [[&&900ed &155 &E1|&5E4 &155]] &22 &152 to &900 and &17 &&14's &78F eco&58s, 64 wet&D56 are &62A &8D [[Ramsar &&625]], and 16 [[&&28 &&3D0 Site]]s &22 &61. &&14 was &36E 13th &1 &&28 &8 2005 [[&&F1al Sustain&31D Index]].

Most &&14n &46C &392 are ever&713 &481 are adapted to fire and &8AE, &5B [[&&992|eucalyptus]] and [[acacia]]s. &&CF a rich &344 endemic [[legume]] &392 that thrive in nutrient-poor soils &74 &0ir symbiosis with [[Rhizobia]] bacteria and [[Mycorrhiza|mycorrhizal]] fungi. Well-&DE &&14n &B15 &7B [[monotreme]]s (the [[platypus]] and [[echidna]]); a host of [[marsupial]]s, &5B [[koala]], [[kangaroo]], [[wombat]]; and birds such &A [[emu]], [[cockatoo]], and [[kookaburra]]. The [[dingo]] &&90D by &&6B6nesian &1C that &1AAd with &&F8 &&14ns &180 4000 [[&&E8 Era|BCE]]. Many &46C &&C7F &392 &BF &C7B &5F9 &81 &222, &5B [[&&14n mega&B15]]; many more have &36D &C7B &87 &&45 &222, &AAm the [[Thylacine]] (&&564n Tiger).

== &&5CE
{{main|&&A0 &BA
[[&&20:&&34F yarra &54noon.jpg|&5B0|&4B|&B| [[&&34F]]'s &23 is &33C 3.7 &13F, &91 &B2 &457]]
&&CF a &7C7, &&67-&68 [[&8FE &A0]], &32 per &49D [[Gross &459 &48E|GDP]] s&4CEly &3A2 &5CD &0 UK, [[&&D9y]] and [[&&93]]. &&292 was &36E &35B &1 [[&&10 &&EC]]' 2005 [[&&81 &&83 Index]] and sixth in ''[[The Economist]]'' &28wide &56F-of-&7BEdex 2005. &&68B &5B, &80 &A0 &28 resilient &1 face of &328 &84 downturn. Rising output &1 &459 &A0 &28 &6BAting the &328 slump, and &209 and &E85 &995 &12D robust. &&14's &113 &84 &6DD &7A &2CBed &1B key f&278 &1FE &C9's &BBE. &&1 &527, the Labor &&99, &4FC [[Prime &&1CE &E1|Prime &&1CE]] [[Bob Hawke]] and [[Treasurer &E1|Treasurer]] [[Paul Keating]], &311 &C8 of &84 &6DD by [[Floating ex&25F rate|&B58]] &66 &49E]] in 1983, and deregu&2C8g the &199 &58.{{ref|&&A3C}} &&87 1996, the &&77A &1D has &1C4 &C8 of micro-&2BD &5B partial deregulation &0 &32E &3A4 &3 &B03 of &1E-&717 &209es, &459 &1 [[&&101s &457|tele&101s]] &1CC.{{ref|&&CE6}} Substantial &6DD &0 in&54E tax &58 was &49A in July 2000 &B &18A a 10% [[Goods and &&157 Tax (&&14)|Goods and &&157 Tax]], &182 s&4CEly &8CC the &B2C reliance on &17Fal and &D7 &6AD tax that &146 &36ises &&14's tax &58.

&&80 &A0 has not &699 a [[re&C7A]] &DE &6D &8F1. As of &&EB 2006, [[&528]] was 5.3% with 10,034,500 &17Fs &DE3ed.{{ref|ABS6202}} The &1A2 &3F2 &0 &A0, &3F &310, &14B, and &199 &157, &7D7s 69% of GDP.{{ref|DFAT}} [[Agri&38 &457|Agri&38]] and &75-&C7 re&79 only 3% and 5% of GDP, &323, but &A05 &496ly to &&14's &553 &726. &&14's &B2 &553 &3A4s &7B [[Japan]], [[&&1C's &&517 China|China]], &1A &&A, [[&&64 Korea]] and New &&760.{{ref|&&&45E}} Areas of &745 &3A8 &7B5 &7B the chronically high [[&153 &46A deficit]] &&A08 high &3DC net &D8 debt.

== &&2EF
{{main|&&B1 &BA
[[&&20:&&81D_&6E7_&194_and_skyline.jpg|&4B|259px|&B|Most &&14ns &598 &705 &155; [[&&81D]] &F most &7B0 city &457.]]

Most &0 &26E 20.4 &13F &&14ns are desc&46D from 19th- and 20th-&47 immi&2A3s, &AE from [[&&AC &&46E]] and [[&&A89]]. &&14's &35E quadrupled &DE &159 &&28 War I {{ref|ABS}}, spurred &44C &DAC [[&&386 to &&14|&386]] &2C4. In 2001, the five &B2 &8A &0 27.4% &E1ns &4B8 born &681 were &5 &&10 &&108, [[New &&760]], [[Italy]], [[&&461]] and China.{{ref_&113|&&&45E|13|a}} &&206 &71B &0 [[White &&14 &3A8]] in [[1973]], &22F &1D &C32 &22 &61 to &85C and &904 &23E &A8D &A9 a &69E [[&B1E&56ism]]{{ref|DIMIA}}. &&14’s &35E &162d &4DC 60 &144 &87 &&45 &222.

The self-&4EE &F8 &23 — &3F Torres S&F7F &&1B5ers, &1BD of Melanesian &8C6 — was 410,003 (2.2% &0 &2F8 &23) in 2001, &12F &162 &5 1977 &218, &18 &76D an &F8 &42C 115,953.{{ref|ABS2001}} &&F8 &&14ns have &3A2 rates of &BBA and &528, &225 &3DC &C9D&829d life &A31ancies for males and &605s &D7 17 &5B &225 &5CD &1CB &&14ns.{{ref_&113|&&&45E|13|b}} Perceived &23E ine&56F &5F on&64C &35 and [[&24C &457|&24C]] &645 for &&14ns.

[[&&20:Tanunda.jpg|left|&4B|&5B0|Fewer than 15% &E1ns &598 rural &155. This &2CD &9D2 the [[Barossa &&321]] wine &ADF &23C of [[&&64 &&14#FA#

In &E8 &6B4 &2E &7C &4D, &&E0 experiencing a &C3F shift &247 an &7DF &23, with more &F4Bes and fewer &18E &1FC age. &&1B7 &2D &&14ns (759,849 &10 &280 2002#3#&1E0;03{{ref|PoA2005}}) live &50Cir home &5F. &&CF &640 one &0 most &32D [[&&386 to &&14|&386]] &2C4s &1 &28 to boost &23 &2B7. Most immi&2A3s are s&3B3; the quota &7Bs &1A6 for &3A0 and [[&BD3e]]s. 

[[&&46 &C|&&46]] &F [[&E7 &C]],{{ref|DIMIA2}} &B1 &2E9 and &1D6 a &1CB &A90 &79 [[&&14n &&46]]. &&30C &4 2001 &218, &&46 &F only &C &2E9 &1 home &ED&2AF 80% &0 &23. &&721 &56C &2B2 at &75C [[&&D4 &C|&&D4]] (2.1%), [[&&479 &C|&&479]] (1.9%) and [[&&5C &C|&&5C]] (1.4%). &&390 pro&8E4 of &40- and &8D-&353 mi&2A3s are [[Multilingual|&6E1]]. &&26 &154d &15re were &4E 200 and 300 [[&&14n Ab&119 &Cs]] &1F &1B2 &40 &&45 &58F.§2Only &5A 70 &0se &Cs have &6A2, &60ll but 20 &0se are now [[&79D &Cs|&79D]]. An &F8 &C &12D &F3 &C &EDbout 50,000 (0.02%) &1C. &&CF a [[sign &C]] &79 [[Auslan]], &18 &F main langu&1C1 &5A 6,500 [[deaf]] &1C.

&&CF no [[&1E &F6]].§2The 2001 &218 &7F0 that 68% &E1ns c&DCmselves &&BC: 27% &3DBing &16D as [[&&CA &&28A &&11C &457|&&CA &&28A]] and 21% as [[&&937 &&11C|&&937]]. &&14ns that &3DB &16D as fol&225s of non-&&BC &F6s &3FC 5%. A &782 16% were categorised as &1D2 #0#No &&F6#0# (&368 n&8istic &344 &C [[&CCB &81ism|&&81ism]], [[atheism]], [[a&99C]] and [[&253ism]]) &60 &15C 12% &7C5 &449swer or &DB give a &4ED adequate f&798terpretation. As &C3 &&67 &4D, the &276 of &32D &60E in &11C &56C is much &225 than this; weekly &991 at &11C &157 &77F 1.5 &13F, &5A 7.5% &0 &23.{{ref|NCLSatt&198}}

&&1EC &991 is &61C &6Aout &&14 &7B ages of 6#3#&1E0;15 &5B (16 &5B in &&64 &&CE &&564), &68F &449 &B30 &58B rate &C1 &8D0 &1B 99%. &&1D &2A3s have &118ed &282 &E1's 38 &1ED, &60l&A1 &85 &290 &1ED &22 &61, &AE &349 &1D &8DC. &&B7 a &1E-&116 &3DE &CE5 &588 &107s, &79 [[&&507 and &&15C &&14B|TAFE &&EFs]], &481 &1AAs &767 [[apprenticeship]]s for &588 new &1AAs&1C. &&33C 58% &E1ns &7B ages of 25 and 64 have &CE5 or tertiary qualifications.{{ref_&113|&&&45E|13|c}}

== &&5CC
{{main|&&38 &BA
[[&&20:&&430 &&167 &&A9C &&3F1 &&B57.jpg|&B|&4B|&5B0|''&&430 &&167, &&A9C'' ([[&&A9C, &&37B]]) by [[&&3F1 &&B57]] (1889) &5F &6D &1C1 &0 rich &112 &E1n [[&3BF &4D9#FA#
The &31C &71E &E1n &38 up &8E mid-&22D was [[Anglo-Celtic]], &7D &1CBive &&14n &C2 &AB &E9F &5 &F1 and [[&&14n Ab&32Fe|&F8]] &38. &&106 past 50 &5B, &&14n &38 &28 &EE by &&13 &C9 &38 (&CF &E71&829d cinema), &212-&4CA &2B3 non-&&46-&1C7 &4D, and &&14's Asian &9A4.§2The vigour and &119ity &0 arts &457—&29F, &6E7, &DC, &4D9, &4FA, &9C0, and &F7Cs—are &82D &F79&2A &5C8.

&&CF &4C7 &2B &6BE arts, &416ing &B [[Cave &4D9|cave]] and bark &4D9s &1B8 &F8 &1Cs. &&5 &1B2 &&45 &222, a comm&8me in [[Art &E1|&&14n art]] &28 &80 &3BF, seen &1 &2C0 [[&&3F1 &&B57]], [[&&3F1 Boyd]] and [[&&537 Namatjira]], &213 &2Es. The &112s of &F8 &&14ns &544 &7A8mitted orally &60re &314 tied to &4DC &3 &F46 &0 &411 &0 [[&&81A (&D0)|&&81A]]. [[&&14n Ab&119 &DC]], &9C0 and [[&&14n Ab&119 art|art]] &EB palpable &460 &18C &&14n &6BE and &7B7 arts. &&CF an &32D &112 of [[&DC]], [[ballet]] and [[&A63]]; &14E its &7B7 arts &94 &349 &8B &8DC &53 &11B's [[The &&14 &&296|&&14 &&296]]. &&B7 a [[Orchestra|&EC3 &ABE]] in each &AB city, &60 &2A [[&6E7]] &D7, [[Opera &&14]], &40 made &210 &11 ren&717 diva [[Joan &&CE4|Dame Joan &&CE4]]; [[&&DC &E1|&&14n &DC]] &7Bs &14D, jazz, &481 &C9 &DC genres.

[[&&14n &158]] &17Dlso been &126d &11 &3BF; the &2C0 &294 &C [[Banjo Paterson]] and [[Henry Lawson]] &4E5 the &1D5 &0 &&14n bush. The &A7 &203 &&14, as embo&599 &6D &158, resonates with &66 &&CE its &6E2 &113 [[&A68]], mateship, &60nti-&135ism. In 1973, [[&&285 White]] &&B92 the [[Nobel Prize in &&158]], &1D7 &&14n &9C &66Cd this; &52 &CE7 &4EB &0 &AC &&46-&C &294 &0 &22D. [[&&14n &&46]] is &593 &A90 &0 &C; its &8D2 and &943 &544 &A9 &2DB &&A7 &&46, overlaid &32 rich &CED of &78F lexical &A03 and &776s, &14B &18 have &156 &8C way into &1AC &&46.

&&CF two &8B &2FEers (&66 &&2FEing &&49B|ABC]] and [[&&179 &&2FEing &&1A2|SBS]]), &E5 &2A7 [[&221 &671]]s, &E5 pay TV &157, and &22F &8B, non-&786 &E71&829d &4C1 &3D4. [[Cinema &E1|&&14's film &1CC]] &17Dchieved &457 and &2A7 &3B2es. Each &145 city has &4C9 news&543s, &3re are two &2A &4C9 news&543s, ''[[&&80]]&7F5 ''[[&&80 &&199 &&49C]]''. &&29 [[&&498ers &&10B B&2FAs]] in 2005, &&E0 in 31st &136 on a &275 &4D &36E by [[&47F &0 &160|&160 &47F]], &1FE [[New &&760]] (9th)§2&3 [[&&10 &&108]] (28th) &447head &0 [[&&10 &&A]]. This &8A0 is &42B due &4 &242 &227 &2A7 &3E4 &85B &457. Most &&14n [[&&227|&9C1 &3E4]] &3F4 is &8D &141 &1FD [[News &&49B]] or [[John Fairfax Holdings]].
[[&&20:Aussie &4C3 &1EF.jpg|&4B|&5B0|&B|[[&&14n &4C3 &2D3]] &442 in [[&&34F]], &&14 &B1 &791t &C7C and &F4 &276s.]]

[[Sport &457|Sport]] &5F &6C &49 &&14n &38, &E70 by a &164 that &F5Fs outdoor &2AA; 23.5% &&14ns &106 &1C1 15 &A5Fly &C63 in &AF6 &990ing &2AA{{ref_&113|&&&45E|13|d}}. At an &F79&2A &276, &&CF &217 teams in [[cricket]], [[&1FB hockey|hockey]], [[netball]], [[rugby &6B4]], [[rugby &DF]], and per&337 well in [[cycling]] and [[swimming]]. &&CF &3A6 &4D1 &167 [[&&45D Games]] &0 &66 era, and &12C [[&&BD Games]]. &&CF &DC9 the [[1956 &&167 &&420|1956]] and [[2000 &&167 &&420|2000]] &&167 &&420, &1AD &36E &AA top five medal-takers &87 2000. In [[2004]], it &3BC 49 &&45D medals (17 gold, 16 &5DE and 16 &852). &&CF also &DC9 the [[1938 &&A7 &&11B Games|1938]], [[1962 &&A7 &&11B and &&BD Games|1962]] and [[1982 &&BD Games|1982]] &&BD Games, &771 host the [[2006 &&BD Games]] in [[&&34F]]. [[&&14n &4C3 &2D3]] &F most &C9 &2A &990; &1B9 ga&271 &F79&2A &CE3 &6A [[Inter&2A &4C3 &2D3|Inter&2A Rules]] &3A an annual &59C &7B &&14n code &826rish Gaelic &&2D3. &&32, [[Rugby &&6B4]] &5A2 &C9 than &&14n Rules in New &&64 Wales and &&51B. &&66 Open]] &1AF &0 four [[Grand Slam (&9E)|Grand Slam]] tenn&333urnaments, &5A9 [[&&34F]] each &&EB. The F1 [[&&14n Grand Prix]] &4A &5A9 &&34F, &10C &247 &14F of March each year. Corporate and &1D sponsorship &7A6 &3EF and élite &E6F is &3DA &&14. 

Televised &990 is &C9; some &0 &34B &F6D &221 &2C4s &7B the &167 &&45D Games &3 &184 &EDs of &192 &122ter&2A &2D3 &4B1s.{{ref|AFC}}

!102!
{{&&7F4:&&14n &&283}}

!1F!
#C0#--&&4EC uses [[&&1EF:Footnote3]] &5F7 add &9A &22B that &58 &60djust &4E &9A as &240--&gt;
!DF!-!133!
#{{note|Baker}}Sidney J. Baker, ''&&80 &&C'', &8D &317, 1966.
#{{note|&&B02}}Gillespie, R. (2002). Dating &23 &&14ns. ''Radio&9EB'' 44:455-472
#{{note|Smith1980}}Smith, L. (1980), The Ab&119 &&23 &E1, &&14n &&2A &&39 Press, &&4D4
#{{note|Tatz1999}}Tatz, C. (1999). ''[#1#aiatsis.gov.au/rsrch/rsrch_dp/&938.htm Genocide &457]'', AIATSIS &&6E &&228 &&6C7 No 8, &&14n &&EF &3F6 and Torres S&F7F &&1B5er &&B9, &&4D4
#{{note|&E72}} Windschuttle, K. (2001). ''[#1#newcriterion.com/&482/20/sept01/keith.htm# The Fabrication &3F6 &&33]'', The New Criterion Vol. 20, No. 1, &&26F 20.
#{{note|smh2002}} Sheehan, P. (2002). ''[#1#smh.com.au/&EEs/2002/11/24/1037697982065.html Our &33, not re&1A3 but put &B]'', The &&81D Morning Herald, &&378 25.
#{{note|Bean1941}}Bean, C. Ed. (1941). [#1#awm.gov.au/hi&411/ww1/1/&12B.asp &&3F9 I - The Story of Anzac: &23 &8A6], &&40 &&28 War &&E7 Hi&411 11th Edition.
#{{note|AEC}}&&14n Electoral &&997 (2000). [#1#aec.gov.au/_&670/when/&7AFs/1999_&498/&12B.htm 1999 Referendum &&498s and &&172]
#{{note|PL1997}}&&1A5ary &&D5 (1997). [#1#aph.gov.au/&D5/pubs/rn/1997-98/98rn25.htm The Re&38A &&FDs &0 &&1CF-&&44]
#{{note|AGov2005}}{{note_&113|AGov2005|8|a}}&&14n &&1D. (2005). [#1#&792.gov.au/ Budget 2005-2006]
#{{note|DEH}}&&370 &0 &&F1 and &&3D0. [#1#deh.gov.au/bio&36C/&5A-bio&36C.html &&5A Bio&36C]
#{{note|&&A3C}}Macfarlane, I. J. (1998). [#1#rba.gov.au/&&8BationsAnd&&6E/Bulletin/bu_oct98/bu_1098_2.pdf &&14n Monetary Policy &1 Last Quarter &0 &&446 &&47]. ''Re&38A Bank &E1 Bulletin'', &&243
#{{note|&&CE6}}Parham, D. (2002). [#1#pc.gov.au/&6E/confproc/mrrag/mrrag.pdf Micro&84 re&337 &3 &F2D &457’s &2B7 in &48Eivity and &10F &1ACs]. ''&&643 of Economists'', Adelaide, [[1 &&243]]
#{{note|ABS6202}} &&14n &&228 &&172. Labour Force &&14. Cat#6202
#{{note|&&&45E}}{{note_&113|&&&45E|13|a}}{{note_&113|&&&45E|13|b}}{{note_&113|&&&45E|13|c}}{{note_&113|&&&45E|13|d}}&&14n &&228 &&172. [#1#abs.gov.au/&B56/abs@.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/1a79e7ae231704f8ca256f720082feb9!Open&&BDE Year Book &&14 2005]
#{{note|DFAT}} &&99 &&D8 &&51C Trade (2003). ''Advancing the &&2A Interest'', [#1#dfat.gov.au/ani/&EB7_one.pdf Appenidix 1]
#{{note|ABS}} &&14n &&228 &&172, [#1#abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/0/68180154bf128d91ca2569d000164365?Open&&BDE &&23 Growth - &&14’s &&23 Growth]
#{{note|DIMIA}}&&99 &&386, Multi&56 &35D Affiars. (2005). [#1#immi.gov.au/&D21/06&15D.htm The &&15D &E1's Multi&56 Policy]&lt;!156!
#{{note|ABS2001|}}&&14n &&228 &&172. 2001 &&218, [#1#abs.gov.au/&B56/abs@&218.nsf/ddc9b4f92657325cca256c3e000bdbaf/7dd97c937216e32fca256bbe008371f0!Open&&BDE A Snapshot &E1]
#{{note|PoA2005}}&&1A5 &E1, &&395 (2005). [#1#aph.gov.au/&&395/&4FF/legcon_ctte/expats03/ Inquiry into &&14n &&C5E]
#{{note|DIMIA2}}&&99 &&386, Multi&56 &35D Affiars. (1995). [#1#immi.gov.au/&B1E&56/_inc/&8Bations/confer/04/&23918b.htm Pluralist &&EC: Pluralist &&C Policies?]
#{{note|NCLSatt&198}} [#1#ncls.org.au/&A3F.aspx?docid=2250#3#&8B1=82083 NCLS &BA3 latest &2D6s of &11C &991], &&2A &&11C Life &&198, Media release, [[28 &&105]] [[2004]]
#{{note|AFC}}&&14n Film &&997. What are &&14ns Watching?, [#1#afc.gov.au/gtp/freetv.html Free-to-Air, 1999-2004 TV]


!D8!

== #EA#
!120!
{{Spoken &&1EF-2|2006-01-17|&&14Part1.ogg|&&14Part2.ogg|}}
{{&522&2FC|&&14}}

*[#2#&61A.org/en/&&14 Wiki&9E1 &5C4 to &&14]
*[#1#gov.au/ &&14n &&1D Entry &&4B7]
*[#1#&14.gov.au/ &&BD &&1D &&27C]
*[#1#immi.gov.au/ &&99 Immigrati&829d Multi&56 &35D Affairs (DIMIA)]
*[#1#dfat.gov.au/geo/&14/&12B.html &&99 &&D8 &&51C Trade (DFAT): &&5F &&3D]
*[#2#maps.google.com/maps?ll=-27.&F51,133.&F51#3#spn=38.871300,61.703613#3#t=h#3#hl=en &&704 &20s &E1] (Google Maps)
*[#1#nla.gov.au/ &&2A &&D5 &E1]
*[#1#nma.gov.au/ &&2A &&217 &E1]
*[#1#&14.com/ &&E7 &#9C#10 &&293]
*[#1#bom.gov.au/ &&228 &&732]
*[#1#m2006.com.au/ &&2C4 &0 &&34F 2006 &&BD Games]
{{&&BB}}
{{&&1DC_&&122}}

#C0#-- &45A artcicle &DB1 --&gt;
{{&&570d &EE}}

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#C0#-- &1A6 --&gt;

[[&&9:&&14| ]]
!10E!
[[&&9:&&D6 &0 &&BD of &&EC]]
[[&&9:Monarchies]]
[[&&9:1901 &3FBs]]

#C0#--!C3!--&gt;

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|}
|-
| &7=&F &68=#0#&6B5-&7: top;&&1A82 | &lt;&27&&155 &&4F, Muamua Le Atua (&&4F, Let God Be &&40)''!123!
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| &7=&F &491=2 &68=#0#back&16B: #ffffff;&&2 [[&&20:&&5AD&&13&&4F.png]]
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| '''[[&&E7 &Cs#BD#
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| '''[[&&AB]]'&5BA [[&&4D3]] (&5Dal and &456 seat &12E); &234 &2E6s &286 in [[Utulei]]
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| '''[[Area#BD#!E2!- Total !E2!- % &2F5
| [[&&275 &4D &35B 226th]] &&3D&gt; [[1 E8 m²|199 km²]] (76.8&&128#!151!mi]]) &&3D&gt; 0%§F
|-
| '''[[&&23#BD#
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| [[&&275 &4D &1C8 203rd]]
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| '''[[Currency]]'&5BA [[&&10 &&A &49E|USD]]
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| '''[[Time zone]]'&5BA #114#1 &&B0 Time|UTC]] -11 (no DST)
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| '''[[&&2A &27A]]'&5BA [[&&38F !157!
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| '''[[&&275 &5F &4FB &2B0|Calling Code#BD#
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!3F!!3E!#2&&2[[&&20:Fatu Rock.jpg|&B|&339]]Fatu Rock (&B) and Futi Rock (left), islets &8 reef of Tutuila &1F &E6E to Pago Pago Harbor (seen &1FE Fatu).
|}
'''&&13 &&4F''' ([[&&4Fn &C|&&4Fn]]: '''&&38F &&4F''') &5F [[&5AF &82|&5AF]], [[&6D2 &82|un&6D2 &82]] &0 [[&&10 &&A]] &2CF &1 &&64 [[&&1DC Ocean]] &64east &0 &5F9 &164 [[!157!.§2&&F3 (&B2 &1FA &7B0) isl&B1 [[Tutuila]], &B {{&&236|[[Manua|Manu'a]]}} &&122, [[Rose Atoll]], and [[Swains &&1B5]] also &7Bd &1 &82. &&13 &&4F is part &0 &&4Fn &&122 chain, &2CF west &0 [[Cook &&122]], &AA of [[Tonga]], &1F1 300 [[mile]]s (500 km) &73F [[Tokelau]]. &&4 west are t&&A50 &0 [[Wall&5Fd Futuna]] &11F.

!28!
!30! !157!, [[&&2B &&13 !157!''

&&119ly &2FF as &2BC [[1000 BC]], &&4F &153 &2CE by [[&&89]]an &CD0rs &8E [[18th &47]].

Inter&2A &F87ries &1 &793 half &0 [[&264]] &4DA &44C [[1899]] [[&&674 &&A1F, 1899|&&674 &&A1F]] &97 [[&&D9y]] &3 U.S. &29A the &&4Fn [[archipelago]]. &&1ED &77Bly &25A its &8E4—&670 &16E &EA &122 &B &719 &855 of [[Pago Pago, &&13 &&4F|Pago Pago]]—&59 year. &&291 &122 are now the &CC &164 [[!157!. 

&&DD U.S. took &A4Dion &C7 &&4F, &18 &&A Navy|U.S. Navy]] &5CF a [[coal|coaling]] &586 on Pago Pago Bay &5A1 &&1DC Squadron &60p&F7ed a &192 &&1E2. The navy &86Cd a Deed of Cession of Tutuila in [[1900]] &60 Deed of Cession of {{&&236|[[Manua|Manuʻa]]}} in [[1904]]. &&1E0 sove&71D {{&&236|Manuʻa}}, the {{&&236|[[Tui Manua Elisala|Tui Manuʻa Elisala]]}}, was &246 sign a Deed of Cession of {{&&236|Manuʻa}} &139 a &69F US Naval &9F6s, &DE &A #0#Trial &0 Ipu&&673 Pago Pago, {{&&236|Taʻu}}, &60&D37 a &&1DC Squadron gunboat.

During [[&&28 War II]], U.S. Marines in &&13 &&4F out&3FCed the &192 &23, &1D2 a huge &56 &126. &&DD war, Organic Act 4500, a U.S. [[&&10 &&A &&370 &0 &&576|&&99 &&576]]-&AE5 &EC incorporate &&13 &&4F, was &29D in &&1CA, &42B &53 &329s &C7 &&4Fn &418s, &4FC [[Tuiasosopo Mariota]].§2&&86 &418s' &329s led &4 &117 a &192 &2A5, &E6 &&4F ''Fono,'' &18 meets &1 vill&1C1 [[&&4D3]], the &82's &456 and &51B &AB.§2(See the Trivia &51 &24A f&5B1 &F2 &&4D3.)

In time, the Navy-ap&F7ed &1CF was re&195d by a &192ly &34A one.§2&&7D &507ly &72 #0#&5AF&&77 &15 [[&&1CA &0 &&10 &&A|U.S. &&1CA]] has not &4B9 an [[Organic Act]] &10 &82, &&13 &&4F is self-&81C &121 a &5D &57D &21Aive &66F 1]], [[1967]].§2&&1ED &&82 &C7 &&4F is &8 [[&&10 &&EC &275 Non-Self-Governing &&E0]], a &F39 &3A &596d by &724 &1D &E7s.

==&&45F &&42E==
&&13 &&4F is &45Fly &158 3 [[&6AE]]s and 2 #0#&5AF&&D6&D56. &&86 &3BB are sub&158 73 &7FA. 
&&3BB:
* &&EA 
* &&67 
* Manu'a 

Un&AFC &&122:
*[[Rose Atoll|Rose &&1B5]]
*[[Swains &&1B5|Swains &&1B5]]
[[&&20:&&13 &&4F &&3BB.png|&4B|left|400px|Map &0 &3BB &C7 !157!
&&248#0#left#0#&gt;
&&455 for &&EA and &&67 &3BB are:
&lt;&544 &201=0&gt;&lt;tr!14C!&gt;
&lt#E9#
&lt;ol&gt;
&lt;li&gt;[[Aasu|Aasu]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Afao|Afao]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Afono|Afono]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Agugulu|Agugulu]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Alao|Alao]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Alofau|Alofau]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Aloga|Aloga]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Amaluia|Amaluia]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Amanave|Amanave]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Amaua|Amaua]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Amouli|Amouli]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Anua|Anua]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Aoa|Aoa]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Aoloau|Aoloau]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Asili|Asili]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Atu'u|Atu'u]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Aua|Aua]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Auasi|Auasi]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Aumi|Aumi]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Aunu'u|Aunu'u]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Auto, &&13 &&4F|Auto]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Avaio|Avaio]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Faga'alu|Faga'alu]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Faga'itau|Faga'itau]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Fagaili'i|Fagaili'i]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Fagamalo|Fagamalo]]
&lt;li&gt;[[&&CE2|&&CE2]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Fagasa|Fagasa]]
&lt;li&gt;[[&&4D3|&&4D3]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Failolo|Failolo]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Falenin|Falenin]]
&lt;li&gt;[[&&CE1|&&CE1]]
!12C!
!D7!
&lt#E9#
&lt;ol &416=33&gt;
&lt;li&gt;[[Futiga|Futiga]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Ili'ili|Ili'ili]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Leloaloa|Leloaloa]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Leone, &&13 &&4F|Leone]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Leuli'i|Leuli'i]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Malaeimi|Malaeimi]]
&lt;li&gt;[[&&935/Aitulagi|&&935/Aitulagi]]
&lt;li&gt;[[&&935/Ituau|&&935/Ituau]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Maloata|Maloata]]
&lt;li&gt;[[&&C29|&&C29]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Masausi|Masausi]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Masefau|Masefau]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Matu'u|Matu'u]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Mesepa|Mesespa]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Nu'uuli|Nu'uuli]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Nua|Nua]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Onenoa|Onenoa]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Pago Pago|Pago Pago]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Pava'ia'i|Pava'ia'i]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Poloa|Poloa]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Sa'ilele|Sa'ilele]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Se'etaga|Se'etaga]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Tafuna|Tafuna]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Taputimu|Taputimu]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Tula, &&13 &&4F|Tula]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Utulei|Utulei]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Utumea East|Utumea East]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Utumea West|Utumea West]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Vailoatai|Vailoatai]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Vaitogi|Vaitogi]]
&lt;li&gt;[[Vatia|Vatia]]
!12C!
!D7!
&lt#E9#
!63!E41.png|&4B|400px|Map &0 &7FA &C7 !157!
!D7!
&lt#D7#
&lt#F5#
!63!E42.png|&4B|&B|&339|Map &0 &7FA &0 Manu{{okina}}a &3BB and Swain's Atoll]]
&&455 &10 [[Manu'a]] &6AE are:

#[[Faleasao|Faleasao]]
#[[Leusoali'i|Leusoali'i]]
#[[Luma, &&13 &&4F|Luma]]
#[[Maia, &&13 SAmoa|Maia]]
#[[Ofu|Ofu]]
#[[Olosega|Olosega]]
#[[Si'ufaga|Si'ufaga]]
#[[Sili|Sili]]

&&B7 one &C79 on Swains &&1B5. Rose &&1B5 &5F un&2FF wildlife &BD3.

!FB!
* &&13 &&4F &F &5AD of [[Rose Atoll]], &4B7most &F7 &1 &&10 &&A (if [[insular area]]s &DF &4CFcluded); see [[Extreme &&F7s &0 &&10 &&A|&775 &F7s]] f&5B1 &3D).
* &&5A 30 &448 &&4Fns, many from &&13 &&4F, &153ly play &1 [[&&2A &&2D3 &&6B4]]. A 2002 &EE from [#2#espn.go.com/gen/s/2002/0527/1387626.html ESPN] &26E &6F0 &&4Fn male (&1FD &51A &&4Fn, or a &&4Fn &10F &1 50 &&10 &&A) is 40 &144 more &4BD to play &1 NFL &343 non-Samo&51A. A &3FC &EBlso ventured into &F4 &A9B (see &B8 [[:&&9:Anoai &A9B &CE|Anoai &A9B &CE]]).
* &&17Fs born in &&13 &&4F are &&10 &&A [[&2Aity|&2A]]s, &5B4 &&10 &&A [[&660]]s. This &F only circum&F5B &121 &18 &12D &2C9 one &7EA &4E.
* The [[&&13 Samo&1E2 &817 team]] &63A an un&F4D &28 &2B6 in &F79&2A [[&2D3 (&817)|&817]]—the &2B6 &5FA &448 &F79&2A &20F, a 31-0 &EDA by [[&&936&1E2 &2D3 team|&&14]] on [[April 11]], [[2001]].
* &&430 &450 &16E &3AB list the &921 vill&1C1 [[Pago Pago]] &A &AB, [[&&4D3]] &F &456 and &51B (i.e., &5Dally &7B3; cf. &&EE 5, &&51 9) seat &12E.§2&&1F3ly, the &1CF's &2E6 &1EB &1 vill&1C1 Utulei, &2CF &8 &B7D side of &&4D3 from Pago Pago.§2The &15F why many &3AB list Pago Pago is &74 &5A Pago Pago, &31 &C9 port of call in &&13 &&4F, has &4E3ssociated &B &855 &23F; thus Pago Pago &461 &44ly &492 &4 &855 area &3 &AB.§2&&32, &725 port &23F &3 &2A5 &C7 &&4F—&DE &A Fono—&286 in &&4D3, a &C79 &C1 &E6D to (and &EDll &42F &318s in&727able from) Pago Pago.§2(Cf. &&1EF entry for [[Pago Pago]].)
*In March of 1889, a [[&&D9y|&&D9]] naval &1F7 &F85ed a &C79 in [[!157!, &1C0 &751 &425 some [[&&10 &&A|&&13]] &E6. &&E5 &&13 &B55 then &51E [[&&4Fn]] harb&796d were &96A to fire &8 &E5 &&D9 &B55 &156 &D3. &&A4 guns were fired, a hurricane blew up and sank &DC &D2F, &&13 and &&D9. A &61C [[armistice]] was &6B &74 &0 &10D &B55.

!25!
[[Aloha &&296#Scouting in &&13 &&4F|Scouting in &&13 !157! 

===&&1D===
* [[List &C7 &&4F &&1CFs]]
* [[&&190s in &&13 !157!

===&&3EF===
* [[&&13 &&4F &1F 2000 &&167 &&420]]
* [[&&13 Samo&1E2 rugby &6B4 team]]
* [[&&13 Samo&1E2 &817 team]]

===CIA #113#Data===
''&&5 [[CIA &&28 &&286]] 2000:''
* [[&&15E &C7 !157!
* [[&&B1 &C7 !157!
* [[&&59 &C7 !157!
* [[&&A0 &C7 !157!
* [[&&101s in &&13 !157!
* [[&&131 in &&13 !157!
* [[&&C3 &0 &&10 &&A|&&C3: &&789 &F &47A &0 US]]

!E!
{{wikinewscat|&&13 &&4F|&&13 &&4F}}
!2E!Bations/&286/geos/aq.!148!-!11C!--!11B!-!62!&13 &&4F
* [#1#nebraska&160.unl.edu/bookinfo/4883.html #0#The Passive Resi&F5B of &&4Fns to US and &&2E &&203isms#0#], &EE in #0#Sovereignty Matters#0#, ed. Joanne Barker, &&12B &&4DE Press, 2005.
*[#1#&33of&EC.net/&3D5ia/&13&4F.html &&2B &&13 &&4F]- Essay &18 looks &1F &33 &0 &82 &1B3ncient to more &66 &144. 
*[#1#janeresture.com/amsam/&12B.htm Jane's &&13 &&4F Page]
*[#1#loc.gov/rr/&F79&2A/&7CF/&13&4F/&13&4F.html &&5CB &&1CA &&4B7s &0 &&28 -!11B!- &&5CB &&1CA re&3B7 &18 &31Bs &2FC to &C7 on &&13 &&4F.
* [#1#map&64pacific.com/&13_&4F/&12B.html Map &C7 &&4F] - Map &509 the &463 layout &C7 &&4F.
* [#1#asbar.org/Newcode/rcas.htm Revised &&5D &C7 &&4F] - Provides the text &0 constition &C7 &&4F.
*[#1#asg-gov.net/ The &&E7 Webpage &0 &&13 &&4F &&1D] - Lists &3D &8 &724 &1D &3F &E7s and &262 &37C.
* [#1#un.org/Depts/dpi/de&434/docs.htm &&10 &&EC De&434 &&6C7] - &&27C &&10 &&EC De&434 &&BDEs &3F &153 and past &&1FC &&6C7 on &&13 &&4F
* [#1#choohoo.com/ ChooHoo!] - An &27C &435 &&4Fns. &&C2 &7B &478s, chat, &8E5, etc.
*[#1#&7F3s.org/rula1.html#&13_&4F Rulers.org — &&13_&4F] &&275 &7F3s for &&13 &&4F

{{&&13 &&4F}}
{{&&1DC &&122}}
{{Polynesia}}
{{&&10 &&A}}

[[&&9:&&13 &&4F|*]]
[[&&9:Insular &155 &0 &&10 &&A]]
[[&&9:Oceanic &816]]

[[zh-min-nan:Bí-kok !157!
[[ca:&&4F Nord-&13a]]
[[da#8B#
[[de:&&38Fnisch-!157!
[[et:Ameerika !157!
[[es:&&4F &&13a]]
[[eo:Usona Samoo]]
[[fr:&&4F américaines]]
#3A#아메리칸사모아]]
[[id:&&4F &&38F]]
[[is:Bandaríska Samóa]]
[[it:&&4F &&13e]]
!1B!סמואה האמריקנית]]
[[lv#CE#um&4F]]
[[lt:Amerikos !157!
[[hu:&&38Fi Szamoa]]
#BF#Американска Самоа]]
[[ms:&&4F &&38F]]
[[nl:&&38Fans-!157!
!17!アメリカ領サモア]]
[[no#8B#
[[nn#8B#
[[pl:&&4F Amerykańskie]]
[[pt:&&4F &&13a]]
!1E!Американское Самоа]]
[[sm:&&38F !157!
[[&1D3:&&13 !157!
[[sk:Americká !157!
[[sl:Ameriška !157!
[[fi:&&38Fn !157!
[[sv:&&38Fnska !157!
[[tr:&&38Fn &&4Fsı]]
!36!Американське Самоа]]
#2C#美屬薩摩亞#1D#
!3!
!2!
!5!
§4<&8>Alien</&8>
§4<id>579</id>
!1!
§6<id>41942092</id>
!D!-03-02T19:59:23Z</&1>
!0!
§8<&6>Lucian &&8CB</&6>
§8<id>1008143</id>
!4!
§6#4#{{&A28par|&389}}
'''Alien''' or '''Aliens''' may mean:
* [[&&686 life]], in &D2 &28C
* [[&&686 &7BE &38]]
* [[Alien (film)|''Alien'' (film)]] (1979), by Ridley Scott
* [[Aliens (1986 film)|''Aliens'' (1986 film)]], the sequel &4 &249 film
* [[xenomorph]], the &389 &D95 &5 ''Alien'' &17Bs
* [[Aliens (&B1D)]], a &16E &B1D book &367
* [[Alien (&341)]], &82A-&13B &392
* [[Alien (&604)]], a &2C4 that &CD1s &4E &4C Linux package &393 file &DCBs
* [[Alien (law)]], &1F4 &32F n&1FD a &13B nor a &660 &0ir &5F of &84B
* [[Alien (signifier)]], use in &158 and &856 &A &9E0 &146 &246 &1F0 &1B5 &2FB &0 &2E
* [[The Aliens]], Roky Erickson's backing band
* [[Alien (game)]], a 1982 DOS text &AC7

!11A!

[[de#CD#
[[es#CD#
[[fr#CD#
!17!宇宙人]]
[[nl:Buitenaards wezen]]
[[pl:obcy]]
[[pt:Alienígena]]
[[fi#CD#
#2C#外星人#1D#
!3!
!2!
!5!
§4<&8>&&45C</&8>
§4<id>580</id>
!1!
§6<id>42138169</id>
!D!-03-04T01:52:54Z</&1>
!0!
§8<&6>Mozasaur</&6>
§8<id>475997</id>
!4!
!6!
§6<&5>&4A6, &3FD are &1C, &44Dll &3FD do &6E.</&5>
§6#4#An '''&45C''' or '''astrophysicist''' is &1F4 &3E0 area &57B is [[&302]] or [[astro&12A]].
[[&&20:&&934 Helvelius.jpg|&B|&4B|180px|[[&&934 Hevelius]] was famed &FD &59D [[sunspot]]s, and &78 &23 &733 the &163 &0 [[moon#FA#

&&563y &24A &A1t &9C begun in [[&6F &33|&6F]] [[&&F33]] &11 [[&&668 &&11B|&&668]] [[Zoroastrian]] &CCF (the ''[[magi]]''). &&262 &B9 of &&F33ian &2B6s have &718 them &1B &70B &691 &10 &6F &3D3 sky. &&206 &&F33ians, the [[Egypt]]ians also &140n &113 &2A9s &0 sky.

Mixtures of &138 &2D0 &0 sky &3 &86 &26A &4CBs &EDpp&D23 &86 &2D0, &23F a [[duality]] &384 now &3DB as [[&2B4]]. &&26 &6C &252 that &A4 &5A [[1750]], &184 no &1CBion &4E [[&2B4]] and [[&302]].

&&3FD, &5FE most &1A7, can&4B9teract &B &28B &15y &15B. They &2CA must &E31 to &383 [[&2A9]] in &102 make &2A8. &&44ly, &3FD use [[&815|&815s]] &4F5 imaging &3BA &26A such &2A9s. The job &23F &&D84 with &9E1 to &75A &5ADs &733 &F6.

== &&170 &3FD ==
{| &201
|-
!&&45C
!Contribution
|-
|-
|[[&&CE0 (&45C)|&&CE0]] and [[Ptolemy]] 
|Determined &3F3 &2D2 1,000 b&B &5C0, &B27 to &B20&1 puzzles of &302 &10B refuting only &154d geocentric &4CB of &175 and &1B8ified &5C0 by [[Apparent &50E|&50E]].

|-
|[[Aristarchus of Samos]] 
|&&40 &DE &70E propound the [[&&B01|&B54 &4CB]] of &175
|-
|[[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]]
|This &&668 &45C gave &23 &DE2 ex&136 &0 &38B &3DE plane and spherical [[trigonometry]]. Made very &691 &544s of [[&5D8]] &62s and &24C many [[star]]s. His &5D8 &58 w&A most &3A0d &1D &280 &14A used &3C3ly &1D9 &38 &0 [[&B54]] &4CB. [[Tusi-&F69]] resolves &E1D &21B in&4 sum of two &7BB &21Bs. &&10A &993 the &2F2 of 51' &10 [[pre&C7A]] &0 [[equinoxes]] and &405 to &E47i&829d us&1C1 [[astrolabe]].
|-
|[[copernicus|Nicolaus &&9C6]]
|W&799fluential in reintroducing &2AB of &&B01 in &66 &144.
|-
|[[Tycho Brahe]]
|Did &348 many &6C &563ical &731, and w&A &2C6 do &691 repea&544 measurments &0 &65A. The &771ments &0 orbit of Mars were very &6C &4 &86 &302.
|-
|[[&&934 Kepler]] 
|Suggested the [[Kep!61!21B|elliptical orbits]] of &9ECs, and propounded his ''[[Kep!61!21B|&&7E2 &&5D8 &&21B]]''.
|-
|[[&&750 Galilei]]
|W&A &2C6 &1C6 [[&815]] to ob&38A the sky.§2Condemned to &194 &9D8 &FD &2A8 by [[&&72C|&&72Cal]] &F1A, &61 lifted 359 &5B &B4 by [[Pope John Paul II]].
|-
|[[Isaac &&828]] 
|Published ''Philosophiae &&75is Principia Mathematica'' ([[1687]]), &98F the #0#[[&&828's &7E2 &21B]]&&B0 are &382 to &52B &12A, and &18 &5F8 Kepler's &7E2 &5D8 &21B.§2Pr&F1Aed the orbits &0 [[Planet|&9ECs]].
|-
|[[Subrahmanyan &&B00]]
|Extensive work &8 &3E2 &A10 of &5C0, &CF &6B0 &4A7 the &21A of [[&179 &CFE]] on &5C0, &3F &78 &23 to calculate the [[&&B00 &D66]], &D9 did, &3CA &D44, on a boat &A4E.
|-
|[[Henrietta Swan Leavitt]]
|Catalogued [[Cepheid &689]] &5C0 &1 [[Magellanic Clouds]], in [[1912]] &186 the &90 luminosty and &280icity in &&B53 -- &640 [[Ejnar &&C28|Hertzprung]]'s &B4 work.
|-
|[[Ejnar &&C28]]
|&254 &454 to &85 [[Cepheid &689|&&B53]], when &&B53 were &DA2ed &2C2 [[galaxy|&E6C]] such &A [[Andromeda galaxy]], &454 &474 &E6C &115 then be &254.
|-
|[[Edwin Hubble]]
|Dis&486 the &71F &0 &175. ([[Hubble's Law]])§2[[Hubble &&2B Telescope|The Hubble Orbiting &&2B Telescope]] &6D0 &58 &6F2.
|}

!102!
* [[Amateur &302]]
* [[&&275 &3FD]]

----

&&D3 &4A a well-&DE &4D9 by [[&&934 Vermeer]] &8d ''The &&45C'', &3A &71 &B6D to Vermeer's ''The [[&&7A3]]''. &&86 &4D9s are both &A1t &E7 the &3A1 &126 and rise in &CE3 &3FB &8B8 &410 &1F time &0ir &4D9, [[1668]]-[[1669|69]].

----

[[&&9:&&3FD| ]]
[[&&9:&&4A &3DFs]]

[[als#8A#
#81#Астроном]]
[[da#8A#
[[de#8A#
[[eo:&&563o]]
#3A#천문학자]]
[[it:&&563o]]
[[hu:Csillagász]]
[[nl:Astronoom]]
!17!天文学者]]
[[no#8A#
[[nn#8A#
[[pl#8A#
[[&1D3:&&45C]]
[[sk:Astronóm]]
[[sl#8A#
[[fi:Tähtitieteilijä]]
#80#นักดาราศาสตร์]]
#2C#天文学家#1D#
!3!
!2!
!5!
§4<&8>Ameboid &9E4</&8>
§4<id>583</id>
!1!
§6<id>15899114</id>
!7!-02-!35!
!0!
!12!
!4!
!6!
!11!
!137!
!B!
!3!
!2!
!5!
§4<&8>&&5AC</&8>
§4#74#
!1!
§6<id>40444702</id>
!D!-02-20T16:26#A7#
!0!
§8<&6>&&4A0Ted</&6>
§8<id>709141</id>
!4!
§6<&5>Revert &2A1 36472982 &27
§6#4#[[&&20:Chaos &D83.jpg|&4B|&&B52 (''Chaos &D83'')]]
[[&&20:live_Ammonia_tepida.jpg|&4B|&&B4Fn (''Ammonia tepida'')]]
[[&&20:&&C27 sol.jpg|&4B|Heliozoan (''&&C27 sol'')]]
'''&&41F''' are [[cell (&341)|cell]]s that move or feed &2D8 of &AF2 &1A1ions, &6B [[&D82]]s (&B1F feet).§2They &EBppeared in a &2D &4C &8A.§2Some &8B3 in &B08 &2C6 &5D &5AC, f&&3C2 our [[&224 &62D cell]]s, &18 consume pathogens.§2Many [[protist]]s &4D0 &416 &5AC &8B3, or take such &263 &7AC &F7 &1ir life-cycle.§2&&31 &170 such &953 is ''[[&&B52|&&B52 proteus]]''; &5A &56E is &123ly &83 &C16 its &48A &4EBs, &2E &843 &142 it, &1B5 &41F &145.

&&41F &5D &158 &85 morpho&257al &1A6 &116 &8 form and &117 &0 &616.§2&&AE &249 &616 are &118ed by &A5F arrays of [[microtubule]]s are &6B actinopods, &7A7ms &249y &9D are &6B rhizopods, &15C &158 lobse, &B51, and &98E &56E.§2&&D3 &4A a st&2F9 &16E giant &B50 &41F, the [[xenophyophore]]s, that &73 fall &321ny &0se &1A6.

* Lobose &616 are blunt, &3re &5D &80B &85 on a cell, &3A &10C &158 a &B14 of &5D2 &D81 &24D more &E6B &D80.§2Most, &3F ''&&B52'' &23F, move &11 body mass flowing &321n anterior &D82.§2The vast &145ity form a monophyletic &11F &1FD [[Amoebozoa]], &18 also &7Bs most [[slime mould]]s.§2A &8D &11F, the [[Percolozoa]], &7Bs &954 &788 &7A8form &4E &5AC and [[flagellate]] &337.

* Filose &616 are n&B25 and tapering.§2The vast &290 &B51 &56E, &3F all &AE that &2C2 &F85s, are &195d with&1 [[Cercozoa]] &1C8 with &123 flagellates that tend &9C &5AC &337.§2The &D0E &B51 &56E &7D7 two &2E &8A, the [[vampyrellid]]s and [[nu&5D2iid]]s.§2&&1E7 &3B6 &1B &48A &4EBs of [[&3EE]]s and [[fungus|fungi]].

* Reticulose &616 are cytoplasmic &C7E that &55B and merge &7AA a net.§2&&107 &156 &459 &AA [[&&B4F]], &1B7 &16E &B50 &954 that &44ly &2C2 &B1E-&8D3ed &F85s.§2&&B9 only &446 &758 &D0E &98E &41F, &5A4 the [[gymnophryid]]s, &3ir &18Fs &9D &FB.

* Actinopods are &29A in&4 [[&4C1laria]] and [[&B4E]].§2The &4C1laria &5FA &B50 &954 with &26A &3E2 skeletons, &3F &80 &BEE that &F50 the &8B3 into &E6B &D80 and frothy &D81 that &D1B them buoyant.§2The &B4E &7B both fresh&2F5 and &B50 &337 that &1C6ir axopods to &762 &27 prey, &71C have &1D3 &4CAs or spines for &E6A &235s.§2Both &8A &3B6 &1B [[polyphyletic]].

&&90ly the &5AC &5C9zoa are &11Fed &1C8 &A Sarcodina, &123ly &36E from &1B8 to phylum, with each &0 &249 &1A6 as &263al subtaxon.§2&&32, &DEy &39E &A9 form &51 phylogeny, newer &58s &44ly &233 some out or aband&8m &2D9.§2Most &41F are now &7Bd &705 &145 &F84&8A - the [[Amoebozoa]], &3F most lobose &56E and slime moulds, &3 [[Rhizaria]], &5B Cercozoa, &&B4F, &4C1larian &1B8es and &FB &B4E.§2&&32, &41F &EBppeared &233ly &C3 &2E &8A, &3F &123 &4C &774 algae not &886 &249.

== #EA#

* [#1#bms.ed.ac.uk/&6E/&2Es/smaciver/&56E.htm The &&B52e] &293 &B3As &1C8 &3D from &D1 &3AB.
!13F!-!60!/sundr.html &&B52s are &123 just blobs]
!13F!-uk.org.uk/mag/&12Bmag.html?#1#&98D-!60!/sundr.html sun &F1Ecules &60moebas]
[[&&9:Protista]][[&&9:Cell &341]][[&&9:&&41F|*]][[&&9:Motile &8B3]]
[[es:rizópodo]]
[[fr:Actinopoda]]
[[pl:Ameby#1D#
!3!
!2!
!5!
§4<&8>ASCII</&8>
§4<id>586</id>
§4#54#
!1!
§6<id>41964454</id>
!D!-03-02T22:42:35Z</&1>
!0!
§8<&6>TigerShark</&6>
§8<id>161478</id>
!4!
§6<&5>rv to Johnteslade</&5>
!12E!
{{&2Euses}}
[[&&20:ascii_full.png|&3D8|&&B9 95 &41E ASCII &11, &3FCed 32 to 126.]]
'''ASCII''' ('''''A'''merican '''S'''tandard '''C'''ode for '''I'''n&DCBion '''I'''nter&25F''), &44ly [[IPA for &&46|&7D4]] {{IPA|[#3##712;æski]}}, is a [[&36 &372]] &116 &8 [[&&46 &22C]]. ASCII &2B0 re&79 [[&36 (&604)|text]] in [[&104]]s, [[tele&101s|&101s]] &3BA, &4D &499s that work with text. Most &66 &36 &372s &EB &A9 bas&272 ASCII.

ASCII &6A9 &D1 as &638 in 1967 &14A last &A45 in 1986. It &153ly &77F &2B0 for 33 non-&9C1ing, &3F8 &93C [[&C0 &36]]s &6F0ffect how text is &1C0ed, plus &59 95 &41E &11 (&416ing &B &2B &36):

&lt;pre&gt;
 !#0##$%#3#'()*+,-./0123456789:;&lt;=&gt;?
@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_
`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~
&lt;/pre&gt;

Asteroid [[3568 ASCII]] is &24C &DD &36 &372.

==&&43F==
Like &2E &36 re&79ation &104 [[code]]s, ASCII specifies a &751 &4E &8EB bit &2D7 &3 &2C7/[[&CDF]]s of a &1A3 &C, thus &5CDing [[&8EB]] &499s &BF with &137 &238 &1C0, store, and &92C &36-&7AA &3D. The ASCII &36 &372&lt;ref&gt;Inter&2A &&13C for &&1ACization ([[&&143 1]], [[1975]]). #0#[#1#itscj.ipsj.or.jp/ISO-IR/001.pdf The &81C &21B for ISO 646]#0#. ''&&299 As&3AA Numbers &&16C Registry''. Alternate U.S. &18E: [#1#itscj.ipsj.or.jp/ISO-IR/006.pdf]. &&59F [[&&1D6 &35A&lt;/ref&!12D!— or a &7B4 &DA6 (see &24A)#!151!— &7A9 on n&6D all &E8 &104s, &B8 [[&17Fal &104]]s and [[&DDt!153!s. The &510 [[MIME]] name &503 &372 is #0#US-ASCII#0#.&lt;ref&gt;&&299 As&3AA Numbers &&16C ([[&&EB 28]], [[2005]]). #0#[#1#iana.org/&723/&36-sets &&36 Sets]#0#. &&59F [[&&1D6 &35A&lt;/ref&gt;

ASCII is, &7DD, a &2AC-[[bit]] code, &109 &87 uses the bit &2D7 re&79able with &2AC &4A0 &BDD (a &1CE 0 to 127 &A79) &E7 &4DE&DCBion. &&1F time ASCII &&90D, many &104s dealt with &711-bit &8A ([[byte]]s or, more &176ally, [[octet (&604)|octet]]s) &A &27est unit of &3D; &5C8 b&71 &41A as a [[&F4F bit]] for error checking on &101 &483 &4F5 &499-&176 &384s. Machines &18 &DB use &F4F &271 set &5C8 b&653 zero, &A1 some &58s &C [[Prime &104|Prime]] &B9B &768 [[PRIMOS]] set &5C8 bit of ASCII &11 to one.

ASCII only &77F a &90 &176 &11 and bit &702; aside from re&8B4 &446 &3F2 for line-&7AA &DCBting, it &7D define any &AAD for &366 &117 or &3B6ance of text &46C &BDE. Such &1AB are with&1 &9C9 &1C&&71Fs such &A [[markup &C]]s.

!28!
ASCII &7C from [[&&D25|&C26 &2B0]] and &40 &5A9 &2A7 use as a &2AC-bit tele&9C1er code &904d by [[AT#3#T|Bell]] data &157. The [[Bell &&58]] &394 &8BC &7F1 a six-bit code, &47E [[Fieldata]], &6F0dded punctuati&829d &225-case &202s &4 &238 five-bit [[Baudot code|Baudot]] tele&9C1er code, but was &EEAd &2CA to jo&1 [[&&13 &&2A &&1ACs &&EF|ASA]] sub&4FF &766 &311 &648 ASCII. Baudot &4BC &1 automation of s&6B2 and &3C5 &C26 &5A7s, &&703 many &C2 from [[Morse code]]; &32, &5FE Morse code, Baudot used &ED8-&495 &2B0. Compared to &238 &DF5 &2B0, the &1E3 Bell code and ASCII both &121went re-&2FAing f&5B1 convenient sorting (&B8 &22Cization) of &9F8, &60dded &C2 for &499s &2E than tele&9C1ers. [[Bob Bemer]] &2EF &C2 such &A '[[&453 &7DC]]'.

&&E6 &&1ACs &&9C (ASA, &B4 &1Bcome [[&&13 &&2A &&1ACs &&EF|ANSI]]) &40 &D1 ASCII as &638 in 1963. ASCII-1963 lacked the &225case &202s, and &140n up-&B25 (#3##8593;) &2CA &0 caret (^) &60 left-&B25 (#3##8592;) &2CA &0 &121&4C6 (_). The 1967 &18E &B22 the &225case &202s, &25Fd &5As of &446 &21B and &4D1 &149 &C0s ACK and ESC &5 &225case &202s area in&4 &3F2 area.

ASCII was &536 &A45 &440 as &&&21A-1968, &&&21A-1977, and &EDly, &&&21A-1986.

&&2E &F79&2A &1ACs &746 have ratified &36 &372s &D7 &607 or n&6D &496 ASCII. &&86 &372s are &65 &78 as ASCII, even &A1 ASCII is &7DD &319 only &11 ASA/ANSI &1ACs:

* The [[&&45 &&104 Manufacturers &&9C]] &D1 &317s &1B8 ASCII clone, ECMA-6, in 1965, 1967, 1970, 1973, 1983, and 1991. The 1991 &317 &F same as &&&21A-1986.&lt;ref&gt;ECMA Inter&2A (&&143 1991). [#1#ecma-&F79&2A.org/&8Bations/&B31/ECMA-ST/Ecma-006.pdf &&1AC ECMA-6: 7-bit Coded &&36 Set, 6th &317.] &&59F [[&&143 1&35A&lt;/ref&gt;
* The [[Inter&2A &&13C for &&1ACiz!153! &D1 its &18E, ISO 646 (&B4 [[ISO/IEC 646]]) in 1967, 1972, 1983, and 1991. ISO 646:1972, &3F4, &61 a &81C &5F-&176 &18Es with &371 &11 &431 non-&&46 &202s. ISO/IEC 646:1991 Inter&2A &&16E Version &F same as &&&21A-1986.
* The [[Inter&2A Tele&101 &&DF]] &D1 its &E4 &&&21A-1986, [[ITU Tele&101 &&1ACization Sector|ITU-T]] &&A3B T.50, in 1992. &&1 &6D &5CA, &121 &5A CCITT, &B4 &13C &D1 a &18E as CCITT &&A3B V.3.
* [[DIN]] &D1 a &E4 ASCII as DIN 66003 in 1974.
* The [[&&299 &&2A0 Task Force|IETF]] &D1 a &18E in 1969 as RFC 20, and &61 the &&299's &1AC &18E, &A9 &&&21A-1986, &B &8Bation of RFC 1345 in 1992.
* [[IBM]]'s &E4 &&&21A-1986 is &240 IBM &507 &158 as [[code p&82B67]].

ASCII &17Dlso &36D embedded &806 &963 re&195ment, [[&&236]], &A '&BEB' 128 &11. Some ob&38Ars &28D ASCII &31 #0#&1A9#0# &7E9 &1AC ever promulgated.

==ASCII &21B==
ASCII re&38As &23 32 &2B0 (&31E 0–31 &A79) for [[&C0 &36]]s: &2B0 &119ly int&46D &48F carry &41E &3D, but &4BF &337 &499s (&C [[&104 &9C1er|&9C1er]]s) that make &5C ASCII. &&37 &36 10 &397 &&359#0# &384 (&18 ca&814 &9C1er to &3A0 its &543), and &36 27 &397 #0#&453&&3B0 &71 &156 &1 top left &F4E &225 [[&&104 &B4D|&B4D]]s.

Code 127 (all &2AC bits on), an&2E &179 &36, equates to #0#&98C&&6C #0#rubout#0#. &&A1 its &384 &E1C that &1CB &21B, the &49A ASCII used this &584 so &87 &115 #0#erase&&79F &51 of [[punched tape|&543 tape]] (&70C &C80 &5DD &8E &527) by punching all &C1 holes at a &12F &36 &136, thus &21Aively &D85 any &5A3 &3D. &&87 Code 0 (null,all bits off) &&3D2 &8B0 &71 &52B leave gaps &3n make &91B by blanking &11 &A4 or &DD gap &3n &97D new &11 &1 gap.

Many &0 ASCII &3F2 &38A (or &38Ad) to mark data packets, or &337 a data &682 &5C9col (e.g. ENQuiry [&21Aively, #0#any &3D4 &7A3re?#0#], AC&&A5, &&581 Ac&&A5, Start Of Header, Start of TeXt, End of TeXt, etc). ESCape and SUBstitute &D7F a &101s &5C9col to, f&&3C2, mark &4A0 data &1BF if it &693 &2B0 &B same &584 as a &5C9col &36, the recipient will &1C0 the code as data.

The &49A ASCII int&46D the separator &11 (#0#&&2B6 &&5D7#0#, etc.) for use with &E8D tape &58s.

Two &0 &499 &21B, &E8ly &FF [[XON]] and [[XOFF]], &44ly &533 [[flow &C0]] &11 to throttle data flow to a slow &499 (&C a &9C1er) &1B3 fast &499 (&C &5C5) - so data &7D overrun and get lost.

&&6D &61E of ASCII &410 some &0 &3F2 &E7 #0#meta &3D#0# &C end-of-line, &416/&159 a data &235, &703 on. &&86 &723 &71 &207, so part &0 &329 in &CD1ing &675 one &DCB &449&2E &4E9 &60E &CA0 meta &3D &414. &&37 &20A(s) re&79ing end-of-line (#0#[[newline]]#0#) in text data &B31/streams vary from [[&502 &58]] to &502 &58. When &862 &B31 &71A &58 &449&2E, the &21 &1C0 must &71D &86 &11 as end-of-line &DCFs and &E44 them &40Aly.

Today, ASCII &61E &1C6 &21B less and less—&B &698ion of #0#carriage &27D&&40/or &&359#0#.§2&&66 markup &Cs, &66 &101 &5C9cols, the &66E text-&116 to &F2Cal &499s, &3 &DB5 of tele&9C1ers, punch-cards, and &543 tapes have &B63 most &0 &21B &93C.

!2D!&!CB!-!FD!
|-
!!DC!
!&68=&&24#0#|Oct
!!3D!
!!3C!
!&68=&&24#0#|Abbr
!&68=&&24#0#|PR{{ref 1}}
!&68=&&24#0#|CS{{ref 2}}
!De&BEion
|-
|0000#!151!0000
|000
|0
|00
|NUL
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9216;!F!
|^@
!9!-!13!-&D#0#|[[Null &36]]
|-
|0000#!151!0001
|001
|1
|01
|SOH
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9217;!F!
|^A
!9!-!13!-&D#0#|Start of Header
|-
|0000#!151!0010
|002
|2
|02
|STX
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9218;!F!
|^B
!9!-!13!-&D#0#|Start of Text
|-
|0000#!151!0011
|003
|3
|03
|ETX
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9219;!F!
|^C
!9!-!13!-&D#0#|End of Text
|-
|0000#!151!0100
|004
|4
|04
|EOT
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9220;!F!
|^D
!9!-!13!-&D#0#|[[End-of-&682 &36|End of Trans&A52]]
|-
|0000#!151!0101
|005
|5
|05
|ENQ
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9221;!F!
|^E
!9!-!13!-&D#0#|Enquiry
|-
|0000#!151!0110
|006
|6
|06
|ACK
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9222;!F!
|^F
!9!-!13!-&D#0#|Acknowledgment
|-
|0000#!151!0111
|007
|7
|07
|BEL
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9223;!F!
|^G
!9!-!13!-&D#0#|[[Bell &36|Bell]]
|-
|0000#!151!1000
|010
|8
|08
|BS
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9224;!F!
|^H
!9!-!13!-&D#0#|[[Back&2B]]{{ref 3}}{{ref 7}}
|-
|0000#!151!1001
|011
|9
|09
|HT
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9225;!F!
|^I
!9!-!13!-&D#0#|Horizontal [[Tab]]
|-
|0000#!151!1010
|012
|10
|0A
|LF
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9226;!F!
|^J
!9!-!13!-&D#0#|[[Line feed]]
|-
|0000#!151!1011
|013
|11
|0B
|VT
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9227;!F!
|^K
!9!-!13!-&D#0#|Vertical Tab
|-
|0000#!151!1100
|014
|12
|0C
|FF
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9228;!F!
|^L
!9!-!13!-&D#0#|[[Form feed]]
|-
|0000#!151!1101
|015
|13
|0D
|CR
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9229;!F!
|^M
!9!-!13!-&D#0#|[[Carriage &27D]]{{ref 6}}
|-
|0000#!151!1110
|016
|14
|0E
|SO
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9230;!F!
|^N
!9!-!13!-!5F!!5E! Out]]
|-
|0000#!151!1111
|017
|15
|0F
|SI
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9231;!F!
|^O
!9!-!13!-!5F!!5E! In]]
|-
|0001#!151!0000
|020
|16
|10
|DLE
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9232;!F!
|^P
!9!-!13!-&D#0#|Data Link &&453
|-
|0001#!151!0001
|021
|17
|11
|DC1
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9233;!F!
|^Q
!9!-!13!-&D#0#|Device &&C0 1 (oft. XON)
|-
|0001#!151!0010
|022
|18
|12
|DC2
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9234;!F!
|^R
!9!-!13!-&D#0#|Device &&C0 2
|-
|0001#!151!0011
|023
|19
|13
|DC3
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9235;!F!
|^S
!9!-!13!-&D#0#|Device &&C0 3 (oft. XOFF)
|-
|0001#!151!0100
|024
|20
|14
|DC4
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9236;!F!
|^T
!9!-!13!-&D#0#|Device &&C0 4
|-
|0001#!151!0101
|025
|21
|15
|NAK
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9237;!F!
|^U
!9!-!13!-&D#0#|[[&&581-ac&A5 &36|&&581 Ac&A5ment]]
|-
|0001#!151!0110
|026
|22
|16
|SYN
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9238;!F!
|^V
!9!-!13!-&D#0#|Synchronous Idle
|-
|0001#!151!0111
|027
|23
|17
|ETB
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9239;!F!
|^W
!9!-!13!-&D#0#|End of Trans. Block
|-
|0001#!151!1000
|030
|24
|18
|CAN
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9240;!F!
|^X
!9!-!13!-&D#0#|[[Cancel &36|Cancel]]
|-
|0001#!151!1001
|031
|25
|19
|EM
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9241;!F!
|^Y
!9!-!13!-&D#0#|End of Medium
|-
|0001#!151!1010
|032
|26
|1A
|SUB
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9242;!F!
|^Z
!9!-!13!-&D#0#|&&9CC
|-
|0001#!151!1011
|033
|27
|1B
|ESC
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9243;!F!
|^&lt;&!150![&lt;/&!150!
!9!-!13!-&D#0#|[[&&453 &36|&&453]]{{ref 5}}
|-
|0001#!151!1100
|034
|28
|1C
|FS
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9244;!F!
|^\
!9!-!13!-&D#0#|File &&5D7
|-
|0001#!151!1101
|035
|29
|1D
|GS
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9245;!F!
|^&lt;&!150!]&lt;/&!150!
!9!-!13!-&D#0#|Group &&5D7
|-
|0001#!151!1110
|036
|30
|1E
|RS
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9246;!F!
|^^
!9!-!13!-&D#0#|&&2B6 &&5D7
|-
|0001#!151!1111
|037
|31
|1F
|US
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9247;!F!
|^_
!9!-!13!-&D#0#|Unit &&5D7
|-
|0111#!151!1111
|177
|127
|7F
|DEL
|&lt;big&gt;#3##9249;!F!
|^?
!9!-!13!-&D#0#|Delete{{ref 4}}{{ref 7}}
|}

# Prin&544 Re&79ation, the [[&&236]] &CDFs re&38Ad for re&79ing &21B when &26 &240 to &9C1 or &5A8 them &51 &71Em per&4D8ir int&46D &384.
# &&C0 key Sequence, &2EE key &702 f&798&CA3 &21B.§2The caret (^) &397 #0#&&C0&&6C #0#Ctrl&&3B0 that &151 held down &50 &160ing &91 key &1 &7DC.§2The caret-key re&79ation &4A used &5B7 &7E9 &E7 &21B.
# The Back&2B &36 &16A be &2ED &160ing the #0#Back&2B#0#, #0#Bksp&&17E ←!EF!
# The Delete &36 &16A be &2ED &160ing the #0#Delete&&6C #0#Del&&3B0.§2It &16A be &2ED &160ing the #0#Back&2B#0#, #0#Bksp&&17E ←!EF!
# The &&453 &36 &16A be &2ED &160ing the #0#&&453&&6C #0#Esc&&3B0 &79E &58s.
# The Carriage Return &36 &16A be &2ED &160ing the #0#Return#0#, #0#Ret#0#, #0#Enter&&17E ↵ key on most &58s.
# The ambiguity &24D the Back&2B key &139 &58s that &64A the DEL &C0 &36 &321 BS (back&2B) &A4 &7A8mitting it.§2Some &7E9 was un&C0 &1C0 &20A &697 &5A8 #0#^H&&77stead.§2#0#^H#0# persists in &5A7s &159 as a deliberate humorous &499, e.g. [[&D3's a &D7E born &12C &B76|#0#&D3's a &D7E^H^H^H^H^H^H&275 &B83 born &12C &B76#0#]].§2A less &E8 &673 &63 &4E9 the &5C #0#^W&&B0 &271 [[text &C07|text &C07s]] &1B7 #0#&98C &5A3 word#0#. The &1C1 sentence &69 &D3fore also work as #0#&D3's a &D7E^W &275 &B83 born &12C &B76#0#.

==ASCII &41E &11==
Code 32, the [[&&2B (&371)|#0#&2B#0# &36]], de&4CD the &2B &4E &277, as &1E9 &11 &212 &2B-bar of a &B4D. Codes 33 to 126, &DE &A &41E &11, re&79 &202s, &BDD, &371 marks, &60 few &80C &2C7.

Seven-&66D &1E4 &2AC #0#&2A#0# &11 and, &4F1 &57B &E69 &703ftware &D7F, can use over&4B0s to simulate some &1F3 &F79&2A &11: in &497 scenario a back&2B can &F31 a [[grave accent]] (&18 &E6 and &&A7 &1ACs, but only &AE &1ACs, also call #0#&C87 &456 quotation mark#0#), a [[tilde]], or a &BCE mark (&EEE [[vel]]).

{| 
|- v&7=#0#top#0#
|
!2D!&!CB!-!FD!
|- 
!!DC!
!!3D!
!!3C!
!Glyph
|-
|0010#!151!0000
|32
|20
|[[&&2B (&371)|(blank)]] (#3##9248;)
|-
|0010#!151!0001
|33
|21
|[[Exclamation mark|!]]
|-
|0010#!151!0010
|34
|22
|#0#
|-
|0010#!151!0011
|35
|23
|[[Number sign|#]]
|-
|0010#!151!0100
|36
|24
|[[Dollar sign|$]]
|-
|0010#!151!0101
|37
|25
|[[Percent sign|%]]
|-
|0010#!151!0110
|38
|26
|[[Ampersand|#3#]]
|-
|0010#!151!0111
|39
|27
|[[Apostrophe (&371)|']]
|-
|0010#!151!1000
|40
|28
|[[&&741|(]]
|-
|0010#!151!1001
|41
|29
|[[&&741|)]]
|-
|0010#!151!1010
|42
|2A
|[[Asterisk|*]]
|-
|0010#!151!1011
|43
|2B
|[[Plus sign|+]]
|-
|0010#!151!1100
|44
|2C
|[[Comma (&371)|,]]
|-
|0010#!151!1101
|45
|2D
|[[Hyphen|-]]
|-
|0010#!151!1110
|46
|2E
|[[Full stop|.]]
|-
|0010#!151!1111
|47
|2F
|[[Slash (&371)|/]]
|-
|0011#!151!0000
|48
|30
|0
|-
|0011#!151!0001
|49
|31
|1
|-
|0011#!151!0010
|50
|32
|2
|-
|0011#!151!0011
|51
|33
|3
|-
|0011#!151!0100
|52
|34
|4
|-
|0011#!151!0101
|53
|35
|5
|-
|0011#!151!0110
|54
|36
|6
|-
|0011#!151!0111
|55
|37
|7
|-
|0011#!151!1000
|56
|38
|8
|-
|0011#!151!1001
|57
|39
|9
|-
|0011#!151!1010
|58
|3A
|[[Colon (&371)|:]]
|-
|0011#!151!1011
|59
|3B
|[[Semicolon|;]]
|-
|0011#!151!1100
|60
|3C
|[[Less &5CA&lt;]]
|-
|0011#!151!1101
|61
|3D
|[[Equals sign|=]]
|-
|0011#!151!1110
|62
|3E
|[[&&ACer &5CA&gt;]]
|-
|0011#!151!1111
|63
|3F
|[[&&1E8 mark|?]]
|}
|#!151!
|
!2D!&!CB!-!FD!
|-!EE!
!!ED!
!!3D!
!!3C!
!Glyph
|-
|0100#!151!0000
|64
|40
|[[@]]
|-
|0100#!151!0001
|65
|41
|A
|-
|0100#!151!0010
|66
|42
|B
|-
|0100#!151!0011
|67
|43
|C
|-
|0100#!151!0100
|68
|44
|D
|-
|0100#!151!0101
|69
|45
|E
|-
|0100#!151!0110
|70
|46
|F
|-
|0100#!151!0111
|71
|47
|G
|-
|0100#!151!1000
|72
|48
|H
|-
|0100#!151!1001
|73
|49
|I
|-
|0100#!151!1010
|74
|4A
|J
|-
|0100#!151!1011
|75
|4B
|K
|-
|0100#!151!1100
|76
|4C
|L
|-
|0100#!151!1101
|77
|4D
|M
|-
|0100#!151!1110
|78
|4E
|N
|-
|0100#!151!1111
|79
|4F
|O
|-
|0101#!151!0000
|80
|50
|P
|-
|0101#!151!0001
|81
|51
|Q
|-
|0101#!151!0010
|82
|52
|R
|-
|0101#!151!0011
|83
|53
|S
|-
|0101#!151!0100
|84
|54
|T
|-
|0101#!151!0101
|85
|55
|U
|-
|0101#!151!0110
|86
|56
|V
|-
|0101#!151!0111
|87
|57
|W
|-
|0101#!151!1000
|88
|58
|X
|-
|0101#!151!1001
|89
|59
|Y
|-
|0101#!151!1010
|90
|5A
|Z
|-
|0101#!151!1011
|91
|5B
!2C!;[&lt;/&!150!]]
|-
|0101#!151!1100
|92
|5C
|[[Backslash|\]]
|-
|0101#!151!1101
|93
|5D
!2C!;]&lt;/&!150!]]
|-
|0101#!151!1110
|94
|5E
|[[Caret|^]]
|-
|0101#!151!1111
|95
|5F
|[[Under&4C6|_]]
|}
|#!151!
|
!2D!&!CB!-!FD!
|-!EE!
!!ED!
!!3D!
!!3C!
!Glyph
|-
|0110#!151!0000
|96
|60
|[[Grave accent|`]]
|-
|0110#!151!0001
|97
|61
|a
|-
|0110#!151!0010
|98
|62
|b
|-
|0110#!151!0011
|99
|63
|c
|-
|0110#!151!0100
|100
|64
|d
|-
|0110#!151!0101
|101
|65
|e
|-
|0110#!151!0110
|102
|66
|f
|-
|0110#!151!0111
|103
|67
|g
|-
|0110#!151!1000
|104
|68
|h
|-
|0110#!151!1001
|105
|69
|i
|-
|0110#!151!1010
|106
|6A
|j
|-
|0110#!151!1011
|107
|6B
|k
|-
|0110#!151!1100
|108
|6C
|l
|-
|0110#!151!1101
|109
|6D
|m
|-
|0110#!151!1110
|110
|6E
|n
|-
|0110#!151!1111
|111
|6F
|o
|-
|0111#!151!0000
|112
|70
|p
|-
|0111#!151!0001
|113
|71
|q
|-
|0111#!151!0010
|114
|72
|r
|-
|0111#!151!0011
|115
|73
|s
|-
|0111#!151!0100
|116
|74
|t
|-
|0111#!151!0101
|117
|75
|u
|-
|0111#!151!0110
|118
|76
|v
|-
|0111#!151!0111
|119
|77
|w
|-
|0111#!151!1000
|120
|78
|x
|-
|0111#!151!1001
|121
|79
|y
|-
|0111#!151!1010
|122
|7A
|z
|-
|0111#!151!1011
|123
|7B
!2C!;{&lt;/&!150!]]
|-
|0111#!151!1100
|124
|7C
|[[Vertical bar|#3##124;]]
|-
|0111#!151!1101
|125
|7D
!2C!;}&lt;/&!150!]]
|-
|0111#!151!1110
|126
|7E
|[[Tilde|~]]
|}
|}

==&&7AB &C2==
* The &BDD 0-9 are re&79ed &Bir &FE in &4A0 &9E5ed with 0011 (this &1B7 that [[&&4A0-coded &A79|bcd]]-ASCII is &1FF &1E5 of &2E7 each bcd nibble &233ly and &9E5ing 0011 to it.
* Lowercase and &646case &202s only &9C3 in bit &584 by &2CB bit simplifying case &21 to a &2F9 test (to &A09 &CD1ing &11 that &9D &202s) &60 &456 [[bitwise &30B]].

==Aliases for ASCII==
RFC 1345 (&240 June 1992) &3 [#1#iana.org/&723/&36-sets IANA registry of &36 sets] (on&64C), both &71D &59 case-in&DC0 aliases for ASCII as sui&544 for use &8 &&299:

!12B!-1968 (&DDA name)
!12B!-1986
* ASCII
* US-ASCII (&510 MIME name)
* us
* ISO646-US
* ISO_646.irv:1991
* iso-ir-6
* IBM367
* cp367
* csASCII

&&0se, &471 aliases #0#US-ASCII&&40 #0#ASCII#0# &EBchieved &25D use. &&2Cten &7BD them &1 optional #0#charset#0# parameter &1 Content-Type header &154 [[MIME]] &5A7s, &1 &619 #0#meta#0# &235 &154 [[HTML]] &5DA, and &1 &372 decla&D3Fn part &0 prolog &154 [[XML]] &5DA.

==Variants of ASCII==
As &104 &C6 &559 &6Aout &4B, &4C &1ACs &746 and &49Bs &7C many &540 of ASCII in &102 &A04 the &408 non-&&46 &Cs that used &&CA-&116 &22Cs. One &115 &1B8 some &0se &540 as #0#ASCII [[&&258 ASCII|&98B]]#0#, &20C mis-apply that term to c&4FEll &673s, &3F &AE that &73 &17 ASCII's &36-map &1 7-&5C9

[[ISO 646]] (1972), &23 &EC remedy the pro-&&46-&C bias, &152 &3F5 &292, &87 it &65F 7-bit &36-set. It made no &1F3 &2B0 &1E7, so it reas&3AA some in &C-&176 &673s. It thus &BF im&52B &6FB &36 a code re&79ed &10B &A75 &18 &673 to work with, and text-&1C0ing &58s &115 &44ly cope with only one &673 anyway.

&&12E, &6C1 &C6 &1DE out-of-band &1B7 &E7 the &3D &265ly encoded &1 &711h bit of each byte, &661 this b&653 add an&2E 128 &1F3 &36-&2B0 for new &723. &&37 [[IBM]] &7C 8-bit [[code page]]s, &C [[code page 437]], &18 re&195d the &C0-&11 with &F2C &2C7 &C [[smiley]] faces, and &F52 &1F3 &F2C &11 &4 &646 128 bytes. Ope&F6D &58s &C [[DOS]] &423se code-&41A, and manufacturers of [[IBM PC]]s &423m in &E69.

Eight-bit &1ACs &C [[ISO 8859|ISO/IEC 8859]] and [[Mac OS &&CA]] &7C as true &98B of ASCII, &675 &453 &36-mapping intact and &803dding &1F3 &FE &249 the 7-&5C9 This enab&7D2 re&79ation of a &672 &1CE &Cs, &1BAse &1ACs &AF &DAF from incompatibilities and &5B3. Still, [[ISO-8859-1]] its &673 [[&&A78-1252]] (&71 mis&113ed as ISO-8859-1) and &119 7-&66D rema&1 &56C &36 &372s in use &159.

[[&&236]] &3 ISO/IEC 10646 [[&&B0 &&36 Set]] (UCS) &EB much &B1B array of &11, &3ir &123 &372 &337 have &781 sup&46C ISO/IEC 8859 and ASCII &583 &C3 &F1s. &&50 ASCII &463ally uses 7-bit &2B0, &&236 &3 UCS use &1A8 &440 #0#code &F7s#0#: non-&581 integer &31E that map, &22B &4C &372 &337 and schemes, to &702 &4C9 &5B1 8-bit bytes. To &D7F backward &3F5, &&236 &3 UCS assign &23 128 code &F7s &4 same &11 as ASCII. One can &D3fore &757 ASCII as a 7-bit &372 scheme &ED very &27 sub&81C &&236 and &0 UCS. &&2AD [[UTF-8]] &372-form &D12 the &5C one to four 8-bit code &FE &748 code &F7 &36, and equates &57A to ASCII &10 code &FE &24A 128. &&2E &372 &337 &C [[UTF-16]] resemble ASCII &7F7 they re&79 &23 128 &11 of &&236, but &1C2 use 16 or 32 bits per &36, so they &487 &21 for &3F5.

The [[blend (&1BB)|blend]] word ''ASCIIbetical'' has &66E to &E39&265 [[coll!153! of data in ASCII-code &2FA &51 #0#&1AC&&79Flphabetical &2FA.&lt;ref&gt;Jargon File. [#1#catb.org/~esr/jargon/html/A/ASCIIbetical-&2FA.html ASCIIbetical]. &&59F [[&&143 1&35A&lt;/ref&gt;

The &6B7 ASCIIZ or ASCIZ &11E a [[&&36 &6B3 (&104 &4A)|null-terminated ASCII &6B3]].

!25!
*[[&&13 &&2A &&1ACs &&EF|ANSI]]
*[[ASCII art]]
*[[ASCII game]]s
*[[Text file]]
*[[Bob Bemer]]
*[[EBCDIC]]
*[[&&236]]
*[[ASCII ribbon]]
===ASCII &98B===
(&AD all ASCII &41E &11 are &496 ASCII)
*[[&&258 ASCII]]
*[[UTF-8]]
*[[ISO 8859]]
*[[ISCII]]
*[[VISCII]]
*[[&&A78 code &41A]]
===ASCII &673s===
(&AD some ASCII &41E &11 &22 re&195d)
*[[ISO 646]]
*[[ATASCII]]
*[[PETSCII]]
*[[ZX &&147 &36 set]]

!1F!
===For &176 &F7s===
!127!

===&&44===
*[#1#unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0000.pdf &&236.org chart &8 ASCII &2F9]
* Tom Jennings ([[&&243 29]] [[2004]]). [#1#wps.com/&1A1s/&2B0/&12B.html Annotated &&2B &&36 Codes.] &&59F [[&&143 17]] [[2005]].
*[[Alt &2B0]]

!E!
#C0#--*[#2#quickkeydotnet.&3B7forge.net/ Quick Key &&36 Grid], a [[FOSS]] [[&&929 &7E9|&&929]] for [[Microsoft &&A78]] inserts any &36 &4BD click. &gt;&gt;&gt; not &6C3 &597 page [[User:Chris_Chittleborough]], [[8 &&105]] [[2006]] --&gt;
*[#1#&239.cs.cmu.edu/~sburke/stuff/&809-&5C4.txt A &809 &5C4 for ASCII &11] #C0#--good info but i'd like &1C3 more &2BFitive &343 random &17Fal &293 if at all &C1 [[User:&&933|&&933]] &519 &&143]] &&&358--&gt;
*[#1#jim&7F2.com/jim-asc.htm ASCII Chart, &69D send &5DA #0#in ASCII#0#, etc]#C0#-- i &55D this can stay &1F2 for now it doesn't seem to &A5B mis&280 what ASCII is or &258 ASCII &A1 &B7 a &27 &645 &172 #0#IBM PC &&258 ASCII#0# &51 (its only &CA0 for &&46 &18Es &1F1&144 not &785 &AE) [[User:&&933|&&933]] &519 &&143]] &&&358--&gt;
*[#1#&D7C.com/&908/xlate/ &&27C Encoder/Decoder for ASCII, HEX, &&4A0, Base64, etc with MD2, MD4, MD5, SHA1+2, CRC, &4D hashing algorithms] #C0#-- note: this &293 &119ly &311 as a &1EC &1A1, I &F4D &26A &1C3 &26F &4E &1C6 &1 &1B8 &826 &55D it may &5E2 help &2Es.§2I in&1C2 &627 &1FE t&740 and &80E find any error &5F7 don't hesitate to notify me &0m. -user:&D7C --&gt;

[[&&9:5-&202 acronyms]]
[[&&9:&&36 &372]]
[[&&9:&&36 sets]]
[[&&9:Latin &22C re&79ations]]
[[als#11#
[[ar#11#
[[ast#11#
[[bg#11#
[[ca#11#
[[cs#11#
[[da#11#
[[de#11#
[[el#11#
!125!skio]]
[[es#11#
[[fi#11#
[[fr#33#
[[gl#11#
[[he#11#
[[hu#11#
[[ia#11#
[[id#11#
[[it#11#
[[ja#33#
[[ko#11#
[[ku#11#
[[lv#11#
[[ms#11#
[[nl:ASCII (tekenset)]]
[[nn#11#
[[no#11#
[[pl#11#
[[pt#11#
[[ro#11#
[[ru#11#
[[sk#11#
[[sl#11#
[[sq#11#
[[sr#11#
[[sv#11#
[[th#11#
[[tr#11#
[[uk#11#
[[vi#11#
[[zh#11#
[[zh-min-nan#11#!B!
!3!
!2!
!5!
§4<&8>&&5E</&8>
§4<id>587</id>
!1!
§6<id>42091980</id>
!D!-03-03T19:50#4A#
!0!
§8<&6>Acjelen</&6>
§8<id>107326</id>
!4!
§6<&5>&86B &6CC &AB5</&5>
§6#4#'''&&5E''' &1EA &8A7 as &1FD:

* The [[&&5Es]], &77Es &7B &&969 and &&1DC Oceans, &10C sub&158:
**[[&&AA #112#
**[[&&64 #112#

* &&18 &&A]] &13E 

''&&166: [[&&5Es (&4A6)]], [[&&10_&&A#endnote_&&5E|Use &0 word #112#, and [[Use &0 word &&13|Use &0 word &&13]]''

----

&&5E &4A:
* [[&&5E, &&722]] in Limburg
* &&5E, a part &0 &1F6h of [[Sutton-in-the-Isle]] in &&6F1shire, &&403

&&5E &F &8 or &381:&lt;br/&gt;

''&&4C0:''
* [[América (Perales song)|#0#América&&135 song &342 singer and &7BA [[José Luis Perales]]
* [[&&5E (Paul Simon song)|#0#&&5E&&135 song by Sim&829d Garfunkel
* [[&&5E (&&52E song)|#0#&&5E&&135 song by &&52E
* [[&&5E (Neil Diamond song)|#0#&&5E&&135 song by [[Neil Diamond]]
* [[&&5E (band)]], a rock and roll band
** ''[[&&5E (&415)|#112#'', &230 &0ir de&447lbum
* ''[[&&5E (Havalina &415)|#112#'', an &415 &11 band Havalina
* ''[[&&5E (&17B)|#112#'', a 1924 film &4E1 by [[D.W. Griffith]]
* ''[[&&5E (The Book)]]'', &7F6 &1A3 &11 &B16 of ''The Daily Show with Jon Stewart''
* ''[[&&5E (book)|#112#'', &7F6 by [[Jean Baudrillard]] exa&9E2 the &200 &F7E&257ally
* #0#&&5E&&719 song from [[West Side Story]] by &&488 Bernstein, also per&32B &11 UK rock &11F The Nice
* [[&&5E (XM)]], [[XM &&704 Radio]] &A6C 10
*''[[América (soap &6E7)|América]]'', a Brazilian tele&127a (soap &6E7).
* [[&&5E (&221 &586)]], an [[&&88F|Argentinian]] &221 &586
* ''[[&&5E (&2D8)|#112#'', a weekly &&CA &&28A &2D8 

''&&3EF:''
* [[Club #112#, &&676 &2D3 (&817) team
*[[América de Cali]], a Colombian &2D3 (&817) team
* ''[[&&5E (yacht)|#112#'', a &F5A yacht that w&8 &40 ever &&5E's Cup in 1851

''&&131:''
* ''[[&&5E (&E68)|#112#'', a &B1E-&DB3 &E68 used &61C E. Byrd &9E crew on a 1927 &7A8atlantic &3F0
* ''[[&&5E (&2A7 ship)|#112#'', a &D7B liner &503ed by [[&&1B4 Fried]] &1A4 &4BA sea &DA0 in 1929
* [[USS &&5E|USS ''&&5E'']], &5A of &E5 &&10 &&A Navy &D2F
* ''[[SS &&5E (1940)|SS #112#'', a &D7B liner &717 &11 &&10 &&A Lines.

&&5E &5F &F81&13B &8 for:
* [[My &&5F, 'Tis of Thee|#0#My &&5F, 'Tis of Thee&&135 patriotic song &0 &&10 &&A
* [[Our #112#, an &6EB by [[Jose Marti]]

!25!
*[[&&38F (&764)]]
*[[&&5Es#Naming &13E|Naming &13E]]


!11A!

#C0#-- &AD9 --&gt;

[[cy#E8#
[[de#CC#
[[fr#E8#
[[hr#CC#
[[nl#CC#
!17!アメリカ (曖昧さ回避)]]
[[no:&&38F (andre betydninger)]]
[[pt:América (desambiguação)]]
[[sq#E8#
!37!Америка]]
[[fi:Amerikka]]
[[tr:&&38F#1D#
!3!
!2!
!5!
§4<&8>&&12</&8>
§4<id>588</id>
!1!
§6<id>42098769</id>
!D!-03-03T20:46#AF#
!0!
§8<&6>BanyanTree</&6>
§8<id>137674</id>
!4!
!6!
§6<&5>rv &150 Ashmoo</&5>
!39!
!120!
[[&&20:&&12 &704 &BDF.jpg|&4B|280px|A &704 &AC1 im&1C1 &&12]] 

'''&&12''' &F &28's &8D-&B2 and &8D most &7B0 [[&BB]], &54 [[!155!.§2At &5A 30,370,000 [[&458 &818|km#3#sup2;]] (11,730,000 [[&458 mile|sq mi]]) &3F its &E6D &122, it &74F 5.9% &0 [[Earth]]'s &2F8 &163 area, and 20.3% &0 &2F8 l&&9E3. With over 840,000,000 &1C (as of 2005) in 61 &E0, it &46B &123 12% &0 &28's [[&81 &23]].

!103!
[[&&20:&&5AD&&12.png|&4B|&359|&&28 map &509 &&12 (&460ally)]]
&&5A '''&&12''' came into &&67 use &53 [[&&6F Rome|&&CAs]], who used &5A ''&&12 &8A2'' — #0#land &0 Afri#0# (plural, or #0#Afer#0# &B4C) — &10 &AAern part &0 &BB, &A [[&&12 (&251)|&251 &285 &172 &AB [[&&68B]], &80B to &66-day [[&&516]].

The Afri were a tribe — &445 [[&&128]] — who dwelt in [[&&AA &&12]] &1 &&68B area.§2The &67E ''Afer'' &5D &517 with [[&&53D &Cs|&&53D]] ''`afar'', [[dust]] (also &1F5 most &2E [[&&E2 &Cs]]); &33A &C25 that &22 &CF5 &10 &6F name '&&12' &D7 &256 deba&544 &7B:

:*the [[Latin]] word ''aprica'', &109 #0#sunny#0#; 

:*the [[&&5C &C|&&5C]] word ''aphrike'', &109 #0#&10B cold#0# (&166 [[&&275 &90 &&5C &195 &2ED]]). The &AF0 [[Leo &&12nus]] ([[1495]]-[[1554]]) &A30 the &32F &4 &&5C word ''phrike'' (φρίκη, &109 #0#cold and &DBA#0#), &57B &B negating &9E5 a-, so &109 a land free of cold and &DBA. &&4E9 &6C8 &5BB from ''ph'' to ''f'' &75B is dat&C0 &AC [[&40 &47]], so &85 un&4BD &1B the &32F.

&&6F &&12 &258 into &84 now &79 Asia.§2&&D3 &7F2 line &534 &7B two &BBs &8E &7A3 [[Ptolemy]] ([[85]] - [[165]] AD), &205 [[&&51F]] as [[Prime Meridian]] &718 the [[Suez Canal|isthmus of Suez]] &3 [[Red Sea]] the &BBC &4E [[!155! and #111#As [[&&89]]ans came to &121st&3 real &5DB &0 &BB, &2C7 of ''&&12'' &950 &Bir &A5.

#103#
''Main &1E8 &285''

[[&&20:The Earth seen from &&2C 17.jpg|&4B|&359|&&12 &1 [[Blue &9CE]] &2CD, with [[&&D3D]] &4 &64, &3 [[&&279]] and [[&&9E8n &3BD]] &1F top &0 &9F1]]

&&12 &F &B2 &0 &E5 &AC &64ward &1A1ions &5 main mass &0 Earth's &163. It &7Bs with&806 &CDE &A5F &8AF &72C of c. 30,360,288 [[&458 &818|km#3#sup2;]] (11,722,173 [[&458 mile|mi#3#sup2;]]), &3F t&&A50.

Separated from [[&&89]] &11 [[&&803 Sea]], &26 &606 to Asia at its &AAeast extremity &11 [[Suez Canal|Isthmus of Suez]] (&7A8ected &11 Suez Canal), 130 km (80 &3D1) wide. ([[Geo&35]]ly, [[Egypt]]'s [[Sinai &&3BD]] east &0 Suez Canal &7A &16 &3AF, &F6.) &&5 most &AAerly &F7,§2[[Cape Blanc]] (Ra’s al Abyad) &357 (37#3#deg;21#3#&1D0; N), &4 most &64erly &F7, [[Cape Agulhas]] in [[&&64 &&12]] (34#3#deg;51#3#&1D0;15#3#Prime; S), is a &5A5 &33C of 8,000 km (5,000 &3D1); from [[Cap-Vert|Cape Verde]], 17#3#deg;33#3#&1D0;22#3#Prime; W, &291most &F7, to [[Ras Hafun]] in [[&&89F]], 51#3#deg;27#3#&1D0;52#3#Prime; E, &31 easterly &1A1ion, is a &5A5 (&4EEp&AA2ly) of 7,400 km (4,600 &3D1). The &495 of &229-&7E5 26,000 km (16,100 &3D1) &3 &CC9 of deep indentations &0 shore is &718 &11 &B3 &&89, &18 &74F only [[1 E12 m²|9,700,000 km#3#sup2;]] (3,760,000 &458 &3D1), &17D &229-&7C9 32,000 km (19,800 &3D1).

&&F3 &7AB &483 &0 &BB show &725 east-to-west &237 &36istic, &1F2 &1 &EA hemi&DE5, &0 more &AAern &33A &0 &28, &3 &AA-to-&64 &237 seen &1 &64ern &3BDs. &&12 is thus &4E7 of two &E77 at &B &B4B, the &AAern &768 from east to west, &4B7 from &AA to &64, the subordinate &483 &80B &1 main &4se two &237s.

!28!
!30! &&12]]''
[[&&20:Afryka 1890.jpg|&B|&4B|&359|Map &3AF 1890]]

&&12 is home &4 [[&E15 of &&81kind|&690 &2FF &82]] on &142, &B [[&81]] race [[mitochondrial Eve|&32Fating]] from this &BB. &&2A mid &22D, [[&&D|&9F]] &186 many [[&BE7]]s and &264 &92 &3DF &31A as &2BC 7 &3F1 ago. Fossil &12D of &85 &392 of &6D ape-like &81s &A1t &9C [[&9BD]]d into &66 day man, &C ''[[Australopithecus afarensis]]'' ([[&4C1metrically dated]] to 3.9-3.0 &3F1 [[&&A4_&&BD9|BC]]), ''[[Paranthropus boisei]]'' (2.3-1.4 &13F BC) and ''[[Homo ergaster]]'' (c. 600,000-1.9 &13F BC) &28 &186.

The [[Ishango Bone]], dated to c. 25,000 &31C &9D2 [[tally stick|tallies]] in [[&845 not!153!. &&6Aout &81ity's [[pre&33]], &&12 (like all &2E &BBs) had no [[&200 &1E]]s, &14A &2CA &2FF by &709 [[&C12-ga&D3rs]] such &A [[Khoi]] and [[San]] (&265ly &79 [[bushmen]]).
 
A&2AF 3300 BC, the &A9 &2B6 opens &6D4 &B &7AD &58B in [[Egypt]], &18 &1C4 with &CC5 &3DC &126 over &2E &155 &1D9 343 BC. &&2E &210 [[&114iz!153!s &7B [[&&37A]], the [[Nubia]]n &108, [[&&68B]], the &108s &0 [[Sahelian &108|Sahel]] ([[Ghana &&11B|Ghana]], [[Mali &&11B|Mali]], and [[Songhai &11B|Songhai]]) and [[&&AC &&680]].

In 1482, the [[&&373|&&2EB]] &61 &23 &7A6 &8F7 &3D4 &3C8 &&390 &229 at [[Elmina]]. The &418 commodities dealt in were &21C, gold, ivory and spices. &&452 &3C6 &13E in 1492 was &25E by &7C4 &83 &0 [[&3E8 &1AA]], &18, &308 &&2EB era, &AB an overland &1AA &324 &408, and &15A confined &449y one &BB.

But &1F same time that &95 was &6B2 in &&89, &1 &6D &264 &452 [[Imperialism|&E76]] &FDs &9E4d a &A7D #0#[[&E67 for &&12]]&&40 &25A most &0 &BB, &7F7 many [[&52F|&203]] &200 &A, and &675 only two &CC &EC: [[&&740]], the Black &&13 &52F, and [[&&37A]]. This &3DF &189 &DD &648 &0 [[&&28 War II|&&8D &&28 War]], when all &203 &A &AA4 &696 &77B &F3.

Today, &&12 is &5AD over 50 &CC &4D, &7E4 2 &162 &146 &71E [[&201]]s &534 up &2A era &523 [[&203ism]].

!E3!
[[&&20:&&203&&12.png|&3D8|''Map &509 &&45 &2CBants &4 &&12n &BB &1F &4C5 [[&&28 War I]]'']]
===Pre#CB#
{{sect-stub}}
===&#CB#
[[&&203ism]] &140 destabilizing &3C4 what &AB a &2D &448 &8A &C1 &146 &78 felt &6D4n &59. &&174 &&45 &126, &2A &201s &2C5 &269 a &745, with &&12ns &44ly &206 &173 &1CB &155 &0 &28, such &A &&9E8n &3BD, &AD a &11F's &82 was congruent &172 &C3 or &1AA &126. &&452 &D27 of &790 &201s &180 &E0 to isolate them from &AE &1CB &203 &FDs &71 &7D1 &21A of sepa&F6D &2Ewise contiguous &35 &8A, or &585 &90 &59B &7B0 side by side &7B3 buffer &7Bm. &&37 the [[Congo River]], &287 &B3 &1B a &75 &460 &BBC, had &8A that &2Ewise &5F2 a [[&C]], [[&38]] &4F5 &29Bity who resided on both sides. The di&609 &0 land &4E [[Belgium]] and [[&&93]] &3C8 &223 &E66 &86 &8A from &137. &&120 &557 in &&269 or [[Sub-&&269 &&12]] and &1AAd &1E4 &BB for &20B &71 &156 &16D &9E7ing #0#&201s&&2F8 &241 only on &&45 maps.

In &EC &766 &496 &&45 &23s, for &1C1 [[&&B4A]] and [[&&64 &&12]], &5E5 &8D-&1B8 &660ship were &71 &6EB in &102 give &&45s [[&35 &FD]] far in &DF6 &0ir &31E. &&4E9 &483 &2C5 &71 &534 &7DD &794 &23E &483. In [[&&740]], the &660s &4B8 &377 &C7 &21C &755 &9C a &35 &58 for over 100 &5B that gave ex-&21C and &13Bs &4 area &501 &B36 [[&24F &FD]] &296 fact the ex-&21C were out&3FCed ten to one &1 &44 &23. The &C33 &503 &58 w&A [[&&10 &&A &&395]], &192 &A69d &672 of free and &4B6 &296 much &212r &23 &0 &265.

&&45s &71 &539 &A69 of &FD, &152 &448 &F50s &249y &DB &3EA &4D0, &&C62 &5C6 dichotomy detri&55E &4 &13B &374 &1 are&Ay &C0led. &&37 in &84 now [[&&814]] and [[&&651]], two &448 &8A [[Hutus]] and [[Tutsis]] had merged into one &38 &11 time Belgian &83A had &419 &C0 &0 &23C &1 &264. No &9F9 &29A by &448ity &799termingling, &F79-&966, and merging &525 &173s &106 &20B &4AC &87 erased &66A &7E1 of a &38 &F50, the &&B49 &EFd a &69E &23E categorization, upon &2E7 &C0 &0 &23C, as &23E &116 categorizati&829d &1EA &44 fixture &0 &&45 &38 of &3E3. &&10E [[Hutu]] &119ly &A35red &4 agri&56-&116 Bantu &1C7 &B8A that &4D1 into &79 day &&814n and &&651 &5 West, &3 term [[Tutsi]] &78 &&AA &&EA &43A-&116 &B8A that migrated in&4 &23C &B4. &&10Es &4 &F8 &1Cs &12E came &58D &1F4's &84 &1B8. &&AE &A3s who &717 &501 10 &5B1 &43A were &72 Tutsi, &183 with fewer were &72 Hutu, &52C &146cestral &33. This &153 a &C0B line &447 &44 &7B9 &4B, &7DC &115 &66E Hutu to Tutsi and vice &F82.

The &&B49 &2EF a &23Eised &58. &&AE &A3s &38C &36istics &452s &8BD - fairer skin, ample &6B1, n&B25 noses, etc. - were &20E &FD &213st the colonized &1Cs. The &&B49 &254 &86 &C2 were more &7D8ly [[&&73F]], &&73F in turn &78 more &7D8ly &&45 and &968 &474 &1C &48Ast to Tutsi &448cestry. They &EFd a &69E issuing &7CC cards &A9 t&383. &&AE &48Ast &597 &7D8 were pro&2CBed Tutsi &183 not were pro&2CBed Hutu.

===Post-#CB#
&&87 &F3, &&12n &A have &357 been &B48 by inst&31D, &3CE, &291, and [[&135ism]]. The vast &145ity &134 &518 [[re&8B]]s that &6E7te &121 some form &0 [[&3Eial &58]] of rule. Few &2EC &&12 &22 &C0 &CC1 [[Democracy|&98]] &1Ds, &2CA cycling &678 &69F &F6B [[Coup d'état|coup]]s and [[&C3 &832]]s.

A &2D &&12's post-&203 &35 &1D8s were &9AB &BC4 and &F19 on &60As of &996ance; &AC inst&31D, &32, was &2BC the &3D6 &F9alization &1CB &448 &1F9 graft &8Dse &1D8s. 

As well, many used &3F3 of &FD to ignite &448 &207s that &AB exacerbated, &379 &152, &121 &203 rule. &&C3 &4D, the [[Armed &1F7|&C3]] was &6E2 &745 &1D7 &11F that &115 &21Aively &C01&105 and &B18 most &2EC &&12 &2A [[&5CA|70s]] &681 [[&527|80s]].

&&2A &280 &5 &6D [[&4CC]] &4 late &527 &&12 had over 70 coups and 13 &3Eial [[&188]]s.

[[Cold War]] &207s &4E &18 &&A]] &3 [[&&4AD &&DF]] also &791 role &1 inst&31D. When &6DD &BF &CC &10 &53A &71 &71 &297 &7 &4BD &0 two [[&F84&FD]]s. Many &4D in [[&&AAern &&12]] &2DA &&4AD &C3 aid, &50 &7CE &&80 and &&64ern &&12 were &118ed &11 [[&&10 &&A]] and/or [[&&93]]. The &5CA saw an escalation as newly &CC [[&&67F]] and [[&&51A]] &7ed &16D &B [[&&4AD &&DF]] &3 West and [[&&64 &&12]] &75D to &A5B &&4AD &126.

B&2FA and &724 &596s &EBlso been &E8, &B &&45-&75E &201s of &451 &78 &3A5 &848 &678rmed &207s. 

Failed &1D &4E3 and &35 &3CE &EBlso &3FAed &C3 &25D [[famine]]s, and &120 &8E4s &3AF &5F6 with &393 &58s un&C0 disseminate &39D food or &2F5 &10 &23 to &A6F. The &66C [[&508]] &4A rampant, &B8 the &559 &0 [[&&81 Immuno&D1A Virus]] (HIV) &3 &267 [[Acquired Immune Deficiency &&1AF]] (AIDS), &182 &4E3 deadly [[&BFA]] &8 &BB.

&&3B5 &22F hard&D2F, &D3 &22 some &7E1 the &BB has hope &10 &2E3. [[Democracy|&&98 &1D]]s seem &1B sp&468, &A1 &9D yet &AE (&&2A &&460 &2CBs 13 &&12n &EC &57 &72 &B37 &98). As well, &451 &EBt &906 &8A4ly &51D &463 [[&81 &B]]s &EDll [[&660]]s, &A1 in &173 &86 &9D &361 &51D, &45B &152 &15Fably &CC [[&A9E|judiciaries]].

&&B9 &5D2 &7E1 of &162d net&1FC &213 &&12n &551s and &A. &&1 &18F &1 [[&&98 &&517 Congo]] (&265 [[Zaire]]), &51 rich, non-&&27A &F79vening, &5A half-a-dozen &525 &&27A got &3EC (&166 [[&&8D Congo War]]). The &1FA toll &28 &26E &5B7 &1B 3.5 &13F &DE &207 &1AE in 1998. This &2F3 play a role &142 &393 [[&&28 War II]] for &&89, &54 &188 &1C &1 &525 &4D &A20 &822tegrate &8C &16A in &497 way that war &7Bm &36Ds as un&55Dable as a war &4E, say, [[&&93]] and [[&&D9y]] &2C9 &159.

&&35 &9Cs such &A [[&&12n &&DF]] &170 &716ing hope for &ACer co-&3F5 &6FA &7B &BB's many &4D.

Extensive &24C &F27s &146 &7E5 in &85 &95 &&12, &71 &8D over&A2B &0 &1E. &&70 such &CDD &7E5 for &35 &15Fs, &71 &144 as a 'side-&21A' of &18F. &&4D &AD &145 &24C &CDD &22 &37F &68B &144 &7B the [[&&98 Re&8B &0 Congo]], [[&&813 Leone]], [[&&740]], [[Sudan]], and [[Cô&3ED.

===&&66 &&12===
Most &67 &4D &195 &5B3 on aid to &&12n &EC, &B8 &1A &&A. &&86 &5B3 &3D3 &83 &C0 &FBs &0se &&12n &EC; as &682 &86 &518 &A49 &819-&90 &612 &199 aid. [[China]] h&799creasingly &1E4 &199 aid to &&12 in &102 &86C &962s on [[&&75 re&3B7|&75 &C7]], &C [[&20D|oil]], [[gold]], and [[&A48s]]. &&D3 &10C &795 &35 pre&BEion. &&4D the &&D4 &4CFvesting in &7B:
&&80 &&12n Re&8B (&46Cations), &&73E ([[&20D|oil]] #3# [[gas]]), &&813 Leone ([[&310]]), Gabon ([[&20D|oil]]), Congo-&&C24 ([[&20D|oil]] #3# wood-&1CC), Congo ([[&352]] #3# [[cobalt]]), &&67F ([[&133]]-&58), Libya ([[&20D|oil]]), Sudan ([[&20D|oil]]), &&812 ([[coffee]] #3# [[fishing]]-&1CC), Kenya ([[Tele&101|&101s]]-&671), &&814 (&8B &DD), &&651 ([[Nickel]]), &&680 (infra&117), &&64 &&12 ([[coal]] #3# [[gold]]).

!E5!
''Ma&80Cicle: [[&&A0 &285''

&&12 &F &28's poorest &2FF &BB: &18 N!153!s' [#2#hdr.undp.org/ &&81 &&83 &&498] [[2003]] (of 175 &4D) &156 that &136s 151 ([[Gambia]]) to 175 ([[&&813 Leone]]) were &419 up &2D9 by &&12n &EC.

It &59C (&122 some ways &72E &1D2) a shaky and un&FB &7A8ition from [[&203ism]], with &162s in [[&35 &3CE|&3CE]] and [[despotism]] &78 &145 &68F f&278s &232 poor &84 &2B8. &&50 rapid &2B7 in [[China]] and now [[India]], and &57D &2B7 in [[Latin #112#, has lifted &13Fs &545 subsistence &10F, &&12 has gone backwards in &1F6 &D8 [[&1AA]], [[&560]], and [[per &49D]] [[&6AD]]. This [[&8C2]] has &25D &1BE, &3F &225 [[life &A31ancy]], [[&291]], and [[inst&31D]] - f&278s &F79twined &B &BB's &8C2. 

Major &84 &3B2es are [[&&932]] and [[&&64 &&12]], &3A &7C &4 &5DB &87 has &594 mature [[&&934burg Stock Ex&25F|stock ex&25F]]. &&85 &3A9 &5E its &55A of [[&75 re&3B7]]s, &78 &4B's &485 &2C2r of both [[gold]] and [[&A48]]s, &641 &5E its well-&61 &5BE &58. &&64 &&12 also &17Dccess to &199 &AB, &22F &3A4s and s&3B3 &38D. &&2E &&27A are &281 com&F37 &4DA, &C [[Ghana]], &1F1, like Egypt, &EB &9F9 &2B &2A7 and &84 &3B2.

[[&&73E]] sits &7FF &0 &B2 &B39n oil re&38As &1 &3C2 h&A &34B &23 &213 &2EC &&12, &4BD &0 &C78-&3A1 &427 &1 &28. &&26 &4C &B &5F's &583 expanding &A0 &122creasing &DBs &92 &3CE, &&73E's &6DC as &&12's &84 &FD&194 will soon be &DE4 &61.

!E4!
&&12ns &5D &11Fed &29 &573y live &AA or &64 &0 [[&&279 Desert]]; &86 &8A are &6B [[&&AA &&12n]]s and [[Sub-&&269 &&12]]ns, &323. #11A#-&&FC]] &1C7 &1Cs &90B in &&AA &&12, &50 Sub-&&269 &&12 is &831 by a &2D &23s &11Fed &30C &4ir &C --[[Niger-Congo]] &3F4 in West &&12, [[Nilo-&&269]] &1 &&EA &811 and [[&&89E]] &1 &64.

Speakers of [[Bantu &Cs]] (part &0 Niger-Congo &CE) are &AE in &64ern, &80 and east &&12 &5FC; but &B9 also &85 Nilotic &25C East &&12, &60 few &515 [[&&F8 &1Cs &3AF|&F8]] &&89E ('[[San]]' or '[[Bushmen]]') and Pygmy &1Cs in &64ern &515 &&12, &323. Bantu-&1C7 &&3F0 &90B in Gab&829d &&615 &&390, &60re &1F5 &95 &64ern &&79B &&D7A &&89F. &&1 [[Kalahari Desert]] of &&64ern &&12, the &1CB &1C &DE &A Bushmen (also #0#San#0#, &314 &143, but &418 #0#[[Khoikhoi|Hottentots]]&&514 long been &79. The San are &B6ly &418 &2E &&12ns &60re the &F8 &18E &64ern #111#[[Pygmies]] &104 pre-Bantu &F8 &1Cs of &80 &&12.

&&1D5s of [[&&AA &&12]] &7D7 two main &8A; [[&&128]] and [[&&10E]]-&1C7 &1Cs &1 west, and [[&&B1_of_Egypt#&&1C|&&103s]] &1 east. The Arabs who &A67 &1 7th &47 &2EF the [[&&10E &C]] &3EF to &&AA #111#The &&E2 [[Phoenicia]]ns, &3 &&45 [[&&6F &&4A1|&&5Cs]] and [[&&6F Rome|&&CAs]] &3B0 in &&AA &&12 &F6. &&128s &146 make up &AE in [[&&214]], &DAy are &12F &3Aity &219 [[&&26]]. &&107 also &79 &357 and [[Libya]]. The [[Tuareg]] &4D &71-&CB4 &1Cs &104 &83B &374 &0 &&269 &576 &775 #111#[[Nubians]] are a [[Nilo-&&269]]-&1C7 &11F (&A1 many also &554 &&10E), who &7C an &6F &114ization in &&AAeast &&12.

&&2A past &47 or so, sm&7E4 &84ally &6C &1C5 of [[&&B1_of_Lebanon#The_Lebanese_Diaspora|Lebanese]] and [[&&681 &&D4|&&D4]] &EBlso &7C &1 &212r &229al &168 of [[West &&12|West]] and [[East &&12]], &323.

Some [[&&37A]]n and &&C77n &8A (&4EF [[Amhara]] and [[Tigray]]ans, &47Bly &79 #0#[[Habesha]]&&514 [[&&E2]] (Sabaean) &6AC. The Somalis as a &1C &32Fated &1 [[&&37An High&D56]], but most Somali clans can &F25 some Arab &6AC &F6. [[Sudan]] and [[&&526]] are &29A &4E a &3F8 Arabized &AA &60 &13B &&12n &64 (&168 #0#Arabs&&108 Sudan cl&6D &EB &3F4 &13B &&12n &6AC &16D). Some &2DD East &&12, &CF t&52l&70B [[Zanzibar]] &3 Kenyan &66B Lamu, &2DA Arab &&68A and [[&&64west !155!n &94C and &D87 &BC [[&&19A Ages]] &122 &AA6.

&&2C0 &1 [[16th &47]], &&45s such &A [[&&373|&&2EB]] and [[The &&722|Dutch]] &10C &849 [[&8F7 post]]s and [[Fortification|forts]] &3C8 &229s of &67 &&D7A #111#&&12E, &1B7 &2D Dutch, augmented by &&48 [[Huguenots]] and [[&&D9 &1C|&&D9s]] &3B0 in &84 &159 [[&&64 &&12]]. &&8C &377, the [[&&10Dners]] &3 [[Coloureds]], &104 &B2 &&45-desc&46D &25C &&12 &159. &&1 [[&264]], a &8D &8A6 of &434 &1DE &1B7 &2D &&48 and [[&&10 &&108 of &&AC Brita&448d &&A89|&&A7]] &94C to #111#The &&2EB &3B0 &2BC in &&67F, &&86D in &&51A. The &&48 &3B0 in &212 &31E in [[&&26]] &249y &25A &47Bly as ''[[Pied-!F0!-noirs]]'', and on &670 &4CA &2C2 &2DD &&AA and West &&12 as &BE in &&614. &&561 &3B0 &418ly in &&64 &&12 &F6 &A &52F of [[&&B4A]], and &1 &811 of &84 now [[Kenya]]. &&D9s &3B0 in &84 now [[&&67E]] and [[&&89D]], &3re &72E a &23 &3B2-&1C7 &224 &&89Dns. Smaller &1E9 &&45 &6AF, &209men, &70Bficials also &61 &16D in &45F &Fs &C [[Nairobi]] and [[Dakar]]. De&434 &2A &4CC &71 &3FAed &1 mass e&6FE &523-desc&46D &94C out &3AF #3#&8E; &B8 from &&26, &&67F, Kenya and &&B4A (now [[&&680]]). &&1A3 &&64 &&2EB &&89D, the &224 &3Aity &2DC &35ly &4E2 &54 &F3 from &&89, &60 &120 &42C &224 &&12ns &2DC &1se two &4D even &54 [[&4F9 &274|&274]] was &EDly &EFd &1F end &0 [[Cold War]]. &&64 &&12 &17Dlso &36D the &510 desti&200 of &224 Anglo-&&680ans, &70B mi&2A3s &1B3ll over &64ern &&12.

&&45 &434 also &1DE sizeable &709 [[Asians]], &CF &1C &5 [[&&1EB sub&BB]], to &&A7 &1C5. Large [[&&1EB diaspora|&&1EB &1BC]] are &1F5 &&64 &&516 &27er ones are &79 in Kenya, &&67E, &1F1 &2E &64ern and east &&27A. A &A0D &212 &&1EB &8F in [[&&812]] was &7EE &11 &E9E [[Idi Amin]] in 1972, &A1 many have &87 &27Ded. T&&A50 &1 [[&&1EB Ocean]] &170 &AD1 &42B by &18E Asian &32F, &71 &5C7 &&12ns &4F6s. The [[Malagasy]] &18E [[&&614]] are a [[Malay &1C]], but &AE &3C8 &229 are &44ly &5C7 Bantu, Arab, &&1EB &4F6 &32Fs. Malay &&EC5 ances&F7D &170 &6C &888s &1 &16E &1C &724 &&64 &&12 as [[Coloureds]] (&19F &32Fs &705 &5B1 races and &BBs).

==&&Cs==
[[&&20:&&12n &C &380.png|&B|&339|&4B|Map &509 the &393 &134 &C &380 &1F1 &145 &&12n &Cs. #11A#-&&FC &Cs|Afro-&&FC]] &E2Fs &5 [[Sahel]] to [[&&64west !155!. [[Niger-Congo &Cs|Niger-Congo]] is &29A &38F the size &0 [[Bantu &Cs|Bantu sub-&CE#FA#

''Ma&80Cicle: [[&&12n &Cs]]''

By most &2D6s &&12 &693 well over &2FD [[&C]]s. &&B9 four &145 [[&C &CE|&C &380]] &13B to &&12.

* The #11A#-&&FC &Cs|''Afro-&&FC'']] &3E7 a &C &CE &2D2 240 &3EE 285 &13F &1C &25D &6Aout &&AA &&12, [[East &&12]], the Sahel, and [[&&64west !155!.
* The [[Nilo-&&269 &Cs|''Nilo-&&269'']] &C &CE &110 &123 a &50F &2B2 by 30 &13F &1C. Nilo-&&269 &3E7 &2BC &66A [[Chad]], [[Sudan]], [[&&37A]], [[&&812]], [[Kenya]], and &AAern [[&&67E]].
* The [[Niger-Congo &Cs|''Niger-Congo'']] &C &CE &74F &269 Sub-&&269 &&12 &B1 &387 the &B2 &C &CE &1 &28 in &1F6 &4C &Cs. A &496 &3FC &0m &104 [[Bantu &Cs|Bantu]] &2B2 in &269 sub-!12A!
* The [[&&89E &Cs|''&&89E'']] &Cs &3FC &5A 50 &60re &66A &&64ern &&12 by &33C 120 000 &1C. Many &0 &&89E &3E7 [[&79D &C|&79D]]. The [[Khoikhoi|Khoi]] and [[Bushmen|San]] &1Cs are &36B &119 &374 &63 &49 #111#

With &446 no&544 &698ions in [[East &&12]], n&6D all &&27A &EBdopted [[&E7 &C]]s that &32Fated &50C &BB and &559 &6A [[&203ism]] or [[&81 &6FE]]. &&37 in &22F &4D [[&&46 &C|&&46]] and [[&&48 &C|&&48]] are used for &101 &1 &8B &DE5 &C &1D, &96D, &14B &3 &3E4. [[&&10E &C|&&10E]], [[&&2EB &C|&&2EB]], [[&&10Dans]] and [[Malagasy]] are &2E &582 &119ly non-&&12n &Cs &D7 &7A5 &13Fs &134s &159, both &1 &8B and &290 &DE5s.

!121!
&&12 &17D &2D &C2A &38s. &&31 &625al &1CBion &1BB &4E sub-&&269 &&12 &3 &AAern &4D from [[Egypt]] to [[&&214]], who &212ly &D8F &16D with [[Arab]]ic &38. &&14D com&1F6on, the &EC &4 &64 &0 [[&&279]] &382 to &302 many &56 &155, &3F4 that &0 [[Bantu &Cs|Bantu]] &351 &11F.

&&42E &1CF be made &4E [[&&E40phone &&12]] &3 rest &3AF, &3F4 &1D8 &&A7 &1C5 of [[&64ern &&12|&64ern]] and [[East &&12]]. An&2E &56 fault-line &1BB &4E &AE &&12ns &10F &90 life&68s and &120 are &404 &66. &&2EEists are &65 sub&158 [[pastoralism|pastora&9F8]] and [[agri&38|agri&56ists]].

[[&&12n art]] &8D8s the &36C &134 &38s. The &690 &44C art from &&12 are 6000-year old carvings &1F5 [[Niger]], &DA [[&&AC Pyramid of Giza]] in [[Egypt]] w&A &28's tallest &DD0ural &A00ment for four &6DB &5B &8E &986 &0 [[Eiffel Tower]]. The &&37An &26A of [[monolithic &11C]]es at [[Lalibela]], &162 the [[&&11C of St. &&1B4]] is re&79ative, is &331 &276&2E marvel of &2A0.

The [[&DC &285 is &2C &72B dynamic art &337. Egypt has long been &5C6 &4CF &0 &&5FB, &50 remembrance &0 rhythms of sub-&&269 &&12, &3F4 west &&12, was &7A8mitted &53 [[&&969 &3E8 &1AA]] to &66 [[blues]], [[jazz]], [[reggae]], [[rap &DC|rap]], and [[rock and roll]]. &&66 &DC &0 &BB &44E &360 &26A choral singing &513 &&12 &3 &9C0 rhythms of [[soukous]], &831 &11 [[&DC &0 &&98 &&517 Congo]]. A &262 &83 &0 21st &47 &F &D9B of [[&&12n hip hop]], &3F4 &263 from [[&&A3A]] is bl&46D with &90 [[mbalax]]. &&262ly in &&64 &&12, &263 of &DC &143 [[&194 &DC]] &DE &121 &5A [[Kwaito]] has &7C, &168 &5F &28 home &232 own &277 [[&&64 &&12n jazz]] &78F time, &50 [[&&10Dans]] &DC is &206ly &1CB and &7D7d &3F8 of &90 [[Boere musiek]], and &4F8 [[Folk &DC|Folk]] and [[Rock and roll|Rock]].

* [[List &134 &DCians]]
* [[List &134 &294]]
* [[&&12n Cinema]]
* #11A#logy]]

==&&F6==
&&12ns profess &802 &344 &138 &344, with [[&&BCity]] &3EF &78 &31 &25D. &&33C 40% &242 &&12ns are &&BCs &60n&2E 40% &&68As. Roughly 20% &134s &42B &3F7 &F8 [[&&12n &F6s]]. A &27 &2D &&3F0 have &344 [[&&12n Jew|&5 Judaic &112]], such &A [[Beta Israel]] and [[Lemba]] &B8A.

The &F8 &&12n &F6s &1C2 r&9BD &180 [[animism]] and [[&BCB &56C]]. A &E8 thread in &90 &36A &58s w&A di&609 &0 [[&20A &28]] into #0#&A59&&40 #0#&C8F#0#. Helpful [[Spiritual &78|&6D5s]] &553 &BB9 &822clude &BCB &6D5s &41lp &8C &377, and &FDful &6D5s that &5E4 &538 &1BC from &75 &B59 or &A7E from &59B; &ADas &C8F &6D5s &7B the [[soul]]s of &BAC &836s &4B8 &69A &58C &5FC [[Funeral|&57E &F23]], and &6D5s &7A5 &C96 &6D5 [[Medium (&20Aity)|&5DDs]] to &2C9 &F45 &AAir &59B. &&DA &21A &0se &6D &4F8 &56C &3E6s &9C a pro&1F5fluence, &36A &58s have &66E &Ay &43A &2E &F6s.

The &DCBion &0 [[Old &&108]] of [[Egypt]] &1 [[&35B &631 BCE]] &53E &23 &DE &26A &138 &58 &8 &BB. &&1EE [[ninth &47 BCE]], [[&&68B]] (in &79-day [[&&516]]) was &156ed &11 &&53Ds, and went on &1Bcome &593 cosmopolitan &F &AD [[&99E|&A6B]] from &921 Egypt, [[&&6F Rome|Rome]] &3 [[&&582 &114ization|&&582 city-&A]] were &56Cped.

The [[&&37An &&939 &&11C]] &E7ly &7EA &5 [[&4A9 &47]], &B1 thus one &0 &40 &61 [[&&BCity|&&BC]] &11Ces any&AD. At &40 &&BC &&939y made &D0F in &66-day Sudan &4D &525 &23Cs; &32 &206 &66C Islam, &2B7 was slow &3A1 &4 &811.

Islam &5A9 &&12 as &&68As &4FE &&AA &&12 &4E 640 and 710, &2C0 with Egypt. They &61 Mogadishu, Melinde, Mombasa, Kilwa, and Sofala, &206 sea &1AA &75F &482 [[East &&12]], and diff&22B &53 &&279 &43C in&4 &576 &3AF -- &139 &3F4 the paths of &&68A &1AArs. &&68As &3C1 &AA Asian &1Cs &6FD &3B0 in &&A7-&B18 &&12.

Many &&12ns were &CD1ed to [[&&67 &&BCity|West &&45 &4F8 &&BCity]] &2A &203 &280. &&1 last &593 &0 &446 &47, &123 sects of [[charismatic &62|Charismatic &&BCity]] &583 grew. A &2D &&CA &&28A &&12n &6ABs were even &14F as &C1 [[Pope|papal]] &3BEs in 2005. &&12n &&BCs &3B6 &1B more &42ly &325 &763ir co-&F6ists in much &0 &1ADized &28, &182 &639 &262ly &23F &B8B &219 [[&&138 denomi&200|denomi&EC]] such &A [[&&937 &&11C|&&937]] and [[&&21Dism|&&21Dist &&11Ces]].

==&&E0==
[[&&20:&&12-&23Cs.png|&4B|&339|&&23Cs &3AF. Blue: &&AA &&12, &713: West &&12, brown: &&80 &&12, o&2F9: Horn &3AF, m&D6Ba: East &&12, red: &&64ern &&12.]]
[[&&20:&&12CIA-HiRes.jpg|&4B|&339|&&35 Map &285
[[&&20:topography_of_&12.jpg|&4B|310px|&&B6 map &285
===&&CC &A===
'''[[East #73#

East &&12 &5FC
!5D!!24!
* [[Kenya]]
#C0#--* [[&&51A]] (&10C &1!CA!--&gt;
!5C!!24!
* [[&&67E]]
* [[&&812]]

[[&&AA East &&12]] ([[Horn &285)
* [[&&79A]]
* [[&&C77]]
* [[&&37A]]
* [[&&89F]] (&3F [[Somaliland]])

'''[[&&80 #73#
#C0#--* [[&&67F]] (&10C &1!CA!--&gt;
!5D!!45!
#C0#--* [[&&79B]] (&10C &16 &7E0 &&12)--&gt;
* [[&&80 &&12n Re&8B]]
* [[Chad]] (also &65 &16 &7E0 &&12)
* [[&&98 Re&8B &0 Congo]]
!5B!lso &65 &16 &7E0 &&12)
!5A!5 &16 &7E0 &&12)
!5C!!45!
* [[&&517 Congo]]
#C0#--* [[Zambia]] (&10C &1!CA!--&gt;

'''[[&&AA #73#
* [[&&26]]
* [[Egypt]] 
* [[Libya]]
* [[&&526]] 
* [[&&214]]
* [[Sudan]]
* [[&&516]]

'''[[&&64ern #73#
* [[&&67F]] (also &6!24!
* [[&&932]]
* [[Lesotho]]
* [[Malawi]]
* [[&&51A]] (also &6!45!
* [[&&89D]]
* [[&&64 &&12]]
* [[&&A9A]]
* [[Zambia]] (also &6!24!
* [[&&680]]

'''[[West #73#
* [[Benin]]
* [[Burkina Faso]]
* [[&&79B]] (also &6!24!
* [[Chad]] (also &6!24!
* [[Cô&3ED
!5B!lso &6!24!
!5A!!24!
* [[The Gambia]]
* [[Ghana]]
* #10F#]]
* #10F#-!14D!
* [[&&740]]
* [[Mali]]
#C0#--* [[&&526]] (&10C &16 &775 &&12)--&gt;
* [[Niger]]
* [[&&73E]]
* [[&&A3A]]
* [[&&813 Leone]]
* [[Togo]]

'''&&12n &&1B5 &&EC'''
* [[Cape Verde]] (West &&12)
* [[&&A39]] (&&64ern &&12)
* [[&&614]] (&&64ern &&12)
* [[&&A99]] (&&64ern &&12)
* [[São Tomé!139!íncipe]] (&&80 &&12 or West &&12)
* [[&&799]] (East &&12)

===&&E0, pos&7D1, départements===
* [[&&810 &&122]] ([[!119!
* [[Ceuta]] and [[&&A38]] ([[Spain]]/&2CBed by [[&&214]])
* [[&&C76]] ([[&&373]])
* [[Mayotte]] ([[&&93]])
* [[Ré&DF]] ([[&&93]])
* [[Saint Helena]] (&3F &816 [[Ascension &&1B5]] and [[Tristan da Cunha]]) ([[&&10 &&108]])

===Disputed &E0===
* [[&&67 &&279]] is &2CBed &1FAly [[&C3 &3DF|&25A]] by [[&&214]]. The [[Free Zone (&23C)|&5F6der]] is ad&1CEed &11 [[Sahrawi Arab &&98 Re&8B]].

===Table of &E0 and &23Cs===
{| &201=#0#1&&56#0#4&&34#0#0&&69#0#&201:1px &8CF #aaa; &201-!11E!
|- &88=#0##ECECEC#0#
! Name of &82,&lt;!156!with [[flag]]
! [[&&275 &4D by area|Area]]&lt;!156!(km#3#sup2;)
! [[&&275 &4D &3EC|&&23]]&lt;!156!([[1 July]] [[2002]] est.)
! [[&&275 &4D &3EC &342|&&23 &342]]&lt;!156!(per km#3#sup2;)
! [[&&AB]]
|-
!20!e;&&2 '''[[&&EA &&12]]{{ref|&23C}}''':
|-
| {{&55|&&651}} [[&&651]]
| &7=#0#&B&&2 27,830
| &7=#0#&B&&2 6,373,002
| &7=#0#&B&&2 229.0
| [[Bujumbura]]
|-
| {{&55|&&A39}} [[&&A39]]
| &7=#0#&B&&2 2,170
| &7=#0#&B&&2 614,382
| &7=#0#&B&&2 283.1
| [[Moroni, &&A39|Moroni]]
|-
| {{&55|&&79A}} [[&&79A]]
| &7=#0#&B&&2 23,000
| &7=#0#&B&&2 472,810
| &7=#0#&B&&2 20.6
| [[&&79A City|&&79A]]
|-
| {{&55|&&C77}} [[&&C77]]
| &7=#0#&B&&2 121,320
| &7=#0#&B&&2 4,465,651
| &7=#0#&B&&2 36.8
| [[Asmara]]
|-
| {{&55|&&37A}} [[&&37A]]
| &7=#0#&B&&2 1,127,127
| &7=#0#&B&&2 67,673,031
!C9!
| [[Addis Ababa]]
|-
| {{&55|Kenya}} [[Kenya]]
| &7=#0#&B&&2 582,650
| &7=#0#&B&&2 31,138,735
| &7=#0#&B&&2 53.4
| [[Nairobi]]
|-
| {{&55|&&614}} [[&&614]]
| &7=#0#&B&&2 587,040
| &7=#0#&B&&2 16,473,477
| &7=#0#&B&&2 28.1
| [[Antananarivo]]
|-
| {{&55|Malawi}} [[Malawi]]
| &7=#0#&B&&2 118,480
| &7=#0#&B&&2 10,701,824
| &7=#0#&B&&2 90.3
| [[Lilongwe]]
|-
| {{&55|&&A99}} [[&&A99]]
| &7=#0#&B&&2 2,040
| &7=#0#&B&&2 1,200,206
| &7=#0#&B&&2 588.3
| [[Port Louis]]
|-
| {{&55|Mayotte}} [[Mayotte]] ([[&&93]])
| &7=#0#&B&&2 374
| &7=#0#&B&&2 170,879
| &7=#0#&B&&2 456.9
| [[Mamoudzou]]
|-
| {{&55|&&51A}} [[&&51A]]
| &7=#0#&B&&2 801,590
| &7=#0#&B&&2 19,607,519
| &7=#0#&B&&2 24.5
| [[Maputo]]
|-
| {{&55|Ré&DF}} [[Ré&DF]] (&&93)
| &7=#0#&B&&2 2,512
| &7=#0#&B&&2 743,981
| &7=#0#&B&&2 296.2
| [[Saint-Denis, Ré&DF|Saint-Denis]]
|-
| {{&55|&&814}} [[&&814]]
| &7=#0#&B&&2 26,338
| &7=#0#&B&&2 7,398,074
| &7=#0#&B&&2 280.9
| [[Kigali]]
|-
| {{&55|&&799}} [[&&799]]
| &7=#0#&B&&2 455
| &7=#0#&B&&2 80,098
| &7=#0#&B&&2 176.0
| [[&&37B, &&799|&&37B]]
|-
| {{&55|&&89F}} [[&&89F]]
| &7=#0#&B&&2 637,657
| &7=#0#&B&&2 7,753,310
| &7=#0#&B&&2 12.2
| [[Mogadishu]]
|-
| {{&55|&&67E}} [[&&67E]]
| &7=#0#&B&&2 945,087
| &7=#0#&B&&2 37,187,939
| &7=#0#&B&&2 39.3
| [[Dodoma]]
|-
| {{&55|&&812}} [[&&812]]
| &7=#0#&B&&2 236,040
| &7=#0#&B&&2 24,699,073
| &7=#0#&B&&2 104.6
| [[Kampala]]
|-
| {{&55|Zambia}} [[Zambia]]
| &7=#0#&B&&2 752,614
| &7=#0#&B&&2 9,959,037
| &7=#0#&B&&2 13.2
| [[Lusaka]]
|-
| {{&55|&&680}} [[&&680]]
| &7=#0#&B&&2 390,580
| &7=#0#&B&&2 11,376,676
| &7=#0#&B&&2 29.1
| [[Harare]]
|-
!20!e;&&2 '''[[&&19A #73#:
|-
| {{&55|&&67F}} [[&&67F]]
| &7=#0#&B&&2 1,246,700
| &7=#0#&B&&2 10,593,171
| &7=#0#&B&&2 8.5
| [[Luanda]]
|-
| {{&55|&&79B}} [[&&79B]]
| &7=#0#&B&&2 475,440
| &7=#0#&B&&2 16,184,748
| &7=#0#&B&&2 34.0
| [[Yaoundé]]
|-
| {{&55|&&80 &&12n Re&8B}} [[&&80 &&12n Re&8B]]
| &7=#0#&B&&2 622,984
| &7=#0#&B&&2 3,642,739
| &7=#0#&B&&2 5.8
| [[Bangui]]
|-
| {{&55|Chad}} [[Chad]]
| &7=#0#&B&&2 1,284,000
| &7=#0#&B&&2 8,997,237
| &7=#0#&B&&2 7.0
| [[N'Djamena]]
|-
| {{&55|Re&8B &0 Congo}} [[Re&8B &0 Congo|Congo]]
| &7=#0#&B&&2 342,000
| &7=#0#&B&&2 2,958,448
| &7=#0#&B&&2 8.7
| [[&&C24]]
|-
| {{&55|&&98 Re&8B &0 Congo}} [[&&98 Re&8B &0 Congo]]
| &7=#0#&B&&2 2,345,410
| &7=#0#&B&&2 55,225,478
| &7=#0#&B&&2 23.5
| [[Kinshasa]]
|-
| {{&55|&&615 &&390}} [[&&615 &&390]]
| &7=#0#&B&&2 28,051
| &7=#0#&B&&2 498,144
!C8!
| [[Malabo]]
|-
| {{&55|Gabon}} [[Gabon]]
| &7=#0#&B&&2 267,667
| &7=#0#&B&&2 1,233,353
| &7=#0#&B&&2 4.6
| [[Libreville]]
|-
| {{&55|São Tomé!139!íncipe}} [[São Tomé!139!íncipe]]
| &7=#0#&B&&2 1,001
| &7=#0#&B&&2 170,372
| &7=#0#&B&&2 170.2
| [[São Tomé]]
|-
!20!e;&&2 '''[[&&AAern #73#:
|-
| {{&55|&&26}} [[&&26]]
| &7=#0#&B&&2 2,381,740
| &7=#0#&B&&2 32,277,942
| &7=#0#&B&&2 13.6
| [[&&1DB]]
|-
| {{&55|Egypt}} [[Egypt]]{{ref|Egypt}}
| &7=#0#&B&&2 1,001,450
| &7=#0#&B&&2 70,712,345
| &7=#0#&B&&2 70.6
| [[Cairo]]
|-
| {{&55|Libya}} [[Libya]]
| &7=#0#&B&&2 1,759,540
| &7=#0#&B&&2 5,368,585
| &7=#0#&B&&2 3.1
| [[Tripoli]]
|-
| {{&55|&&214}} [[&&214]]
| &7=#0#&B&&2 446,550
| &7=#0#&B&&2 31,167,783
| &7=#0#&B&&2 69.8
| [[Rabat]]
|-
| {{&55|Sudan}} [[Sudan]]
| &7=#0#&B&&2 2,505,810
| &7=#0#&B&&2 37,090,298
| &7=#0#&B&&2 14.8
| [[Khartoum]]
|-
| {{&55|&&516}} [[&&516]]
| &7=#0#&B&&2 163,610
| &7=#0#&B&&2 9,815,644
!C9!
| [[Tunis]]
|-
| {{&55|&&67 &&279}} [[&&67 &&279]] ([[&&214]]){{ref|WSM}}
| &7=#0#&B&&2 266,000
| &7=#0#&B&&2 256,177
| &7=#0#&B&&2 1.0
| [[El Aaiún]]
|-
| &491=5 | ''&&64ern &&89 &816 in &&AAern &&12'':
|-
| [[&20:Flag &0 &&810 &&122.png|20px]] [[&&810 &&122]] ([[!119!{{ref|&&810}}
| &7=#0#&B&&2 7,492
| &7=#0#&B&&2 1,694,477
| &7=#0#&B&&2 226.2
| [[Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]],&&3D&gt;[[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]]
|-
| {{&55|Ceuta}} [[Ceuta]] (Spain){{ref|Spain}}
| &7=#0#&B&&2 20
| &7=#0#&B&&2 71,505
| &7=#0#&B&&2 3,575.2
| —
|-
| [[&20:&&C76Flag.png|20px]] [[&&C76 &&122]] ([[&&373]]){{ref|&&373}}
| &7=#0#&B&&2 797
| &7=#0#&B&&2 245,000
| &7=#0#&B&&2 307.4
| [[Funchal]]
|-
| {{&55|&&A38}} [[&&A38]] (Spain){{ref|Spain}}
| &7=#0#&B&&2 12
| &7=#0#&B&&2 66,411
| &7=#0#&B&&2 5,534.2
| —
|-
!20!e;&&2 '''[[&&64ern #73#:
|-
| {{&55|&&932}} [[&&932]]
| &7=#0#&B&&2 600,370
| &7=#0#&B&&2 1,591,232
!DB!
| [[Gaborone]]
|-
| {{&55|Lesotho}} [[Lesotho]]
| &7=#0#&B&&2 30,355
| &7=#0#&B&&2 2,207,954
| &7=#0#&B&&2 72.7
| [[Maseru]]
|-
| {{&55|&&89D}} [[&&89D]]
| &7=#0#&B&&2 825,418
| &7=#0#&B&&2 1,820,916
| &7=#0#&B&&2 2.2
| [[Windhoek]]
|-
| {{&55|&&64 &&12}} [[&&64 &&12]]
| &7=#0#&B&&2 1,219,912
| &7=#0#&B&&2 43,647,658
| &7=#0#&B&&2 35.8
| [[&&B47]], [[Cape Town]], [[Pretoria]]{{ref|SCcaps}}
|-
| {{&55|&&A9A}} [[&&A9A]]
| &7=#0#&B&&2 17,363
| &7=#0#&B&&2 1,123,605
| &7=#0#&B&&2 64.7
| [[Mbabane]]
|-
!20!e;&&2 '''[[&&67 #73#:
|-
| {{&55|Benin}} [[Benin]]
| &7=#0#&B&&2 112,620
| &7=#0#&B&&2 6,787,625
| &7=#0#&B&&2 60.3
| [[Porto-Novo]]
|-
| {{&55|Burkina Faso}} [[Burkina Faso]]
| &7=#0#&B&&2 274,200
| &7=#0#&B&&2 12,603,185
| &7=#0#&B&&2 46.0
| [[Ouagadougou]]
|-
| {{&55|Cape Verde}} [[Cape Verde]]
| &7=#0#&B&&2 4,033
| &7=#0#&B&&2 408,760
| &7=#0#&B&&2 101.4
| [[Praia]]
|-
| {{&55|Côte d'Ivoire}} [[Cô&3ED
| &7=#0#&B&&2 322,460
| &7=#0#&B&&2 16,804,784
| &7=#0#&B&&2 52.1
| [[Abidjan]], [[&&B46]]{{ref|ICcaps}}
|-
| {{&55|Gambia}} [[The Gambia|Gambia]]
| &7=#0#&B&&2 11,300
| &7=#0#&B&&2 1,455,842
| &7=#0#&B&&2 128.8
| [[Banjul]]
|-
| {{&55|Ghana}} [[Ghana]]
| &7=#0#&B&&2 239,460
| &7=#0#&B&&2 20,244,154
| &7=#0#&B&&2 84.5
| [[Accra]]
|-
| {{&55|&&390}} #10F#]]
| &7=#0#&B&&2 245,857
| &7=#0#&B&&2 7,775,065
| &7=#0#&B&&2 31.6
| [[Conakry]]
|-
| {{&55|&&390-Bissau}} #10F#-!14D!
| &7=#0#&B&&2 36,120
| &7=#0#&B&&2 1,345,479
| &7=#0#&B&&2 37.3
| [[!14D!
|-
| {{&55|&&740}} [[&&740]]
| &7=#0#&B&&2 111,370
| &7=#0#&B&&2 3,288,198
| &7=#0#&B&&2 29.5
| [[Monrovia]]
|-
| {{&55|Mali}} [[Mali]]
| &7=#0#&B&&2 1,240,000
| &7=#0#&B&&2 11,340,480
| &7=#0#&B&&2 9.1
| [[Bamako]]
|-
| {{&55|&&526}} [[&&526]]
| &7=#0#&B&&2 1,030,700
| &7=#0#&B&&2 2,828,858
!DB!
| [[Nouakchott]]
|-
| {{&55|Niger}} [[Niger]]
| &7=#0#&B&&2 1,267,000
| &7=#0#&B&&2 10,639,744
| &7=#0#&B&&2 8.4
| [[Niamey]]
|-
| {{&55|&&73E}} [[&&73E]]
| &7=#0#&B&&2 923,768
| &7=#0#&B&&2 129,934,911
| &7=#0#&B&&2 140.7
| [[Abuja]]
|-
| {{&55|Saint Helena}} [[Saint Helena (&&46E)|Saint Helena]] ([[UK]])
| &7=#0#&B&&2 410
| &7=#0#&B&&2 7,317
!C8!
| [[Jamestown, Saint Helena|Jamestown]]
|-
| {{&55|&&A3A}} [[&&A3A]]
| &7=#0#&B&&2 196,190
| &7=#0#&B&&2 10,589,571
| &7=#0#&B&&2 54.0
| [[Dakar]]
|-
| {{&55|&&813 Leone}} [[&&813 Leone]]
| &7=#0#&B&&2 71,740
| &7=#0#&B&&2 5,614,743
| &7=#0#&B&&2 78.3
| [[Freetown]]
|-
| {{&55|Togo}} [[Togo]]
| &7=#0#&B&&2 56,785
| &7=#0#&B&&2 5,285,501
| &7=#0#&B&&2 93.1
| [[Lomé]]
|- &68=#0# font-w&711:bold; #0#
| Total
| &7=#0#&B&&2 30,368,609
| &7=#0#&B&&2 843,705,143
| &7=#0#&B&&2 27.8
|}

''Notes:''&lt;!156!
!3B!23C}} &&BBal &23Cs as per [[:&&20:&&10 &&EC &460al sub&23Cs.png|UN categorisations/map]].&lt;!156!
#&lt;&27&gt;{{note|Egypt}} Dep&6B2 on &40F, [[Egypt]] has &82 in [[&41 &200|&80B both of]] &&2EB [[!155!.&lt;!156!
#&lt;&27&gt;{{note|WSM}} [[&&67 &&279]] is &2CBed &1FAly [[&C3 &3DF|&25A]] by [[&&214]]. The [[Free Zone (&23C)|&5F6der]] is ad&1CEed &11 [[Sahrawi Arab &&98 Re&8B]]. !123!&lt;!156!
!3B!&810}} The [[Spain|&&151]] [[&&810 &&122]], &162 [[Las Palmas de Gran Canaria]] are [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]] are co-&ABs, &3D3 &16 &775ern &&12 due &4ir &4EB &45A [[&&214]] &202 &&279]]; &23 &&9E3 &2A7 for 2001.&lt;!156!
!59!n|&&151]] &356 [[Ceuta]] &3EB on land§2by &&214 in &&AAern &&12; &23 &&9E3 &2A7 for 2001.&lt;!156!
!3B!&373}} The [[&&373|&&2EB]] [[&&C76 &&122]] &3D3 &16 &775ern &&12 due &4ir &4EB &45A &&214; &23 &&9E3 &2A7 for 2001.&lt;!156!
!59!n|&&151]] &356 [[&&A38]] &3EB on l&1C0 &&214 in &&AAern &&12; &23 &&9E3 &2A7 for 2001.&lt;!156!
#&lt;&27&gt;{{note|SCcaps}} [[&&B47]] &F &7C4 &AB of [[&&64 &&12]], &50 [[Cape Town]] is its &24F seat, and [[Pretoria]] &F &5F's &45F seat.&lt;!156!
#&lt;&27&gt;{{note|ICcaps}} [[&&B46]] &F &E7 &AB of [[Cô&3ED, &50 [[Abidjan]] &F ''[[de facto]]'' seat.&lt;!156!

!25!
{{&522&2FC|&&12}}
*{{&61A}}
*[[2005 &10F - [[2006 &10F
*[[31st G8 summit]]
*[[AIDS &10F
*[[&&12n &&19]]
*[[&&12n &15]]
*[[&&12n &&DF]]
*[[Cuisine &3AF|&&12n cuisine]]
*[[Con&3DE &134 &&2D3]]
*[[Congo craton]]
*[[Ecology &285
*[[&&14B &10F
*[[&&2B &&12]]
*[[&&81 &Bs &10F
*[[&&23Cs &285
*[[Sub-&&269 &&12]]
*[[&&1ED &10F
*[[Heart &3AF (game)]]

!58!C &342]]
!58!C]]
*[[List &134 &4D by GDP]]
*[[List &134 stock ex&25Fs]]

!E!
;News
* [#2#all&12.com/ all&&12.com] &153 news, &327 and &172 
* [#2#news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_depth/&12/2005/&12/&A3F.stm BBC News In Depth - &&12 2005: Time for Change?]
* [#1#&7D9.co.uk/hear&1205/0,15756,1399090,00.html Guardian Un&242 - &&179 &&498: Hear &&12 05]

;&&1E1ies
* [#2#&12&956.org/ &&18C &&12 &&956]
* [#1#&10D.no/&12B/ The Index on &&12] &1E1y from The &&6E6 &&296 for &&12
* [#2#dmoz.org/&&23Cal/&&12/ Open &&1E1y &&1A1 - &&12] &1E1y &9
*[#1#columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/&12/ &&4D6 &&39 - &&12n &&B9]
*[#1#loc.gov/rr/amed/ &&5CB &&1CA - &&12n #3#amp; &&19A &&EA Reading Room]
*[#2#www-sul.&6A7.edu/depts/ssrg/&12/ &&6A7 &&39 - &&12 &&64 &0 &&279]
*[#1#lib.uchicago.edu/e/su/afr/ &&12B &&467 - &&19B Regenstein &&D5: &&12n &&B9]
*[#1#sas.upenn.edu/&&12n_&&B9/ &&12B &&428 - &&12n &&B9 &&F]
*[#1#&12&437.org/ &&12 &&437]

;&&59
*[#1#&12&DB.org/&12B.php ''&&12 &&DB'']§2&&12 &&DB &F &690 &13C &1 US &1FC on &&12 &3AF.§2&&26 &1E2 &13C that &DD for &35, &84 &340 &67A &6D4. 
*[#1#zabalaza.net/&2F0/&12n_&19/&670s.htm &&12n &&19: The &&2B a &&62]
* [#2#flag.&191ened.net/&E3C/&12/&46As/chekov.html An Irish &49 &6D4], &67 &&12 &1B3narchist &1F0.
* [#1#com&A52for&12.org/&46.htm§2&&997 for &&12] 
* [#1#&12n&362.com &&12n Unification Front] 
* [#1#libcom.org/&33/&12.php &&1FC &1B8 &33 &6D4] - &1C's and &8D7&B33 hi&411

;Photos &2F3
*[#1#junglephotos.com/&12/&12B.&9B8 ''Jungle Photos'']§2Jungle Photos &&12 &31Bs &20s and &F2 &123 &4D in sub-!12A!
*[#1#&12m.com &&12m - &&12n Wildlife Webcams]
*[#1#&10D.no/&46/&12B.html &&10D.no News]
*[#1#afrol.com/Afrol News- &&12n News Agency]
*[#1#ips.org/&12.&9B8 Inter Press &&1A2-&&12]

;&&3EF
*[#1#caf&27C.com/ Con&3DE &134 &&2D3; in &&46 and &&48]

;&&310
* {{&61A}}
{{&&12}}
{{&&BB}}
{{&&23C}}

#C0#--!C3!--&gt;


[[&&9:&&12|*]]
!10E!

[[tk#16#

[[af#16#
[[am:አፍሪቃ]]
[[ang#9B#
!32!أفريقيا]]
[[an#9B#
[[ast:Á!EC!
[[az#16#
#81#Африка]]
[[zh-min-nan:Hui-chiu]]
!D6!আফ্রিকা]]
[[bs#16#
[[br#16#
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[[de#16#
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!49!Αφρική]]
[[es:Á!EC!
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[[eu#16#
#F9#آفریقا]]
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!1B!אפריקה]]
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[[lt#16#
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[[li#16#
[[hu#16#
#BF#Африка]]
[[mg#16#
[[mt#16#
[[ms#16#
[[nl#16#
[[nds#16#
!17!アフリカ]]
[[no#16#
[[nn#16#
[[pl:Afryka]]
[[pt:Á!EC!
[[ro#9B#
!1E!Африка]]
[[se:Afrihkká]]
[[sm:Aferika]]
[[sa:अफ्रीका]]
[[sq#16#
[[sh#16#
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[[&1D3#9B#
[[sk#16#
[[sl#16#
!37!Африка]]
[[fi:Afrikka]]
[[sv#16#
[[tl:Aprika]]
!BE!ஆப்பிரிக்கா]]
#80#ทวีปแอฟริกา]]
[[vi:Châu Phi]]
[[to:Aferika]]
[[tr#16#
!36!Африка]]
[[yi:אַפֿריקע]]
#2C#非洲]]
[[so#16#!B!
!3!
!2!
!5!
§4<&8>Ashmore And Cartier &&122</&8>
§4<id>589</id>
!1!
§6<id>15899120</id>
!7!-02-!35!
!0!
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!4!
!6!
!11!
§6#4##&&&1A [[Ashmore_and_Cartier_&&122]]
!B!
!3!
!2!
!5!
§4<&8>&&7F</&8>
§4<id>590</id>
!1!
§6<id>41665486</id>
!D!-02-28T22:56#4A#
!0!
§8<ip>129.186.159.125</ip>
!4!
§6#4#'''&&7F''' is a word that may &103 &123 &77.
'''&&7F''' &16A be a &20E name.
== &&14E &1 U.S. ==
'''&&7F''' &5D &5A of a town or city &1 U.S.:
*[[&&7F, Texas]], the &AB of Texas (&600 city &6EA name)
*[[&&7F, &&69E]]
*[[&&7F, &&141]]
*[[&&7F, &&1EBa]]
*[[&&7F, &&289]]
*[[&&7F Township, &&95C]]
*[[&&7F#FF#
*[[&&7F Township#FF#
*[[&&7F, &&5E8]]
*[[&&7F, &&AA &&69F]]
*[[&&7F, &&428]]
*[[&&7F, Utah]]
*[[Port &&7F, &&95C]]
*[[&&7Fburg, Ohio]]
&&2E &14E &1 U.S. &24C '''&&7F''':
*[[&&7F, &&467]], a &C03 in &&467
*[[&&7F #38#, a &107 in &&65D, Texas
*[[Lake #110#

== &&14E in &&54A ==
*[[&&7F Flat, &&A7 &&4D6]]
*[[&&7F H&711s, &&A7 &&4D6]]
!57! 1, &&A7 &&4D6]]
!57! 2, &&A7 &&4D6]]
*[[&&7F, Manitoba]]
*[[&&7F, Ontario]]
*[[&&7F, Quebec]]

== Names &689 &24C &&7F ==
*[[&&7F &&FDs]], a &182 &17B spy
*[[&&537 #110#
*[[&&480 #110#, Sir &&480 &&7F, fo&121 &0 &&7F Motor &&D7
*[[John &&7F (&5BE &15)]]
*[[J. L. #110#, &9D
*[[John Arnold #110#, &&10 &&A Navy warrant &2E6r
*[[Phil #110#, &268 &0 Firesign Theatre
*[[Sherrie #110#, &DCian
*[[&&512 F. #110#, &665 Texas
*[[Steve &&7F (&182 &36)]], &230 &4DE &&759 Caidin's &127 ''Cyborg'', &18 &4C6 TV &367 #0#The Six Million Dollar Man#0#
*Col. [[Steve &&7F (&182 &36)]],§2the lead &36 &4B8 by Lee Majors &1 TV &367 #0#The Six Million Dollar Man#0#.
*[[Stone Cold Steve #110#, a &&F4 &EE0 &282 &278
*[[&&1D6ine of Hippo|Saint &&1D6ine]], noticeable &1 &&46 &18E #0#&&7F Friars&&4F2 &A35 &4 '''[[&&1D6inians|&&1D6inian Order#BD#.

:''&&166 [[Jane Austen]], the &2BF.''

== &&77 &24C &&7F ==
*[[&&7F Motor &&D7]], a &&A7 make of car
*[[&&13 &&7F Car &&D7]], &592 &557 &&10 &&A make of auto&397
*[[&&7F (&9B9)]], a &9B9 &717 &11 [[&&8AA &&D7]]
*[[USS &&7F (sloop)|USS ''&&7F'']], a sloop-of-war (&119ly &1 Texas Navy)
*[[USS &&7F (DE-15)|USS ''&&7F'' (DE-15)]], a &6FB escort
*[[USS &&7F (LPD-4)|USS ''&&7F'' (LPD-4)]], an amphibious &5EF dock
*[[&&7F &235ary &1EC]]

!11A!

[[da#60#
[[de#60#
[[fr#60#
[[io#60#
[[it#60#
!17!オースティン (曖昧さ回避)]]
[[pl#60#
!1E!Остин]]
[[sv:&&7F#1D#
!3!
!2!
!5!
§4<&8>&&376</&8>
§4<id>591</id>
!1!
§6<id>15899122</id>
!7!-02-!8!
!0!
!12!
!4!
!6!
!11!
§6#4##&&&1A [[&#57#
!B!
!3!
!2!
!5!
§4<&8>Ascii Art</&8>
§4<id>592</id>
!1!
§6<id>15899123</id>
!7!-02-!35!
!0!
!12!
!4!
!6!
!11!
§6<text &A0 art]]
!B!
!3!
!2!
!5!
§4<&8>&&34</&8>
§4<id>593</id>
!1!
§6<id>41836622</id>
!D!-03-02T01:37#A6#
!0!
§8<&6>Kuru</&6>
§8<id>764407</id>
!4!
§6<&5>&86B: vanity link</&5>
§6#4#{{rootpage}}
&&D4#0#float: &B; &561: 30%; &F9: 1em#0#&gt;
[[&&20:Anim&1C1.gif]]&&3D&gt;&lt;&27&gt;''Th&5Fimation moves at 10 &3D8s per &8D.''!123!
&&3D&gt;[[&&20:Anim&1C12.gif]]&&3D&gt;&lt;&27&gt;''Th&5Fimation moves at 2 &3D8s per &8D. At this rate, &1C5 &3D8s &B6 discernible.''!123!&&3D&gt;[[&&20:Anim&B21.gif|&8BF]]&&3D&gt;&lt;&27&gt;''12 &3D8s per &8D &F &50B rate &EDn [[&376 &667]].''!123!
!D8!

'''&&34''' &F &931 of &21B &152 &11 &5AE &2F4 &20s of &9AF &235s. In film and video &9B, this &11E &148 &731 each &3D8 of a [[film]] or [[Film|&17B]] is &1E9 &A3ly. &&86 &3D8s &5D &5E7 by &104s, &797 &9FBing a &534 or painted &20, &797 &54F &281 &27 &25Fs to a &4CB unit (see [[&CDC]] and [[stop &21B]]), &3n &9FBing the &3FA &32 &179 [[&34 &869]]. &&FA &3D8s are strung &1C8 &3 &3FAing film is &558, &D3 &5F &931 of &D15 &62 due &4 &3D6 &79 [[persistence of &609]]. Gene&F6D &497 film tends &1B very &32E &D9C and tedious, &A1 &38 of [[&104 #57# has &ACly sped up &C8.

[[Graphics file &DCB]]s like [[GIF]], [[MNG]], [[Scalable Vector Graphics|SVG]] and [[Macro&3E4 Flash|Flash]](SWF) &5CD &34 &1B &558 on &5C5 or &106 &&299.

[[&&20:Anim&1C13.png|&3D8|none|''The &34s &718 &A4 &CD4 &0se 6 &3D8s.'']]
__TOC__

== &&34 &148 ==
[[&&90 #57# &1AE with each &3D8 &78 painted &3n filmed. [[&&90 &34|Cel #57#, &7C by [[Bray &&9Bs|Bray]] and Hurd &1 1910s, sped up &C8 by &22B &7A8parent overlays &1BF &11 &15D &4D1 &58C &274 repaint the back&16B for &12C &3D8. &&417, &68s &&3C8 &A9 &4D9 &52E have &66E, such &A minimalist [[Simpsons]] &667s, &1B5 &501 sketched [[The Snowman]].

[[&&104 #57# &17Ddvanced &583, &B1 now &22Eing the &F7 &AD &17Bs &57 &152 with &11 so lifelike as &1B hard to &727 from real &278s. Th&&D84 a &66E 2D to 3D, &38D &78 &392 2D &F1Eti&8 &21A of &1F0 is &152 &E3Eically, &24B 3D &28B are &4CBed &448 &3E2 3D re&79ation with&1 &104, &60re then 'lit' and 'shot' from &6A0 &B4B, just &799 real life, &A4 &78 '&B63' to a 2D bit&F52 &3D8. Pr&F1Aions that &170 dead &278s &2F3 even be '&1DE &150 life' to &268 new &17Bs &A4 long have &23F &497 &AC &6B5 copy&B &27B &3EC. The &5C &104 &34 as a &334 &82D &4Ewise im&C1 in &625ally shot &17Bs has led &4 term #0#[[&104 &5E7 &20ry]]#0# &78 used, &A1 &10E &5D9 hard to &727 from &104 &34 as &26 now &1BE &A35ring to 3D &17Bs &D7 &2D9 &376.

&&104 &34 &4E9 &4CBling, &21B &353, &25E &11 &985 of &163s &3n [[&80F]]. &&163s are &2C4med to stretch and bend automatically in &2AE &62s of a '[[wire &3D8 &4CB]]', &3 &ED &80F &CD1s such &62s to a [[Raster &F2Cs|bitmap &20]]. It &F &262 &83s in &80F &26A &163s like fur and clo&336 &E65 &700 enabled &D26 life-like &36 &4CBs, &3F &163s that even ripple, fold and blow &1 wind, with &12C fibre or hair &A3ly &993 for &80F.§2&&32, &6F0ctually has &13D &622 &B &34 &23F.§2&&34 &F &1C0 of &441 a lifeless puppet to life &53 &5C &21B.§2&&2A3 confuse fancy &1BE and high-res &E65 &&CDB, &24B fact life-like &21B &57 &152 &22B the &1D3st of &4CBs.§2Pixar's work is a testament &597.§2The goal &146 &B45 &6B &1FF to #0#copy&&11D real &28, &810 enhance &238 &4E7 &4F7 &0 &21B that &Fre, and &85 &821nimation &57 elevated &4 &276 of art.

&&B7 &1B7 mis&3B4ion &1 &8B mind that &104s &6DA &34 &159.§2This &115n't be &15C &5 &471.§2A &104 &6Bhing more (&A1 also no&336 less) than &327 &5E6 fancy pencil, &1AD &1B &409 as such &EDny &56F work &1B acheived.§2The &4A2s &5C5 &3E5 when &F79po&2C8g &21B are &324 &361 the &52D ones, beca&1C6 &104 &7D &6FB you are &C1C &3B8.§2Even if a &26A &12A &58 were &152 &206 &39D to &57A mimic &2BA &28, &14F &3FA &6D7 &265 &AF9 one, &74 &1B7 &49 &34 &597 the &4A2s an &B45 &3E5.§2When &5C5 &F7D &26A the &4A2s for you, &B59 &F &44 &3FA.

!28!
{{see|&&376 &667|&&2B &34}}

&&3E2 &5C &34 &17Dlways been for &4C0. &&32, &B7 &3A1 &5C [[instructional #57# and [[&14Bal #57# &630 &B20nati&829d &2E0.

The #0#&1B8ic&&6EEm &&3C8, the #0#[[&376 &667]]&&719s &7C &1 &6D 1900s and &CAA by [[Ub Iwerks]], [[Walt Disney]] &4Ds, &322 &823 24 &1CB &790s for one &8D &&3C8. This &423 is &FF in &BED &1 &EE [[&&90 #57#.

&&74 &34 &7C7 time-&ADC &6D2 very &5E6 to &2C2, &AE &&3C8 for [[&&221|TV]] and &17Bs &139 &F4 &34 &462. &&32, &229 of [[&CC #57# has &241 &1F2 &DE [[1950s]], &&CDB &78 &1E9 by &CC &462 (&1F1&144 by &2CB &17F). &&85 &CC &34 &2C2rs have gone on &72A the &F4 &34 &1CC.§2[[Bill Plympton]] &1AF &0 most well &724&514 &A98 &159.

[[Limited #57# is a &334 &2EE &48Ei&829d &D11 costs &&3C8 by &22B #0#&17A cuts#0# &1 &34 &1C0. This &21D was &AFF by [[&&10 &&9Bs &13E|UPA]] and &C9ized (some say &885) by [[Hanna-Barbera]], &60dapted &720 &462 as &667s &4D1 from [[&17B &4FA]]s to [[&221]].

==&&34 &462==
&&34 &&462, like [[Movie studio|Movie &&462]] &5D &9B &635, or &199 &E82. In some &715, &401 [[Anime]] &18C &77 &67D with [[Studio|&905 &462]] &AD a Master or &16E &E64 &A3s over&7DF work of &896 &28B &F7Cs &17Fs in realising &8C &609.

==Styles and &148 &&3C8==
{|
!2B!!4A!
*[[&&90 #57#
**[[&&36 #57#
**[[Limited #57#
**[[Rotoscope|Rotoscoping]]

!2B!!4A!
*[[&&104 #57#
**[[Multi-Sketch|Multi-Sketching]]
**[[&E6A #57#
**[[Morph target #57#
**[[Cel-shaded #57#
**[[Onion skinning]]
**[[Analog &104 #57#
**[[&&21B &762]]
**[[Tra&8EB #57#

!2B!!4A!
*[[Stop-moti&829im!153!
**[[Cutout #57#
**[[&CDC]]
**[[Pixil!153!
**[[Pinscreen #57#
**[[Puppetoon]]

!2B!!4A!
*[[Drawn on film #57#
*[[&&179 &1BE #57#
|}

==Branch &41A==
* [[&&104 #57#
* [[&&104 &5E7 &20ry]]
* [[&&90 #57#
* [[&&376 &667]]
* [[&&21B &762]]
* [[Avar (&34 &689)]]
* [[Wire &3D8 &4CB]]
* [[&&376 &367]]
* [[&&571 &&34|Anime]] (&&571 &34)
* [[List &&3C8 &462]]
* [[&&170 &2ED &448im!153!

!25!
* [[&&275 film-&&CB9|&&275 &378 &283]]
* [[&&275 &17B genres]]

==&&15C Readings==
*[[Frank &&19E]] and [[Ollie &&967]], [[The_Illusion_Of_Life|Disney &34: The Illusion Of Life]], &&E1E 1981
*W&F81s Faber, Helen W&F81s, Al&2A3 (Ed.), ''&&34 Un&242: Innovative Short Films &&87 1940'', HarperCollins &&535 2004
*Trish Ledoux, Doug Ranney, Fred Patten (Ed.), ''&&206 Anime Guide: &&571 &&34 Film &&1E1y and Re&3B7 Guide'', Tiger &&375 Press 1997
*The Animator's Survival Kit, &&17C &&11As
*&&34 &&BE to Screen, Shamus Culhane
*The &&34 Book, Kit Laybourne

!E!
#C0#-- &&86 &2FC need annotation to &727 the true &16E &1DF
&5 ones &873 &22B &&1EF to &7F5 &209 &4ir ad-&118ed site --&gt;
{{&E8s|&&34}}
* [#2#mag.awn.com/&12B.php?ltype=&369#3#sval=jean%20ann%20w&B &&13E for &&34]
* [#1#awn.com/mag/&6453.2/3.2&41A/3.2&5A2.html Animating Under the Camera]
* [#2#&25B.ever&713.edu/curricular/eat/handouts/&&2CDs/CutSandPaintRules.pdf &&32A &&34 &&148]
* [#1#abc.net.au/arts/st&2F9/&DDhop/&68.htm Drawn Under-Camera Style &&34]
* [#1#matt&28.2ya.com Matt &&28 - Web-&116 &34s &1B3nimator Matt Greenwood]
* [#1#key&3D8&27C.com Key&3D8 - the &&34 Re&3B7]
* [#1#nfts&34.org The &&34 &&370 &0 &&2A Film and &&221 &&1EC UK ]
* [#1#&34&200.com &&34 Nation - a &478 for &F4 &A98]
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* [#1#safcakovec.com/ SAF], [[Cakovec|#3##268;akovec]] &1EC &&3C8
* [#1#dmoz.org/Arts/&&34/ &&34 &&1E1y]
* [#1#toonopedia.com Don Markenstein's Toonopedia]
* [#1#bcdb.com/ Big Cartoon &&956]
* [#1#goldenage&667s.com/ &&430 &&1C1 Cartoons]
* [#1#saunalahti.fi/&F1Eto Hints and tips &10 &34 hobbyist]
* [#1#acme&34.org ACME &&34]
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* [#1#&34meat.com &&34meat.com - Notes Model Sheets and &&16E &CD by &&F4 Animators]
* [#1#&8532001.com/animtech.htm Media #3# &&148 in &&34]


[[&&9:&&34|&#57#
[[&&9:Film]]

[[bs:Animacija]]
[[cs:Animovaný film]]
[[de:&#57#
[[eo:&F1Ecio]]
[[es:Animación]]
[[et:Animatsioon]]
#F9#پویانمایی]]
[[fi:Animaatio]]
[[fr:&#57#
[[gl:Cine de &F1Eción]]
!1B!אנימציה]]
[[hu:Animáció]]
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!17!アニメーション]]
#3A#애니메이션]]
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#BF#Анимација]]
[[nl:Animatie]]
[[pl:Film animowany]]
[[pt:Animação]]
!1E!Мультипликация]]
[[&1D3:&#57#
[[sq:&#57#
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#80#แอนิเมชัน]]
#2C#动画#1D#
!3!
!2!
!5!
§4<&8>&&2C</&8>
§4<id>594</id>
!1!
§6<id>41703674</id>
!D!-03-01T04:13#AC#
!0!
§8<&6>Tom Lougheed</&6>
§8<id>450264</id>
!4!
!6!
§6<&5>fixed typeo</&5>
!39!
[[&&20: &&6A9 &3AE.jpg|&4B|&8BF|&B|&&6A9 &3AE &1F [[&&A7 &&217#FA#

In [[&&5C &D0|&&5C]] and [[&&CA &D0]], '''&&2C''' ([[&&5C &C|&&5C]]: #3##913;#3##960;#3##972;#3##955;#3##955;#3##969;#3##957;, '''''Apóll#3##333;n'''''; or #3#Alpha;#3#pi;#3#&A42;#3#&B44;#3#&B44;#3#omega;#3#nu;, ''Apell#3##333;n'') &44 &219 &4CE, &8C9 and &5EE. &&2C w&A &812 [[Zeus]] and [[Leto]], &3 twin br&2E of [[&&650]], goddess &0 hunt. &&A &D79 &99E &0 [[&&519c Sibyl|&&519c Oracle]], &&2C w&4EB &0 most &6C &481-sided &0 [[Twelve &&BC9s|&&BC9 &A6B]]. In [[&&582 &D0]], &81 &79 [[Aplu]].

In &B4 &144, &&2C &BF &3A9 &6CC or &A47 with [[&&67D]], [[&9F3 &99E|god &0 sun]], &9E &522 &29Bly &A47 with [[Selene]], [[lunar &99E|god &0 moon]], &338 &138 &28Cs. &&32, &&2E8 &&67D &2DC &233 &78s in &2DF and mytho&257al &2F0.

==Domains and &2C7==
[[&&20:&&2C II (&&5C &&D0).jpg|&4B|left|&8BF|&&511 &812 [[Zeus]] &3 &5EA [[Leto#FA#

&&2C &38E &9C dominion over &508, &E11, &4CE, &8C9, [[&52F|&83A]], [[&18B]], [[archery]], [[&5EE]], [[&798]], [[&9C0]], [[&15F]], [[&171ism]], and [[shaman]]s, and w&A &F4C &BD8 &233ds and &D78.

&&2C's &56C at&A53s &2CC lyre &3 bow. &&2E at&A53s &1D &7Bd the [[kithara]] (an &3A0d &18E &0 &E8 [[lyre]]) and [[plectrum]]. An&2E &E8 emblem w&A &C3A tripod, re&79ing his &D79 &FDs. The [[Pythian Games]] were &5A9 &&2C's &6F2 &12C &5D3 at [[&&519]]. The [[laurel tree|laurel]] bay &46C was &1BE expiatory &6EEs &122 &60E crown of &3B1 &1Fse &2A4. The palm-tree &&3D2 &391 to &&2C &31F &AB born &121 one in [[Delos]]. &&2C6 &391 to &&669cluded wolves, dolphins and roe, swans and &8D7hoppers (&49Fizing &DC &703ng), hawks, ravens, crows and snakes (&A35encing &&2C's &384 &A &219 &798), mice, and [[griffin]]s, &E84 eagle-lion hybrids of &&EA &32F.

As &219 &434, &&2C gave gui&9C0 on &1C5, &B8 &2A &6B1 of &434, [[750 BC|750#3#&1E0;550 BC]].§2&&29 &&5C &112, he &4BC [[Crete|Cretan]] or [[Arcadia]]n &83A find &167 &7DB. &&32, this &22A may &8D8 &5C6 &126 &192 the reverse &237: [[Hittites|Hittite]] [[Cuneiform &BE|cuneiform]] &2F0 &CBF a &&3A Asian god &6B ''Appaliunas'' or ''Apalunas'' in &481 &B &7CB ''Wilusa'', &3A now &331 &745 &607 &B &&5C [[Troy|Illios]] by most &288. &&14D &316, &&2C’s &8 of ''Lyke&F83'' can &1FF be read as #0#born in Lycia&&B0 &21Aively severs &355's &7BC link with wolves (&445 a [[folk &2BE]]).

&&2C &C9ly (e.g., in [[&2DF &856]]) re&79s &A8D, &2FA, and &15Fs#3#&8E;&36istics &2DEed with &2DB [[&&B43]], &219 wine, who &C9ly re&79s emoti&829d &149. The &2DE &7B &8F0 &0se gods is &505 &1 adjectives ''[[&&2Cnian]]&7F5 ''[[Dionysian]]''. &&32, &121s &A1t &0 two &436 as complementary: &149 gods are br&2Es, and when &&2C at &43E left for Hyperborea, &160 leave the &&519 Oracle to &&B43.

==Worship==
&&2C &140 &170 [[&6A5]] in [[&&519]], &4D no&544 ones in [[Clarus]] and [[Branchidae]]. &&2C &15B &A &1D8 &0 [[Muse]]s ('''''musagetes''''') and &1E1 &0ir choir. Hymns sung to &&2C &524 [[Paean]]s.

&&67C &56C &3AE &&97F &5 &&5Cs. &&B7 a &112 &15 &&519c &6A5 was &E13 &78D &A &280 &0 [[&&CA &&108|&7CB]] &2A &71D [[Tarquinius Superbus]]. In [[430]], a &5F1 was &35D to &&2C &8 &56A of a pestilence. &&2A [[&&8D Punic War]] in [[212]], the Ludi &&C23 were &EFd &58 &6F2. &&1 &1B2 [[&&1D6us]], who &223 &8D &179 &62E &3AE &14A even said &1B his son, His &56C &7C &15E &62C &0 &418 gods &790 &&DD [[&36F of Actium]], &&1D6us en&212d his old &5F1, &35D a &8E4 &0 spoils &710, &122stituted quinquennial &2A4 &58 &E0F. &&10A erected &301 &5F1 &8 Pa&2C8e hill and &7A8ferred the &CCB &2A4, for &18 Horace &4E7 his ''Carmen Saeculare'', to &&2E8 [[Diana]].

The &418 &6AAs &5A9 &E0F &3AE &2CC [[Carneia]], [[Daphnephoria]], [[De!F1!, [[&&562ia]], [[Pyanepsia]], [[Pythia]] and [[Tharge!F1!. The [[Ludi &&C23]] were solemn &2A4 held to &6F2 him.

The &56C &3AE has &27Ded &B &7AD [[&F2Dism|&F2Dist]] [[&&B68 polytheism]], &3 &18C Pagan &62. One &1C1 &63 &F2D &F &11F [#2#&43&&453s.com/kyklos&2Cn Kyklos &&2Cn]. Also, &1C8 with Athena, &&2C (&121 &5A Phevos) was &134ly &7B3 as a mascot &0 2004 &&167 &&420 in &&439.

!103!
&&5A ''&&2C'' &2F3 &22 &489 &1B3 Pre-&&B68 &EC7 ''Apo-ollon'',{{fact}} &4BD &143 an archaic verb ''Apo-ell-&7F5 literally &109 &&512 elbows off#0#, &C1 #0#the Di&943 One.#0# &&5DF, he &8FA &9C &17Fified &45B &FD, &568 &DC2 &325 &9C &B darkness-&45B &FD &0 &8BA sun and§2the &833 &FD of reas&829d &798 to &D77 &6F8 and &82A. 
&&577:

* The &4E8 expelling &A7 city walls &6FEorways as bulwarks &92 trespassers
* &&1D5-&45B &262 disembarkations and [[expatri!153!s to &1C5
* The &508-&45B &A7 &8C9
* The predator-&45B &A7 a &E63 t&6B2 his &D78
* The pest-&45B &262 a &BC5 &3A1 &9EF
* The &FD of &DC &3 &7C3 &D77 discord and [[barbary]]
* The &360 &6C &FD of fit and s&3B3 &366 &6DC &D77 intruders &122vading &BD0
* The &607 fore&A2B in&4 &2E3

An &B20&200 &20E by [[&&95A]] in ''[[Mora!F1!'' &1BB &&2Cn signified a [[&B35]], &87 ''pollon'' &8A7 #0#many,#0# &3 [[&9E5]] ''a-'' &44 &581. Thus, &&2Cn &15D read as &109 #0#&E7B of &B1Etude.#0# &&2C was consequently &267 &B [[monad]].

[[Hesychius]] &E62 &5A &&2C &B Doric #3#&3D7;#3#pi;#3#&A42;#3#&B44;#3#&B44;#3#&3D7;, &18 &1B7 assembly, &1BF &&2C &69 &265 &219 &35 life, and &10A &4C8 &18B #3#sigma;#3#eta;#3#kappa;#3#&CC6;#3#&E3A; (#0#fold#0#), &97 case &&2C &69 &265 &219 &D78 &15Erds.

[[&&20:&&2Cn&B42.jpg|&4B|366px|&B|&&2C &32 radiant [[halo]] in a &&CA floor &B42, [[El Djem]], &&516, lare 2nd &47]]

== &&669 art ==
In art, &&2C &1EA &EFC as a &5CEome &A97 &6E2 &6D2 &32 lyre or bow in hand. &&1 late 2nd &47 floor &B42 from [[El Djem]], &&CA Thysdrus, (''&846, &B''), &52 identifiable as [[&&67D|&&2C &&67D]] &4CA effulgent halo, &A1 now even a god's &BC8 &D0Eness is concealed &4CA cloak, a mark of &2EE &625s of modesty &1 &B4 &&11B. Anther haloed &&669 &B42, from Hadrumentum, is &1 &217 at Sousse [#1#tunisia&27C.com/&B42s/&B4205b.html].The &625s &63 re&79ation, head tilted, lips s&4CEly &F6E, &212-eyed, curling hair cut in locks grazing the neck, &365 &1 3rd &47 BCE to &F62 [[&&E3 the &&AC]] (Bieber 1964, &&B41 1980).§2Some time &54 this &B42 was executed, the &6D3 &F62ions of &&BD9 &152 &A97 and haloed.

== Appellations ==
[[Epithet]]s &492 to &&669clude:
*'''Phoebus''' (#0#shining one#0#), for &&2C &1 &28C &0 &219 &4CE
*'''Smintheus''' (#0#mouse-catcher&&147 '''Parnopius''' (#0#&8D7hopper&&2EA god &0 &9F5 and &BD8 &92 rats and locusts.
*'''&&519nios''' (#0#delphinian#0#), &109 #0#&0 womb&&719ssociating &&2C with ''Delphoi'' ([[&&519]]). An [[aitiology]] &1 [[&&8C7 hymns]] &E62 the epitheton to [[dolphin]]s.
*'''Archegetes''', (#0#&1E1 &0 &156ation#0#) for &1C5.
*'''Musagetes''' (#0#&1D8 &0 [[muses]]#0#).
*'''Pythios''' (#0#Pythian#0#) at [[&&519]]
*'''Apotropaeus''' (&&512 averts evil#0#)
*'''Nymphegetes''' (#0#[[nymph]]-&1D8#0#)
*'''Lyceios'&7F5 '''Lyke&F83''' (#0#wolfish&&6C #0#of [[Lycia]],#0# &AD some &D90 his cult &32Fated)
*'''Nomios''' (#0#wandering#0#), &A pastoral &E63-god
*'''Klarios''' from Doric ''klaros'' #0#allotment of land#0#, &FD &F84&609 over &168 and &1C5.§3
*'''Kynthios''' &5F&2E epithet, &E7D from his &335 on Mt. [[Cynthus]]
*'''Loxias''' (#0#the obscure&&2EA &&2C a &219 &798 &176ally.
*'''Argurotoxos''', (#0#&B &5DE bow#0#) &EDrchery.
*'''Aphetoros''', (#0#god &0 bow#0#) &EDrchery.
*'''Alexikakos''', (#0#res&8DDer of evil&&2EA &&2C the healer.
*'''Akesios''' or '''Iatros''', #0#healer#0#

== Birth ==

When [[Hera]] &331 Leto was &E61 &6D Hera's &74C, Zeus, w&A &27E, she &DD1 Leto from &542 &335 on #0#&8A2-firma&&17E &F3land, &796y isl&60t sea.§2In her wanderings, Leto &156 &14Cly &152 &B58 &66B [[Delos]], &61 n&1FD &96F nor a real &1B5, and gave &335 &D3.§2T&52l&14A sur&2AFed by swans.§2&&54wards, Zeus &86Cd Delos &4 &D7D &0 &3D5. &&85l&22A &BF &391 to &&2C.§2Alter&13Bly, Hera &A96 [[Ilithyia]], &355dess of &211&335, &61E Leto from &64C into &38D.§2&&4E gods tricked Hera in&818ting her go by &716ing her a necklace, nine yards long, of amber.§2Either way, &&650 &F9 &40 &3n &E70 &B &335 &3AE.§2An&2E &18E &29A &&650 &F9 one day &A4 &&2C, &8 &66B [[Ortygia]] &6D she &4BC Leto &9E7 the sea to Delos &721 day &596 &335 to &&2C. &&2C &F9 &8 7th day (#3#eta;#3##788;#3#beta;#3#delta;#3#&CC6;#3#mu;#3#&3D7;#3#gamma;#3#&A42;#3#nu;#3#eta;#3#&E3A;) &0 month Thargelion &29 Delian &112 or &0 month Bysios &29 &&519an &112. The 7th and 20th, the days &0 new and full moon, were ever &54wards held &391 &710.

== Youth ==
&&58 &556, &&2C &2E9 &C95 dragon [[Python (&D0)|Python]], &18 &557 in [[&&519]] beside the [[Castalian &&5EC]], &29 some &74 Python &140ttempted to rape Leto &50 s&81 &E61 with &&2E8 &&650.This w&A &5EC &18 emitted vapors that &2C9d the [[Oracle]] at &&519 &596 her prophesies.§2&&2C &3B3 Python but had &1B &961 &816, &87 Python &44 &211 of [[Gaia (&D0)|Gaia]].

== &&2E8 &&4F0 ==
When Zeus &9D5 down &&2C's son, [[&&5D6]], &32 &4CEning bolt for resurrecting the dead (and thus stealing [[Hades]]'s &1BFs), &&669 &A6D &2E9 [[Cyclops]], &38C &D76 the bolt for Zeus. &&2C &69 &22 banished to [[Tartarus]] &CA2, but &502stead sentenced to one year of hard &32E as &623, thanks &4 &F79&C7A &1D m&2E, [[Leto]]. &&52F time he &38Ad &6ACpherd for [[&&4F0|King &&4F0]] of [[Pherae]] in [[&&BD6]]. &&4F0 &409 &&2C well, and, in &27D, &355 &D9F &AC &2D2 on &&4F0.

&&2C &4BC &&4F0 win [[Alcestis]], the daughtor of [[Pelias|King Pelias]] &22A &6FC the [[Moirae|Fates]] &818 &&4F0 live past his time if an&2E took his &195. But &59F came time for &&4F0 to die, his elderly &39C, &7CA &140ssumed &69 gladly die for him, ref&83 co&6E7te. Instead, Alcest&333ok his &195, but [[&&BCC]] &755 to #0#&EEA#0# [[Thanatos]], the &219 &1FA, to &27D her &4 &28 &0 &10F.

== &&2C &2A [[&&2E5 War]] ==

&&2C shot &B25s &EE8 &B &9F5 in&4 &&5C encampment &2A [[&&2E5 War]] in rage &74 &121s had &A96 &&BD1, the &283 &&2C's &E10. He &BF4ed her &27D, &3 &&5Cs &12E &ED6.

When [[Diomedes]] &A84 [[Aeneas]] &2A [[&&2E5 War]], &&2C &DA0d him.§2&&40, [[Aphrodite]] &B27 to &DA0 Aeneas but Diomedes &A84 her &F6.§2Aeneas w&An enveloped in a cloud &56B (god)|&&2C]], who took &4D7 [[Pergamos (troy)|Pergamos]], a &391 spot in [[Troy]]. [[&&650]] healed Aene&Are.

&&2C &140ided Paris &1 &8ED of [[&&22]], if Paris &DB &A00 the task &165.

== Niobe ==

A Queen of [[Thebes (&&4A1)|Thebes]] and wife of [[Amphion]], [[Niobe]] &C75 &233 &C3D to Le&1B&2C9 s&319 fourteen &BA ([[Niobids]]), &2AC male and &2AC &605, &50 Leto had only two.§2&&2C &3B3 her sons &Ay &173d &AE2, &B last &C8C &FD life, and &&650 her &7FEs.§2&&2E8 Artem&7A9 poisoned &B25s &591 them, &A1 &29 some &18Es &0 myth, &B8 &0 Niobids were spared ([[Chloris]], &10C).§2Amphion, &1F &A2B &1D dead sons, &1FD &3B3 &165 or was kil&4FC &&2C &54 s&F43 &A6D.§2A deva&1Ed Niobe f&23F [[Mt. Siplyon]] in [[Asia &&3A]] and &284 &48F &6AC wept.§2Her &B12 &32B the &223 [[Achelous]].§2Zeus had &282 &DC &18E Thebes to &48F &703 &257 &69A the Niobids &8E ninth day &DDir &1FA, &FA gods &16D entombed them.

== &&2C's &CAtic &4AA &BA ==

===Female &539===
&&2C chased the nymph [[Daphne]], &283 [[Peneus]], &38C scorned him. H&272fatuation was &2C9d &44C &B25 from [[Eros (god)|Eros]], &1B4 &C74 &354 &76F fun &1D archery &4AA.§2Eros also &2CBed &1B &ACC by &&2C's singing. Simultaneously, &32, Eros had shot a hate &B25 into Daphne, ca&22B her &1B repulsed by &&2C. &&139 a &6D5ed chase by &&2C, Daphne prayed to M&2E &142 (&F81&13Bly, her &27E- a &223 god) &26F her &15E &25Fd her &321 Laurel tree, &18 &BF &391 to &&2C.

&&2C &140n &4BB &32 &5EA &52Ess &24C [[&&6E0]], &283 [[&&B40]] and &522 of [[Clytia]]. &&6E0 &9FE &&2C who &96Bd &662 &&6E0's m&2E &7A8 &E6E to her &8D3s. Clytia, &C74 &233 &522 &28E &F4D &&2C &7BDself, told &&B40 the &471, &D75 her &522's trust and &995 in her. Enraged, &&B40 &2FAed &&6E0 &1B &69A &9B6. &&2C ref&83 forgive Clytia for &D75 his be&9FE, &60 &ECD Clytia wilted and &9BA died. &&2C &25Fd her &321n incense &46C, &1FD heliotrope or sunf&225, &18 &3F7s &7C2 &12C day.

[[Marpessa]] was &A96 by [[Idas]] but was &9FE by &&2C &F6.§2[[Zeus]] made her &9ED &7Bm, and she chose Idas &8 &49E &&2C, &78 im&5EA, &69 tire &233 &749 grew old.

[[Casta!F1! &44 [[nymph]] whom &&2C &9FE.§2She fled from &5AC dived in&4 &5EC at &&519, &1F base of [[Mt. Parnassos]], &18 w&An &55F her. Water from this &5EC was &391; &71 &83 clean the &&519an &5F1s &&EE2 poets.

By [[Cyrene (&D0)|Cyrene]], &&2C &140 son &24C [[Aristaeus]], who &E9 &F4C &219 &43A, [[&B19 &633]], &8C0, &74Cry and [[bee-&F34]]. He &&3D2 a [[&38-hero]] and &442 &81ity dairy &4AA &3 &5C nets and traps in &8C0, as &BE &69D cultivate o&47C.

With [[Hecuba]], wife of King [[Priam]] of [[Troy]], &&2C &140 son &24C [[&&930]].§2An [[&6A5]] &D2D that Troy &69 &67A &29D as long as &&930 &2CE the &1C1 &4B2 &9B6.§2He &9E &522, [[&&BCD]] were ambushed and kil&4FC [[&&22]].

&&2C also &79C &6AE [[&&A95]], &283 Hecuba!139!iam, and &&930' half-&522.§2He &BCA &&A95 the gift of &798 to seduce her, but she &28E &828fterwards.§2Enraged, &&669deed &E26 her &B &646 &759 &2E3, &32 curse that &257 &69 ever &154 her.

[[&&A37]], &283 [[Phlegyas]], King &0 [[Lapiths]], &44n&2E &3AE's &B87.§2Pregnant with [[&&5D6]], &&A37 &79C &6AE [[Ischys]], &812 [[Elatus]].§2A crow in&32B &&2C &0 &4BB. When &40 in&32B he dis&154d the crow and &282 all crows &191 (&AD &186 &3EA &224) as a &623 for speading un&471s. &&109 &6EF the &471 he sent his &522, &&650, &591 &&A37. As &756 &10A made the crow &391 and &458m the task &146nouncing &6C &1FAs. &&2C &DA0d the ba&44Cd gave it &4 [[centaur]] [[Chiron]] to &F22. Phlegyas was irate &DD &1FA &1D &7FE and burned the Temple &3AE at &&519. &&2C then &3B3 &391 what &4BF.

===Male &539===	
[[&&20:&&21F.jpg|&4B|&359|'''&&2E8 &&21F'''&lt;!156!Jacopo Caraglio; 16th c. &&479 engraving]]

&&511 eternal &A97 [[kouros]] &165, had &31 male &539 of &DC [[&&5C gods]]. That was &1B &388 &1B3 god &1B4 god &0 [[palaestra]], the &BF1 &82E &195 for &556 who all &EE6 [[Nudity in &990|&1 nude]], a god said &E7 &2C7l educator &&477 &2C7l [[erastes]], or &9DF of a boy (Sergent, p.102). All his &539 were &366er than him, &1 &68 &0 [[Pederasty &324 &&4A1|&&5C pederastic &18Fs]] &0 time. Many &3AE's &366 be&9FEs died #0#&541&&719 &7A9 &8 &384 &0se myths as &49 [[rite of &A72|&F23 of &A72]], &97 &6E9 died &105 &1B reborn &276 &B30.	 

[[&&562 (&D0)|&&562]] w&4EB &1D male &539. &&21F &44 [[Sparta|Spartan]] &52E, &839 &&D74. The pair were &9A0 throwing the [[discus]] when &&21F was &9D5 &1 head by a discus blown off &454 by [[Zephyrus]], &1B4 &C74 of &&2E8 &9FE &&21F &F6. When &&21F died, &&2C is said &271 &46As to &22 so &B72 with &628 &41 cursed his own &5B2, wishing to jo&58 &9DF in &5EA &1FA. Out &0 &62D &1D slain &9DF &&2C &152 the [[&562 (f&225)|&562 f&225]] as a &575 &325 &1FA, &9E &B12 stained the f&225 petals with ''άί'' ''άί'', &109 alas. The &&6AA of &&21F &44 &918 of Sparta.

One &1D &2E &B87 was with [[Acantha]], the &6D5 &0 [[Acanthus (&9A8)|acanthus]] tree. Up&244 &1FA, &81 &7A8&32B &321 sun-loving herb by &&2C, &9E bereaved &522, Acanthis, was &284 a thistle finch &11 &2E gods.

An&2E male &9DF was [[Cy&1F6sus]], a &9A2 of [[&&BCC]]. &&2C &458 boy a tame deer as a &84C but Cy&1F6sus &541 &3B3 it &32 [[javelin]] as it lay asleep &1 &121&2B7. Cy&1F6sus &7CD &&2C &818 his &B12 fall &CA2. &&2C &282 the sad boy &321 [[Cu&160aceae|cy&160]] tree, &61 said &1B a sad tree beca&1C6 sap &337 &EF4 like &B12 &8 trunk.

== &&2C &3 Birth of [[&&2E2]] ==

&&2E2 &F9 on [[Mount Kyllini|Mount Cyllene]] in Arcadia. &&3CB &333ld &1 [[&&8C7 Hymn]] to [[&&2E2]]. His m&2E, [[Maia]], &AB &6D8ly impregnated by [[Zeus]], in &74B &4BB. Maia wrapped the &D73 in &E60 but &&2E2 &453d &50 she &44sleep. &&2E2 ran to [[&&BD6]], &AD &&2C was grazing his &43A. The &D73 &&2E2 stole &B8 &1D cows &&703 &37D a cave &1 woods near [[Pylos]], &9BFing &8C &8B1s. &&1 cave, he &156 a [[&E5F]] and &3B3 it, then re&4D1 the &765s. He used one &0 cow's intestines &3 &E5F &F85 &718 &23 [[lyre]]. &&2C com&D55ed to Maia &41r son had stolen his &43A, but &&2E2 &&6F7 re&195d &165 &1 &E60 s&319 wrapped him in, so Maia &BF2d &1Blieve &&2C's &2CB. Zeus &F79vened and, &2CBing &9C seen the &327, sided with &&2C. &&2E2 then &10C play &DC &8 lyre &319 &3CA. &&2C, a &219 &DC, &79C love &B &7AC &70Bfered &4CB ex&25F the &43A &10 lyre. Hence, &&2C &163 &78E &0 lyre and &&2E2 &3CA a &5B5 pipes-&7AC &6B a [[syrinx]].

&&B4, &&2C ex&25Fd a [[&E7F]] &ED [[syrinx]] from &&2E2.

== &&42A ==

=== &&DCal &F2Bs ===

==== [[Pan (&D0)|Pan]] ====

Once Pan &7D1 audacity to compare his &DC with &393 &&2C, &238 &709 &&2C, &355 &0 [[lyre]], to a &9F6 of skill.§2[[Tmolus]], the &375-god, was &6A0 to umpire.§2Pan blew &244 pipes, and &161 rustic melody gave &AC satisf&DB &710self &9E &8B9ful fol&225, [[Midas]], who &DE6ed &1B &79.§2Then &&2C &9D5 the &6B3s &1D lyre.§2Tmolus at once &1DAed &510 to &&2C, &60ll but Midas &82F &B judgment.§2He dissented, and &1E8ed the &67A &0 &1DA.§2&&2C &6D7 &DAF &497 depraved pair of ears any &9F9, and &2C9d them &1Bcome the ears of a [[donkey]].

==== [[&&64F]] ====
[[&&20:The &&5C4 &&64F.jpg|&4B|230px|''The &&5C4 &&64F'' by [[Titian]], c.1570-76.]]
&&64F &44 [[satyr]] who &709d &&2C to a &F2B of &DC. He had &156 an [[aulos]] &8 &16B, tossed away &50F &3CA by [[Athena]] &2FB made her cheeks puffy. &&64F lost &14A [[flaying|flayed]] a&598 a cave near [[Calaenae]] in [[Phrygia]] &FD [[hubris]] to &709 a god. His &62D &282 in&4 &223 &&64F.

An&2E &DA8 &1BB &&2C &4B8 h&272strument (the lyre) upside down. &&64F &11C do this &161 &7AC (the flute), &703 &&2C hung him &1B3 tree and flayed &828live. [&419 from ''MAN MYTH #3# MAGIC'' &61C Cavendish]

=== Miscellaneous ===

When Zeus &3B3 [[&&5D6]] for &A4F the dead and vio&2C8g &28A &2FA of &77, &&2C &2E9 [[Cyclopes]] in &4ED.§2They had &D76 Zeus' th&121bolts, &D9 &83 kill &&2C's son, &&5D6. As &623, &81 &DA3 by Zeus to year's &DFA to King &&4F0.

&&2C &458 &2FA, &53 Oracle at &&519, for [[&&A76 (&D0)|&&A76]] &591 &19E [[Clytemnestra]], &15Er &9DF, [[Aegisthus]].§2&&A76 was &961 &EB6 &11 [[Erinyes]] &503 crime.

&&1 [[&&761]], [[&&320]] &9E &AC9 crew landed &829 &1B5 &391 to &&67D &7C2 god, &176 kept &391 &43A. &&A1 &&320 &DFD his men &48F (as [[Tiresias]] and [[kirke]] had told him), they &3B3 &60te some &0 &43A and &&67D had [[Zeus]] &116 ship &60ll the men save [[&&320]].

&&2C also &140 [[lyre]]-&50A &F2B with [[Cinyras]], his son, who &D94 &C98 when &FC.

&&2C &2E9 [[Aloadae]] &FAy &468 storm [[Mt. Olympus]].

It &&3D2 said that &&2C rode &8 back of a swan &4 land &0 [[Hyperboreans]] &2A &43E &368, a swan &41 also lent &325 be&9FE &&21F to ride.

&&2C &282 [[Cephissus]] &321 [[sea monster]].

'''Consorts/&&BA'''

# Male Be&9FEs
## [[Acantha]]
## [[Cy&1F6sus]]
## [[&&562 (&D0)|&&562]]
## [[Hymenaeus]]
# Female Lovers
## [[Arsinoe (&D0)|Arsinoe]]
!10D!
## [[&&A95]]
## [[Calliope]]
!47!
### [[Orpheus]]
## [[Chione]]
### [[Philammon]]
## [[&&A37]]
!10D!
## [[Cyrene (&D0)|Cyrene]]
### [[Aristaeus]]
## [[Daphne]]
## [[Dryope]]
### [[Amphissus]]
## [[Hecuba]]
### [[&&930]]
### [[&&BCD]]
## [[&&6E0]]
## [[Manto (&&5C &D0)|Manto]]
### [[Mopsus]]
## [[Psamathe]]
!47!
## [[Rhoeo]]
### [[Anius]]
## [[Terpsichore]]
!47!
## Un&DE M&2E
### [[Cinyras]]
### [[Cycnus]]
### [[Phemonoe]]
## [[Urania]]
!47!

== Spoken-&632 - audio &B31 ==
!AC!&!F8! 
|-
!!AB!dead;&&2 &&2C Myths &!F7!
|-
|[[Media:&&2E8 &&562 - wiki.ogg|1. ''&&2E8 &&21F,'' read by Timothy Carter]]
|-
|'''&&256 of &FA:''' [[Homer]], ''Illiad'' ii.595 - 600 (c. 700 BC); Various 5th &47 BC vase &4D9s; [[Palaephatus]], ''On Unbelievable Tales'' 46. &&21F (330 BC); [[&&2Cdorus]], ''&&D5'' 1.3.3 (140 BC); [[Ovid]], ''&&808'' 10. 162-219 (AD 1 - 8); [[Pausanias (&7A3)|Pausanias]], ''De&BEion of &&4A1'' 3.1.3, 3.19.4 (AD 160 - 176); 	[[&&B3F the Elder]], ''&&20s'' i.24 &&21F (AD 170 - 245); [[&&B3F the Younger]], ''&&20s'' 14. &&21F (AD 170 - 245); [[Lucian]], ''&&ECAs &0 Gods'' 14 (AD 170); [[&&40 Vatican &&BD2]], 197. Thamyris et Musae
|-
|}

==&&2C &31B &38==
&&1 ''[[Star Trek]]'' episode #0#[[Who Mourns for Adonis?]]&&79F man &2CBing &1B &&2C is seen on a [[&&5C]]-&A32d &9EC that [[Captain Kirk]], [[Pavel Chekov]], [[Mr. Spock]], and [[Dr. McCoy]] &C11 on.

&&1 ''[[&&36Fstar_Galactica|&&36Fstar Galactica]]'' &367, one &0 main &11 is &6F9 call-sign &3AE.

The song #0#[[Cygnus X-1 Book II: &&721]]&&171 [[Rush (band)|Rush]] is &AC &44F &7B &2FD &0 two &&721, &&511 God of Reason, and [[&&B43]], the God of Love. The song &B3 &0 [[1978]] &415 ''[[&&721 (1978 &415)|&&721]]''.

&&1 sixties, [[NASA]] &24C its [[&&2C &2C4|&&2C Lunar &2C4]] &354 was &36B &219 all wisdom. &&2A3 mis&419ly &154 &15 &C73 that &5A1 astronauts &4 Moon &524 &&2C &C73; &186 [[Saturn V]] &C73.

== &&9A ==
* [[F. L. W. &&951]], ''De antiquissima Apollinis Natura'' (&&A1F, 1843)
* [[J. A. Schönborn]], ''Über das Wesen &&2Cns'' (&&A1F, 1854)
* [[&&3F1 Milchhoefer]], ''Über den attischen &&2Cn'' (Munich, 1873)
* [[Theodor Schreiber]], ''&&2Cn Pythoktonos'' (Leipzig, 1879)
* [[W. H. Roscher]], ''Studien zur vergleichenden &&797 der Griechen und Romer'', i. (Leipzig, 1873)
* [[R. Hecker]], ''De Apollinis apud &&CAos Cultu'' (Leipzig, 1879)
* [[Gaston Colin]], ''Le Culte d'&&2Cn pythien à Athènes'' (1905)
* [[Louis Dyer]], ''&&B9 &0 Gods in &&4A1'' (1891)
* &EEs in [[Pauly-Wissowa]]'s ''Realencyclopädie'', W. H. Roscher's ''Lexikon der &&797'', and [[Daremberg]] and [[Saglio]]'s ''Dictionnaire des antiquités''
* [[L. Preller]], ''&&C22 und romische &&797'' (4th ed. by [[C. &&91]])
* [[J. Marquardt]], ''Römische Staalsverwaltung'', iii.
* [[G. Wissowa]], ''&&F6 und Kultus der Romer'' (1902)
* [[D. Bassi]], ''Saggio di Bibliografia mito&257a'', i. ''&&2C'' (1896)
* [[L. Farnell]], ''Cults &0 &&5C &&A'', iv. (1907)
* [[O. Gruppe]], ''&&C22 &&797 und &&F6sgeschichte'', ii. (1906)
* {{1911}}
* M. Bieber, 1964. ''&&E3 the &&AC in &&3B5 &&CA Art'' (&&467)
* N. &&B41, 1980. ''The &&2F7 &&E3'' (Boston) Exhibition.§2

2. &&10 iconography &0 &&E3-&&67D type, see H. Hoffmann, #0#&&67D,#0# &&34D &0 Arnerican &&6E &&F in Egypt 2 (1963) 117-23; cf. &&B41, no. 42.

!E!
{{&E8s|&&2C}}
* [#2#&437.mac.com/cparada/GML/ &&5C &&D0 re&3B7]
* [#1#gregoryferdinandsen.com/FCO2003/&2C.htm The Temple &3AE, Rome]
!AA!/!A9!&411 of &&2E8 &&21F; and &&2E8 Cy&1F6sus; and &&2E8 Orpheus]
* [#2#janusquirinus.org/&455/&&2C/MultifacetedGod.html &&2C &3 &&CAs]

{{&&5C myth (&&BC9)2}}
{{&&CA myth (&145)}}

[[&&9:&&5C gods]]
[[&&9:&&CA gods]]
[[&&9:Solar gods]]
[[&&9#78#

!32!أبولو (إله إغريقي)]]
#81#Аполон]]
[[ca:Apol·lo]]
[[cs:Apollón]]
[[da#89#
[[de#89#
!49!Απόλλων]]
[[es:Apolo]]
!125!polono]]
[[fr#89#
[[gl:Apolo]]
#3A#아폴론]]
[[hr:Apolon]]
[[it#9A#
!1B!אפולו]]
[[kw:Appolyn]]
[[la:&&2C]]
[[lt:Apolonas]]
[[hu:Apollón]]
[[nl:&&2C (god)]]
!17!アポロン]]
[[no#89#
[[nn#89#
[[pl#9A#
[[pt:Apolo (&85E)]]
[[ro:&&2C (mit&D9E)]]
!1E!Аполлон (мифология)]]
[[sk:Apolón]]
[[sl:Apolon]]
!37!Аполон]]
[[fi#89#
[[sv#89#
[[vi:&&2C (thần thoại)]]
[[tr#89#
!36!Аполлон]]
#2C#阿波罗#1D#
!3!
!2!
!5!
§4<&8>Andre &&25</&8>
§4<id>595</id>
!1!
§6<id>41929306</id>
!D!-03-02T18:14#7C#
!0!
§8<ip>86.52.13.177</ip>
!4!
§6<&5>/* 2006 */</&5>
§6#4#{{&&476 &&200
|&20= [[&&20:&&25 Backhand.jpg|&359|&&25 Backhand]]
|&3B8name= Andre &&25
|&5F= [[&&10 &&A]]
|&84B= [[Las Vegas, &&5E8|Las Vegas]], [[USA]]
|date&335= [[April 29]], [[1970]]
|&195&335= [[Las Vegas, &&5E8|Las Vegas]], [[USA]]
|&6B1= 5'11#0# (180 cm)
|w&711= 177 lbs (80 kg)
|&282pro= [[1986]]
|plays= &&B
|grip= 
|&197&531&3DC= $31,006,875
|&150&8s= 60
|&34B&150&8A0= No. 1 ([[April 10#71#)
|&&14nOpen&3FA= '''W''' (1995, 2000, 2001, 2003)
|&&48Open&3FA= '''W''' (1999)
|&&100&3FA= '''W''' #104#
|USOpen&3FA= '''W''' (1994, 1999)
|&6DFs&8s= 1
|&34B&6DFs&8A0= No. 123 ([[&&1D6 17]], [[1992]])
}}

'''Andre Kirk &&25''', (born [[April 29]] [[1970]], in [[Las Vegas, &&5E8|Las Vegas]], [[&&5E8]]) is a [[&F4]] [[male]] &265 '''[[&&275 ATP &3FC &717 &1B9|&&28 No. 1#BD# [[&9E]] &3B8 &5 [[&&10 &&A]]. He &590 &711 [[Grand Slam (&9E)|Grand Slam]] &150 &8s, &B1 &2C only five &1B9 &9C won all four Grand Slam &327. &&52 &72 &AA all-time &AC &200s. 

&&5C3 &313 &4 &33F [[&&757 Shields]] from 1997 to 1999. &&87 2001, he &28 &313 &4 &265 &&28 No. 1 &5BF &200 [[Steffi Graf]] and had two &BA.

!C2!
&&25's &27E, (an &&3C7 from Iran) Emmanuel #0#Mike#0# &&25an (who re&79ed [[Iran]] in [[boxing]] &1F 1948 and 1952 [[&&45D Games]] &A4 emig&F6D &4 [[&&10 &&A]]), &502tent on &1D2 a &211 w&499 four &9E Grand Slams. He &6B &&25's two &7DF &EF8 #0#guinea pigs#0# &1 &83 &1D &EAF &148. He honed Andre's eye-coordi&200 &109 &44n &D73 by hanging &9E balls &249 his crib. He gave &&25 paddles and &E8E when &81 &146 in &6CB chair. When &&25 &311 &50A &9E, his ball &490 &B72 60 garbage cans with 300 balls per can, and &&25 &69 hit 3,000-5,000 balls &12C day. When Andre was five &5B &7D5 &&E80 &9A0 with pros &C [[Jimmy &&73D]] and [[Roscoe Tanner]].

Mike &&25 &38Ced &9E by &95E tapes of &2FD. Mike &&50E &327 &58atic &22E &4 &12A and &226 of &9E, and &146 &12D &32D &1 &990. (More &3D &57 &1F5 Mike &&25's &548 &&25 Story''.)

At &1C1 14, Andre was shipped off to &58E guru [[Nick &&C21]]'s &&9E &&2F in [[&&665]]. He &282 &F4 when &81 16.

==&&9E &197==
===1986-1997===
&&25 &282 &F4 in 1986, and w&244 &2C6p-&276 &150 &8 in 1987 at [[Itaparica]]. &&4BC six &15C &2F6s in 1988, &1C0 &&143 &6A1 &319 sur&4B9 US$2 &13F in &197 &531 &3DC &54 &50A in just 43 &2F6s – the &F12 &3B8 &&BC6 &622 so.

As a &366 up-and-&44B &3B8, &&25 &7F1 a &B23 &20. He grew his hair to rock-star &495, &990ed an ear-ring, and wore &5D0ful shirts that &BCF &9E' &146-&C0B sartorial &9DA. He &C75 of a cheeseburger-&B2C diet and endorsed the Canon Rebel &869. #0#&&20 is &12C&336#0# w&A ad's tag line, &68A &BF Andre's &F6.

Strong &726s &8 tour &8A7 that &&5C3 &758 tipped as a &2E3 Grand Slam &4D2. But he &1AE the &8F1 &32 &69F near-misses. &&2E7 &3BF Grand Slam &ED in 1990 &1F [[&&48 Open]], &AD &FC &79A sets &4 &989ed veteran &3B8 [[Andrés Gómez]]. &&B4 &6A1 &FC &1 &ED &0 [[U.S. Open (&9E)|US Open]] &449&2E up-and-&44B teenaged star, [[Pete &&10A]]. The &F87ry &7Bse two &&13 &1B9 was &1Bcome the &4E2 &F87ry in &9E &106 rest the &0 &9FD. In 1991, &&25 &2CE his &8D &5AE &&48 Open &ED &176 &B34 h&808mer &&C21 &&2F-mate [[Jim &&89C]]. &&89C &573 the vict&798 a &4E0 rain-&C5B five-&5C2 

&&25 chose &48F &79B [[&&100 &&2FDhips|&&100]] from 1988-90, and &8Bly &1Ed &41 &DB wish to play &D3 &74 &0 &D61's &90ism, &CF its #0#&3F4-&224#0# dress code &18 &1B9 &1F &D61 are &438 to conform to. Many ob&38Ars &1F time &AEEd that &&25's real &622 was th&6D1 &263 &B3E game &69 &67A well suited to &&100's [[&8D7 &1F5]] &163. &&25 &629 &79B &&100 in 1991, &640 &8BB of &497 &1 &3E4 &5A what &160 wear – &3EA &573 &10 &40 &2AF in a &206ly &224 outfit. &&2E7 the &33B-&EDs on that &56A. 

&&4 &ED9 &7A6, &&25's Grand Slam &F1C&6A came at &&100 in 1992, &109 beat [[Goran Ivanišević]] in a &B1A five-&5C2 

&&139 wrist surgery &714 &&25 came back &263ly in 1994 and &4E5 &173 Open, &65E [[&&18A Stich]] &1 &ED. &&7B5 &4E5 &3BF [[&&14n Open]] &8 in 1995, &65E Sampr&799 &7F4-&5C2 &&4BC a &197-high &2AC &8s &6A1 &15E &2CE &21D No. 1 &8A0 &10 &40 time that April. He held it for 30 &8BB on that &56A &6A to &&378. He &958 a &197-best 26-&20F &394 streak &2A &167 [[hard&1F5]] &CA5, &18 &46D when &FC &1 US Open &ED &50D 

In 1995, &&25 won &2AC &150 &8s, the &A3D &78 &66 Open]], the [[&&250 &&E9]], the [[Miami &&E9]], &3 [[&&54A &&E9]]. In &1F6 win/loss &2B6, 1995 was &&25's best year (72/10) (&7Bs Davis Cup). &&85 s&4CEly &17A of§2&&10A's best &989, 1994, &97 he (&&10A) won 77 &20Fes and lost 12. 
In 1996, &&25 w&8 men's &150 Gold Medal &1F [[1996 &&167 &&420|&&45D Games]] in [[&&466, &&500|&&466]], &65E [[Sergi &&B3D]] of [[Spain]] &50B sets &1 &ED. &&10A &BB1 &1F [[&&250 &&E9]] &3 [[Miami &&E9]].

1997 &44 poor year for &&25. &&4BC no top-&276 &8s &9E &8A0 sank to &&28 No. 141 in &&378. H&808m was &31A &590 &11 &8E0 &8Bity &24D his high-&782 and &D93 &18F and &966 to &33F &&757 Shields.

===1998-2004===
In 1998, &&25 re&35D &165 to &9E. He shaved his balding head, &1AE a &E7C &50Cing &2C4, and &549 &7C8 back &24D ran&7CB by &50A in Ch&F1Fger &&367 &2F6s (a &CA5 for &F4 &1B9 &36E &246 &4B's top 50). Perhaps most &CDE, the one-time &B23 &573 as a gracious and &A1tful athlete, &E33 &823 &5E7 &1B9. &&54 &394 &20Fes, &5AB to bowing and blowing a two-handed kisses to spectators on each side &0 &1F5, a &CC2 seen as a &4BF humble acknowledgment &0ir &565 &5AC for &9E.

In 1998, &&25 won five &8s and leapt from No. 122 &8 ran&7CB &1F &416 &0 year, to No. 6 &1F &159 it, &3BB &729est jump in&4 Top 10 made &44Cy &3B8 in &9E. &&4BC five &8s in ten &EDs, and &7AE runner-up &1F [[Miami &&E9]]. 

&&25 &51E &33 &193 in 1999 &109 beat [[Andrei &&92F]] in a five-set &&48 Open &ED &1Bcome &471 &338 male &3B8 &9C won all four Grand Slam &150 &8s (a feat last &66Cd &1 &4CC by [[Roy Emerson]]). He &25E this up by &9EEing the &&100 &ED, &AD &FC &50D &&7B5 w&8 US Open, &65E [[Todd &&759]] in &668 &1 &ED, and &7AE &716 &36E &21D No. 1.

&&25 &1AE 2000 by &857 his &8D &&14n Open &8, &65E [[&&C72 &&796]] in &7F4-&5C2 He w&A &40 male &3B8 &9C &2CE four &5AE Grand Slam &EDs &87 [[Rod Laver]] &66Cd the Grand Slam in 1969. 2000 also saw &&25 &9EE the semi-&EDs at &&100, &AD &FC in five &58F [[&&285 R&54]] in &327 high &56F &36F &72 &39C &1B one &0 best &20Fes ever &791t &&100 [#2#news.bbc.co.uk/&9902/hi/&9E/&100_&33/3742067.stm]. &&1F &35A [[&&9E &&E9 Cup]] in [[Lisbon]], &&25 made it &DC way &4 &ED &54 &5FAing [[Marat Safin]] 6-3, 6-3 &1 semi&EDs to end the &&40D's &8BE &1Bcome the &366est &&28 No. 1 &1 &2B &9E.§2&&25 &12E &353 [[&&F53o Kuerten]] 6-4, 6-4, 6-4. This loss &5CDed Kuerten &1B cr&717 year end &&28 No. 1. 2000 &40A &39C &1D fans &1B a disap&F7ing &989 for &&25, &326 &755 &32B only one &2F6 (2000 &&14n Open).

&&25 &895 2001 by &1A9ly def&6B2 his &&14n Open &8 &32 &7F8-sets &ED win over [[Arnaud Clement]]. At &&100, he &36Fd R&54 &5BA &1 semi-&EDs and lost 8-6 &1 &5C1 &&1F US Open &FC &1 &33B-&EDs to Sampr&799 &84 &72 &1B &2C &2F6's all-time &ACest &20Fes. &&10A won 6-7, 7-6, 7-6, 7-6 in a &20F &7B3 &F1Cs of &38A. 

&&25 and &&10A' last duel came &1 &ED &0 US Open in 2002. The &36F &7B two &EA8 saw &&10A &F56 &784ious &79A sets, &4D3 &&10A &32 20-14 edge &1ir 34 &197 &59Cs. (The &20F &595 &6CE &1B &1E0 of &&10A' &197. He &DB &268 an &D61 &8 &F4 tour &5BA, &70Bficially &AFB his &624 in 2003.) &&25's US Open &DF8, &13B his &784ies &1F Miami &&E9, [[Rome &&E9]], and [[Madrid &&E9]], &4BC him &DF8 2002 &A &690 year-end No. 2 at 32 &3B4 8 &368.

In 2003, &&25 w&8 &711h Grand &&5C0 &1D &197 &1F &&14n Open, &176 beat [[Rainer Schüttler]] &50B sets &1 &ED. In May &6A1, he re&4E5 &21D No.1 &8A0 &1Bcome &5A6est No. &717 male &200 &&BC6 at 33 &3B4 13 days. He held the No. 1 &8A0 on that &56A for 13 &8BB. &&1F year-end &&9E &&E9 Cup, &FC &1 &ED to [[Roger &&1A0]] and &7AE &716 &36E &&28 No. 4.

In 2004, the 34-year-&5BF w&8 [[&&250 &&E9]] &2D3 his &197 &2F8 to 59 top-&276 &150 &8s &60 &2B6 17 ATP &&E9 &&367 &8s. He &BF &91-&690 &150 &4D2 in &&250's storied &33 (the &2F6 &1AE in 1899), sur&4B9 only by [[Ken Rosewall]] who w&8 &8 in 1970 &698 35.§2

&&25 &17Dlso w&7FF &6DFs &8 (&1F [[&&250 &&E9]] &714 &A58ing [[Petr Korda]]). &&52 &2C only five male &1B9 &9C won &DC Grand Slams – &13B &465 [[Don Budge]], [[Roy Emerson]], [[Rod Laver]] and [[Fred Perry]]. &&52 &595 &23 male &200 to w&1 four Grand Slams on four &4C &163s. The &5A3 &1B9 w&8 &&14n Open, &&100, &3 US Open on &8D7 &1F5s &3 &&48 Open on [[clay &1F5]]s; &ADas &&25 w&8 &&14n Open on [[Re&F21 Ace]], &1DA Open on clay, &&100 on &8D7, &3 US Open on hard&1F5s. &&54 &394 [[&&48 Open]] in 1999, &&25 &BF &23 male &200 to w&1 [[Career &&430 Slam]]. &&25 &52D &1A &&A w&1 [[Davis Cup]] in 1990 and 1992. &&81 &68D [[BBC &&3EF &&17Fality &0 Year &&681 &&17Fality|BBC &&681 &&3EF &&17Fality &0 Year]] in 1992. &&5BE &E4B &123 US$30 &13F in &531-&3DC &6Aout his &197, &8D &380 &&10A. In &198 this, &10A earns over US$25 &13F &7FA &6A &C42s, &31 &44Cy &200 and &4A9 &499 &3EF (&40 &195 is [[Tiger Woods]] at US$70 &13F &7FA).

===2005===
&&25 &311 off 2005 &530 runs, &70 &18 were cut &17A &5BD &&1A0]]. He &353 &&1A0 &1 &33B&EDs &0 &&14n Open &3 semi&EDs at Dubai. &&2E7 the &33B&EDs at &&1EB Wells &54 a &4E2 &4B1 &&A94 Coria, &783drew from his &20F with &&A36 Hewitt &32 swollen big toe. &&25 lost &1 semi&EDs at Miami to &&1A0 in a &B1A &20F. &&168 clay&1F5 &989 &F toughest &8 body, &&25 &4B8 in Rome and &2CE the semi&EDs &D9 &353 Coria in a tough &36F. &&1F 2005 &&48 Open, &&25 &353 [[Jarkko Nieminem]], &1ir &40-&2AF &20F &54 en&284 back pain &143 a pinched [[sciatic nerve]]. He lost in &668 with 6-0 &1 &338. &&54 much &3E4 &497 &5A &624, the 35-year-&5BF won in Los &&401 &718 &180 at Montreal &A4 falling to &28 No. 2 [[Rafael Nadal]] in &E5 long sets &41 &2F3 &498 if &446 &F7s had gone &4Cly. His coach Darren Cahill and &48A &5F6 &17Fal &8DDer [[Gil Reyes]] &549 with &&25 &BC &167 &64B &10 [[2005 US Open]]. &&25 made a &910 run &1F Open, &65E Razvan Sabau 6-3, 6-3, 6-1, [[Ivo Karlovic]] &1 &8D &2AF 7-6(7-4), 7-6(7-5), 7-6(7-4); [[Tomáš Berdych]] 3-6, 6-1, 6-4, 7-6(7-2); and [[Xavier Malisse]] 6-3, 6-4, 6-7(5-7), 4-6, 6-2. His &33B&ED &3E9 &75C &&13 [[James Blake]] &28 &6B one &0 best &20Fes in US Open &33. &&54 &E99 &23 &715, 3-6, 3-6, &&50E &721 two, 6-3, 6-3. &&1 &338 set, Blake &38Ad &10 &20F at 5-4, but &&25 &B24 his &38A, then w&8 &E5E 8-6 to &86C &510 at 1:15 a.m. He &29D [[Robby Ginepri]], an&2E &874, &E64 &&13 &32 &54B &B3E game, &58 &35B &5AE five-set &20F to earn a spot &1 &ED &92 &&28 No. 1 [[Roger &&1A0]]. &&54 &781 &23 set 6-3, &&25 &B24 &&1A0 twice to w&1 &8D, 6-2. He &B24 &&1A0 &5BA &60t this &F7 &E33 &1B the &244 &3B8. &&25 &140 30-love lead but &32 few costly &889 was &B24n to &1F7 a &E5E, &18 &&1A0 took, 7-1. Andre ran &817 gas &18 &5CDed &&1A0 to reel off five &7F8 &2A4.§2Being down 5-0 &1 &4A9 set, &&25 held &26A it 5-1 &A4 &&1A0 &48Ad it out to w&1 &2FDhip. &&DD &20F, &&25 thanked !14F! &10 20 &1DC memories, hinting at &275 &624. &&32, &&5BE made &5D2 &41 will only &F4B &244 &38E, &109 feels &41 &443 &902 at &4A4 &8 &1F5. He will &4BD &3E6 &EDn&2E year, &326 has &851 &10 2005 &&E9 Cup (&3A &242 &4 &711 best &1B9 &1 &28) &B1 &F4A&23F play the lead-in &2F6 &4 2006 &&14n Open.

Coming in&4 2005 &&E9 Cup, &&25 is 29-5 on hard &1F5s (&161 only &BB2 &44B to [[Roger &&1A0]] and [[Rafael Nadal]]), &B1 5-4 on clay (wins over Gasquet, Ljubicic, and Hrbaty, &BB2 to Coria and Lopez).

In 2005, &&25 left [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] &54 17 &3B4 &3AA an &C42 deal with [[Adidas]]. [#2#&3EF.espn.go.com/&3EF/&9E/news/&22A?id=2116135]

Hampered by a &35B &77C ankle &877 &704 &85 torn ligaments, &&25 lost his &C87 &3E9 Nikolay &&A93 &1 &&E9 Cup &14A &246 &BE5. The &BE5al list also &7Bd Rafael Nadal, Andy Roddick, &&A36 Hewitt, and Marat Safin.

===2006===

&&25 &BD5 &5 &&14n Open beca&5C an ankle &877. Once he &BD5, he im&3E4tely &DED a wildcard &72A the Delray Beach Inter&2A &&9E &&2FDhips, &176 &12E &7AE as a &33B&EDist &781 to [[&&A94 Garcia Lopez]] 4-6, 2-6. 
He w&An &246 &F4B from SAP Open beca&5C a &225 back &877 ca&22B him &875 pain &58 &225 back &6FEwn his legs. 
&&7B5 &4B8 &1 Dubai Open &176 won &50B sets over [[Greg Rusedski]] &1 &40 &2AF &A4 &781 &50Bs to &&D9 [[Bjorn Phau]] in &8D &2AF.
&&330 &D7Fting, &&25 is &F4A&23F play &2F6s in &&1EB Wells and Miami to &48A &7A3 &43E hard&1F5 &989. &&5BE &E7ly said &41 is skipping the &538 clay &989, &87 it &DAEs his body. He will do &4A4 &1B &F20 for &&100. &&32, &&25's top &5D1ity in 2006 will once &5BA be &281 yet an&2E run &1F US Open in &&1D6. Expect all &F4Aling decisons &1B &6F1 that goal in mind.

==Playing &68==
&&25 &C84 &804line &68 of play, but &5FE most such &1B9, he &271 &3E5 &58F &B ball ''&765'' the &B3E -- &698ionally &36B &785 &F4s. &&85 &C1 &74 &1D &17A backswing, &18 also &B32 him &27D fast &38As. He &4A &A71 &B best h&60nd eye coordi&200, &F87ed only &5BD &&1A0]].§2[[John McEnroe]] &4Ds have &6B &&25 &16B &1A2 &27Der ever to play &F4 &9E.

&&54 &&25's rededication to tenn&272 1998, &695 &4CFed more on &B6 &50Cing than &1 past &B1 now one &0 fittest &1B9 &8 tour. His &646-body &BBE &5CDs &4D7 [[bench &160]] 350 lbs. He has &9B4 endurance and &DDE &B3 tired on &1F5. As long as &52 &4B9jured, he &E44s long, grueling &20Fes arguably &244 &343ny &2E &3B8 &8 tour (even Roger &&1A0 &28 &76D tire &11 &338 set). &&5DF, &&25 &7A &F20 to &416 &721 &F7 when &450 is catching his &BCE. One &1D &53F &333 wear down &450s, &C4F &CA3 &160ure &8m by &27Ding the ball &6D and deep at &B4B. &&25 will try to st&122 n&6D one spot and hit the &F4Es &26A &450 &E67. He will &71 pass &24D &863 and hit a s&4CEly less &637 shot &26A &450 run a &13D more to &972 &446 more shots. His &E81 for &768 &1B9 &180 &F7 &54 &F7 has &E4B him &49B #0#The Punisher#0#. 

&&25's &A3D &B82 &153ly is his &10D &54B &D39, and &1B9 &1BD &C0 &54Bly hit at sharp &B4B with pace give him &58D. &&25 used &1B one &0 &C78 &1B9 on tour; &32, his &262 injuries have &1F7d &4D7 &54Bly &7B4 &C78 s&D6Eively, &10C in Grand Slams and &&9E &&E9 &&367 &327.§2To make up &503 &262ly-&410 &B82, &&25 &44ly &D1B &450 &8 &789. (&&1A0 &F only &3B8 &32 long &394 streak &92 &&25; even &&10A &353 &&25 many &144).

==&&17Fal and &CE life==
&&54 &7F4-year &1F5ship, &&25 &313 &33F &&757 Shields in a lavish &4DC on [[April 19]] 1997. That &&105, &727 filed suit &92 ''[[The &&2A Enquirer]]'' &2CBing it &9C1ed #0#&B1F and &CE8#0# &1Ements: &&757 was &121&64C counseling, binge-eating and &2E7 pills; &&25 #0#lashed into#0# &&757 &15E and &&757's m&2E #0#t&D3Ed like wildcats#0# &749 &BF4ed a [[prenuptial &435|prenup]]; &728 was dismissed. &&25 filed for &C8D, &61 &2A3ed on [[April 9]], 1999. 

&&11 time the &C8D was &ED, &&5C3 &86A &5D1 &9E &53A Steffi Graf.§2With &471ir m&2Es as &F3Ces, &186 &313 &6D1 home &4BB 22]], 2001. &&8C son, [[Jaden Gil &&25|Jaden Gil]], &F9 6 &8BB prematurely &4BB 26]] &6A1. &&8C &7FE, [[Jaz Elle &&25|Jaz Elle]], &F9 &4BB 3]] [[2003]].

&&25's &7DF &522 Rita &313 &1D8 &9E &53A [[Pancho Gonzales]]. In 1995, when Gonzales &599 Las Vegas, Andre paid &FD br&2E-in-law's &57E.

Andre has &3A6 &C3 &402 &13Cs, and &156ed the Andre &&25 Chari&544 &&9C, &18 &F76s &6E9 of Las Vegas. In 1995, he &590 1995's ATP &&3F1 Ashe's &&81itarian &1DA in &5C8 &1D &329s &CD2 dis&AB0d &556 in LA. 

The Andre &&25 Chari&544 &&2A2 &17Dlways &771 &542 fund &13Cs &18 &716 &2C4s that &54Bly carry &7A3 &A52 &0 &&2A2. The &&2A2's &A52 &333 &31B &14Bal and re&986al &18D &&922 &EDbandoned, &F27d, &60t-risk kids. &&59 &13Cs are fine &1C1s:

===The Andre &&25 Boys #3# Girls Club===
In 1997, &&25 &895 the Boys #3# Girls Club, a 25,000-&458-foot &B8F that &C2 an indoor &CDA &1F5, outdoor &9E &1F5s, &5C5 lab, &D5 and teen &77E. It sees as many as 400 &BA a day &1 &167 and well over 2,000 &2A year. 

Its junior &9E team, Team &&25, &7Bs &3F8 &1B9 with &563 &9E &1D5. As of &&EB 2006, the team &C75 four &2Aly &36E &1B9 as &BE a &2D &23Cally &36E &1B9. Coached by Tim Blenkiron, the &11F &173s &A5Fly, &9CFs &15B &7D1, &6D2 &9E1s to &268 &123 &2F6s. The &2C4 also &85Cs &D6 to &5A0 &137 &60ppreciate the &709s of &394 and &781.

A &CDA &2C4, the &&25 Stars, &1AE in 2000. Headed by Coach Jermone Riley, the Stars are &438 to &9CF &15B hall &7D1, &A2D to &1ED they &78E &1CDed in att&6B2, and &A69 &AE2 and &14B.

The &&2A2 &8BE &26A &86 &2C4s a &107 recruiting &16B for kids &32cademic as &BE &BF1 &275. In a &8F &AD drugs and gangs are &AEF &1F7s, the &&25 Club &904s &2E0 and &4C8 kids a safe &195 &827 &54 &1EC.

== Ethnicity &1E8 ==
&&25's &448ity, &545 &78 &51A &660, &28 a &332 &228 by fans &180 &4B. &&62D Mike &&25 is of [[&&3C7 &1C|&&3C7]] and [[&&E5D &1C|&&E5D]] &448ity &5 &164 Iran, &3re &22 &560 #0#&2CB#0# &&25 by &725 &&3C7 &826ranian &1BC &1 &&10 &&A &60&A1A. &&5BE &71 &778 &592 ambivalent, &37 joking &6DE #0#All-&&3C7#0# &3E9 [[Sargis Sargsian]] &1F US Open in 2004, #0#Well, I'm only half-&&3C7#0# [#1#&6C2.com/&3EF/&2E_&3EF/&9E/&EEs/2004/09/07/&3C7_supremacy_for_&25?mode=PF], &A1 he &82F to &3B6 in a [[PBS]] &37D &5A [#1#wliw.org/&9Bs/&3C7.html &&3C7-&&13s]. &&62D has &1A3 &58 &548 &&25 Story'', &5A his &1D5 of &7DDn &246r in &&68A Iran, but Andre &17Dlso &718 &1CD &1 Iranian &E17 &1D &3D0, in &&105 2005 ex&160ing a &3AC &48C Iran, &18 &63A #0#a &179 &195#0# &58 &62C.[#1#payvand.com/news/05/feb/1171.html]

==Quotes==
&&5A Pete &&10A' &624: #0#You grow up &32 guy, you &F48 &92 &391 so long, he's &497 big &49 your &197, &1C3 that's pretty &179, so you do have that &F4 &17Fal regret &41's &44D&2AF any more. You miss &1D2 &6F0&2AF.#0#

&&2A 2005 US Open: #0#I've been &4FD by over&44B &709 and over&44B the hurdles and &AAE that face me. &&D3 &146 is plenty &7A3re &7FB &4FD by.#0#

(from [[Mats Wilander]], &7CD to name the top 5 &200s &242 time; he &195d &&25, &&10A, &&1A0, and Borg &1 top 4 (in no &2FA) and tied McEnroe, Lendl, and &&73D for &338 &195): ON AGASSI: “He has some &5B3, like he can’t &38A and volley, yet he &590 all four Slams. He &17D very high &4BE &276, &639 like Borg. &&52 on &338 gear &5 &636 &F7. &&B7 some ab&3F3ity &58 eyes, &2Ewise &160n’t &47C &497 &2BAl &27D. He sees the ball like none else and just &5C4s it &ADver &73C to. He’s just &791 Grand Slam &ED at 35, that &71A me &81ted &23 five &5B &1D &197, &2Ewise &4C1n’&7F8 &C00 this long. No one has done more to &9E than &&25 and Borg.”

==Video &2A4==
* ''[[Andre &&25 &&9E]]'' &10 [[SNES]], [[Sega Genesis]], [[Game Gear]], and [[&&397 phone]]
* ''[[&&25 &&9E &&353]]'' for [[PlayStation 2|PS2]] and [[Game Boy &&3A0|GBA]]
* ''[[Smash Court Pro &&2F6]]'' for PS2

==Grand Slam &2B6==
[[&&14n Open]]
*'''&&150 &4D2: 1995, 2000, 2001, 2003
!4F!-&EDist: 1996, 2004
!4E!-&EDist: 2005

[[&&48 Open]]
*'''&&150 &4D2: 1999
*&&150 &2E6 1991
!4F!-&2E5 1992
!4E!-&2E4 2001, 2002, 2003
*Doubles &33B-&EDist: 1992

[[&&100]]
*'''&&150 &4D2: 1992
*&&150 &EDist: 1999
!4F!-&2E4 2000, 2001
!4E!-&EDist: 1991, 1993

[[U.S. Open (&9E)|U.S. Open]]
*'''&&150 &4D2: 1994, 1999
*&&150 &2E6 1995, 2002, 2005
!4F!-&2E5 1989, 1996, 2003
!4E!-&EDist: 1992, 2001, 2004

==Grand Slam &EDs==

===Wins (8)===

!118!
 1992§3&&100§10Goran Ivanišević§C6-7, 6-4, 6-4, 1-6, 6-4
 1994§3US Open§12&&18A Stich§F6-1, 7-6, 7-5
 1995§3&&14n Open§APete &&10A§104-6, 6-1, 7-6, 6-4
 1999§3&&48 Open§EAndrei &&92F§D1-6, 2-6, 6-4, 6-3, 6-4
 1999§3US Open§12Todd &&759§116-4, 6-7, 6-7, 6-3, 6-2
 2000§3&&14n Open§A&&C72 &&796§A3-6, 6-3, 6-2, 6-4
 2001§3&&14n Open§AArnaud Clement§E6-4, 6-2, 6-2
 2003§3&&14n Open§ARainer &&CD9§B6-2, 6-2, 6-1

===Runner-ups (7)===

!118!
 1990§3&&48 Open§EAndres Gomez§106-3, 2-6, 6-4, 6-4
 1990#4E#-4, 6-3, 6-2
 1991§3&&48 Open§EJim &&89C§113-6, 6-4, 2-6, 6-1, 6-4§2
 1995#4E#-4, 6-3, 4-6, 7-5
 1999§3&&100§10Pete &&10A§106-3, 6-4, 7-5
 2002#4E#-3, 6-4, 5-7, 6-4
 2005§3US Open§12Roger &&1A0§F6-3, 2-6, 7-6, 6-1

==&&170 &20Fes==
* US Open &33B&ED 1989: &29D [[Jimmy &&73D]] 6-1, 4-6, 0-6, 6-3, 6-4. &&1A5 five-set win. At one &F7 &284 a &25Fover, &&25 joked &325 box &41 was &781 sets on &318 to &B39 &41 &115 win in five. The &5A3 time he &4B8 &&73D was &1F 1988 US Open &33B&ED &97 he beat &&73D &7B6ly and &DB lose a set.
* &&48 Open &ED 1990: &353 [[Andrés Gómez]] 6-3, 2-6, 6-4, 6-4. &&1A5 Grand Slam &ED.
* US Open &ED 1990: &353 [[Pete &&10A]] 6-4, 6-3, 6-2. &&23 of five Grand Slam &EDs &848 &11 top two &1B9 &0ir &353.
* &&48 Open &ED 1991: &353 [[Jim &&89C]] 6-3, 4-6, 6-2, 1-6, 4-6. Blew 2 &58F 1 lead &54 rain &8E2. Many &1E8ed if &&5BC the &62C &32B &593 &2FDhip.
* &&100 &ED 1992: &29D [[Goran Ivanišević]] 6-7(8), 6-4, 6-4, 1-6, 6-4. &&1A5 Grand &&5C0 &7E5ring &1F &2F6 &257 &A1t &4C1 ever win. Still h&824ly &&100 &2FDhip.
* &&100 &33B&ED 1993: &353 Pete &&667-2, 6-2, 3-6, 3-6, 6-4. &&23 of only two 5-&509 &7B two (&&4E w&A 2000 &&14n Open semis).
* US Open 4th Round 1994: &29D [[&&18A Chang]] 6-1, 6-7(3), 6-3, 3-6, 6-1. Outlasts Chang &44F &1B&44B &23 unseeded man to w&1 US Open &2FDhip in 28 &5B. Knocked off five seeded &1B9 &3C8 way. &&40 US Open &8.§2
* &&14n Open 1995 &A2 Pete &&10A 4-6, 6-1, 7-6(6), 6-4. &&25's only Grand Slam &&ED &4B1 &&10A.
* &&466 &&167 &&420 Gold Medal Match 1996: &29D [[Serge &&B3D]] 6-2, 6-3, 6-1. Demolished two-time &&48 Open Champion to &66C &6C &17Fal &39A &394 an &&45D Gold Medal.
* &&48 Open &5BB &353 [[Marat Safin]] 7-5, 5-7, 2-6, 6-3, 2-6 in what w&A &&40D's &40 Grand Slam &20F. Safin's win foreshadowed his win over Pete &&10A &1 2000 US Open &ED.
* &&48 Open &ED &352 [[Andrei &&92F]] 1-6, 2-6, 6-4, 6-3, 6-4.§2A &910 come-from-&1FE &3B1 that &411 &197 Grand Slam &1F #0#&3A0d#0# &1C1 29, &9E &27D &4 &811 &9E &50F as low as #141. Referred to &A #0#Miracle in Paris#0#. &&5BE &1Ed &41 &28Ds this his &ACest &891 on a &9E &1F5.
* US Open &ED &352 [[Todd &&759]] 6-4, 6-7(5), 6-7(2), 6-3, 6-2. An&2E come-from-&1FE &E5C.
* &&14n Open 2000 semi-&A2 Pete &&667-4, 3-6, 6-7(0), 7-6(5), 6-1. En &A2E &325 &8D &&14n Open crown.§2[[&&9E &&2D8]] &1Ed: #0#''This'' was &&10A-&&25 &10 ages.#0#
* &&351-&ED 2000: &353 [[&&285 R&54]] 7-5, 4-6, 7-5, 4-6, 6-3. This &20F was &B0ly p&866 &5A1 asthetic &E11 &A &28's &ACest &B3Er batt&7D2 game's most fluid &&D74 volleyer over five tense sets.
* &&14n Open 2001 semi-&A2 &&285 R&54 7-5, 2-6, 6-7(5), 6-2, 6-3. Exacted some &A6D for 2000 &&351 loss to R&54. Rallied from 2 &58F 1 down to stun R&54 in &362 &146 energized &&14n crowd. 
* &&351-&ED 2001: &353 &&285 R&54 2-6, 6-3, 3-6, 6-2, 8-6. &&7D not &72 &C1, the re&20F topped the &1AC set &11ir &5E9 &5 year &A4.
* US Open 2001 &33B-&193 to Pete &&667-7(9), 7-6(2), 7-6(2), 7-6(5). Match &45A no &F1Cs of &38A. Many &28D th&F best &&25-&&10A &20F &4B8.
* US Open 2002 &193 to Pete &&667-3, 6-4, 5-7, 6-4. &&10A' &ED &C4D &20F.
* &&48 Open 2003 2nd &2AF: &29D [[Mario Ancic]] 5-7, 1-6, 6-4, 6-2, 7-5. Rallied back from two &58F love &2AA &366 and &FDful Ancic to w&1 &20F. &&2C only six &20Fes &&25 &590 &50F down two &58F love. &&E5 &0m &22 &1F [[&&48 Open]].
* &&48 Open 2004 &5BB &353 [[Jerome Haehnel]] 4-6, 6-7(4), 3-6. Shock &40 &2AF loss to lowly &&48 &197 &A4Eman. Arguably &245 upset in &&48 Open &33.
* US Open 2004 &33B-&193 to Roger &&1A0 3-6, 6-2, 5-7, 6-3, 3-6. 5th set marred by &2B6-&7BF winds. By far Roger &&1A0's most &36B &20F &44F &4 &8.
* &&14n Open 2005 4th &2AF: &29D [[Joachim &&85F]] 6-7(4), 7-6(5), 7-6(3), 6-4. Won &3B5 &&85F's &28-&2B6 51 aces.
* &&48 Open 2005 &5BB &353 [[Jarkko Nieminen]] 5-7, 6-4, 7-6, 1-6, 0-6.§2Possibly &&25's last &20F &1F &&48 Open.§2He led two &58F one &C7D in&4 &4A9 set, &447 pinched sciatic nerve &B48 Agasi's &62 very noticeably. &&25 limped &399 &1F5 with &B12 &58 eyes &DD &20F. The &20F &44 maj&798dicat&820 many that &&25's &197 &78E &44B to &7AE soon.
* US Open 2005 &33B-&A2 [[James Blake]] 3-6, 3-6, 6-3, 6-3, 7-6(6). &&5BC &15A &6BB from &715 down &1 US Open. &&16F &6B &16B &20F &0 2005 Open &7DC &0 best in US Open &33.
* US Open 2005 semi-&A2 [[Robby Ginepri]] &58 &35B &5AE five-set &E5C: 6-4, 5-7, 6-3, 4-6, 6-3. At 35 &5B &7D5 &4B8 &4A4 &9E &1 &5C1
* US Open 2005, &193 to Roger &&1A0 &58 sixth US Open &ED. &&1 &EDe of &&25's &46B run &1F Open &1C3 3 five-&509 in a row, &&25 met &&1A0 &60ppeared &9C &3D0 hand, &78 up a &F1C &1 &35B set &B &20F tied at one set each.§2&&32, &&1A0 with&F24 the &160ure and &8C5 &1Bat &&25 6-3, 2-6, 7-6(1), 6-1.
* &&9E &&E9 Cup 2005, Round Robin: &353 [[Nikolay &&A93]] 6-4, 6-2. &&5C3 &DAB &1B3 sprained ankle &A84 &50 &81 &50A racquetball &E5 &8BB &A4. &&168 &20F &23F was un&9B4, the &54ward was, when one &0 &2F6 &EA6rs absurdly &C9C &&25 of faking &877 and &781 on &318 &31F (&&25) was &50A in Shanghai. It &282 out &15 same &877 &69 &2C9 &&25 to &BE5 the 2006 &&14n Open.

==&&8s (60)==
!D5!
|-!E1! 
|'''Legend (&&150)'''
|-!18!
| Grand Slam (8)
|-!DA!
| &&9E &&E9 Cup (1)
|-!EB!
| &&45D Gold (1)
|-!C! 
| ATP &&E9 &&367 (17)
|- &88=#0##ffffff#0# 
| ATP Tour (33)
|}

===&&150 (60)===
!D5!
|-!E1!
!13E!
!129!
!117!
!116!
|'''&&7FB #FE#
!115!
|-
|1.§2
|[[&&378 23]], [[1987]]
|[[Itaparica]], [[Brazil]]
!10!
|[[Luiz Mattar]] ([[Brazil]]) 
|7-6 6-2 
|- 
|2.§2
|[[&&105 &350
|[[Memphis, &&358|Memphis#30#
!10!
|[[Mikael Pernfors]] ([[&&80E]])
|6-4 6-4 7-5 
|-
|3.§2
|[[April &34F
|[[&&577ton, &&64 &&69F|&&577ton#30#
!D4!
|[[Jimmy Arias#5F# 
|6-2 6-2 
|-
|4.
|[[May 2#C9#
|[[Forest Hills#30#
!D4!
|[[Slobodan Zivojinovic]] ([[&&E74ia]])
|7-5 7-6 7-5§3
|-
|5.
|[[July 11#C9#
|[[Stuttgart|Stuttgart Outdoors]], [[&&D9y]] 
!D4!
|[[Andres Gomez]] ([[Ecuador]])
|6-4 6-2
|-
|6.§3
|[[July &34F
|[[Stratton, Vermont|Stratton#30#
!10!
|[[Paul Annacone#5F#
|6-2 6-4
|-
|7.§2
|[[&&1D6 &350
|[[&&10Fston#30# 
!10!
|[[Jeff Tarango#5F#
|6-2 6-4
|-
|8.§3
|[[&&243 2]], [[1989]]
|[[Orlando, &&665#30# 
!10!
#34#
|6-2 6-1 
|-
|9.§3
|[[&&105 5#C8#
!EA!
!C7!
|[[Todd Witsken#5F#
|6-1 6-3
|-!C! 
|10.§2
|[[March &34E
|[[Miami &&E9|Key &&67C#30#
!10!
!3A![[&&80E]])
|6-1 6-4 6 6-2
|-
|11.
|[[July 16#C8#
!56!&3A3|&&C5#30# 
!10!
|[[Jim Grabb#5F#
|6-1 6-4
|-!DA!
|12.
|[[&&378 &34E
|[[&&9E &&E9 Cup|Tour &&2FDhips]], [[Frankfurt]], [[&&D9y]]
!C7!
!3A![[&&80E]]) 
|5-7 7-6 7-5 6-2
|-
|13.
|[[April 1#C7#
|[[Orlando, &&665|Orlando#30#
!10!
|[[Derrick Rostagno#5F#
|6-2 1-6 6-3 
|-
|14.
|[[July 15#C7#
!56!&3A3|&&C5#30#
!10!
!55!zechoslovakia]])
|6-3 6-4 
|- 
|15.
|[[April 27]], [[1992]]
|[[&&466#30# 
!D4!
#1A#
|7-5 6-4 
|-!18!
|'''16.'''
|'''[[June 22]], [[1992#BD# 
|'''[[&&100 &&2FDhips|&&100#BD#
|Grass
#99#šević]] ([[Croatia]])
|6-7 6-4 6-4 1-6 6-4
|-!C!
|17.
|[[July 20]], [[1992]]
!114!
!10!
|[[Ivan Lendl#5F#
|3-6 6-2 6-0
|-
|18.
|[[&&EB 2#72#
!EA!
!10!
#34#
|6-2 6-7 6-2
|-
|19.
|[[&&105 22#72#
!113!
!10!
|Marcos Ondruska ([[&&4AE]])
|6-2 3-6 6-3 
|-
|20.
|[[&&105 2#C6#
!113!
!10!
|Luiz Mattar ([[Brazil]])
|6-4 6-3
|-!C!
|21.
|[[July 25#C6#
!114!
!10!
|Jason &&C20 ([[&&14]])
|6-4 6-4
|-!18!
|'''22.'''
|'''[[&&1D6 29]], [[1994#BD#
!128!
!10!
#45#
|6-1 7-6 7-5
|-
|23.
|[[&&243 17#C6#
|[[&&422]], #114#]] 
!C7!
#45#
|7-6 4-6 6-2 6-3
|-!C!
|24.
|[[&&243 31#C6#
|[[Paris]], [[&&93]] 
!C7!
|[[Marc Rosset]] ([[&&725]])
|6-3 6-3 4-6 7-5
|-!18!
|'''25.'''
|'''[[&&EB 16#71#'''§3
!2A!
!10!
#1A#
|4-6 6-1 7-6 6-4
|-
|26.
|[[&&105 6#71#
!E9!
!10!
#23#
|6-2 1-6 6-3 
|-!C!
|27.
|[[March 13#71#
!46!
!10!
#1A#
|3-6 6-2 7-6
|-
|28.
|[[July 17#71#
!C6!
!10!
|[[Stefan Edberg]]([[&&80E]])
|6-4 2-6 7-5§3
|-!C!
|29.
|[[July 24#71#
|[[Montreal]]
!10!
#1A#
|3-6 6-2 6-3§2
|-!C!
|30.
|[[&&1D6 7#71#
!10C!
!10!
#23#
|7-5 6-2 
|-
|31.
|[[&&1D6 14#71#
|[[New Haven]]
!10!
|[[&&17C Krajicek]] ([[&&722]])
|3-6 7-6 6-3§2
|-!C!
|32.
|[[March 18]], [[1996]]
!46!
!10!
#99#šević]] ([[Croatia]]) 
|3-0 40-0
|-!EB!
|33.
|[[July 22]], [[1996]]
|[[1996 &&167 &&420|&&45D Games]], [[&&466#30#
!10!
|[[Sergi &&B3D]] ([[!119!
|6-2 6-3 6-1
|-!C!
|34.
|[[&&1D6 5]], [[1996]]
!10C!
!10!
#23#
|7-6 6-4
|-
|35.
|[[&&105 9#3F#
!E9!
!10!
#1A#§2
|6-2 6-4 
|-
|36.
|[[March 2#3F#
!13D!
!10!
|[[Jason &&C20]] ([[&&14]])§2
|6-4 7-6
|-
|37.
|[[July 20#3F#
!C6!
!10! 
|[[Scott Draper]] ([[&&14]]) 
|6-2 6-0 
|-
|38.
|[[July 27#3F#
!E0!-!54!
!10!
|[[Tim Henman]] ([[&&10 &&108|UK]]) 
|6-4 6-4 
|-
|39.
|[[&&243 19#3F#
|[[Ostrava]]
!C7!
|[[Jan Kroslak]] ([[Slovakia]]) 
|6-2 3-6 6-3 
|-
|40.
|[[April 5#C4#
|[[Hong Kong]] 
!10!
|[[Boris Becker]] ([[&&D9y]])
|6-7 6-4 6-4 
|-!18!
|'''41.'''
|'''[[May 24#88#
|'''[[&&48 Open#BD#
!D4!
|[[Andrei &&92F]] ([[Ukraine]])
|1-6 2-6 6-4 6-3 6-4
|-
|42.
|[[&&1D6 16#C4#
!C6! 
!10!
#44#
|7-6 6-1 
|-!18!
|'''43.'''
|'''[[&&1D6 30#88#
!128!
!10!
|[[Todd &&759#5F#
|6-4 6-7 6-7 6-3 6-2
|-!C!
|44.
|[[&&378 1#C4#
|[[Paris]]
!C7!
|[[Marat Safin]] ([[&&4AE]])
|7-6 6-2 4-6 6-4 
|-!18!
|'''45.'''
|'''[[&&EB 17]], [[2000#BD#
!2A!
!10!
#44#
|3-6 6-3 6-2 6-4
|-!18!
|'''46.'''
|'''[[&&EB 15]], [[2001#BD#
!2A!
!10!
|[[Arnaud Clement]] ([[&&93]])
|6-4 6-2 6-2 
|-!C!
|47.
|[[March 12]], [[2001]]
|[[&&1EB Wells &&E9|&&1EB Wells]]
!10!
#1A#
|7-6 7-5 6-1 
|-!C!
|48.
|[[March 19]], [[2001]]
!46!
!10!
|[[Jan-!D9!
|7-6 6-1 6-0 
|-
|49.
|[[July 23]], [[2001]]
!E0!-!54! 
!10!
|[[Pete &&10A]] ([[&&10 &&A|USA]]
|6-4 6-2 
|-
|50.
|[[March 4#C3#
!13D!
!10!
|[[Juan Bal&8B3]] ([[!119!
|6-2 7-6
|-!C!
|51.
|[[March 18#C3#
!46!
!10!
|[[Roger &&1A0]] ([[&&725]])
|6-3 6-3 3-6 6-4
|-!C!
|52.
|[[May 6#C3#
|[[Rome &&E9|Rome]], [[Italy]]
!D4!
|[[Tommy Haas]] ([[&&D9y]])
|6-3 6-3 6-0
|-
|53.
|[[July 22#C3#
!E0!-!53!0#
!10!
|[[Jan-!D9!
|6-2 6-4 
|-!C!
|54.
|[[&&243 14#C3#
|[[Madrid]], [[Spain]]
!10! 
|[[Jiri Novak]] ([[Czech Re&8B]])
|W/O
|-!18!
|'''55.'''
|'''[[&&EB 13]], [[2003#BD# 
!2A!
!10!
|[[Rainer &&CD9]] ([[&&D9y]]) 
|6-2 6-2 6-1
|-
|56.
|[[&&105 10#C2#
|[[San Jose, &&1D1|San Jose#30#
!10!
|[[Davide Sanguinetti]] ([[Italy]]) 
|6-3 6-1 
|-!C!
|57.
|[[March 17#C2#
!46! 
!10!
|[[Carlos Moyà]] ([[!119!
|6-3 6-3
|-
|58.
|[[April 21#C2#
|[[Houston#30#
!D4!
|[[Andy Roddick#5F#
|3-6 6-3 6-4
|-!C!
|59.
|[[&&1D6 2]], [[2004]]
|[[&&250 &&E9|&&250#30#
!10!
|[[&&A36 Hewitt]] ([[&&14]])
|6-3 3-6 6-2
|-
|60.
|[[July 31]], [[2005]]
!E0!-!53!0#
!10!
|[[Gilles Muller]] ([[Luxembourg]])
|6-4 7-5
|}

===Doubles (1)===
!D5!
|-!E1!
!13E!
!129!
!117!
!116!
|'''Partner'''
|'''&&7FBs #FE#
!115!
|-
|1.§2
|[[&&1D6 16#72#
|[[&&250 &&E9]]
!10!
!55!zech Re&8B]]) 
!3A![[&&80E]]) #3# [[Henrik Holm]] ([[&&80E]])
|7-6 6-4 
|}

===&&726 timeline===
!D5!
|-!38!
! &&3E8 [[2006]] !! [[2005]] !! [[2004]] !! [[2003]] !! [[2002]] !! [[2001]] !! [[2000]] !! [[1999]] !! [[1998]] !! [[1997]] !! [[1996]] !! [[1995]] !! [[1994]] !! [[1993]] !! [[1992]] !! [[1991]] !! [[1990]] 

|-
#92#
!A!-
!A!QF
!A!SF
!A!'''W'''
!A!-
!A!'''W'''
!A!'''W'''
!A!4r
!A!4r
!A!-
!A!SF
!A!'''W'''
!A!-
!A!-
!A!-
!A!-
!A!-

|-
#97#
!A!
!A!1r
!A!1r
!A!QF
!A!QF
!A!QF
!A!2r
!A!'''W'''
!A!1r
!A!-
!A!2r
!A!QF
!A!2r
!A!-
!A!SF
!A!F
!A!F

|-
#4D#
!A!
!A!-
!A!-
!A!4r
!A!2r
!A!SF
!A!SF 
!A!F
!A!2r
!A!-
!A!1r
!A!SF
!A!4r
!A!QF
!A!'''W'''
!A!QF
!A!-

|-
#43#
!A!
!A!F
!A!QF
!A!SF
!A!F
!A!QF
!A!2r 
!A!'''W'''
!A!4r
!A!4r
!A!SF
!A!F
!A!'''W'''
!A!1r
!A!QF
!A!1r
!A!F

|- 
#B8#-L
!A!
!A!10-2
!A!9-3
!A!19-3
!A!11-3
!A!20-3
!A!14-3
!A!23-2
!A!7-4
!A!3-1
!A!11-4
!A!22-3
!A!11-2
!A!4-2
!A!16-2
!A!10-3
!A!12-2

|-!38!
!C5!
!A!
!A!'''1'''
!A!'''1'''
!A!'''4'''
!A!'''5'''
!A!'''4'''
!A!'''1'''
!A!'''5'''
!A!'''5'''
!A!'''0'''
!A!'''3'''
!A!'''7'''
!A!'''5'''
!A!'''2'''
!A!'''3'''
!A!'''2'''
!A!'''4'''

|- 
#DF#-L
!A!
!A!19-3
!A!37-10
!A!32-6
!A!36-7
!A!35-10
!A!25-9
!A!41-9
!A!47-10
!A!11-10
!A!34-7
!A!53-3
!A!29-6
|&7=#3#amp;#13#&F#0#|27-8
!A!19-7
!A!17-7
!A!26-5
|} 

!D5!
|-!38!
! &&3E8 [[1989]] !! [[1988]] !! [[1987]] !! [[1986]]

|-
#92#
!A!-
!A!-
!A!-
!A!-

|-
#97#
!A!3r
!A!SF
!A!2r
!A!- 

|-
#4D#
!A!-
!A!-
!A!1r
!A!-

|-
#43#
!A!SF
!A!SF
!A!1r
!A!1r

|- 
#B8#-L
!A!7-2
!A!10-2
!A!1-3
!A!0-1

|-!38!
!C5!
!A!'''1'''
!A!'''6'''
!A!'''1'''
!A!'''0'''

|- 
#DF#-L
!A!20-6
!A!33-6
!A!21-10
!A!4-5

|}

==Head-to-Head==
*vs. &&10A, Pete: 14-20
*vs. Roddick, Andy: 5-1
*vs. Ginepri, Robby: 4-0
*vs. Blake, James: 4-1
*vs. Dent, &&75B: 5-0
*vs. Kiefer, &&A41: 6-0
*vs. Rusedski, Greg: 8-2
*vs. Henman, Tim: 2-1
*vs. &&85F, &&19E: 6-1
*vs. Novak, Jiri: 5-1
*vs. Gaudio, Gaston: 4-1
*vs. &&A93, Nikolay: 2-1
*vs. Coria, &&A94: 5-2
*vs. Chang, &&18A: 15-7
*vs. Ivanisevic, Goran: 4-3
*vs. R&54, &&285: 10-5
*vs. &&73D, Jimmy: 2-0
*vs. McEnroe, John: 2-2
*vs. Becker, Boris: 10-4
*vs. Safin, Marat: 3-3
*vs. Hewitt, &&A36: 4-4
*vs. &&89C, Jim: 5-7
*vs. Muster, &&19E: 5-4
*vs. &&1A0, Roger: 3-8
*vs. Nadal, Rafael: 0-1
*vs. Grosjean, Sebastien: 4-3
*vs. Nalbandian, David: 1-0
*vs. Ferrero, Juan Carlos: 2-3
*vs. Kuerten, &&F53o: 7-4
*vs. Corretja, Alex: 5-3
*vs. Costa, &&537: 4-1
*vs. Moya, Carlos: 3-1
*vs. Malisse, Xavier: 5-0
*vs. Pioline, Cedric: 3-0
*vs. Haas, Tommy: 6-3

!E!
*[#1#atp&9E.com/en/&1B9/&3B8&782s/&A3F2.asp?&3B8&3FC=A092 &&E7 ATP &782]
*[#1#&9E&F4E.net/&12B.php?&F4E=M#3#&DB=&1B9#3#&3B8id=AGA001/ Profile on &9E&F4E.net]
*[#1#daviscup.com/teams/&3B8.asp?&3B8=1&F519 Davis Cup &2B6]
*[#1#&25&156ation.org/ Andre &&25 &&2A2]
*[#1#olympic.org/uk/&E6F/&782s/bio_uk.asp?PAR_I_ID=96979/ IOC &782]
*[#1#&25open.com/ &&25 Open]

{{&&9E &&28 Number Ones (men)}}
{{Footer &&45D &&2FD &&9E Men}}
{{&&14n #51#
{{&&48 #51#
{{&&100 men's &150 &2FD}}
{{US #51#

[[&&9:1970 &335s|&&2!48!
[[&&9:&&10F &1C|&&2!48!
[[&&9:&&13 &200s|&&2!48!
[[&&9:&&200s &1F 1996 &&167 &&420|&&2!48!
[[&&9:&&3C7-&&13s|&&2!48!
[[&&9:Irani&51As|&&2!48!
[[&&9:Las Vegans|&&2!48!
[[&&9:&&14n Open &2FD|&&2!48!
[[&&9:&&48 Open &2FD|&&2!48!
[[&&9:&&100 &2FD|&&2!48!
[[&&9:US Open &2FD|&&2!48!

#81#Андре Агаси]]
[[da#21#
[[de#21#
[[et#21#
[[es#21#
[[fr#21#
[[it#21#
!1B!אנדרה אגסי]]
[[nl#21#
!17!アンドレ・アガシ]]
[[no#21#
[[pl#21#
[[pt#21#
[[fi#21#
[[sv#21#
#2C#安德烈·阿加西]]

[[&&9:&&275 &&E5Ds|&&25, Andre#1D#
!3!
!2!
!5!
§4<&8>&&632 &Cs</&8>
§4<id>596</id>
!1!
§6<id>15899127</id>
!7!-07-21T02:57#4A#
!0!
§8<&6>&&BC</&6>
§8<id>899</id>
!4!
!6!
§6<text &42 &C#1D#
!3!
!2!
!5!
§4<&8>&&6B6-&&A1
§4<id>597</id>
!1!
§6<id>39114113</id>
!D!-02-10T20:32#5A#
!0!
§8<&6>Visviva</&6>
§8<id>123395</id>
!4!
§6<&5>link Khmuic.</&5>
§6#4#[[&&20:MK map.gif|&4B|&&6B6-!E8!
The '''&&6B6-&&1C7 are &1B7 [[&C &CE]] of [[&&64east !155! and [[India]]. &&5A &5D3 &5 [[&&5C &194 for [[&&64 !155!. &&AAse &Cs, only [[Viet&2EDe &C|Viet&2EDe]], [[Khmer &C|Khmer]], and [[Mon &C|Mon]] &EB long &2B6ed &33, &71C Viet&2EDe and Khmer have &2F2 (in &&461 and &&92D, &323). The rest &0 &3E7 &2E9 by &3Aity &8A. 

&&6B6&FC &Cs &EB disjunct &393 &794 India and &&64east Asia, &233d by &23Cs &AD &2E &3E7 &2E9. &&26 &3A5 &154d &15 &&6B6&FC &Cs &104 [[autochthonous]] &Cs of &&64east Asia and &EA India, and &15 &2E &Cs &0 &23C, &5B [[Indo-&&45 &Cs|Indo-&&45]], [[Tai-Kadai &Cs|Tai-Kadai]], and [[Sino-Tibetan]] &Cs, &104 &3D6 &B4 [[&81 &6FE|&6FEs &689]]. (&&B9, &37 &&6B6&FC &277 &1 Tibeto-Burman &Cs &63C Nepal.) Some linguists &EBttempted to &317 &&6B6&FC &3E7 &143 [[&&6B6nesian &Cs]], thus &A85 the [[Austric &Cs|Austric]] &F84&CE.

Linguists &90ly &71D two &145 &42E of &&6B6&FC, the [[Mon-&&131 of &&64east Asia &3 [[&&2E2]] of east-&80 &515 India. [[&&988]] &7D3 168 &&6B6&FC &Cs, &162 147 are [[Mon-&&131 and 21 are [[&&2E2]]. &&32, no &264 &503 &1B8ification has ever been &D1, &68A &12D &736. 

Each &0 sub&42E &0 &1B8ification &24A &C1 &1D6 boldface type is &205 as a &B2B &CE. &&32, &420hips &7Bse &380 &219 &&6B6&FC is &5FBd. It &B6 &657 &13D &0 data used for &AD7 &1B8ifications has ever been &D1, &&477 can&67A evaluated by peer &49C. The &1B8ification used here &1BB of Diffloth (in &160), &18 &7D &897 &90 Mon-Khmer as a &B2B unit. 

* [[&&2E2]] ([[India]])
:* '''Koraput''' (7 &Cs)
:*Core &&2E2
::* '''Kharian-Juang''' (2 &Cs)
::*&&AA &&2E2
::: '''[[Korku &C|Korku#BD# (1 &C)
::: '''Kherwarian''' (12 &Cs)

* Khasi-&&2B0
:* '''[[Khasi &C|Kh&7CF#BD# (3 &1FF &EA [[India]] and [[Bangladesh]].
:*Palaungo-&&2B0
::* '''[[Khmuic#BD# (13 &1FF [[Laos]] &279

::*Palaungo-Pakanic &Cs
::: '''Pakanic''' or '''Palyu''' (2 &1FF &64ern [[China]]
::: '''Palaungic''' (21 &1FF [[Myanmar]], &64ern [[China]], and [[&&984]], plus Mang of [[&&461]].

* [[Mon-&&131
:* Khmero-Vietic &Cs

::* Vieto-Katuic &Cs
::: '''Viet-Muong''' or '''Vietic''' (10 &1FF [[&&461]] and [[Laos]], &44E [[Viet&2EDe &C]], &18 h&A most &554ers &146y &&6B6&FC &C.§2&&86 &104 only &&6B6&FC &Cs &9C &360 &7C tone &58s.
::: '''Katuic''' (19 &1FF [[Laos]], [[&&461]], &279

::* Khmero-&&B3C &Cs
:::* '''[[&&B3C &Cs|&&B3C#BD# (40 &1FF [[&&461]], [[Laos]], and [[&&92D]].
:::*Khmeric &Cs
:::: The '''[[Khmer &C#BD# of [[&&92D]], [[&&984]], and [[&&461]].
:::: '''Pearic''' (6 &1FF [[&&92D]].

:* Nico-&&2E1
::* '''[[Nicobarese &Cs#BD# (6 &Cs) &0 [[Nicobar &&122]], a &220 India.

::* Asli-&&2E1
::: '''Aslian''' (19 &1FF &3BDr [[Malaysia]] &279
::: '''Monic''' (2 &Cs) &44E [[Mon &C]] of [[Myanmar]] &3 Nyahkur langu&1C1 [[&&984]].

&&B9 &577 &85 un&1B8ified &Cs &513 China.

[[&&9:&&6B6-&&FC &Cs|*]]

[[da:&&6B6asiatiske sprog]]
[[de:&&6B6asiatische Sprachen]]
[[es:Lenguas &6B6asiáticas]]
[[fi:&&6B6aasialaiset kielet]]
[[fr:Langues &6B6asiatiques]]
[[hu:Ausztroá&2E0ád]]
[[id:Bahasa &&6B6-!155!
#3A#오스트로아시아어족]]
[[lt:&&6B6azinės kalbos]]
[[nl:&&6B6aziatische talen]]
!1E!Австроазиатские языки]]
[[vi:Hệ ngôn ngữ Nam Á]]
#2C#南亚语系#1D#
!3!
!2!
!5!
§4#107#-&FC &Cs</&8>
§4<id>598</id>
!1!
§6<id>15899129</id>
!7!-02-!35!
!0!
!12!
!4!
!6!
!11!
!136!-!E8!

!B!
!3!
!2!
!5!
§4#107#-&&A1
§4<id>599</id>
!1!
§6<id>41955043</id>
!D!-03-02T21:34#B7#
!0!
§8<&6>Mustafaa</&6>
§8<id>57891</id>
!4!
!6!
!22!&179:&&1B1/85.250.213.76|85.250.213.76]] ([[User talk:85.250.213.76|talk]]) to &24F by Dewet</&5>
§6#4#{{Contradict-&2E|''The &23 Figures &1 &&E2 &Cs &&EE (&4Ds)''}}

[[&&20#EF#-&&FC.png|&B|&339|&4B|Map &509 the &393 of Afro-!E8!
The '''Afro-&&1C7 &530 a [[&C &CE]] &2D2 240 &3EE over 307 &13F &1C &25D &6Aout [[&&AA &&12]], [[East &&12]], the [[Sahel]], and [[&&64west !155!.§2&&2E &2ED &65 &20E &597 &CE &7B #0#Afr&7CF#0#, #0#Hamito-&&E2#0# (deprecated), #0#Lisramic#0# (Hodge 1972), #0#&&987#0# (&&451 1966).

&&59 &C sub&380 &4CFcluded:

* [[&&128 &Cs]]
* [[&&27F &Cs]]
* [[&&103 &C|&&103 &Cs]]
* [[&&E2 &Cs]]
* [[&&189 &Cs]]
* [[Beja &C]] (sub&1B8ification &134; &3A5 &1B8ified as &49 &&189)
* [[&&34E &Cs]] (&134; &65 &64Dd &1B &246 Afro-&&FC)

The [[Ongota]] &C &7A &72 Afro-&&FC, &6A2s &1B8ification with&1 &CE &12D &134, &3A9 for &10D data. [[Harold &&89B]] tentatively &7DB that &26 an &CC &68F non-&&34E Afro-&&FC.

&&26 not &44ly &82F on &AD [[Proto-Afro-&&FC]] was &2E9; [[&&12]] (e.g., [[Igor &&A92]], [[Lionel Bender]]) has &71 been &304, &CF [[&&37A]], &2FB &7Bs &AE &0 &36C &0 Afro-&&FC &C &CE &1AD very &8F8 &25C &48A &460 &E58, &71 &72 a telltale sign &ED &351 &460 &32F. &&291 [[Red Sea]] &229 &3 [[&&279]] &EBlso been put forward (e.g., [[&&729 Ehret]]).§2[[&&E3 Militarev]] &7DB &15ir homel&14A &1 [[Levant]] (&176ally, he &7D3 them &B [[Natufian &38]]).

The &&E2 &Cs &104 only Afro-&&FC sub&CE &116 &346 &&12; &32, &58torical or near-&A9 &144, some &&E2 &554ers &9E7ed from &&64 &&9E8 &6DA &&37A, so some &66 &&37An &Cs (&C [[Amharic]]) are &&E2 &51 belonging &4 substrate &&189 or &&34E &8A.§2(A &3Aity of &25Bs, e.g. A. Murtonen (1967), &596 &5DA &CD8 that &&E2 &2CF &32Fated in &&37A.)

[[Tonal &C]]s are &156 &1 &&34E, &&27F, and &&64 #3# East &&189 &2AC Afro-&&FC, &29 Ehret (1996). The &&E2, &&128 and &&103 &333 &9D tonal. 

==&&E8 &C2 and &E5B==

&&E8 &C2 &0 Afro-&&FC &Cs &7B:
*a two-[[&C2B &6CB|&6CB]] &58 &1 &B4C, &B feminine &53E &11 /t/ &5BB,
*[[Verb &&1BF Object|VSO]] [[&351_&B70|&B70]] with [[&&1BF Verb Object|SVO]] &7EC,
*a &81C [[emphatic consonant]]s, &123ly &EB8 as glottalized, pharyngealized, or implosive, and
*a templatic [[&CD7 (&1BB)|&CD7]] &97 &277 inflect by &3E2 &25Fs as &BE &9E5es and &E5A.


Some &E5B are:
*''b-n-'' #0#&B17&&CD *''b#3##301;n''), &508 &&27F, &&E2 (''*bny''), &&189 (*''m#3##301;n''/*''m#3##259;n'' #0#&194&&147 &&34E (Dime ''bin-'' #0#&B17, &6DA#0#);
*''m-t'' #0#die&&CD *''maaw''), &508 &&27F (eg Hausa ''mutu''), &&103 (''mwt'', ''mt'', &&827 ''mu''), &&128 (''mmet'', pr. ''yemmut''), &&E2 (*''mwt''), and &&189 (Proto-Somali *''umaaw''/*''-am-w(t)-'' #0#die#0#), also &29B &4 Latin ''mortis'', &9FF a &C1 &638 drift
*''s-n'' #0#know#0#, &508 &&27F, &&128, and &&103;
*''l-s'' #0#tongue&&CD ''*lis' ''#0#to lick#0#), &508 &&E2 (*''lasaan/lisaan''), &&103 (''ns'', &&827 ''las''), &&128 (''ils''), &&27F (eg Hausa ''harshe''), and &445 &&34E (Dime ''lits'-'' #0#lick#0#);
*''s-m'' #0#name&&CD *''s#3##365;m'' / *''s#3##301;m''), &508 &&E2 (*''sm''), &&128 (''ism''), &&27F (eg Hausa ''suna''), &&189, and &&34E (&5D7 &&128 form, ''ism'', &3 &&34E form, ''sunts'', are &65 &64Dd &1B &&E2 [[loanword]]s.)§2The &&103 ''smi'' #0#&498, ann&F80#0# &1CF be cognate.
* ''d-m'' #0#&62D&&CD *''dîm'' / *''dâm''), &508 &&128 (''idammen''), &&E2 (*''dam''), &&27F, &&ADB &&34E.§2&&189 *''dîm''/*''dâm'', #0#red#0#, &5D cognate.


&&1 &A07 &58, &&E2, &&128, and &&189 (&3F Beja) all &31B &264 &ED &9E5 conjugation:
{|
|-
| &&46 || &&10E (&&E2) || Kabyle (&&128)
| Saho (&&189; verb is #0#kill#0#) || Beja (verb is #0#&C11#0#)
|-
| he dies || ''yamuutu&5BA ''yemmut''
| #FD#é&5BA ''iktim''
|-
| she dies || ''&F2A&5BA ''temmut''
| #FD#é&5BA ''tiktim''
|-
| they (m.) &7F0 ''yamuutuuna&5BA ''mmuten''
| #FD#ín&5BA ''iktimna''
|-
| you (m. sg.) &7F0 ''&F2A&5BA ''temmuted#3##803;''
!13C!é&5BA ''tiktima''
|-
| you (m. pl.) &7F0 ''&F2Auna&5BA ''temmutem''
!13C!ín&5BA ''tiktimna''
|-
| I &7F0 ''#3##704;amuutu&5BA ''mmute#3##947;''
| ''agdifé&5BA ''aktim''
|-
| we &7F0 ''namuutu&5BA ''nemmut&5BA ''nagdifé&5BA ''niktim''
|}

A causative affix ''s'' is &25D (&1F5 all its sub&380), but &4A &1F5 &2E &8A, such &A [[Niger-Congo &Cs]].

The [[&A4Dive pronoun]] &E5A are &118ed by &&E2, &&128, &&189 (&3F Beja), and &&27F.

==Classificati&244tory==

&&3E7 &288 &65 &B6D two &5B1 &2AC Afro-&&FC &1C8; &46F &1 [[9th &47]], the Hebrew &8D2ian [[Judah ibn Quraysh]] of [[Tiaret]], [[&&26]] &6E2 a &90 &&128 &507 (&1E7 &78 &DE &710 &6A &&10E, Hebrew, and Aramaic.)

&&1 1800's, &&45s &1AE &CD8 such &18Fs; thus in [[1844]] Th. Benfey &304 a &C &CE &98F &&E2, &&128, and &&189 (&4FB &1E7 #0#Ethiopic#0#).§2&&1 same year, T. N. &&77D &304 a &90 &&E2 and Hausa, but &148 long &5F6 a &8E7 of &596 and un&FBty.§2&&2EE #0#Hamito-&&E2#0# &CE &6D0 by [[&&603 Müller]] in [[1876]] &58 ''Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft'', and &319 as &42F a &&E2 &11F plus a #0#&&73F#0# &11F &98F &&103, &&128, and &&189; the &&27F &11F &153 &7Bd.§2&&86 &1B8ifications were &3A9 &A9 non-&351 &C4 and &23E &4E6s. (&&166 [[&&73F &634]].)

[[Leo Reinisch]] (1909) &1E3 to link &&189 and &&27F, &50 urging &6FF distant &C06 with &&103 &507, thus foreshadowing &&822; but his &9D1 was &212ly &8B0. [[Marcel Cohen]] (1924) &28E &2C7 of a &1CB #0#&&73F#0# sub&11F, &&EBFd Hausa (a &&27F &C) &58 &493 Hamito-&&E2 &638.§2[[&&19B &&822]] (1950) &263ly confirmed Cohen's &884 of #0#&&73F&&719dded (and sub-&1B8ified) the &&27F &Cs, and &1E3 &14C name Afro-&&FC &10 &CE; his &1B8ification of it came &1B &324 &B0ly &205.§2In 1969, [[Harold &&89B]] &1E3 the &5C8 of [[&&34E]] as a &338 &55B, &51 (as &3EA &154d) a sub&16E &&189, &1D4 &5D9 &44ly &205.§2&&85 &288, &3F Harold &&89B &22F Hetzron]], have &87 &1E8ed &2EE &D71 of Beja in &&189, but this view has yet to ga&145 &7C6.

&&B7 &13D &435 &8 sub&1B8ification &0 five or six &333 &14F; &32, [[&&729 Ehret]] (1979), [[Harold &&89B]] (1981), and [[&&19B &&822]] (1981) all &A15 that &&34E w&A &40 &55B to &5CB &5 rest. &&2Ewise, 
*Ehret &8A &&103, &&128, &507 &1C8 in a &&AA Afro-&&FC sub&11F; 
*[[Paul &&77D (&70F)|Paul &&77D]] (1980) &8A &&128 &506 and &&103 with &&E2, &50 &1E8ing the &D71 of &&34E; 
*&&89B (1981) &29A non-&&34E Afro&FC, or #0#&&987&&673to &E5 &8A, &&189, &&E2, and &&27F-&&128-&&103; he &B4 &B22 &&E2 and Beja &4 &793, and &1E3 [[Ongota &C|Ongotá]] as a tentative new &35B &68F &&987;§2
*[[Lionel Bender]] (1997) &6D4s a #0#Macro-&&189#0# &42F &&128, &&189, &507, &50 &756ing &&27F and &&34E &A most &75A &333;
*[[Vladimir Orel]] and [[Olga &&B3B]] (1995) &11F &&128 with &&E2, &&27F with &&103, and &5CB &&189 into five &5B1 &CC &2AC Afro-&&FC, &871 &&189 as a [[Sprachbund]] &51 a &B2B &CE;
*[[&&E3 Militarev]] (2000), &8 &71E of [[lexico&172]], &8A &&128 &506 and both, more &DBF, with &&E2, as &92 &&189 and &&34E.

!25!
* [[&&12n &Cs]]

==Etymo&257al &256==
Some &0 main &3AB for Afro-&&FC &C25 &7B:
* Marcel Cohen, ''Essai comparatif sur la vocabulaire et la phonétique du chamito-sémitique'', Champion, Paris 1947.
* Igor M. &&A92 et al., #0#&&A9-&&493 &&638 of Afr&7CF#0#, ''St. &&532 &&34D &134 &&B9'' Nos. 2-6, 1993-7.
* &&729 Ehret. ''Re&E47ing Proto-Afro&FC (Proto-Afr&7CF): Vowels, Tone, Consonants, and &&638'' (''&&12B &&1D1 &&8Bations in &&1BB 126''), &&1D1, Berkeley 1996.
* Vladimir E. Orel and Olga V. &&B3B, ''Hamito-&&E2 [[Etymo&257al &&550]]: &&CDs &ED &&FA'', Brill, Leiden 1995.§2ISBN 9004100512. [#1#ilx.nl/bl&27C/bl&27C&3692.php?ficheid=101010209591]

==Sources==
* Bernd Heine and Derek Nurse, ''&&12n &&Cs,'' &&6F1 &&39 Press, 2000 - &&346 4
* Merritt Ruhlen, ''A Guide &4 &&28's &&Cs'', &&6A7 &&39 Press, &&6A7 1991.
* Lionel Bender et al., ''S&34A &&493-&&A9 Afro-&&FC &&B9 in Memory of Igor M. &&A92'', LINCOM 2003.
* [#1#ethnologue.com/show_&CE.asp?subid=89997 &&988]
* &&787 G. Schuh, ''[#1#&1BB.ucla.edu/&1C/schuh/&&6C7/&&27F_&43F.pdf &&27F &&43F]''.
* [#2#&437.ntl&28.com/roger_blench/&&1F%20data/&&12%20&C%20&33%20text.pdf &&12n &&C &&33] (pdf), [[Roger Blench]]

!E!
* [#1#tufs.ac.jp/ts/&17Fal/ratcliffe/comp%20#3#%20&21D-Ratcliffe.pdf A &415 Orel-&&B3B's and Ehret's Afro-&&FC &FAs]
*[#1#&4Amag.org/cgi/&670/full/306/5702/1680c The &&32Fs of Afro&FC] by Paul &&77D (Requires &&4A &&2D8 sub&BEion)

[[&&9#EF#-&&FC &Cs| ]]

[[af#EF#-Asiaties]]
!32!أفروآسيوية]]
#81#Афро-азиатски езици]]
[[bs:&&C1F jezici]]
[[ca:Llengües afroasiàtiques]]
[[de:&&F29atische Sprachen]]
[[es:Lenguas afroasiáticas]]
[[eo:&&10Dzia lingvaro]]
[[eu:Hizkuntza &&F29atikoak]]
[[fr:Langues afro-asiatiques]]
#3A#아프리카아시아어족]]
[[id:Bahasa Afro-!155!
[[ia:Linguas afro-&FC]]
!1B!שפות אפרו-אסיאתיות]]
[[lt:Semitų-chamitų kalbos]]
[[hu#EF#á&2E0ád]]
[[nl#EF#-Aziatische talen]]
!17!アフロ・アジア語族]]
[[nn:&&F29atiske språk]]
[[pt:Línguas afro-asiáticas]]
[[sl:&&C1F jeziki]]
[[fi#EF#aasialaiset kielet]]
[[sv:&&F29atiska språk]]
!BE!ஆபிரிக்க-ஆசிய மொழிகள்]]
#2C#闪含语系#1D#
!3!
!2!
!5!
§4<&8>&&16</&8>
§4<id>600</id>
!1!
§6<id>41907777</id>
!D!-03-02T15:08#AB#
!0!
§8<ip>217.10.60.85</ip>
!4!
§6<&5>&86B &AB5</&5>
§6#4#{{For|the 1961 play by Max Frisch|&&16 (play)}}
{| &201=1 &7=&B &73C=4 &8B3pacing=0 &561=300 &68=&&35C 0 &71B back&16B: &2B1 1px #aaa &8CF; &201-&20D font-&32A#0#
|+&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;'''Principat d'&&16'''&lt;!156!&lt;/font&gt;
|-
!3F!!3E!#2&&2
!64!&!F8!
|-
!15!C&&2 [[&&20:Flag of &&16.svg|125px|Flag of &&16]]
!15!C&&2 [[&&20:&&16_coa.png|&&16's Coat &7A0]]
|-
!15!C&&2 ([[Flag of &&16|Flag]])
!15!C&&2 ([[Coat &7A0 of &&16|Coat &7A0]])
|}
|-
| &7=#0#&F&&1A82 | &lt;&27&&155 Virtus Unita Fortior&lt;br/&gt;([[Latin]]: &&354 &10 is &263er)''!123!
|-
| &7=#0#&F&&1A82 | [[&20:&&5AD&&16.png]]
|-
| '''[[&&E7 &C#BD#: || [[&&4EF &C|&&4EF]]
|-
| '''[[&&AB#BD#:&lt;!FC!- &&23:&lt;!FC!- [[Coordinates]]: || [[&&16 &5B9&lt;!156!22,035 &lt;&27&gt;(1990 est.)!123!&lt;!156!{{coor dm|42|30|N|1|31|E|type:&5F}} 
|-
#91#-&&2DF &&16|&&48 Co-&&52E#BD#:
| [[&&8EE Chirac]]
|-
#91#-&&2DF &&16|Episcopal Co-&&52E#BD#:§2
| [[Joan Enric Vives Sicí!F1!
|-
| '''[[&&26E &&1D#BD#: || [[&&537 Pintat]]
|-
| '''[[Area#BD#:&lt;br/&!12D!- Total: &lt;br/&!12D!- % &2F5:
| [[&&275 &4D &35B 178th]] &lt;br/&gt; [[1 E8 m²|468 km#3#sup2;]] &lt;br/&gt; Negligible§2
|-
| '''[[&&23#BD#:&lt;!FC!- Total (2003)&lt;!FC!- [[&&23 &342|&&342]]:
| [[&&275 &4D &1C8 182nd]]&lt;!156! 69,150&lt;!156! 144.5/km#3#sup2; 
|-
| '''[[&&F3#BD#: || 1278
|-
| '''[[&&2A Day#BD#: || [[8 &&26F]]
|-!14C!
| '''[[&&F6]]s''': || [[&&CA &&28A]] (&61 &F6)
|-
| '''[[&&81 &&83 Index|HDI#BD# (2003) || [[&&275 &4D by &&81 &&83 Index|NA]] – &&1AEgray&gt;un&36E&lt;/font&gt; 
|-
| '''[[Currency#BD#: || [[Euro|Euro &lt;&27&gt;(#3#euro;)!123!#BD##3#sup1;'''§2= 100 [[cents]]
|-
| '''[[Time zone#BD# &lt;!FC!- in [[&&45 &&167 Time|&167]]
| [[&&80 &&45 Time|CET]] (#114#1 &&B0 Time|UTC]]+1)&lt;!156![[&&80 &&45 &&167 Time|CEST]] (#114#1 &&B0 Time|UTC]]+2)
|-!14C!
| '''[[&&2A &27A#BD#: || ''[[El Gran Carlemany|El Gran Carlemany, Mon Pare]]''
|-
#F0#-&1A7 TLD#BD#: || [[.ad]]
|-
| '''[[List_of_&5F_&4FB_&2B0|Calling Code#BD#:
| +376
|-
| &491=#0#2&&AD#0#&F&&2 &lt;&27&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; &&174 1999: &&48 [[&F78]] and &&151 [[peseta]]. Some &0ir own &22D, 1 [[&&16n_diner|diner]] of 100 centim was minted &54 1982.!123!
|}
{{&&4EF-&1C7 &28|&7=&B}}
The '''Principality of &&16''' ([[&&4EF &C|&&4EF]]: ''Principat d'&&16'', [[&&48 &C|&&48]]: ''Principauté d'Andorre'', [[&&151 &C|&&151]]: ''Principado de &&16'') is a &27, [[&7A0 &5F|&7A0]] [[&80D]] in &64-&67 [[&&89]], &2CF &!52!2B5 and &201ed by [[&&93]] and [[Spain]]. Once &E66, &26 &153ly a &7C7 &5F &2BC beca&5C [[&310]] &278 &6DC as a [[tax haven]].§2&&16 &6B &1B &6CC &B [[&&518|Comune di &&518]].

== #53#

&&5A #0#&&16#0# &387 &32Fates &1B3 [[&&C71|&&C71se]] word ''andurrial'', &18 &7A8lates as ''shrub-&486 land''.

!14E!
{{main|&&2B &&16}}

&&112 &63A that [[Charlemagne]] &694 &CA4 &4 &&16n &3C6 &27D &10ir &4B3 [[Moors]]. Overlordship &0 &82 &4B9 &4 &192 [[&F77 of Urgell]] &&AAC &4 [[&6AB]] &0 [[diocese]] of Urgell. &&1 [[11th &47]] a &596 arose &7B &6AB &9E &AAern &&48 neighbour over &&16.

In 1278, &500 was &EBA &11 &CA1 of a [[parage]], &18 &1E4 that &&16's &24E be &5F2 &7B &&48 [[&F77 of Foix]] (&3E0 &8 &69 &546 &7A8fer &4 &&48 &26E &1E) &3 &6AB of [[La Seu d'Urgell]], in§2[[&&87F]]. This &458 &27 [[&80D]] its &82 and &35 form.

&&106 &5B &230 &4B9 &4 &7CB of [[&&C71]].§2&&54 Henry of &&C71 &BF King [[Henry IV of &&93|Henry IV]] of &&93, &&B2Dd an &F1A (1607) that &61 &73D &0 &&48 &1E &3 Bishop of Urgell as co-&52Es of &&16.

&&1 &280 1812–13, &1DA &&11B &C8A &&87F and &29A it &79A &370s. &&16 &&3D2 &C8A &718 part &0 &6AE of Puigcerdà (département of Sègre).

In 1933 &&93 &25A &&16 as a &3D6 &42 unrest &A4 &190s. On [[July 12]], [[1934]], an &AC7r &24C [[Boris Skossyreff]] &645d a &13A in Urgel, &6F9 &165 Boris I, &5F9 &52E of &&16, simultaneously &6F9 war &8 &6AB of Urgel. He &44rrested &342 &2BFities &66F 20]] and &546 &7EE from Spain. From 1936 to 1940, a &&48 detachment was garrisoned in &&16 &61E &126s &0 [[&&151 Civil War]] and &&E40's Spain.
The &&E40 &6D6 &2CE the &&16n &201 &1 &B4 &9E4s &0 war.

&&2A [[&&8D &&28 War]], &&16 &2DC &8D6 and &44n &6C smuggling &A2E &4E [[Vichy &&93]] and Spain.

In 1958 &&16 &4EE &6FA with [[&&D9y]], &1D2 been forgotten &8 [[&&674 Versailles]] that &46D &58A &&28 War]] and &515 &5BEly at war.

Given its &4EB &A9D, &&16 has &241 &246 &F3stream &523 &33, with few ties to &4D &2E than &&93 and Spain. &&68B &144, &32, its &BFD [[&310|tourist]] &1CC &13B &83s in &5EFati&829d &101s have re&4D1 &292 &4A0 &A9D &278 &35 &58 was tho&501 &66ized &714 &716 &97 it &EDly &163 &268 &0 &&10 &&EC.

== &&59 ==
{{ma&80Cicles|[[&&59 of &&16]] and [[&&5D of &&16]]}}
{{&8F3|&&275 Co-&&52Es &64

Until very &262ly, &&16's &35 &58 had &778 di&3E4 &FDs into [[&&234 (&1D)|&234]], [[&24F]], and [[&7C4]] &333. Ratified &60p&6CE &714 the [[&&5D of &&16|&5D]] &849es &&16 as a &5F9 &1A5ary &274 that retains the co-&52Es as [[&26E &1E|&8F4 of &1E]], &1BA [[head &12E]] retains &234 &FD. &&149 co-&52Es &38A co&B36ly with &242 &FDs that &73 &7B ve&7BA &1D acts. &&107 re&79ed in &&16 by a delegate.

The way &97 &149 [[&52E]]s are &6A0 &3E5 &&16 one &0 most &35ly &1CB &EC on &142. One co-&&52E &F man or &5BF &32F &153ly &8B4 as [[&&E8 &&93]], &153ly [[&&8EE Chirac]] (it &2B5 been any &&26E &&164 &&93, &3F Kings and &&655s of &&93). &&4E &F &153 [[&&28A]] [[&6AB]] &0 [[&&4EF]] &7CB [[La Seu d'Urgell]], &153ly [[Joan Enric Vives i Sici!F1!. As n&1FD &52E &47C in &&16 &8C role is &324 &2D9 ceremonial.

&&16's main &24F body &F [[uni&869l]] [[&&44 &&296 &0 &&321s]] (''Consell &&44 de les Valls''), a [[&1A5]] of 28 &7CE; &555 &34A by &54E &C9 vote, 14 &1B3 &456 &2A constituency and 14 &E7 each &0 7 &1F6hes, with &D6 &8B4 four-year &38E. The &&16n &43B &32B &11 &&44 &&296 &D6Eing the [[&&26E &&1D]] (''Cap de Govern''), who then ap&F7s &1CEs &4 [[&469 (&1D)|&469]], the &&234 &&296 (''Govern''). &&153ly, &43B held &11 [[&&4F9 &&99 of &&16]], with [[&&537 Pintat]] as [[Prime &&1CE]]. The [[&&42 &&98 &&99 (&&16)|&&42 &&98 &&99]] &272 op&136.

&&789 &0 &5F &F &47A of [[&&93]] and [[Spain]].

== &&45F &42E ==
[[&&20:&&16.geohive.gif|&4B|&B|&339|Map of &&16.]]
{{main|Parishes &64

&&16 &110 &2AC &1BC, &79 ''parròquies'' (&B4C ''parròquia'' ''[[&&46 &&C|Engl.]]:'' &1F6h)
*[[&&16 &5B9
*[[Canillo]]
*[[Encamp]]
*[[Escaldes-Engordany]]
*[[La Massana]]
*[[Ordino]]
*[[Sant Julià de Lòria]]

== &&15E ==
{{main|&&15E &64

Befitting its &5AD &!52!375 &2F9, &&16 &7FF &3F4 of rugged &2B5 &146 &399 &6B1 of 1,996 m &B &34B &22C [[Coma Pedrosa]] at 2,946 m. &&86 are dissected by &E5 n&B25 &321s in a Y shape that combine into one &A main stream, the [[Valira]] &223, &BF7 &292 for Spain (at &&16's &BEB &F7 of 870 m).

&&16's &36F &142 its &9A4' [[&81E &164]], &6A2s &3A2 altitude &1B7 &B7 on &399 more snow in &43E and &26 s&4CEly &BEA in &167.

== &&5CE
{{main|&&A0 &64

[[&&20:&&16LaVella.jpg|left|190px|&&16 La Vella]]
[[&&310]], &F3stay of &&16's tiny, well-to-do &A0, &46B &501 80% &306 Domestic Product|GDP]]. An &26E 9 &13F tourists &F28 &BDA, &5F3 by &&16's duty-free &6DC &1C0 its &167 and &43E [[&E31]]s. &&16's &493 &AB0 has &262ly eroded &A &427 of adjoining [[&&93]] and [[Spain]] &22 &895 up, &870 &672 avail&607 &417 and &225 [[&85D]]s.

The [[&785]] &3F2, &172 [[tax haven]] &6DC, also &A05s &496ly &4 &A0. [[Agri&38|Agri&56]] &9B is &242#3#&8E;only 2% &0 l&B1 arable#3#&8E;&1FA [[food]] has &1B [[import]]ed. The &83B &47Ctock &32C is [[&459 sheep]] &A4F. [[Manufacturing]] output &7FF &2BC of &9AE, cigars, and furniture.

&&16 &6B a full &268 &0 [[&&45 &&DF]], but &E1F a &179 &18F with it, &C &78 &409 &276 EU &268 for &1AA in manufactured &417 (no &85Ds) &60s &82A-EU &268 &EDgri&56 &2DB. &&16 lacks a [[&22D]] &1B8 own and uses that &1B8 two &24D &EC. &&174 1999 &86 &2CC [[&&48 &F78]] &3 &&151 [[peseta]], &18 have &87 been re&195d by &2CB &22D, the [[euro]]. &&5FE &2E &27 &&45 &29A &1C6 euro, &&16 &7D yet mint &594 [[euro coins]]; in &&243 2004, &6C4 &4E &&16 &3 [[&&45 &&DF|EU]] &1AE &829 &435 &568 &5CD &&16 to mint &594 coins. &&16’s [[&75 re&3B7]]s &7B [[hydro&FD]], [[mineral &2F5]], [[timber]], [[iron ore]], and [[lead]].

== &&2EF
{{main|&&B1 &64
{{&8F3|&&275 &&16ns}}

&&16ns &530 a &3Aity &1ir own &5F; only 33% of &374 hold &&16n &2Aity. The &B2 &16E &D8 &2As &1BB of [[Spain|Spaniards]] (43%), with [[&&373|&&2EB]] (11%) and [[&&93|&&48]] (7%) &2As &4E main &8A. &&3F7 6% &3B1 &85 &2E &2Aities.

The only &E7 &C is [[&&4EF &C|&&4EF]], the &C &0 near&342 [[Autonomous &1BC of Spain|&48B &23C]] of [[&&87F]], with &18 &&16 &A01s many &56 &E22, &A1 [[&&151 &C|&&151]], [[&&2EB &&C|&&2EB]] and [[&&48 &C|&&48]] &170 &E8ly &2E9. The pre&4E2 &F6 is [[&&CA &&28A &&11C|&&CA &&28Aism]].

== &&5CC
{{main|&&38 &64
{{&8F3|&&DC &64

&&16's long [[&33]] has &1E4 it &32 rich [[&D0]] &60n abun&9C0 of [[Fable|folk tales]], with &B33 &32Fating in as far as [[Andalusia]] &1 &64 and [[&&722]] &1 &AA.

!130!
* [[&&101s in &&16]]
* [[Civil &DFs in &&16]]
* [[&&D8 &19F of &&16]]
* [[&&43B &157 in &&16]]
* [[&&310 in &&16]]
* [[&&131 in &&16]]

!102!
*[[&&275 &5F9 &A]]

== #EA#
{{&522&2FC|&&16}}
* [#1#&16.ad/ang/home/&12B.htm &&16.ad] - Main &4B7
* [#1#&16-&F79n.com/&12B_en.htm &&16-Intern] - &&16 Inside &&3D
* [#1#&16&27C.ad/&12B.asp?newlang=&46 &&16 &&27C] -!13B!
* [#1#&16mania.co.uk &&16 Mania] -!13B!
!2E!Bations/&286/geos/an.!148!-!11C!-- &&16] -!62!&16
* [#2#&116.in/?&&16 &&199 &18D in &&16]
* [#1#&996.ad/ Govern d'&&16] - &&E7 &1Dal site (in &&4EF)
!65!9&2A/hispanic/&16/&16.html &&5CB &&1CA &&4B7s &8 &&28 - &&16]

{{&&89}}
[[&&9:&&16|*]]

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